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" # $ $ $ $ $"$%
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( & ) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *
, & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -
0 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ '1
2 3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *4
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3 & ) , $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *4
3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *-
! & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 45
2 3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 46
& $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ //
) , 3 & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /7
8 ! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6'
9 2! $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 64
! & $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6+
Introducción
; <= !
, , & & , &$ = = <= ,
, , & # , & % ! &
. ,
& $
, , , ! <
, & , , > ,
! ? !
& , ! "
# "%$
) ; , . !
. , $ 0 ! &
& , , $
@, & . A
: , . , & ,
! & ( #!& ! %< , @ &
# , , & . & %$
:':
Lenguaje Formal de la Lógica de Predicados
! & = (<! ,
! , < , $ ;
, & $
, . ! &
= & <, < ! & ! $
) @ & ; . .
! A & , , & , $
! , , , . . ! .
, & & ,
! <
, , $?
= ( $ < A
: ! " #, &%
:# $ !" # ( %
2 & ! ( ! . &
, $ ? ! ( . ,
! # ! %$ ? ! &
!& $
# ! 'A ! & , ! ,
( %
• ( & '% ! , ;
! ; $ < ,
( , A L ∈
• ( & '% ) !
; # %<, ( , A L ∈
• ( ! & '% ! , L $
, , ! ! A
L ∈
' , $ 2 , ( ,
∈ ! & $
' ! & , ! ;
. $
:*:
• ( & '% ? ,
; ( K∈
! < , ,
, <, ( , A ∈ , $
? %? A
¬
! %? A
? A) () $
# ! )A " , , (
%
: $
:? L ! & L !
$
: , , ;
$
# ! 4A * " ) ! A
!
, $
*" . , ( < .
B ; , &$
:4:
# ! +% # ! ( !
! " ! " &! !' , " %
:? !& ! A
¬
¬
? !& !
∧
∨
→
↔
:? !& ! 4 ∀ ! ∃ !
!& ! $
∀ →
D E! !
!!
4C ! , & .
:/:
" *A 0 %∀ !!
#
: , ! .
! & <, < $
1 , ! <,
! & <, < $
# ! -A ? . !& ! ! "
$
! , , , ,
! $) ( , < !& ∃ !→∀ !! <
! $) ! $ ! & !& ! <
& , . . A
F 0 ∀ ∃
G
:6:
Otros Ordenes
= <@ & , $
? & & ,
. ( , # , , B <
=. & , , %$ ) .
< <! ! $ ?
< @ . & , , ,
! ! <, ( , < &A
! "# " $#
& , ! , ,
%"
& , !& H ∧ → H $
" , ! &
$ ! < ! A
< , , !& #
, %$
" +% ! $ % ( /
! A∃ ∀ ∀ !→ !!
( , , !& ! ,
, ! &< , @ ,
! $ & . , , ! &
2
, ! !& 6 & , ,
#" %< , & , ) "
& " ?, $
/? . & ) ) , ) , $
:+:
Interpretación
, & . , B #V%
#F % !& $ ) !
. , !& $ !
! !(< . ! < ! &
, , $
, &< ! "
< ! ! &
, ! , $ ? <, <
!& $
# ! 1A , & !& %
: ( < # " , &
:2 ∈ ∈ $
:2 ! & , & !
× × × → $
:2 , * , & !
× × × →{ }
6 , , , &$ ,
& , , <
& ; $
:-:
" 6A ? =∀ ( ( ) ∧ ( ) → ( ( ))) ∧ ! , A
# " % 0; )
= = '%
!= !=
% != $ != % &
!= >' != #
!= $ ( !=
8( , & !& . A
H ; , . ; , 7 * .
H
C . ( , & A
H ! . ( ,&I (
! H$
:? , ! ' K !
!= ' K ! " ,
, & " $
#" (! =
:? ! ¬( !=
#" (! =
+ ! & , . !& $? <,
( , < ' K < & !& ( ! &
, . , ' K $ @, &
! ' K $ 0 = & , ,
@, $
-" . ! <. , B $
:1:
#" (! = )! =
:? ! (∧) !=
#" (! = )! =
:? ! (∨) !=
#" (! = )! =
:? ! (→) !=
#" (! = )!
:? ! (↔) !=
:? ! ∀ ( !
#" ( * !! = *∈
!=
:? ! ∃ ( ! A
#" ( * !! = $ *∈
!=
# , <( * ! ! ,
, !& + %
, ! &$?
