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Learning Objectives
1. 2. List the metabolic functions of proteins & amino acids. Explain the importance of protein in the human diet and define INCOMPLETE PROTEIN, COMPLETE PROTEIN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID: NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID Define the AMINO ACID POOL. Define NITROGEN BALANCE and state under what conditions a POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE and a NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE occur. State the effects that the following hormones have on protein metabolism, naming the metabolic pathways affected. INSULIN, GLUCAGON, GROWTH HORMONE, GLUCOCORTICOIDS (CORTISOL), SEX HORMONES.THROXINE Define each of the following pathways in protein metabolism and state their importance. TRANSAMINATION: OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION: UREA BIOSYNTHESIS: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: GLUCONEOGENESIS State the importance of the interconversion of amino acids and intermediates of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Distinguish between KETOGENIC and GLUCOGENIC amino acids.
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References: Porth, Essentials, Ch. 8 , p. 167: Ch. 29. pp 634-635: Ch. 32 Porth, Pathophysiology, Ch. 11, p.220 Ch. 43 Martini, Essentials of A & P, Ch. 17
Metabolic Functions of Proteins & Amino Acids Proteins have a variety of structures so have a variety of functions in the body.
enzymes, many hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin, cytochromes, support (collagen), movement (actin,myosin)
Dietary proteins
deamination
cellular proteins
urea
energy
glucose
ketone bodies
Excreted in urine
Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogen balance means that N intake (dietary protein) = N output in urine (NH3, urea, uric acid) N balance is controlled by diet & hormones. Normally hormones control protein anabolism/catabolism to maintain N balance.
Dietary proteins AMINO ACID POOL Urinary N
Protein Anabolism
Anabolic Hormones GH (via IGF) Sex hormones Insulin Thyroxine (children) Tissue proteins
Protein Catabolism
Catabolic Hormones Glucocorticoids
Nitrogen Imbalance
Nitrogen Imbalance means N intake does not equal
N output.
Transamination
TRANSAMINATION is the exchange of R groups between amino acids and keto acids forming a new amino acid & keto acid. Transamination builds non essential amino acids in cells by using a keto acid with the desired R group.
- converted to acetyl CoA & ketone bodies (ketogenic amino acids) by ketogenesis: ketone bodies are then released into the blood for oxidation by other tissues.
Proteins
Amino acids
Liver Cell
Glucose Gluco neogenesis Glucogenic amino acids NH3
Krebs Cycle
Ketone bodies
Amino acid
Keto acid
Formation of Urea
Ammonia produced by deamination is highly toxic
to the brain. The liver detoxifies excreted by the kidneys. In the Urea Cycle NH3 combines with CO2 to form . urea. In advanced liver disease increased blood NH3 causes mental disturbances and coma.
Ammonia
UREA
Urea Cycle
Liver Cell
8 1 Ketone bodies 12 6 1
10
Identify Pathways 1 - 12
13
11
NH3
13
2 3
13
Martini Essentials Figure 17-9
GLYCOLYSIS KREBS (TCA) CYCLE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION GLYCOGENOLYSIS GLYCOGENESIS GLUCONEOGENESIS LIPOLYSIS (LIPID MOBILISATION) LIPOGENESIS PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS (PROTEIN MOBILISATION) PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BETA OXIDATION KETOGENESIS DEAMINATION