! <, !& =. ! <
$ 0& ! , & , , &
5< ? , , , ,
. , , , , & #, -%$ ! &
, ; , !< = = < < @
$
A ={ }
A = =
A ! = )−
!= + + ! *+, +
:7:
) A ! =" ≤ "
! =" = = "
) !& , , & =. ,
@ . , ( ( )∧ ( ( ))) → ¬ ( ( ! ))
? , 045%
( ( ) ∧ ( ( ))) → ¬ ( ( ! ))
' ' ' ' 4 '
4 4
% ) . , J' , < $) J* A
( ( ) ∧ ( ( ))) → ¬ ( ( ! ))
4 *
'
2 V =. # =
% $
:'5:
% ) 04)%
,45%
( ( ) ∧ ( ( ))) → ¬ ( ( ! ))
* ' * ' 4 '
* 4
*
# = < =. ; %
% ) 046%
,45%
( ( ) ∧ ( ( ))) → ¬ ( ( ! ))
' 4
= , . = V !& <
!& ( , & !=V
:'':
" 7% !& =∀ ∃ !! ∧ ! , & A
A ={ }
A =
. !
/ 0
0 1
1 /
) A ={ ! !}< ={ }
? , , . < <, = @ ; .
= V !& $) < ! = F$
" . @ ! , < , =.
!& $
# ! 56% !& ! @
, & . $
:'*:
!& , A ! ! $ , , !&
! < . . , V # %$ ) < !&
( ! $
:'4:
-. % { } /.
% # !
0 /
1 + #,
!= != = != !=V 2 3
" "/ , +
V
V !/
4 { }
, { } % /
. 5
/
" )A & ∧ ∧ ∧ →
# "% & , A
5$: ? ∧ ∧ ∧ → $
→ @ , & . ,
. ∧ ∧ ∧ != . ! = F$ .
!= != = != ! = F$ , .
) 1? ∧ ∧ ∧ →
2 ∧ ∧ ∧ → *
!= != = != $ ! = V(
:'/:
# ! 59A ? . !& $ " #
, ≡ & ⇔ % , , & < , . != !
6 # #
/
. /
2 " A → ≡¬ ∨
2 # " A ↔ ≡( → )∧ ( → )
6 ∧( ∨ )≡ ∨( ∧ )≡
∧ F≡ F ∨V≡ V
1 ∧V≡ ∨ F≡
1/ ∧¬ ≡ F ∨¬ ≡ V
2 ∧ ≡ ∨ ≡
7 / ∨ ≡ ∨ ∧ ≡ ∧
7 /6 ∧( ∧ )≡ ( ∧ )∧ ∨( ∨ )≡ ( ∨ )∨
7 /, ∨( ∧ )≡ ( ∨ )∧ ( ∨ ) ∧( ∨ )≡ ( ∧ )∨ ( ∧
8 , * ¬( ∨ )≡ ¬ ∧¬ ¬( ∧ )≡ ¬ ∨¬
, ¬¬ ≡
2 !
:'6:
, # : ! %
¬∃ ( )≡∀ ¬ () ¬∀ ( )≡ ∃ ¬ ( )
" ;% ! 2 & %
! A ¬∃ -, ! ∧ ¬ %,& !!
2, . A
. , AH H$
" ! A
∀ ∀ !≡∀ ∀ ! ∃ ∃ !≡∃ ∃ !
∃ ∀ ! ∀ ∃ !
< % , ; < .
∀ ∃ ! / ∃ ∀ !$
, ! A
% $ $ &
%
∃ ( ( ) ∨ ( )) ≡ (∃ ( ) ∨ ∃ ( )) ∀ ( ( ) ∧ ( )) ≡ (∀ ( ) ∧ ∀ ( ))
< %0 , , " A
! A∀ ( ( ) ∨ ( )) ≡/ (∀ ( ) ∨ ∀ ( )) < ( , A
3 6 4 $ 4
! ! $ . !
$
:'+:
= %
∨∃ ( )≡ ∃ ( ∨ ( )) ∨∀ ( )≡ ∀ ( ∨ ( ))
∧∃ ( )≡ ∃ ( ∧ ( )) ∧∀ ( )≡ ∀ ( ∧ ( ))
# , %
:'-:
Formas Normales
! #∀ ∃% . !& ! $
L ! < . .
" / !& $
2 & . . !& ,
! !& . 0 ) @$ ? !&
! # % , 0
> , , !& ! @ , $
" 6% ) . !& , ,
!& . 0 ) @$
, A
:3 ! $
: , &A → ( ≡ ¬ ∨(
:2, C ! ! .
& ! !& & $
: ) ! , , !& ,
! $
2 & ! 0 ( 0
$) < &A
:'1:
∧ /" !& / ∧ / ∧L ∧ / ∨ /" !& / ∨ / ∨L ∨ /
"= "=
) !& 0 ?I ,
! @ $ !& & .
< . . ! $
2 & I & , , !
@ !& $
:'7:
@ " & ? "/ '
'$: ? , ! @ , . $
*$: ? &<! $
4$: ? ! @ , , # ! ∃ ! %< ,
! , #. ! %$
B , '$
/$: ? @ ! ! @
! A ∀ ∀ ∀ ∃ ! , !
@ #% , ! &
# %$ K ! A∀ ∀ ∀ !! $
B , '$
? , 4< !& ! ∃ ! ! @
. ! $) .
< . ! < ! ! $
? , /< . ! ,
<
$ ? ! & <. !$
< !& ∀ ∀ ∀ !!
! $
& $
" ! ∀ ∃ ! ∃ ∀ !$ ?
, & A H7 " J H A
∀ ∃ ! J H! $ . ! 7 "
= ! & , .
∃ ∀ ! JH' $ & $
. ! 7 " , .
$
:*5:
# ! ))% !& " 0? ,
! ( , ;$
) ! ! < A
:: J@ = :- J@ ! ! : J@
: 2#@<%J @ , :7 "J@ :+ J@ , (
K !& A
∀ (() !∨ ! ) → (∃ ( !∧ ! ) ∧ ∀ (( ( )→ ! )))
) ! !& < , A
'$: 3 A
∀ (() !∨ ! ) → (∃ ( !∧ ! ) ∧ ∀ (( ( ) → ! )))
'$: →
*$: $
/$: ) 0 <, , , $? 0 )$
¬: ∨ ∧
¬: ∨ " ∧
∀ ∃ ∀; ¬: ∨¬+ ; ∨ 7 " ; ∧
¬- ∨ ∧
¬- ∨ " ∧
¬- ∨¬+ ; ∨ 7 "
;
1 . 0?< , (
$
:*':
6$: K ! @ $? 0?
¬: ∨ ∧
¬: ∨ " ∧
∀ ∀; ¬: ∨¬+ ; ∨ 7 " ; ∧
¬- ∨ ∧
¬- ∨ " ∧
¬- ∨¬+ ; ∨ 7 " ;
+$: ? , ! ( <
< $
¬) !∨ !! ¬) !∨ !! ¬) ! ∨ ¬( ( ) ∨ !
¬ !∨ !! ¬ !∨ !! ¬ ! ∨ ¬( ( ) ∨ !
# ! )6% L . =
←
, < ! A ,
$
? = '< A B( H H
L , ( !
H← H
# ! )+% ? , ❏ .
$) ! &< ! &
:**:
Algoritmo de Resolución
Introducción
& ! , , , $2$
3 '7+6$ ? ( ! <
, # , %$ ? ( ! , , <
, . , , $
8 , < , , ,
& , & , ,
, $
, , & , &
, < , , ! &
$
; ! <
, A $) 5 # 5
/
Resolución Proposicional
-
2 $ " %- -, $ " - C-
$ " *- C-
" )5A ? AH ) , H H?
B B (H$ ? , . A H" ) , B (H$
< , ! A (∨ ∨ A ( → ∨ ≡ ¬( ∨ ∨
& ! A ∨ ∨ ∨
# ! 6+% . @ ! . &∈
¬& ∈ < ,
A & !=( − {&}) ∪ ( − {¬&}) $ ? . * $
:*4:
) *< , . { } ( ) . , .
∧ → ( ) $ ? ,& . @ , & . = <
& A
D E
@ "
% ( 7
2 % 7 !
'$: 8 ∈ . @ . , . &∈ ¬& ∈
*$: ? A
4$: & ! > ( 7
/$: ? & !=❒ 2@ C . 7 !
6$: ? <2> & ! 7 B '
4$: ? A 2@ C . 7 !
:*/:
:? #¬ % # ¬ ∨ ¬ ∨ %< ¬ ∨¬ $
:? = #¬ ∨ % A¬
:? = , ❏
) . <7 ! $
2 & , , &
, & , , ,
! & $? , , ! N8 :2
74O$ 2 <@ ! , & ;
< N?, = 7'O
" )6% ? ( = { ¬ ∨ ¬ ¬ ∨ ¬ ∨ } <,
, 7 . ( . !&
0 ( < < ∧(¬ ∨ ) ∧(¬ ) ∧ (¬ ∨ ¬ ∨ ) $
! ,
! ! ! $ A
¬ F !
F ¬ ∨ !
¬
F ¬ ! F ¬ ∨¬ ∨ !
" 5% ? ( ! < !
, ! < < <* ! $
" )% ! ! ! ( .
*
" 6% 7 ! (
, . , .
= $
# "% ) . 7 ! ! <
, & , , $2 <
#, . 7 &% <
, $
# ! 69% ? !
=( ! $
" +% ! < . & < @
! $
# "% ) . ! ! <
; =( $
:*6:
" 9% ! , &
=( $ = ! ! , <
<, $
# "% ! . < . . A
"
! ¬ !
=V =F
' 0
F %! F &!
:) . ! !& '
; . 9 ,
%< '
¬ # , , . %$
:) & < 0
%# ,
, . %
) ' 0
, %$ . A
= ¬ ∨ ,# 9
' '
! = ,# 9 ∨ ,# 9
0 = ∨ ,# 9 ' 0 ' 0
0
9< '
<, ,# 9 '
<
,# 9 '
% $
! < ,# 9 0
$) < ' 0
! = ,# 9 '
∨ ,# 9 0
<, . ! ! ,
, ! < ( , < (
{ ¬ ∨ ¬ ¬ ∨ }( <( A
¬ !
F !
¬
F ¬ ∨ !
¬
F ¬ ! F ¬ ∨ !
+ - #¬ % . ! ! /,
! ! < *$
:*+:
" ;& " @ " C '% ? (
! <, &<
$
# "% ( ! <
! # '%< @ ! # /%
, ! =( # 6% > ( $ ?
, ( <
,. > . #, . ! % <
( ! <@ ! <$$$< ,
, . ,
$
Resolución General
= < & , & ,
, & & , , .
, , ! & $ <,
< ! . & , ! & . !
$ ! , , &
, $
2
& . , ! !& $
, , < @, &<
! ( @, <= . @,
$
# ! 63A σ ( ! !
{- : - : - : } -" < "
-" - - L - $
* " $
" )+A ? = !! σ ={ : : !}
σ( )= ! !! $
:*-:
# ! 6>% ? σ ={ : : : } σ ={ :# :# :# }
< " σ oσ &A
{ :σ ( ) :σ ( ) :σ ( )} { ' : #'} '= K <
# ! +8A & ! , (
.& & , ε$
) , , & ?
:@ % σ o σ oσ ! = σ oσ ! oσ , σ σ σ
, , , , , &
:< , "" $
: σ (σ ( )) = σ σ ( ) , σ σ @, $
" )3A ? σ = { : ! : } σ ={ : : }$
σ σ ={ : ! : : }/
? = !! < A
σ != ! !! σ (σ !) = ! !!
! A σ oσ != ! !!
:*1:
! !$
:*7:
Unificación
# ! +6A ( ! @, , ={ }
& ω$ ? . ω ! , , ,
&< ( $ < A ω( ) = ω( )= = ω( )
" );A ? ={ ! ! !}< ω ={ : : ! : }
! < . ω( ) = ω( )= ! !
? < ( { ! ! 1!!} ! , .
< ! $
# ! ++A ? . ! ω, ( ! @, ,
! "* # % , . ! ω′ @
& σ . , ω ′ = ω oσ $ ! < ! ,
! , , ! $
( , )>A ? ={ ! % !! - !!}< , , .
ω ={ : ! %:- : } ! . .
! $) ( , ! ω′ = { : ! : %:- : },
, ω , & σ = { : }$ < , . ω ′ = ω oσ $
( , < , A ω ={ : ! -:% : }
. ! ; $? , . ω
ω , {- : %} {% : -}<
. A ω =ω {% : -} ω =ω {- : %}< , < . ,
$
" >A ? ω ω ( @, 7<
@, ω ! ω ! $
:45:
2 & , " ! (.
( ! @, @, ! $
! . @, ! $
, ! $ ? ,& . . !
@, < , , .
@, $ , ( = = = .
! $ < ! @,
$ ? , ! < , ; @,
, &< < @, ! $
, ! @, < , &
$
) , & ! . (
, $
# ! +9A ( @, , ={ }< !
# , ( )<
( ! A
:? < !=∅
:? A
:? @, H H'5< < ! A
={ ! ! !}
? != $
'5? @, < . ! , #
, ! &% ; < ≥'
:4':
={ !} <. < , ( $
A? σ0 .
A 0 -= (σ 0 ( ))
4$: ? 0 @ $
A
σ 0+ = σ 0 {- : }
0 =0+
B , *$
A ? . ( ! $
:4*:
" 65% 2
={ ! !! !}
5% 0 = ' ( σ ' = ε
={ ! }
)% '
6% 2 -= , = ! σ ={ : !}( 0 =
)% σ !={ ! !! ! !!}( ={ ! !}
6% < . 0" ! $
6% 2 4/( 4 σ ={ : }( 0 =
)% σ !={ !!! ! !!} ( ={ !}
)% σ ! ={ ! !!! ! !} ={ !}
, 4 ! &< =. .
$ =. H =. H# = I%$
2 & ( , $
:44:
" 66% 2 ={ ! !!}$
) 'A 0 = ' <σ ' = ε $
) *A ' ={ }
) 4A ? 4 "4 σ = { : }<0 =
) *A σ ! ={ ! !!} < ={ !}
) 4A ) . , < ( 0" ! $
3 & . " ! .
! & , ( @, !
, . ( ! $
! & , ! $ ,
< , ( & , ! & @,
$
:4/:
Algoritmo de Resolución General
" 69A
= ! !! ∨ !∨¬ ! =¬ !! !! ∨ ! !
& = ! !! & = !! !!
ω ={ : ! : }
< , & & A
? . < (
< ( ! $ ( , < . (
{ !¬ !} ! . , !& ∀ !∧¬ !$
) . , # , $ /*%<
;$ ! < =
< , < <
, & , $?
. ! , !
! ( $
" 67% ? ( { !! ¬ !} $
:46:
= !! =¬ ! , . !
=. $? < <
A
- -
= !! =¬ !
ω ={ : !}<. A - -
! =❏
) . < ( { !! !}
! < ( A { !! !} ! $
< . < ( < ! &
< A
∀ !! ∧ ∀ ¬ !
4 5 % #
# ) ! #
# ; # 3/ 6
-
@ "
% ( 7
2 % 7 !
'$: 8 ∈
*$: ? A
4$: ! > ( 7
/$: ? !=❒ 2@ C . 7 !
6$: ? <2> ! 7 B '
4$: ? A 2@ C . 7 !
'' , < ! =.
$ , ! & A !! ∨ ¬ !$
, !& ∀ !! ∨ ¬ !! . $
:4+:
" 6;A 2 & , ( A
¬ !∨ !∨ !! ¬ !∨ !∨ !!
2 ! !¬ !∨2 ! ¬2 !∨¬ ! ¬2 !∨¬ !
':- ( $2 &
# 1 '6% , # %(
; $
' ¬ !∨ !∨ !!
* ¬ !∨ !∨ !!
4 2 !
/ !
6 ¬ !∨2 !
+ ¬2 !∨¬ !
- ¬2 !∨¬ !
1 ¬ ! { : } −<
7 !∨ !! { : } −)
'5 !! ε =−(
'' !∨ !! { : } −)
'* !! ε =−
'4 2 !! { : !} >−
'/ ¬ !! { : !} ?−
'6 ❏ ε '− )
) . , 4 .
( # !
, . .
, , & , , '*$
'*0 . ! , $ < , ,
! $
:4-:
" 58& '% ?
& $
ω( )
N'O
ω( )$
2= , . ω( ) ∧ ω( )
? A =& ∨ . = ¬& ∨ #3 . & ∈ . ¬& ∈ %
, $
ω ! = ω & !∨ω !
ω ! = ¬ω & ! ∨ ω ! J ¬ω & ! ∨ ω !
) , <
=> / ∨ > )7/ ?∧ =¬> 0 ∨ > )70 ?→ > )7/ ∨ > )70
F F
:41:
ω &! , F< . @, & , = ! # .
V %$ ! < , , V , = ! @, &
= $) < !& , F $?
, . A
ω( )∧ ω( ) < ND E: ! O A
ω( )
ω( )
. & , ,
. < ( ! <
$
, & A
: L < ( !
@ ( ! ! $
:) . < , , ,
V : F$ ? = . , & (
, , ! # ,
, , %$
σ σ σ σ
-
′=σ ! ′ =σ ! ′=σ ! σ ′ =σ !
ω′
′ ′
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: ( @ ,
( <, , &$
A ? ,& . A
? , . A
′ =σ ! = {σ & ! ∨ ∨ σ & !} σ !
′ =σ ! = {σ ¬& + !∨ ∨ σ ¬& + !} σ !
′ = ω′ σ !! U ω ′ σ !! N*O
) . σ σ ; σ ! σ ! , <
& ω ′ (σ ∪ σ ) ! {& & & + & + } . A
R ( ! , ω′ $
ω ′ (σ ∪ σ )=σ ω N4O
? =ω !∪ω ! , ω< A
σ( )=
σ ω !∪ω !! =
σ oω ∪ != # , N*O%
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ω ′ (σ ∪ σ )( ∪ )J
ω ′ (σ ∪ σ )( ) ∪ ω ′ (σ ∪σ )( )=
#) . ;< & σ & !
! # ! <σ ! %< , A
σ ∪σ !=σ ! σ ∪σ !=σ !%
J ω ′(σ ( )) ∪ ω ′(σ ( )) =
# , ND E: ! O%
J ′
) σ( )= ′< < ′
" 6>A ? = !∨ ! 3! ∨ ! =¬ ′! ′ !! ∨ ¬ ′ ′!
A σ ={ : ! : !} σ ={ ′: ′: }$ ? . A
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= !∨ ! !∨ ! =¬ ′! ′! ∨ ¬ ′ ′!
σ = l : ! : ! : ! q σ = m′ : ′: r
′= ! !! ∨ !! ′ =¬ ! !! ∨ ¬ !
′= !! ∨ ¬ !
? &<@
ω ={ : ! : ′! : ′! ′ : }. . A
= !∨ ! !∨ ! =¬ ′! ′! ∨ ¬ ′ ′!
σ σ
= ′ !! ∨ ¬ ′!
′=σ ! σ= m′ : r ′ =σ !
′= !! ∨ ¬ !
& . , A
:/*:
A ? 7 ( ! <
. A
7 !
#, L %
@ ( ! 7 !
# , & , , %
@ & ( 7 $
# &%
@ & ( 7 $
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Estrategias de resolución
1 0
$ 5 # 3 % /
* ; 5 # # 3
; /
,
- @A 0 # 0 5
B/
8
% 5
# 3! /
4 % 5
# $
$ # 3/ . ;
$ / 6
# %
$ /
Estrategias de Borrado
4 # 0
# 5 /. ; #
$ # 3 # ; /
1 #
# ! +7% & @ , .
!. ( $
. % ; ;. <
, . % , &$) <
& , $
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! < <, < , <,
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!∨¬ ! ! ∨ ¬ -! ∨ 1! , .
, & { : : -} , <
$ ! < , < !
( $
? , . 3 ( ,
< ( 3 ! & (
$ , <, <
! & ! ( $
. < , &< ,
. $8
=. (
&$
C
# ! 98%
, # & %$
, & &
$
" ++% ? ={ ∨ ¬ ∨ ¬ ∨ ¬ }$ 2 & ,
& <, < , .
$
'$: ∨ -$: >!
*$: ¬ ∨ 1$: % <!
4$: ¬ ∨ 7$: ?!
/$: ¬ '5$: < ?!
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& $) ( , < ' *,
= , ∨ $?
, , . . $
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, & &
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< . $
! , ;. =
! $
! < , ! &
< < , $ ) ( , < (
={ ∨ ¬ ∨ ∨¬ ¬ ∨¬ } ! < < &
, . $
) < ! L #
, @ % , . ( L
! < , &
$
Resolución de Entrada
# ! 95%
, ( $
, & &
$
" +9% ? ={ ∨ ¬ ∨ ¬ ∨ ¬ }$ 2 & ,
& <, < ,
. , ( A
'$: ∨ -$: ¬ )!
*$: ¬ ∨ 1$: <!
4$: ¬ ∨ 7$: ) =!
/$: ¬
6$: ∨
!
+$: ∨ !
? , . & &
, ! . ,
< $
. & , ,
L <, , $ ( , < , ,
$
Resolución Lineal
8 0
! 5
# %
/
:/+:
# ! 9)% ? ( 7 ( $
2 *
! ' = . , 4@"
/" "A/A
#'% "+ " " #
%<
#*% " , # % ,
"$
& , . , !
$ & ( #
* /% , .
! , ( ={ ∨ ¬ ∨ ∨¬ ¬ ∨¬ }$ "
. < , , <
( , $
∨ ¬ ∨ ∨¬ ¬ ∨¬
& = ; ,
, ( $
? , . & , $2 < ,
( . (
! ∪ lq ! <
& $) < .
( ! < ,
$
Resolución Ordenada
8 *, * #,&, "-
# % /8
5 # / 8
# #
3 !
# 3 !/
:/-:
" +3% ? ={ ∨ ¬ ∨ ¬ ∨ ¬ }$ 2 & ,
& # = ,
! %A
'$: ∨ 6$: ∨ !
*$: ¬ ∨
4$: ¬ ∨ +$: >!
6 ; ' /$ ' 4
, . , , $)
& , * / 4 /$
6< 4, , +<
/, , $
& ! # ( , <
, & %$ ! < & , $
? < = . & , ,
L $
, , , &< > .
, , & &
; ( L $ , <
) & & & & ?
#2 # 7 %. ! &$
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Prueba de Teoremas por Resolución
, , , "
" '4 ! & $
. ! , ( & # %.
, ( !& # @ %
! $ @ & ! !
. , , & $ ? &.
, ( @ !&
=. !& & @ $
, (! , @,
$ '755<L . , @
< ! . , & $
*$: ¬#% ! ∨ #% ( # ! # !) + + != + !+
/$: ¬ *% -! ∨ ¬#% - !∨ *% ( #( ) ) ∗ + != ∗ +
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2, @ < ,
; $ ) ( , <, @ ; T
, , $ ? , &A ,
A
∃ ( *% ( # (')))
:65:
Bibliografía
CD E6 ( F */ D E6
. , " &+ " + + % , + ", ,
7 G 2 / (( !
N 16O
$
2 ! #'716%
CH ; =?F */ I/ H ; /J/
" &+ % * " #+ + " " " &+ ,&&" , ,
* K 7 ; 2 / (=?!
NP = 17OP P =
6 B %
2 C , ? <B $ *' 0 $ '<C '717$ ,,$ 7*:'*/
NP V I -7O3$ P V I
$ * $
0 =L $ & ,> A & <) &
2 ! $ #'7-7%
NP 7*O? P
3 3 $* $ $
2 :U #'77*%
N 1-O = U
- $* $ $
?, B $* $ $ #'71-%
C* ==F, * , ./ L
% " +1" + " ++
M; D % : 7 ; 2 / (==!
N0 75O !0 < C I
$ "* $ $ * $
= U W? #'775%
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C. ; ( FN/ . ; H/ 6
8 -6 .
6 EL 7 ; (( !
N? 1+O ? < = ?= ,
!5 * $
= C ) $ * $ $ 7/ #'71+%
:6*:
Índice Alfabético
H =. H 44 , & *1
! * " " /7
@ " 4
4+
( 4'
@ "
*/ ( , 4'
" ! 4' ! *
2 ! & 4*
4
*" /
."
* *
* " 4 ."
*
/ * **
& '/
=. 4+
& '*
0 '1
'/
* / /-
! 4
* A **
* **
# 3 4+
& /7
* . **
" -
46
. & '6
* *4
& //
, 46
@, & *-
, 47
@, & , *-
" @ "
C *- @, 4'
, , , 0 '7
& /*
< '7
:64:
0 '7 '7
0) '1 //
0? '7 *
" *' *
0 ( '7 *
0 ( ) @
'7 +
0 ?I '7 "
+
0 '7
0 ) @ 2 +
'7
*
0 ) @ '1
" / '1
! " " /
'*
! " 6
! *6
!& ! '*
**
!& ! '*
= I 44
!& '*
! '1
!& ! /
, & & '
S /7
/ " '/
A B **
/
L 45
& *4
L /7
3 & , , *4
*-
*4<46
* *-
/+
, & -<1<'/
3 45
& /5
2 4
'7
:6/:
& *- " 4
& *- 45
L 47 /
" ! 4/ 45
. /7 *1
:66:
Información de Contacto
* .
VVV$ $ $
! "* & '
G " = , X $ $
# * / ! X $
:6+: