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FOR BEGINNERS
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FLORENCE
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BEAN
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BOOKBINDING
FOR BEGINNERS
By
FLORENCE
Assistant in
O.
BEAN
Manual Arts
Boston Public Schools
JOHN
C.
BRODHEAD
Assistant Superintendent
Boston Public Schools

Collaborating
SECOND EDITION
PUBLISHED BY
THE DAVIS PRESS

Worcester, Mass.
1918
LIBRARf
SCHOOL
Copyright 1914
School Arts Publishing Company
Second Edition Copyright 1918
The Davis Press
INTRODUCTION
npHE
A
present day
effect
demand
of
for industrial
education has
the
had the
somewhat
discrediting
in the
more
formal manual training
commonly found
mentary grades and early high school years. usually conducted in special shops and by special teachers, and the question is being raised whether, with all these advantages, more vital results might not be attained. Whether these criticisms are justified or not, the present
interest in industrial education
for
six.
is
upper eleThis work is
strengthening the
demand
and
more
effective construction
work
in grades four, five
It is
a growing conviction that there must be laid, in
the earlier grades, a strong foundation on which to build a

practical education in the later grades
whether directed
life.
toward industrial, commercial or professional The appearance of this book, therefore,

cause
it
is
timely besix
outlines a course suitable for grades five

activities
which stimulates constructive

dustrial intelligence.
significance
It should
and and develops

its
in-
be noted that
industrial
is much wider than its title, "Bookbinding for Beginners," would indicate, as even a hasty examination of
the book will show, and also that
it is
so
planned that
it
may
be used successfully in schools where special teachers and expensive equipments are impossible.
The book
others of
its
is different from, and, I believe, superior to kind for the following reasons
it
methods it advises, and the results it anticipates have all been worked out by actual experience with thousands of boys and under conditions which may be duplicated in almost any schoolFirst,
because the projects
presents, the
room.
The
author's personal experience with the problems
w-
*-
BOOKBINDING FOR BEGINNERS
incident to the giving of
manual training by the grade
teacher includes that which she gained as a successful grade teacher herself, supplemented by some years of supervisory
work
in a large city system.
She
is
therefore conversant
with every possible phase of the school problem. Second, because the methods of instruction which the book employs are such as to develop in the pupils the very qualities which are the surest foundation for subsequent
success in
initiative
manual or mental work of any kind, namely and originality combined with intelligent, logical,
it
careful attention to details.
Third, because
to save her
gives the teacher just the help needed

in securing
from
all
unnecessary work
and han-
dling suitable material, in stimulating the pupils to intensive

activity
and
self-expression,
and
in judging or
measuring
the results of her work, without relieving her of the necessity It thus gives the overof intelligent effort on her part.
burdened teacher the

terested,
the
maximum help, and maximum opportunity for
the specially inoriginal
supple-
mentary work. For the above reasons I confidently recommend the volume to the attention of all who are seeking to introduce an inexpensive but effective form of manual training into
the middle grades of the elementary schools.
Frank M. Leavitt
Associate Professor, Industrial Education.
University of Chicago.
FOREWORD
forms of manual training in the lower elementary grades has led to the publication of this little volume of "problems in' elementary bookbinding, " based on the work done in the fifth grade of the Boston public schools, where their practicability has been fully demonstrated. Some of the most valuable suggestions have been obtained from the teachers and are an outgrowth of their classroom experience. Nothing is here presented which is simply theoretical. To Mr. John C. Brodhead, a deep appreciation of his keen criticism, his helpful suggestions, and his never-failing interest cannot be too strongly expressed. For their valued suggestions, thanks are due the teachers of Boston whose efficient labors have insured the success of the course. Acknowledgment is also made of indebtedness to the Sloyd Training School for material, and to Miss Helen E. Cleaves
for various
/
T HE growing demand A
V
and Mr. Ludwig Frank
for their interest
and assistance
in
the details pertaining to design.
The Author.

A MONG
*-
the various materials which lend themselves
readily to a
manual training course with
large
classes
are those of the bookbinders' craft.

easily handled,
They
are inexpensive,
and require no tools or equipment that canThe operations not be used in an ordinary classroom.
necessary in the use of these materials not only give excellent training in manual dexterity, but present remarkable opportunities for the practical application of studies in proportion,
space division, color, lettering and applied design.

itself is
skill
The
craft
one that comes in touch with everyday life and any acquired in the use of these materials is of permanent
lessons to be outlined in the following series pre-
value.
The
struction,
suppose some instruction in paper-folding, cardboard conand simple mechanical drawing. Though desirable, this is not essential.
While
in
some ways better suited
to the middle grades of the elementary schools, selection may be made from the lessons here outlined which will give
excellent training to the upper grades in those schools
where
or
the curriculum does not include shop-work, cooking,
sewing.
To
is
secure this flexibility of the course, each problem
outlined in several ways, with varying degrees of difficulty.

selection should
The
to be given.
able to
depend upon the grade in which it is more dexterous pupils may be work out a problem in several ways.
Some
of the

In each lesson outlined, there
is
a chance for the exercise
of individuality in the details of the
model as
to size, shape,
decoration, and color.
seems wiser that
this should
Concerning choice of material, it be exercised by the teacher or

pupil.
is
supervisor rather than
by the
The
therefore,
object of the course
educational, not industrial,
those methods which stimulate inventiveness,
ability to plan simple work,

initiative are
and dependence on one's own
most
desirable.
The
initiative
directions given under each problem

call for
worded that they
have been so the greatest amount of thought and
on the part of the worker. The use of such instruction develops power to think, to plan constructive work and At first, it may be necessary for to carry it to completion.
the teacher to elaborate some points especially in connection with the working drawings or sketches, but after a little training, each pupil should be able to lay out and cut all parts from his own drawings; as the work progresses, he should depend less and less upon the teacher's assistance
in
of work and correct processes should always be set before the pupil, and these are best assured by the teacher becoming thoroughly conversant not only with the general construction of an article to be made, but with
making his plans. High standards
the best
tangible
methods
of securing neat
and accurate
results.
Eventually, the pupil's mental attainments will show in the
work
of his hands.
hours each week for one school year may profitably be devoted to this work. In the upper grades some of the easier problems should be omitted, and more time devoted to actually bookbinding, introducing as much variety as time and materials will allow.
Two
EQUIPMENT
This equipment is sufficient for the whole course and should last for several years. A strong wooden box with
compartments insures an orderly arrangement of tools and prevents breakage. Several rooms may use one equipment and by means of the box, transportation is greatly facilitated. Some system of distributing and collecting material should be devised, and not more than five minutes consumed in making preparations for work.
One
for each pupil
Rule
Pr. 6-inch Scissors
Pencil,
medium
Triangle, 45, 7-inch
in
Tapestry Needle, Xo. 17
Wooden
For class use, the number to be governed by the way to be used, by the amount of money to be expended. pupils, 12 paste-brushes and 5 punches answer very well.
Paste-brushes 1 inch Eyelet Punches
flat
which they are For twenty-five
One
of each helpful, but not necessary
Paper Cutter, 12 inch to 15 inch

Straight
Edge
Large Shears
MATERIALS
The materials necessary for this course may be purchased from any of the large school supply houses, or from dealers in bookbinders' supplies. Before an order is given,
it
is
recommended that the materials be
seen, at least in
sample, as names sometimes vary in different commercial

houses.
The
sizes
and
prices are also liable to variation.
In selecting colored papers, avoid brilliant hues, and choose

soft colors.
Approximate
For Stiff Foundation

Newsboard
size
26" x 38"
is
Newsboard
in reality a
box board, and
differs
from binders' board

in
in the quality of the fibre.
But
for
such articles as are described
Both newsboard and binders' board are sold in bundles each weighing 50 lbs. The board is numbered according to the number of sheets in the bundle. Thus No. 50 means that the bundle contains 50 sheets. Board of this number is light in weight, easily handled by small children, and Most book covers are is well suited to the articles here described. made of No. 30 (30 sheets to the bundle), which is twice as thick as Xo. 60. The sheets of newsboard are rather large to be handled conveniently. If desired, they will be cut in quarters by the dealer at
this course, it is the
more
satisfactory of the two.
slight expense.
For Covering Foundation

Vellum de luxe
38" wide
of
If
Vellum de luxe is a sized and tinted cloth of an inexpensive grade cotton, which is quite suitable for the purposes of this course.
material
of
higher grade
is
desired, art canvas, art

in
vellum,
of colors.
etc.,
may be
is
if
purchased.
These
come
great
for
variety
It
better to use but one color in the class

this
is
ent colors.
economy's sake, but, not to be considered, different articles may be of differChoose quiet colors such as "old blue," "dull green,"
weight)
22" x 28"
"deep red." Cover Paper

(light
MATERIALS
Wall Paper By observing
beautiful results
11
harmony
of coloring
If
may
be obtained.
between paper and vellum some one is fortunate enough to secure

If
it
a "sample book" there is a chance for great variety. purchased outright two or three well chosen patterns will
must be
suffice.
Approximate
For Lining
Marbled Paper Bark wove Paper
size
20" x 25" 24" x 36"
For Limp Covers

Screenings
Cover Paper Kraft Paper Drawing Paper (gray) Red Rope manila
24" x 36" 22" x 36"

24" x 36"
9" x 12" 24" x 36"
Oak tag stock Tough check
9"x
12"
22" x 28"
For Inside
Page Paper Page Paper Drawing Paper (white) Drawing Paper (gray) Drawing Paper (man.) Newspaper (white)
17" x 22"
8^"xll"
9" x 12"
9"x 9"x
12" 12"
6" x 9"
For Stitching and Sewing

Linen Thread
Silk
40 yds. to skein
4 yds. to skein
4 oz. package
Raffia (plain)
Raffia (colored)
4 oz. package
Paste
on the market serve very well the needs expensive and quite as satisfactory a paste may be made from wheat or rice flour provided one has the simplest facilities for boiling. Take two tablespoonfuls of flour and wet with warm water. Over this pour one pint of loilirg water and boil three minutes. J^ teaspoonful of powdered alum added to this will keep it sweet for some time. If an extra strong paste is desired a small quantity of glue may be added to the paste while it is still hot. If solid
of the various pastes of these problems.
Most
far less
glue
is
used
this
should
first
be dissolved in hot
water.
12
Accessories
2")0 in box Purchase eyelets of 1 lie same make as the eyelet punch (see list of equipment), since those of a different make are not always an exact
Eyelets
fit.
Macreme cord Tape (white) Tape (colored) Stay Tape (cloth)

(paper)
(cloth)
8 oz. ball
4 yds. in a piece
10 yds. in a piece
%"
1"
1"
wide
(paper)
(cloth)
(paper)
IX' IK"
1
Super Bookbinder's Twine
yd. wide
2 lb. ball
Head Bands
Different widths
Gummed
Tissue
Roll or Envelope of
5 or 6 vds.
Problem
BOOKLET
Time: 4 hours. Materials: For the inside, any of the paper so listed. For the cover, any of the paper so listed. For stitching* any material so listed.
The simplest form
of a
inside sheets in a single fold,
book consits of a cover and sewed through the center.

this
Choose materials from the lists given. Three definite methods of working out
Other combinations
will suggest themselves.
problem
are here outlined, arranged in the order of their difficulty.
Method
booklet
randa,
is
which the to be used, and decide on shape and size of page

A.
First determine the purpose for
best suited to this purpose.

it
If for spelling or pocket memobe long and narrow; if for language a larger page is desirable or if for map work, the size and shape of Take any sheet of paper and the maps should be considered. experiment in folding to obtain satisfactory size and pro-
may
portions.
A single sheet of paper folded through the center is called

a folio.
the same length.

this
This sheet will be twice the width of a page and of (Commercially, a folio is made from paper varying from 22 x 16 to 44 x 32. Therefore, books to which
term
is
applied are generally of large
size.)
With
If
pencil
and
rule
draw a plan
of the
open
I.)
folio
and
properly dimension the drawing.

ical
(See Plate
there has been no previous training in simple
mechanarrow
drawing, the use of extension and dimension

in this kind of
lines,
heads, and the proper placing of figures should be explained.

If
some proficiency
drawing has been acquired,

accurate drawing.
a freehand sketch
may take the place of an
14
Plate I. Accurate working drawings and freehand sketches such as children should produce before making the booklet.
Plate II shows some of the line conventions used in a working drawing.
making
In the same manner as for the pages, draw a plan of the cover, which should project beyond the pages from }/% to 34
CONVENTIONS FOR WORKING DRAWINGS,

CONSTRUCTION LINES OUTLINES OF OBJECT
- FOLDING LINES EXTENSION LINES DIMENSION LINES
IIPlate
II.
Line Conventions.
BOOKLET
of
15
an inch.
inside,
Lay out and cut the cover and one sheet for the keeping carefully on the lines.
of the inside, lay the sheet
Having cut one sheet
on as
many
make
pieces of the paper as are needed, (from three to seven

;
a booklet of desirable thickness) then make a hole with a pin or needle at each corner, piercing all at one time. On each sheet draw the four sides, using rule and pencil.
This
is
easier
than to measure each one.
The
folded
sheets should be placed one inside the other to form the
Plate
III.
Sketches illustrating a simple method of stitching a booklet.
inside of the booklet,
and the whole placed inside the folded
cover, with the edges of the cover projecting slightly.
fold,
With a needle make a hole through the center of the and another near each end of the fold (from one-half an
shown
in Plate III.
inch to an inch and a half from the end) according to the

size of the booklet, as
raffia
With thread
or
sew through the center hole, from the inside out, back to the inside through an end hole, outside through the center hole, inside through the other end hole, and tie the ends in a square knot (see illustration, Plate IV) near the center of the fold. Other equally satisfactory methods of sewing nunbe worked out. B. Determine the purpose of the booklet first and then its size and shape. As in A draw plans of the inside and
1()
cover.
used.
With rule and pencil lay out parts on materials Cut and sew as in A.
to be
Simple lettering on the cover adds

ance of the booklet.
much
to the appearits
Choose a
title
appropriate to
con-
templated use, as "Notes," "Sketches," etc., which should be executed in rather large Roman capitals. On a separate sheet, mark out an oblong of height and width desired for the title and practise on this. If title is long, make letters narrow, if short, letters may be broadened, to
fill
up more
space.
When
satisfactory results are obtained,
cut out and place on the cover,
moving up and down
to
Plate IV.
The
position of the threads
in tying a square knot.
determine its best position. The base line of the title should be placed below the top at one-fifth to one-quarter of
the entire distance from the top to the bottom of the cover.
After the position

ferred either
is
determined, the
or copying.
title
should be transpupil's
by tracing
The
name
in
much smaller capitals
should be worked out in the same man-
ner and placed below the center with a

gin at the base than at the top.
somewhat wider martitle in
Do
not enclose the

carefully done.
an oblong or other
figure.
single or double line as a

if
border around the cover looks well,

illustration, Plate V.)
(See
C.
For the cover use gray drawing paper,

plans as in
tinted, other
materials as desired.
Draw
and B.
larger surface than reit is
quired for the cover should be tinted before
marked
out,
BOOKLET
so that
17
any streaking along the edge may be cut off. To mix a wash of the color selected, put two or three tablespoonfuls of water in the water-cup and add a little paint until the desired tone is produced, being quite sure to have enough
Plate
V.
The
simplest possible designs for book
covers, involving good spacing
and
careful lettering.
to cover the whole surface.
Try
to
have the wash
clean, not
muddy, and beware of too much paint! The be soft, not crude, and somewhat neutralized by the addition of the complementary color. The best results are produced by the use of green, pale yellow, brown, dull orange, and red.
colors should
Blue
is
very likely to streak and
is
seldom satisfactory.
18
ready to apply the wash, place the paper on an 45 or more from the horizontal. A sheet of heavy cardboard or a book answers this purpose admirably. With a full brush make a horizontal stroke across the top of the paper. The second stroke should be just below Being careful to keep the this leaving no dry spots between. brush full of paint, continue in this manner until the entire The surplus amount of paint which will surface is covered. settle along the lower edge should be taken up with the brush, which has first been squeezed dry between the thumb and finger. When the paper is dry, mark out the cover and cut. Cut out the leaves and sew as in A. The cover may be
inclined surface
When
lettered as in B.
Scrap Book
A.
book.
This form of book
is
excellent for a thin scrap
are lacking
size but if definite ideas advised that the size of an ordinary magazine be taken as a basis. Wrapping paper may be used for both leaves and cover.
The pages may be

it is
of
any
Sometimes it is desirable to take two or three from magazines and fasten the pages together, inclosing all in covers. Trim neatly the edges of such leaves where they were torn from the binding and assemble them in proper order. For each pair cut a strip of thin paper of exactly the same length as the page and say one inch to one inch and a half in width. To each of these strips paste two leaves. When all have been pasted and dried assemble again and stitch through the backs as already shown.
B.
stories
Problem
II
HOLDER FOR THE PARTS OF A MODEL
Before proceeding further, some kind of a permanent holder should be provided to keep all together the various
pieces of the model.
of time incident to passing several kinds of materials
itself.
This prevents the confusion and loss each by
i
15'
*t'4
rife
to
16'
Plate
VI.
Pattern for a simple envelope.
20
making of a portfolio for this purpose, cut from screenings or heavy wrapping paper, and patterned after an envelope, from 6" x 9" to 9" The contents are more (See Plate VI.) x 12" in size. The securely held by providing some kind of a fastener. following method is a good one: In the center of one side This should first be reof the flap plan to punch a hole. enforced by cutting from heavy paper a circle of ye to % Through both radius and pasting it in the correct place. Into this insert twine, first thicknesses punch the hole. looping it in the centre and then passing both ends through the loop. Use this to tie the envelope.
One
lesson might be used for the
large pads of paper are used in the schoolroom, cardboard backs may be utilized. Take two of the same size, punch holes along three sides of each, near the edges and lace them together. If one of the long sides of the resulting holder has been left open, materials can be removed with greater ease than if a short side is so used. A set of holders thus made is very durable. New paper bags make good holders although less desirable than either of the other two.
If
their
Problem
III
MOUNTS AND PADS

Time:
6 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard, vellum, and paper
for
memorandum
pad, or cal-
endar, or pad to be mounted.
We
shall
now
begin to deal with materials that are

in
first
more exclusively employed

simple articles considered at
later in the
bookbinding work.
;
The
are not books but because
the processes involved and the materials used will be used
more
difficult
work
of binding a real book, they
are
familiar with handling the required materials before attempting to give It is recommended that two or more models instruction,
made a part of this course. The wise teacher will become somewhat
from each problem be made by the teacher before selecting one for the class. The articles described in Problem III (See Plate VII) consist of a foundation of a single piece of newsboard, covered back and front with a bookbinding cloth.
A.
Mount
of a Calendar or Picture
mounted and then deterand shape most desirable for the mount. Never size make the mount first and then attempt to find something to
First secure the article to be
mine the
fit it.
To determine
the size of the mount, place the calendar
or picture on a sheet of paper
and
find the
most pleasing
margins by laying a pencil on each side of the article. Increase or decrease this margin by moving the pencils back and forth until a satisfactory position is found, as shown in Plate VIII. Indicate this position by a line on each side.
99
In the same manner, establish top and bottom marginsThe margin at the top may equal that at the side, or be a
wider or narrower; the one at the bottom may equal the side margins or be wider, but never narrower, and
trifle
1
Plate VII.
Mounts and pads made by children.
always greater than the top margin. Draw lines for top and bottom and the size of the foundation is indicated. A fraction of an inch may be added or subtracted to give even measurements.
Working drawings should now be made

the front and back.
x
of the
com-
pleted model, showing the location of the calendar, also of
In a vertical sheet, wider; in a horizontal sheet, narrower.
MOUNTS AND PADS
23
Make them
either accurately or freehand as described
If the latter method is used, some sense of in Problem I. proportion should be observed. That is, do not draw 3 inches as long as 6 inches, nor 4 inches longer than 7 inches.
Plate VIII.
for a picture
Deciding upon the right size mount by experiment with pencils.
foundation has already been determinedfront covering should be \ ? inch larger on each side than the foundation, to allow for laps which are to fold onto the back of the newsboard. The back covering should be from iV to 3^8 f an mcn smaller than the foundation on each side,
size of the
The The
as the finished product looks

visible
much
neater
if
no raw edge
is
from the
front.
first
In Plate IX, the

also
drawing
is
of the face of the
comThis
pleted model showing the location of the calendar.
shows the
size of the foundation.
The other two draw-
If the first ings show the size of the two pieces of vellum. drawing seems too complicated, omit the location of the
24
calendar, and
draw and dimension only the outside
rec-
tangle to give the size of the foundation.
The
avoided.
pieces of material given out should be a little larger
than the finished
No
size, although unnecessary waste should be attempt should be made to cut these pieces
-ICQ
Plate IX.
The completed mount showing

and the two pieces
the loca-
tion of the calendar,
of vellum.
carefully or regularly.
Each pupil should be led

.
to
depend on
his own initiative in the use of the rule and triangle
An irregu-
lar edge which is not a guide, is more educational than straightedges and right angles which are of considerable assistance. With rule, triangle, and pencil, carefully lay out each
part from the drawings already made, and cut the coverings
with the
2
scissors.
The foundation
is
more
successfully cut
Selvage should never be allowed to remain on a covering of vellum-
A "raw
is
edge" pastes down more closely and is, therefore, less apparentVellum tears very easily lengthwise, and a torn edge may be allowed if it
to be covered.
If
not to be covered,
all
edges should invariably be cut.
MOUNTS AND PADS

with the paper cutter, as to cut
difficult
it
25
is
with scissors
a very
hands and likely to loosen the scissors most desirable way is for each pupil to The at the joint. cut his own newsboard, in which case the ruler fastened to the cutter may be used to insure the correct size without any
task for
little
preliminary measuring.
If
the cutter
is
deemed unsafe
for
the pupils' use, the proper size

teacher.
may
be marked on the news-
board with pencil and the pieces cut by a large boy or by the
the pieces have all been cut, place the newson the back side of the front piece of vellum, board with the margins equal, and draw around it. Cover the surface inside the pencil lines with a thin, even coat of
paste.
When
Much
of the success of the
work depends on the pasting
and rubbing. The paste is of the right consistency when put up by the dealer, and if it dries somewhat after being
opened, a
right.
water thoroughly stirred in will make it all well filled with paste should be passed over the surface of the covering material with long even strokes. No dry spots should be left, and especial pains should be taken to cover the surface close to the pencil lines. Look across the pasted surface toward the light to
little
The brush
see
it
if
it
is
entirely covered; looking directly
down upon
does not reveal the dry places.
Rub
the brush rather
heavily over the surface to

cloth.
make
the paste sink into the
While pasting, several sheets of newspaper are invaluWith able to protect the desk, the model, and the fingers. a few quick strokes of the card-cutter, cut off the folds of a
newspaper, leaving loose sheets the
page.
size of half or
a quarter
Each desk should have
several sheets, placed one
on
top of another.
discard
it.
When
the top sheet has
become
it is
sticky,
perfectly clean surface beneath
ready to
be used in the same way.
Press the newsboard on the pasted
26
surface, turn
it

over, 3
it down very hard on the right rubbing the vellum on the right side, a small piece of cloth for each pupil prevents finger marks, and enables the pupil to rub harder as the cloth protects the hand. Before pasting projecting parts, the corners should be Two methods are shown in the illustrations. In the cut. first, two adjacent projections are turned onto the back of Be careful that they fit very closely to the the foundation. sides of the newsboard, press down with the fingers, and hold
and rub
side of the vellum.
When
Plate X.
Clipping the corners.
At the corner will be a surplus piece firmly. should be pinched to stand upright. Slanting the which scissors very slightly upward, cut from the corner toward the
them very
center.
(See Plate X).
The second method

(See Plate XI).
is
to
make
to
slanting cuts from the outside of the vellum toward the
corners of the newsboard.

the projecting sides,
in the
Apply paste
fold over and rub down; treat the ends
same manner.
desired that the completed
If it is
mount
shall
hang on
tape or
is
the wall,
make
a loop of ribbon, tape, or vellum.
If
ribbon
is
used, choose the color very carefully; that which

is
matches the vellum
the best choice; but,
if
a contrast
3 When turning over any part of the model which has a pasted surface, take hold near the center as far as possible, as handling by the edges or corners is likely to remove paste from the places where it is most needed.
MOUNTS AND PADS

preferred, choose a soft color
27
which has some quality in harmony with the vellum. Paste this loop to the back of the Apply foundation, allowing it to project above the top. paste to the back covering and rub it down very firmly, being Instead of pasting on a careful that no loose edges are left. loop, a hole may be punched near the top with the eyelet punch, and an eyelet inserted. This should be done after the back is pasted on. According to plan, paste on the calendar or picture. Dry all under a weight. If several mounts are to be placed
CUT
Plate XI.
One method
it is
of cutting the corners.
under the same weight,

rated from the others
better that each should be sepa-
by a
sheet of blotting paper, or several
thicknesses of newspaper. Allow them to stand over night. In the morning they will be found sufficiently pressed.
B.
Mount
for
Memorandum Pad
mount
to extend
Secure a small pad, and plan a
the pad y inch or more on each side. Draw plans, and paste as in A. Instead of a loop by which to suspend the pad, make a holder for a pencil to be placed on the right side of the mount. Cut a strip of vellum one-half or threequarters the length of the mount. At each end of the strip turn about % inch onto the wrong side to give a finished
edge.
beyond work out,
To
secure the correct size, fold the strip over the

still
pencil to be used, and, with the pencil
folded
in,
paste
28
the two long edges of the strip together, and then to the back
of the
newsboard, having
it
placed
midway between
of the
the
back covering then follows. Remove the cardboard back from the pad before pasting it to the mount. Dry under weight.
C.
top and bottom edges.
The pasting
Pocket Memorandum Pad

its size
its
This
is
intended to be carried in the pocket, and

use.
should be governed by
Avoid rectangles which
Plate XII. A front view of the memorandum pad accurately drawn to show proportions; also drawings of the vellum coverings.
approximate the square, but choose rather such proportions as 2 x 3 or 2^ x4. As in A, make working drawings for the three pieces. If desired, the first drawing may be of the completed face. (See Plate XII.) Lay out and cut all
parts.
On
the front piece of vellum lay the newsboard as in A,
and draw around it. From the corners indicated by the pencil lines measure equal distances along adjacent lines, and connect the points by straight lines. Be careful not to make these lines too near the corners, of an inch to 1 inch being a good measurement for a small pad. Cut on
MOUNTS AND PADS
29
these lines with a sharp knife, or folding the ends of the line
together, cut along the line with scissors.
Apply paste
be
left free to
to the front piece, being careful not to paste
outside the slanting lines at the corners, for this space should
hold the sheets of paper

is
One way
to protect
in the
these corners
slits,
to insert a piece of
newsboard or paper
from the right side of the vellum, so that the corners on the wrong side are covered. The paste may then be Remove the protecting piece of newsapplied with freedom. board and paste the vellum to the foundation. Finish as in A without the hanger, or, if desired, add pencil holder as in B. Cut several sheets of wT hite paper x % of an inch smaller than the newsboard, and, when the paste is thoroughly dry,
insert
them
in the slits.
D.
Like
Blotter
should be large enough to hold a
except that
it
school blotter.
Increase the size of the corners to be pro-
portionate to the size of the blotter.
Problem IV
Time:
8 hours.
Materials:
Note:
single
Newsboard, vellum, and lining paper. in Problem II, each of these models has a foundation of a piece of newsboard, covered on the front with vellum, but on the back
As
with lining paper.
A.
A Needlecase
XIII, the needlecase should be planned to hold four papers of needles, two at each end. The size of the case will depend on the size of the papers of needles, and must be planned accordingly. Make the width a little more than twice the width of a paper of needles, and
at
in Plate
As shown
allow a
little
space lengthwise between the papers of needles
The pockets are formed of vellum pasted on to each end of the foundation, and their depth should be a little more than half the length of a paper of needles. An accurate working drawing of the completed case should be made (see Plate XIV). From this, mark out and cut the newsboard to the correct size. The front covering of vellum should have laps on the sides only and may well be a little shorter than the foundation. Make freehand, dimensioned sketches of this piece, of the vellum pockets, and of x the marbled paper. The pockets should have /i mcn l a P s on three sides for pasting to the back. On the other edge, which is to be free, allow at least an eighth of an inch to be turned over like a hem onto the wrong side for a neat finish. The paper for the back should be one-fourth of an inch narrower and shorter than the foundation. Mark out and cut with the scissors, the pieces of vellum and marbled paper. The front covering should be pasted on first. Before pasting the pockets (which should be fastened
to permit their easy removal.
strips of
CHECKERBOARD
to the
31
back only) turn over the hem, and crease it hard, but do not paste. The hem will extend onto the side laps. From these laps cut off the under side of the hem that it may not
Plate XIII. and a blotter.
needlecase, a checkerboard
to
Good problems upon which
practise the processes involved in bookbinding.
be double. Paste on the pockets and the back. under weight.

B.
Dry
all
A Checkerboard
rememberAlso allow for a
First decide on the size of the small squares,
ing that there are eight in each direction.
32
margin, outside the squares, which should vary in proportion to the size of the squares.
single or double border
line enclosing the squares is a desirable addition.
(See B,
Plate XIII.)
Make working
drawings of the foundation, the front
covering of vellum, and the back covering of lining paper.
In selecting vellum for this model, have in mind the applica-
Plate XIV. An accurate working drawing

case,
of the
completed needle-
and dimensioned sketches
of the pieces used for covering.
which is to be used on alternate squares. Either a deep red vellum with alternate squares of black or a
tion of a color
dull green
vellum with alternate squares of red combination.
is
a good
Lay out and cut all parts, using the card cutter for the newsboard, and the scissors for the vellum and the lining paper. As in previous models, lay foundation on the back of the piece of vellum, draw around it, and cover with paste the surface enclosed by the pencil lines. Again place the
BLOTTER
33
foundation on the vellum, press it down hard, turn over both pieces and rub the vellum on the right side until it is smooth. When thoroughly rubbed down, paste laps, being careful to make neat corners. Paste on lining paper and dry under
weight.
During a subsequent lesson, mark out the checkerOnly alternate board, accurately, with rule and pencil. colored, and this may be done with water squares need be
colors, crayon, or pencil.
If
should be used with as little ing the paint to the vellum, the glaze of the surface
water colors are chosen, they water as possible. Before apply-
may be reduced by rubbing over it the powder which comes from common white chalk. Rub the powder in with the fingers and lightly brush off what remains. On a separate piece of vellum, practice the application of color before applying it
to the checkerboard, both to test the color
itself,
and
to
become somewhat
tion.
familiar with the best

is
method
of applica-
After the paint
thoroughly dry, the surface
may
be
cleaned by rubbing carefully with a piece of cloth. putting on the outside border line with pencil.
Finish
by
C
This
XIII.
is
A Blotter
to be a
blotter described in
more elaborate production than the Problem III (D). Compare C, Plate
which
First determine the size of the foundation,
may
vary from small-blotter to desk-blotter

portions very carefully.
size.
Consider pro-
small blotter admits greater
variance between length and width than one of larger size. Make dimensioned drawings of foundation, front covering
of
vellum or cover paper, and back covering of marbled
paper.
When
the foundation has been cut and the front cover-
ing pasted on, plan the corners which are to consist of separate pieces.
Determine
their size
by
setting off a triangle
34
ill
one corner with a rule or pencil, moving the rule or pencil to vary the size of the triangle until one of satisfactory size Lay out on paper a triangle of the chosen is decided upon. The thickness of the foundation, plus the thickness size.
one or more sheets of blotting paper which are to be placed under the corners, must be taken into consideration. Before adding the laps which are to extend onto the back for half an inch or more experiment with patterns cut from
of the
paper (see Plate XV). The corners may be made of linen, vellum, cover paper, or skiver (a prepared leather which has been split by ma-
Plate XV.
Diagram
for blotter corner.
chinery).
to
Cut them out by the pattern. To give a x the edge which is to be free, turn it over about /i
If leather is used,
off,
finish
of
an
inch.
a portion of the under side along

before turningif
the edges should be additionally skived

over, to
make
the laps very thin.
Cover paper,
used,
may
back.
be re-enforced by pasting a piece of muslin onto the
These corners present an opportunity for applied design. The most satisfactory decoration for leather is "tooling." On the other materials suggested, a design may be applied
by
4 stenciling or block printing.
The
4
designs should be simple and appropriate
(see
Plates XVI), and the color scheme carefully planned.

Simple directions for these processes
Un-
may be found
in
the School Arts
Book as follows: Tooling, June, 1908; Stenciling, June and October, 1908, March, 1912; Block -printing, June, 1907.
BLOTTER
35
less a special study has been made of color harmonies, a combination of analogous colors or complementary colors is a wiser choice than a more complicated combination. Practise
on paper until a pattern
is
secured,
and apply
it
to the
corners
by the method decided upon.
Plate XVI.
Blotter pad corners with original units by grammar-school children.
When
pasting on the decorated corners, the sheets of
blotting paper should be placed on the foundation so that
there will be
room
for their use.
of the foundation, being

in exact position.
Paste the laps to the back very careful to place the corners
of blotting
Leave the sheets
paper under
the corners until after the whole has been pressed; otherwise the weight would crush the corners. When putting in
new
sheets of blotting paper, they can be

if
more
easily slipped
under the corners

^8 of
a small triangle has been cut from each
corner of the blotting paper.
A sheet of lining paper about an inch shorter and narrower than the foundation should be pasted to the back. Dry all under weight
Problem V
MOUNTS AND COVERS

Time:
6 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard, vellum, and
lining paper.
problem has two foundation pieces covered by a single piece of vellum, which forms a hinge between them, and the whole is lined with marbled paper.
Note:
Each
article in this
A.
First
size.
A Calendar Stand
may
it
make or
secure a calendar, which should be of small
If desired,
it
a picture
but
should harmonize with
in size
be used with the calendar, and color. In such a
case plan to have the space between the two
much
smaller
than the margins, so that the eye will take them in as a group, and not as two separate objects. Decide on the margins as described in Problem II, and thus arrive at the proper size for one of the foundation pieces of newsboard. (See Plate XVII.) Make a dimensioned sketch of this piece, and plan to have two made of newsboard. For the outside covering plan a strip of vellum which shall be long enough to cover both pieces of newsboard when placed about one-eighth of an inch apart, and to make half -inch laps on each side and end. Plan strip of vellum about an inch wide and as long as the width a of the foundation pieces to form the back of the hinge; and two pieces of lining paper, each one-eighth of an inch smaller in both directions than the foundation pieces. Make dimensioned sketches of these pieces (see Plate XVIII), lay out
and cut
all
parts.
In the center of the narrow strip of vellum mark off a space one-eighth of an inch wide, extending lengthwise of the
MOUNTS AND COVERS

strip.
37
Apply paste and lay the two pieces of newsboard on Press the vellum and with edges against the lines drawn. hard on the newsboard, turn it over, and rub down the A hinge is thus formed for the two pieces of newsvellum. Lay these pieces on the large piece of vellum and board. draw around the whole. Apply paste to the vellum inside
Lay the double foundation on the pasted the pencil lines. Rub down surface with the narrow strip of vellum on top.
Plate XVII.
Calendars.
the outside surface very hard, leaving no wrinkles or rough places; clip the corners as described in Problem II, paste the laps, fold
them
over, rub
them down, and
line the
mount
with the pieces of marbled paper. Connect the front and back halves of the mount by a single or double strap of
vellum pasted to the inside

calendar and picture.
of each.
Finish
by pasting on the
Note. If the calendars are made for Christmas, a most appropriate time, the children are sometimes desirous of decorating with Christmas seals. These are not so desirable as a decorative picture, but if the teacher feels that
to forbid their use would be dispiriting to the child, she should insist that
only one seal should be used and that on the back of the standard where it will cany its message, but will not detract from the appearance of the face of the
mount.
An
envelope might be
made
in
which to present the calendar, and
the seals used on the outside of the envelopes.
38
NE.WS BOARD
2 OF THIS
LINING
2
PAPER
^J
Of THIS
of
3*
t-JcsI
M
Plate XVIII.
Freehand sketches
of the parts of a simple calendar
mount.
B.
Another Calendar Mount

size.
Plan the back standard to be smaller than the front

instead of the
same
Plate
XIX
suggests a suitable
In this case the vellum must be of the same length as before, but cut to fit the different widths of the newsboard (compare Plate XX).
trapezoidal shape.
MOUNTS AND COVERS

Plan a narrow
strip of
39
vellum to
line the hinge, as in A.
Paste this piece and the outside covering as before. Cut the lining paper of the correct shapes and apply to the back.
*
A
NEWSBOARD BACK
<NJ
--
1"H
NtWSBOAPD FRONT
Oj
ZF
Plate XIX.
*l
The foundation pieces for an easel mount.
C.
A Needle-book
Decide This consists of covers with leaves of flannel. not be too large and in upon the size of leaves, which should good proportion. One piece of flannel should form two
40

Problem I.
Plan the covers
leaves, as in booklets described in

to
be one-eighth of an inch larger in each direction than the These should be constructed like the calendar leaves. mount already described in A, but the space between should be greater, perhaps three-eighths of an inch.
Make dimen-
Plate XX.
The
flat of
vellum for covering
the foundation.
sioned sketches of
out, cut,
all
parts.
The
parts should then be laid

sufficient.
and pasted.
Finish the edges of the leaves by pink-
ing (cutting in small points).
Sew them
to the cover as described in
Four leaves are Problem I.
D.
A Covered Memorandum Pad

Plan covers, as described in B, about one-eighth of an inch in each
Secure a small pad.
which
shall project
MOUNTS AND COVERS

direction
41
beyond the pad. Plan to have the space between them about f an mcn more than the thickness of the pad. When the covers are finished, paste the pad firmly to the
inside of one cover.
If desired,
loops of vellum to hold the

in
pencil
may
I.
be pasted on the side of the pad, as described
Problem
Problem VI
FOLDING CHECKERBOARD*
Time:
6 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard. vellum, squared paper.
This checkerboard (Plate
XXI)
is
planned with squares

be 8 on each side
a foundation IY2
resulting not
%"
in size,
and
of these there should
alternating dark and light.
By making
square,
it
gives a margin of ^i" on
all sides,
only in a satisfactory appearance, but providing a place

for extra checkers.
This board folds through the center

intended to show the construction to
and
is
small enough to be easily carried in the pocket.

is
The
illustration
the teacher.
Such a drawing should not be attempted by
the pupils whose efforts should be confined to simple sketches

of the necessary pieces as in the other problems.
Cut two
pieces of
newsboard
3^"
It
strong x 7V^", and

will
a piece of vellum about 9" square.

that the width of the newsboard
be observed
in order to allow a space
is less than half the length between the two pieces of newsboard without which the completed board would not close. On the back side of the piece of vellum mark off in heavy lines the positions of the two pieces of newsboard and allow 34" or ys" space between them. Paste the newsboard to the vellum as already described, cut the corners and paste the edges. A strip of vellum 2" x 7" should be pasted to cover the space between the two pieces of newsboard and extend
well onto them.

*From "War Time Occupations."
FOLDING CHECKERBOARD
43
CHECKER-BOARD
tW^w
-t-'X'j"'
-'~''.
-:
--'-
-jr.:
''<.
;-':
:'.-'i
'
.V:'-" ii-\
-I
Plate
XXI
The paper used

several ways, either
for lining
may
be prepared in one of
by machine or by hand, and may be in one piece or two. The former is less likely to be confusing. The easiest and quickest method is to have the squares
printed in dark ink on white or light gray paper of good
quality,
as one
and fairly tough. The use method of printing squares,

it
of linoleum is suggested
or a line plate
may
be
made, the squares printed from

the
and finished
those
linings for
checkerboards
furnished
to
who
are
making
44
them.
BOOKBINDING FOR BECxINNERS
The
light
squares
may
be
left
as they are or
oils.
may
be
colored with water color, crayon, or
All the outside
squares should be lined
in,
either
when
]/"
printed or afterward
outside the squares
by hand.
adds very
border line about
much
to the general appearance.
If all the markings and coloring must be done by x hand, paper commerically ruled into / squares is recommended. This secures accuracy, and saves much tiresome
Three such spaces on each side form a inch square and when the checkerboard is laid off by small dots on outside lines, proceed to color alternate squares by one of the following methods:
ruling.
darken alternate squares leaving Begin with the upper row, and take successive rows downward. Across the paper lay a rule just below the lower edge of the squares to be
A.
soft pencil
With
others of the original color.
darkened.
With
the
pencil
make
vertical
strokes
only,
using the side of the pencil to give an even surface free
from
left
ridges.
Be
careful with the lines at the right
and
The edge
at the
edges that they do not extend into the adjoining space. of the rule will stop the strokes at the right place
bottom and they should not extend quite
to the top
finished,
as this can be adjusted later.
When
all
rows are
is
turn paper around so that what was top and complete squares by the same method.
B.
in the
now bottom,
Instead of pencil, colored crayons

as already described.
may
be used
same manner
Crayons
of
C.
or red
squares, or one color
two colors may be used in alternate and a black pencil. Orange and black
and black are pleasing combinations.

Ink or water
D.
may
be applied with a brush.
completed place the " board" so that a dark square is in the upper left and lower right corners respectively, and cut open vertically, removing about }i" from
When
FOLDING CHECKERBOARD
the center two halves.
If
45
the paper soon
the edges soon
no space
space
is left,
cracks in folding;
if
too
little
is left,
if
turn and later become "dog-eared";

it is
too
much
is
left,
confusing to the players, as theoretically there should

all.
be no space at
cover, placing
them about
Paste these pieces to each half of the Y /' apart, and dry flat under
weight.
When thoroughly dry, the inner surface should be varnished with shellac or valspar to give stability to the color. Otherwise, it soon becomes rubbed and the appearance,
if
is sufficient
not the utility, of the board is spoiled. One coat to hold the color, but if a polished surface is
of coating the
desired
two are needed.

outside with shellac or
is
The question
other polish
It is
an open one, and
may
be decided to suit
article
is
the individual taste.
sometimes desirable to show that an
the product of the schoolroom, and in this case a neatly
printed label with a space for the pupil's name,
etc.,
may
be pasted to the outside. If larger boards are desired make the squares one inch in size leaving %" margin. The foundation consists of two pieces of newsboard, each 4^g" x Q}^" and the vellum The process of for covering should be 113 2" square. assembling is like that used in the small board.
Checkers
I.
Dowels.
3.4"
Checkers
may
be
Y%
or
for small checkerboards
made from dowels and %" or 1" for the
larger boards.
Broom
handles,
etc.,
may
be used as sub-
stitutes for the dowels.
The checkers should be of a uniform thickness, and is best secured by using a combination mitre-box, saw, and gauge. If this is not available, any other means
this
may
be employed to saw the dowels into disks Y4' or 3V'
in thickness.
46
Lay
a piece of sandpaper on a flat surface
and rub the

grades of
checkers on this to remove saw marks.
Two
sandpaper give a better finish than one. To play the game, it is necessary that there should be two colors of checkers. Some woods present sufficient
difference in their natural colors to serve this purpose, but
it is
generally better that one set at least should be artificially
colored.
fluid in a
For
this,
use stain or ink.
Place some of the

it. Reand lay on a paper
shallow dish, and drop the checkers into
move
at once with nippers or
two
sticks,
to dry.
Most stains will stand some water, but common ink would wash out if rained on. So to preserve the color, checkers dyed with ink should afterward be dropped into a thin shellac and taken out and dried. Those of natural color should also be shellaced as they keep clean much
longer.
After the shellac
is
dry, there
off
is
little
on the surface.
If this is
rubbed
with
fine
roughness sandpaper
the checkers are much more aggreeable to handle. Twelve checkers of each color are needed for a set but three or four extra ones may be added. Put these in a strong bag securely
tied.
II.
Button Molds.
Buttons.
Instead of using dowels, as just

used.
described,
III.
wooden button molds may be colored and
Two
contrasting colors of
flat
buttons
make
excellent checkers.
Problem VII
PICTURE FRAME
Time:
4 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard, vellum or paper.
First choose size of picture
and then width
of frame.
be uniform on all sides or one may observe the This rules for margins shown on pages 21 and 22. Make a careful drawing of the outside of the frame and opening, and then For covering, lay out and cut the newsboard as indicated. plan and cut a piece of vellum, grass cloth, paper or other material which shall extend beyond the newsboard on each On this material indicate side for at least one-half an inch. the position of the newsboard including the opening for Also draw lines one-half an inch inside and the picture. Cut on these parallel to the lines showing opening. lines and at each corner cut oblique lines to allow the laps For the back there should be planned and to fold under. cut another piece of newsboard one-eighth of an inch shorter than the front and of the same width; and to cover it a strip of covering material three-eighths of an inch longer and one-quarter of an inch narrower than the newsboard.
may
(See Plate
XXII.)
Paste the foundation of the front to
To
opening.
assemble:
the covering and turn under and paste the laps at the
time paste only one outside lap and that Over one end of the newsboard-back turn the outside strip about half an inch and paste this down leaving the remainder of the piece free. Place this piece of newsboard against the front, with the pasted end at the top, and over both pieces of newsboard paste the three laps attached to the front side. Fold back the free piece and paste as a
this
At
the top one.
4S
4"
>i
Plate XXII.
Dimensioned sketches
of the parts of a picture frame.
PICTURE FRAME
lining over the back.
49
patent
picture
To
this
hanger
a ring attached to a
may be pasted a gummed disk. The
should be inserted at the opening in the top. If a double frame is desired (see Plate XXIII) make a frame for each picture but use for the back of each a
piece of
heavy paper which should not have an additional

M-.TT
F7-
T7*~?
p"!"
5"
WMWHwiti
Plate XXIII.
M*
J*
folding picture frame.
covering.
Make
in Plate
a foundation which folds through the

it
;
center planning to have

as
extend slightly beyond the frames each half of this foundation attach the frames already made. Either style of frame may be made with a covering C. For of silk, grass cloth, leather, and slightly padded. this purpose use sheet wadding which should be firmly
shown
XXII
to
attached to the front of the foundation.

faces.
Over
this lay the
covering material and paste the laps only, not the broad
Problem VIII
HINGED COVERS
Time:
8 hours.
Materials:
desired) cover paper for
Newsboard, vellum, paper C and D.
for leaves,
eyelets,
cord,
and
(if
Note:
other,
i.
In selecting materials, choose those which harmonize with each

the vellum, cover paper, and lining paper should be of the same hue.
e.,
The problem is to make two separate hinged covers between which loose leaves may be bound, the whole to be fastened together with macrame or other cord. This may be designed for one of many uses, suggestions for several of which follow (see Plate XXIV).
Plate XXIV.
Examples
of hinged covers
made by grammar
school children.
HINGED COVERS
A.
51
A Sketch Book
In making dimensioned sketches for the various parts (see Plate XXV) determine first the size of the pages and plan the covers to extend beyond them about one-eighth Make the sketches of the pages and the newsof an inch.
MEWSBOAAD
2
OF ThlS
w
li
VELLUM
2
LINING PAPLR
OF THIS
20F ThlS
iO
Plate
XXV.
Freehand dimensioned sketches showing parts of a sketch book cover.
board foundations. Lay out and cut the latter, of full size, and then from either a long or short side of each, in accordance with plan, cut a strip to form a hinge. The width of these strips may be from three-quarters of an inch to one Vellum should be planned to cover completely one inch. side of both pieces of each cover, to fold around the small piece and to lap over onto the large piece about one-half It should also fold over the other three edges about inch. one-half inch. The lining paper should (See Plate XXVI.)
52
cover to within about one-eighth of an inch of the edges of the large pieces and should not extend onto the hinge. Constant bending soon breaks paper, but with ordinary use does
not affect the tough vellum.

of these pieces
all
Make dimensioned
sketches
(see Plate
XXV)
and lay out and cut
remaining parts. Properly place main part of newsboard on vellum, drawing around it. Lay small part one-eighth of an inch from main part and draw around it. Remove the pieces of news-
Plate XXVI. tion of the two
pieces
diagram showing the posiof newsboard on a
piece of vellum.
board and apply paste to vellum inside the pencil line, being careful to cover the surface smoothly and evenly; lay both back pieces in place, turn the vellum over and rub down. Cut from the projecting vellum on the hinged side a small piece even with the edges of the hinges as far as the outside
corners (see Plate
XXVI), and
clip off the outside corners
Apply paste to projecting vellum, fold over first the hinged side and its opposite, then the other two sides, and rub down. Paste the lining paper in and dry
as before described.
the covers separately under weight. Remember to place newspaper or blott'ng paper between each pair, otherwise the moisture from one will cause wrinkles in the other.
HINGED COVERS
For the
leaves, use
53
drawing paper, which
may
be cut
is
singly or in folio (with single fold).
The
latter
method
preferable, as folded sheets are easier to place at the back,
look better, and are more secure.
Two
a
little
holes in each cover are sufficient for the cord, but
care should be taken to determine the best position
for
them.
The
strips should
distance of each from the end of the hinge be from one-fifth to one-sixth of its length, and,
Plate XXVII.
folding
Two methods
of cutting
and
paper for the pages of a scrap book or postcard album.
of course,
edges.
they should be placed midway between the long After punching the holes, see that the leaves are
properly marked so that the holes in them will exactly fit To do this, place one sheet on the the holes in the cover.
cover, leaving correct margins,
and through the center
of
each hole mark Treat the other sheets in the same manner. Eyelets should be inserted in the covers only, and for that purpose a good Directions for its use and sample eyelet punch is necessary.
the paper which should then be punched.
eyelets
accompany punches when sent from the dealer. Complete by tying all together with a piece of cord.
a small flat
Make
bow on
the front cover.
54

B.
Scrap Book
manner
or
This should be planned and worked out in the same as the Sketch Book, but it should be somewhat
larger, possibly 6
For the leaves, screenings be used. To prevent covers from flaring after the book has been filled, the thickness at the back should be increased by
inches.
x 83^
wrapping paper
may
shown in Plate XXVIIA. The "stub" should be about one inch wide after it is folded. The Japanese method, which is to fold a very long strip many times in the same manner, forms a pleasing arrangemen (see Plate XXVIIB).
additional folds in the paper, as
C.
Postcard Album
and the leaves of a heavy paper. Green or brown screenings look well and give a background generally harmonious with colored postcards.
the covers described in
Make
The
size of the leaves
should be sufficient to leave a generous

If
margin around the card. have the space between

edges.
little
two are to be placed on one page, less than the margins around the additional margin at the bottom is always
holding the cards
pleasing.
Slits for
:
may
be
made
in the
manner cut a blank sheet of paper of the size of a postal card and from each corner measure both vertically and horizontally 1 to 134 inches and connect the adjacent
following
corners with straight lines.

position
Place this pattern in proper
and use the ends of the lines on it to locate the lines It a hole is punched at each to be drawn on the page itself. end of the line, it gives a neat appearance and prevents the paper from tearing easily. The lines on the page should be cut with a sharp knife. Insert each card by placing its
corners in the
slits.
second set of oblique lines parallel to those already described may be drawn and cut three-eighths of an inch farther
HINGED COVERS
55
from each corner. This will form a strap to hold the cards in place, and on the opposite side of the leaf cards may be
inserted in the outside
slits.
D.
Clipping File
five
are
Between two separate covers several envelopes say to be fastened and used for holding clippings, etc.
Plate
XXVIII.
and
newsboard
Relative positions of vellum in making the

file.
cover of a clipping
Select the envelopes
3}/2
by 9 inches
is
a convenient
size.
Plan covers to be about one-eighth of an inch longer on each end than the envelopes and seven-eighths of an inch wider. This allows three-quarters of an inch for the guard and also a projection of one-eighth of an inch on the opposite side. Strips of vellum should be planned to cover completely both sides of the hinge, to lap over onto the large piece about one inch both outside and in, and to extend beyond
56
each end about one-half inch. To cover the rest of the newsboardj cover paper should be used and the pieces should lap over the vellum about three-quarters of an inch on the side next to the hinge and fold over the other edges about one-half an inch. The lining paper should cover to within
one-eighth of an inch of the edges of the large pieces of newsboard.
Make dimensioned
all
sketches of
all
pieces
and lay out
and cut
parts.
a line through the center of the vellum showing where the back edge of the small piece of newsboard should
Draw
come. Lay main part one-eighth of an inch from this line and draw around the edges of both pieces except where the large piece projects beyond the vellum (see Plate XXVIII). Apply paste to vellum, lay pieces of newsboard in place, turn Cut from the projecting vellum a it over and rub down.
small piece even with the ends of the hinges as far as the
Apply paste first to projecting ends, then to long strip fold over and rub down. Properly place cover on cover paper and draw around Apply paste to cover paper and finish as when vellum is it. used for entire cover. Paste in the lining paper and dry
outside corners.
;
under weight.
Strips of vellum about 2Yi inches wide
and one inch
down Cut strips of newsboard threequarters of an inch wide, and of the same length as the envelope. Apply paste to half the vellum and lay the newslonger than the envelopes should be folded lengthwise
the middle to form guards.
board on
it
with one edge against the center

its
fold.
Against
the other edge of the newsboard lay the lower edge of the
envelope with
the same straight
ends and the ends of the newsboard in lines. Treat the ends of vellum in the
same manner
as on the covers.
Punch
holes in covers and
guards, insert eyelets, and fasten together
by
tying, or with
paper fasteners.
Problem IX
BOXES
Time:
6 hours
Materials:
Newsboard, stay-tape or vellum, and a thin paper.
First determine the size of the box,
which should be
made
for a definite purpose.
Consider the proportions of
the width, length, and height; also the height of the sides
of the cover.
of
box consists of foundations of newsboard, the edges which are stayed with strips of tape or vellum, and the
outside covered with paper.
The cover should be
larger
inch in both directions to allow it to than the bottom by slip over the box. This amount will vary somewhat with the thickness of the newsboard, the paper with which it is covered, and the skill of the worker. The foundation for each part is to be developed from a single piece of newsboard. The box and cover are to be covered with a thin paper. A great variety of paper for
this
purpose
may
be purchased, either figured or in plain
colors.
For the box plan a strip of paper long enough to extend around the four sides and to provide for a lap where the ends join. Be generous with this lap, as it will be found that the paper "takes up" when it is pasted on. The width of the strip should be at least one inch more than the depth of the box. For the cover, plan covering paper like the newsboard development, but with its sides Y2 inch or more wider to fold
over the edges.
parts.
Let the corner squares serve as laps. Make dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all
(See Plate
XXIX.)
;,s

Along folding
lines of the
foundations score deeply with
a knife, one blade of the scissors, or with a pin, and fold with
the crease on the outside.
It is essential to the success of the
this crease on the outside to insure a sharp, and strong edge, which might otherwise be rounded, irregular, and weak.
box to have
straight,
ioi<r>
O
IN
E.W5 BOARD
-!'-*-
-*-];
Ol
73"
Plate XXIX.
Drawings
of the pieces required in
making boxes.
Fasten the corners of both box and cover together with

pieces of tape or strips of vellum, lapping onto the sides.
(See Plate
XXX.)
If
possible,
allow the corners to dry
before proceeding further.
Paste the strip of paper around the box, allowing x /i inch to project beyond both top and bottom edges. Rub
down
Plate
well.
Make
a vertical cut at each corner of upper
projection and fold and paste laps
down on
the inside.
(See
XXXI.)
BOXES
59
Make
fold
a V-cut at each corner of the lower projection,
and paste the laps against the bottom.

It will
(See Plate
XXXII.)
probably be necessary to apply more paste before finally rubbing these laps down.
Plate
XXX.
tion showing
The box in process of construcmethod of "staying" the corners.
Plate XXXI.
Showing method
of pasting
the laps to the inside of the box.
Paste top of cover to the paper, leaving equal margins From the two long edges make cuts to the corners of the newsboard foundation at right angles to its
on
all sides.
60
edges.
Fold and paste paper over the ends of cover first, and then onto the inside, using the thumb to push the paper
over the edges. (See Plate
XXXI.) The
cuts
made from
the
Plate XXXII. The laps are being pasted to the bottom of the box.
Plate XXXIII.
Here the paper
is
being pasted
to the side of the cover.
long edges give an extra length to end coverings.

to be used to cover these sides.
Paste this
of the
extra piece onto long sides and then paste the part naturally
The appearance
box
BOXES
will
61
be greatly improved by running the thumb and finger along the folded edges of the cover to sharpen them. In this manner, boxes of any size may be made. Small
boxes
cloth.
may
be covered with linen, cretonne, or other kinds of

it
In this case
may
be better (after making the foun-
dations as already described) to paste the covering to the

inside of the foundation only, otherwise the surface
might be
discolored
by the paste oozing through the

glass
cloth.
A
made
box with a
as
top
is
holding specimens of various kinds.
sometimes desirable for Such a box may be

the following
above
described
with
changes:
be a sealed box the specimens should be properly placed in the box and the glass (which should be as large as the outside measurement of the box to prevent its dropping in) laid over the top before pasting down that part of the covering which projects above the box itself. When properly arranged this should then be pasted to the glass exactly as the laps are pasted to the bottom of the box. If a removable cover is desired, cut strips of newsboard
If it is to
for the sides
and a strip of material for covering them in the same manner that the box is covered. After staying the corners with vellum, paste on the strip of covering material; one edge of this should lap over the newsboard and be pasted to the inside of the cover and the other should hold
the glass in position after
it
has been placed on the news-
board.
Problem X
POSTCARD HOLDER
Time:
8 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard, vellum, and
lining paper.
Before beginning this holder,

collections
it
may
be well to have
in-
made
of cards relating to a definite subject,
terest in the
study of various industries, history, and geog-
raphy
is
greatly increased
by the use
of pictures,
and
places sets of cards prepared for such a purpose
many may be
in
purchased.
Plate XXXIV.
The postcard holder
parti}' open.
This holder consists of an outside case into which the

inner holder
faces
slips.
(See Plate
XXXIV.)
The
size of the
be determined by individual pupils, but, if the blocks to be described later are used, it will be quite essential to have a uniform size so that the blocks may be used inter-
may
changeably among the pupils. mended that the broad faces
For
this reason, it
of the outside
is recombe about one
POSTCARD HOLDER
63
inch larger in each direction than a postcard, and the narrow

faces
l l /i"
wide.
Plan the foundation of a single piece of newsboard, as wide as the outside length of the holder, scored to divide it
into the four faces above referred to,
and a
fifth division
Arrange these faces to be joined at their long edges with a narrow face on each end of the strip of newsboard so that when folded together one
the exact size of one narrow face.
narrow face will be double, which gives greater stability to Plan a strip of vellum 2 inches the shape of the holder. wi er than the length of the case, and long enough to extend around it, allowing for a lap at one corner. It will be found in putting on this vellum that it will require a piece longer than the sum of the width of the faces as, however closely it may be put on, it " takes up" at the corners. Therefore be generous with the lap as a little extra length does no harm. For the inner holder plan a strip of newsboard y$"
narrower than the case, scored to divide
it
into five parts.
Two
parts are to be of the same length as the case, alternating with two narrow faces y% less than thickness of the case (that they may fit inside) and the fifth piece about onehalf the length of the long faces.
Plan two strips of vellum to cover the narrow faces, and lap onto the adjoining faces about I". Allow yi' at each end to turn over the edges. For each of the three broad faces, plan a covering of lining paper which shall allow an edge of vellum to show at the joints, and shall lap over the
other edges of the newsboard.
are of three different sizes.
Notice that these three pieces
dimensioned sketches of all pieces (See Plate XXXV) and lay out and cut all parts. Along the folding lines of both newsboard foundations, score and fold as explained in connection with the box. When pasting the vellum onto the outside case, it will be found of great advantage to have blocks of wood to work
Make
64
around.
If

there
is
a woodworking
room
in connection with
the school, these blocks
may
well be
made
there.
They
OUTSIDE
l I
NEWS BOARD
-4 r
*li->
.-
ll\~
POSTCARD HOLDER
65
narrow faces, and their width may be the same as that of the broad faces, or narrower. If narrower, the blocks may be slipped along as the vellum is being rubbed down. The strip of vellum for covering the outside is so large that it is difficult for a child to cover it with paste, before a
part of
it
has dried.
It is better, therefore, to
paste a
little
more than enough paste again, and so on
for one face at a time, rub this down, apply
to the end.
By
putting the paste a
Plate XXXVI. An
od
a block of
illustration of the
meth-
of covering the outside of the
case
when
wood
is
used.
beyond were it is needed there is a certainty of leaving no dry areas at the corners. If blocks are to be used, paste together the two end divisions of the newsboard, put the block inside, and paste on the strip of vellum. Place one end of the vellum flush with one edge of the case, and cover one broad face first. (See Plate XXXVI.) Before rubbing down the vellum on the next face, be sure that it is pulled as closely as possible over the edge, leaving no wrinkles or loose places. When all the faces have been covered, there should remain a margin of vellum to lap onto the face first covered. If this is pasted down very closely, it will be almost invisible.
little
66
If

no blocks are available, three faces should be covered
before joining the two end pieces of newsboard, which should
Lay each face as it is being then be covered as one piece. pasted so that one edge is at the edge of the desk or table,
and allow the
Plate
rest of the case to
this
hang over the
side.
(See
XXXVII.) In
way the
faces
may be easily covered.
Plate XXXVII. An
illustration of the
ering the outside of the case

is
method of covwhen no block of wood
available
far as the
Next make a longitudinal cut on the projecting vellum as newsboard at each corner of the case. The resulting laps
may
then be easily pasted down onto the inside of

of the inner holder paste the
the case.
Over the narrow faces
strips of vellum, cut for this purpose.
Paste and fold their
ends over the edges of the newsboard.

better
if
These ends
fit
little
board.
two slits are made in each at the fold of the newsCover the broad faces with the lining paper, turning
POSTCARD HOLDER
67
and pasting the laps over the edges closely. The corners should be cut as in the flat objects described in previous articles. This inner part should not be pressed as a flat piece
as this
use.
would cause the paper
to crack
open when folded
for
be lined with white paper, in which case the pieces should be put in separately instead of in one long strip. This is difficult for any but most skillful
If desired, the inside
may
workers.
A holder of similar construction, but of convenient hold note or letter paper makes an excellent filingsize to
B.
case.
Problem XI
SLIP BOX*
Time:
6 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard, vellum, thin paper.
This box (Plate XXXVIII) by varying the size may be used for holding pencils, checkers, a picture puzzle, or
for other purposes.
Accurately lay out the box on the newsboard as shown in the drawing and cut on the outside lines, preferably with the cardboard cutter. Along the edges of the base score with a sharp knife or strong pin and turn up the sides with the lines outside. The corners should be stayed with a strip of vellum as shown to hold the box in shape. Cut a strip of lining or other thin paper long enough to extend around the box and lap over about */ inch; the width should be at least one inch greater than height of sides. Paste this strip to the sides of the box allowing surplus width to extend equally above and below. At each corner of the box make cuts in the paper so that it may be pasted to the inside of the box at one edge and to the bottom of the box at the other. It is advised that no attempt be made to line either the inside or the base. The case should be enough larger than the box to allow the By making each side latter to slip easily but not fall out. of the case Y% of an inch wider than the corresponding sides It will be noticed that of the box, this is accomplished. Lap the three narrow faces are shown in the drawing. broader outside face B over the narrower one A and paste This gives stability to the outside. securely. Cut a strip of vellum long enough to paste around the inch at each end. box and extend beyond it at least Paste this to the foundation; at each corner make cuts in the vellum, and paste projecting parts to the inside of the foundation.
\
*From "War Time Occupations."
SLIP
BOX
69
SLIP
BOX
!***
& VELLUM
Problem XII
A PORTFOLIO
Time:
6 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard, vellum, cover paper,
lining paper, tape.
(A). This portfolio consists of two foundation pieces of newsboard, covered and lined with paper and joined by a back of vellum. Let the size and shape of these covers be determined by the use to which they are to be put. They may be for drawings, maps, compositions, etc. The size of the newsboard will practically be the size of the finished portfolio, and should be somewhat larger than the papers it is to
hold.
Plan the back, which consists of two pieces of vellum, wide enough to allow for the space desired between the covers, and also to lap onto each cover at least one inch. One piece of vellum should be long enough to lap over the ends of the newsboard about ^2 an inch, and the other piece should be about y% of an inch shorter than the newsboard. Plan the cover paper to be large enough to allow for 3^ inch lap to fold over the three free edges, but remember to allow a margin of vellum to show at the other edge. Plan the lining paper to be small enough to allow the foundation to extend beyond it at least of an inch on all sides. Make dimensioned sketches of all pieces and lay out and cut all parts. Place the newsboard (See Plate XXXIX.) foundations on the short piece of vellum the proper distance apart, with equal amounts of vellum extending under each. The newsboard, of course, will extend at each end a trifle beyond the vellum. When the proper position is determined, draw pencil lines lengthwise of the vellum indi-
PORTFOLIO
eating the edge of each cover.
71
Put paste on the vellum and rub down well onto the newsboard forming the inside of the To make sure that the upper and lower edges of the hinge.
covers are in a continuous straight line, place a rule or straight edge against one cover, extending across and beyond the vellum place the second cover against the rule and the
;
fSLWSBOARD
COVER
2
PAPf.fi
LIMING B4PER
2
0FTHI3
OF THIS
Plate
XXXIX.
Dimensioned sketches
of the parts of a portfolio.
Paste (See Plate XL.) edges will be in a straight line. the second piece of vellum onto the outside and turn the
projecting ends over the newsboard, pasting
them down.
Properly place one foundation piece on the cover paper, allowing the vellum to show where it laps onto the newsboard, and draw around
to
it.
The amount
of
vellum which
is
show
is
a problem in space division.
Just
how much
will
look well on the particular cover under consideration should
be carefully thought out.
72
Apply paste to the cover paper, noting that it requires more skill to spread paste uniformly on a heavy paper than on vellum or lining paper. Place one piece of newsboard on the paper as previously marked, turn them over and rub down. A piece of cloth held in the hand and used for rubbing
or the rubbing may be done on a piece of paper laid over the surface. The cover paper should cling firmly to the foundation at every point and this should be assured before proceeding. Apply paste to
the surface prevents finger marks;
Plate XL.
Pasting the newsboard
to the vellum back.
the projecting laps, fold
them over and rub down.
Treat the
other half in the same manner.
on one side purpose secure tape of harmonizing color and or Y2 inch in width. About Y2 an ch from and parallel to the front edges cut a slit through both paper and newsboard of the same length as the width of the tape. (This needs to be done with a knife or, better yet, with a chisel.) Insert a piece of tape from 6 to 9 inches long in each slit and securely paste at least 1 inch to the inside of the newsboard, allowing the greater length to project from the outside. Paste the lining paper on the inside of each half and this will
It is desirable to tie the portfolio together
at least.
For
this
PORTFOLIO
cover the pasted end of the tape. complete.
(B)
.
73
The
portfolio
is
then
of portfolio
By a different arrangement of tape the same kind may be used as a magazine holder or cover for a
paper book or pamphlet. Plan the newsboard foundations to project i/ of an inch beyond the book on three sides. The space between the two pieces of newsboard should be at least an inch greater than the thickness of the book so that the
covers will
lie flat
when
the book
is
inside.
It will
be seen
Plate XLI.
magazine
in a stiff cover.
that with so wide a space the inner edge of the newsboard
not extend as far back as the back of the book, and in planning the newsboard it should actually be narrower than
will
the book.
Make dimensioned
all parts.
sketches of
all
pieces
and lay
out and cut
Construct the covers as for the portfolio, but insert the About of an inch from both upper and lower edges of the back cover, and just where the cover paper laps onto the vellum, make slits of the same width as the tape and parallel to the edges. Push one end of the tape through from the outside and paste, with the end turned toward the edge. Carry the tape over the adjacent edge
tape as follows
:
74
along inside of the cover and over the opposite edge where it should be inserted in the second slit and pasted on the A little slackness of tape is not inside as at the other end. The lining paper may come to the edge of objectionable.
the tape, or, with more difficulty, be slipped under
it.
PORTFOLIO
75
DESIGN
STS
MARY E.. DOYLE BOSTON MASS
(,
ST.S
JJL.
Problem XIII
STATIONERY HOLDER
Time:
8 hours.
Materials:
Newsboard, vellum and paper.
A XLIV
very
satisfactory
stationery
holder
(see
Plates
and
XLV) may
be made by
substituting pockets,
etc., for
the plain lining of the portfolio.
Make
the outside
Problem XII. Then cut for each half, a piece of newsboard one-quarter of an inch shorter and narrower than the outside pieces. Cover one of these smaller pieces with the same paper that is used on the outside turning over a margin of one-half an inch on each of the four sides. At each corner attach suitable pieces When pressed and for holding a blotter. (See page 33.)
as described in
dried this forms a lining for one side.
The other
piece of
newsboard should be used as a foundation for a "bellows pocket" for holding stationery. First bind one long edge with a strip of vellum having it show on the upper surface The pocket should be made for about an inch and a half. of vellum and when completed, should be as large as the newsboard foundation. To give strength and stability to this cut a piece of paper of the same size as the newsboard. Plan and cut a piece of vellum 5 inches longer and an inch and a half wider than this. Lay the paper lining on the vellum with an equal amount of vellum projecting at each end, and fold the vellum over one long edge of the paper for its entire length and to the depth of about one inch. Paste the hem thus made to the paper but do not Then paste the broad face as this will cause wrinkling. make fold the vellum over each end of the paper sharply and
STATIONERY HOLDER
77
Plate XLIV.
Stationery Holders (closed) made by students at the Boston School of Occupational Therapy
from the end. Place this vellum newsboard with the hem of the pocket against the on the bound edge of the newsboard, and on the other three sides turn over the projecting vellum and paste to the under Before pasting in this piece and side of the newsboard.
a reverse fold one inch
the blotter for linings, a fastener inserted as already described.
or
tape
should
be
The holder may be made more elaborate by adding a third page which should be narrower than the other two and when folded together will appear as a flap. Cut a piece of newsboard for its foundation and fasten to one of the large pieces in the same manner as the two large
pieces are attached.
To
line this, cut a piece of
newsboard
78
one-quarter of an inch shorter and narrower than the outside piece and cover it with a single piece of vellum; or pockets may be added and a strap for holding pen or
pencil.
Some very handsome cases can thus be made by using wall papers on the broad faces. Narrow stripes or gold bands used as border decorations on the corners of the
blotter or the edge of the pockets are very effective while
'figures well cut
may be
appliqued to the outside or the inside.
Plate XLV.
An open
stationery holder
made
at the Boston School of
Occupational Therapy
For fastening, use cord, tape or ribbon which should be inserted before the linings are pasted in. To illustrate: Pass a ribbon across the outside of the middle piece, putting each end through a slit say one inch from the edge and glue these firmly to the newsboard. Through a slit in the other broad face pass another length of ribbon on the end of which shall be a Japanese bead; on the narrow face in similar fashion attach a loop of ribbon (made by passing both ends through the same slit). When closed the case may be fastened by putting the bead through the
loop.
Another
style of fastener consists of a cord or braid
similarly inserted with a fancy knot in place of the bead.
Problem XIV
SEWING AND BINDING A BOOK

Time: 10 hours. Materials: Newsboard, 5 vellum, cover paper, white paper, tape, sewing
linen,
and "super."
of
sewing a book and even more ways of binding it after it is sewed. The first method here given is the simplest, and is such as is feasible in a fifth or sixth grade without a sewing frame, a press, or other apparatus than the simple tools required in the previous problems. It is First determine the shape and size of the book. better at first not to attempt a book which is very thick,
There are several ways
seven to twelve signatures being sufficient for a beginning.
A
of
" signature"
is
the
name
applied to a folded sheet, several
which go to make up the inside of a book. If the sheet is folded once it is called a "folio"; if twice, a "quarto"; if three times, an "octavo." (See Plate XLVI.) These signatures, when sewed together, form what is technically known as "the book," and the covers and back "the case." With a piece of cheap paper experiment a little, folding it one or more times and if necessary trimming the edges to change size or proportions. When the size is determined, cut a sufficient number of sheets, fold, and "stack" (pile) them for sewing. If the paper provided is too small to be used for a "quarto, " place one "folio" inside another which will give two thicknesses of paper at each fold and will have the same effect as a "quarto." If desired, two or three
be made of heavier newsboard than the articles it will probably be more convenient to use one weight only. Number 30 is commonly used for books of ordinary size (say iy<i x 5J^ inches), while for larger books (10 x 7 inches) a still heavier board is used.
5
book-cover
may
previously described, although in elementary grades
so
sheets of paper
may
be placed together before folding so
that there will be several thicknesses at the back.
These signatures are to be sewed over three pieces of from 1 to l}4 inches from each end, according to the size of the pages.
tape, one to be at the middle of the fold, one
FOLIO
QUARTO
1
_L
-U
1
OCTAVO
Plate XLVI.
16mo
to
Diagram
first
show methods
of folding sheets of paper.
On
the back of the
signature
mark
carefully the position
of the edges of each piece of tape,
an inch from each end.

of the "kettle stitches."
and additional points Yi The latter points show the location
Replace this signature on the others and mark across the backs of all, locating similar points on other signatures with as much accuracy as possible. (See Plate XLVII.) The major folds should then be "jogged up" evenly at the back, and the
minor folds at the "head" or
top.
81
At each point on each signature make a hole for sewing by opening the signatures and piercing through with a needle from the back. Replace the signatures in the same order as before. Cut three pieces of tape about three inches long. Place the first signature on the deck or table with the fold of the back toward the operator. The left hand should be placed inside the signature to receive and return the
Plate XLVII.
Marking the signatures before stitchim
by the
threaded needle which is pushed through from the outside right hand. (See Plate XLVIII.) Pass the thread in
through the first hole (leaving an end long enough for tying), out through the second hole, over the tape, in through the third hole, out through the fourth hole, over the second tape, in through the fifth hole, out through the sixth hole, over the third tape, in through the seventh hole, and out through the eighth or last hole of the signature.
top of the
Close this signature and place the second signature on first; then pass the thread in through the eighth
hole of the second signature, and out through the seventh

hole, over the tape, in
through the sixth hole and so on until
82

first hole.
the thread conies out through the

to the loose short
Tie the thread
end in a square or hard knot. Place the on top of the second and proceed as before. On reaching the end of the third signature, pass the needle under the stitch connecting the first and second signatures and through the loop formed by the thread. (See Plate XLIX.) Pull tightly to form the "kettle stitch" which should be made at the end of every signature hereafter.
third signature
Plate XLVIII.
Sewing a book over tapes.
In the same manner any number of signatures may thus be sewed to form a book. For fly-leaves, prepare four single sheets folded once, Place these to be of the same size as the leaves of the book. of an folded sheets one on top of another leaving about inch of the folded edge of each exposed, the upper sheet being protected by a piece of waste paper. Rub paste over the exposed surface of all four at the same time. (See Plate L.) Remove the upper sheet and with its pasted edge
downward
part,
place
it
upon the
front signature of the book, its
folded edge being flush with the folded edges of the sewed
and the tapes thrown back out of the way. After rubbing this sheet well down, open it and place the second sheet

inside the
first,
S3
pasted edge downward also. See and rub down the second sheet. Turn the book over and repeat the process on the opposite
having
its
that the folds exactly
fit,
Plate XLIX.
side.
The
neodle
is
in position to
form the "kettle stitch."
(See page 93-D). Before proceeding farther the
"book"
should be dried under weight.
on the desk and with a wooden mallet hammer the folds at the back which will make the
Lay the "book"
flat
Plate
L.
Applying paste to the folds
of the fly-leaves.
signatures
lie
close together.
repeat the process.
A few strokes are

if
Turn the "book" over and Cover the sufficient.

attempt
hold the
it
back with paste (or, cold), and rub it well
available, hot glue; do not
in
with the fingers that
may
s-l

signatures together and prevent their spreading.
thin,
85
Use only a
even coat of paste; pull the tapes tightly across the back, and paste their ends to the outside leaves. Cut a strip of "super" a little shorter than the length
of the back,
and wide enough
about
rub
it
inch.
well on.
on to the fly-leaves Place this over the freshly pasted back and Paste the part of the "super" which extends
to extend
onto each side to the outside leaves over the tapes. When perfectly dry cut off about two-thirds of the width of each outside leaf, leaving a stub onto which the super and tapes are already pasted. The ends of these stubs should be slanted by cutting from the binding toward the front of the book.
a trifle longer than the " should be constructed similarly to the portfolio but "book,
The "case," which should be
without tape or lining paper, and with but one strip of vellum Plan to have the covers extend (the long one) on the back. beyond the front and ends of the book about y% of an inch; but as the newsboard foundations should set forward from Their width should the binding about x of an inch.
be a
trifle less
than the width

all
of the pages.
Make dimenall
sioned sketches of
(See Plate LI.)
pieces
and lay out and cut
parts.
Place the pieces of newsboard on each side of the

in the exact position they are intended to
"book " occupy. Take a
narrow
strip of
paper and attach
its
ends to the outside of
the pieces of newsboard (see Plate LI I) so that

latter are
when
the
removed
will
from the
be at
"book" they
}
will
be attached
is
to each other the correct distance apart; that
the space
an inch greater than the Place them on the vellum and thickness of the book. trace along the inner edge of each after ascertaining that the distance between them is the same at both ends. Remove the paper which connects the covers and paste them to the vellum in the position already marked out, but do not Cut a strip of heavy paper yet turn over the ends of vellum.
between them
least
9
86
of just the
width of the back of the "book" and paste in the middle of the piece of vellum, after which the ends of vellum should be turned over and pasted down. Complete the "case" by pasting on the cover paper after which it should be pressed and dried. When this is done place the "book" as far back in the "case" as it is possible to do and be certain that the
Plate LII.
Determining the distance between covers.
marks
of the
edges of the covers are in alignment. Make tiny pencil at the front edge of the leaves to guide the placing
"book"
after the paste
is
spread.
When
necessary
have been located remove the "book" from the "case" and prepare to paste. Under the first whole leaf place a piece of newspaper considerably larger than the "book" to protect the pages. Spread paste over the surface of this leaf, first under the stub which should then be pushed down with the brush
lines or points
to hold side
of
it
securely to the outside leaf;
then cover the out-
the stub with paste.
Place the
"book"
in
the

"case" following the guide
lines
87
previously
made, and
Lay the book press the covers together with the hands. on the desk or table with the pasted half down. (See Open at the pasted leaf a very little way and Plate LI 1 1.)
carefully rub the lining onto the cover, smoothing out
wrinkles which
the
may
appear.
any Turn the book over and repeat
the process with the other cover.
Do
not open wide until
book has been pressed.
Plate LIII.
Pasting
"book"
inside the "cover."
This should be done very effectually and for this purpose two boards clamped together with handscrews make a better press than a weight. If two thin pieces of tin, zinc, or blotting-paper are placed between the "case" and the "book" while in press it will prevent the moisture from being absorbed by the leaves, causing them to wrinkle.
Variations
Several variations of the "case" are possible.
(A).
The
simplest
is
to cover the outside corners with
vellum.
If this is to
be done, the vellum corners are to be
88
applied before the cover paper.

piece, exclusive of the laps
The width
of the cornerline bisecting
and measured on a
the right-angle, should equal the width of the strip of vellum
which shows at the back. This rule holds true in all high class bindings such asmorocco, Levant, calf, etc. (See Plate LIV.) By experimenting a little, a pattern (trapezoid) may be made for the corner pieces by which to cut them. (See Plate LIV.) Plan these pieces to extend under the paper at least )i of an inch.
A^

(B).
89
After the " case "

it
ways
described,
may
completed in either of the two be decorated with lettering or by the

is
application of other design.
In this instance the suggestions
given in connection with the portfolio should be followed.

(C).
The
if
entire
"case"
is
may
be covered with vellum.
Generally a cloth covering

book, but
piece of vellum cut large
not desirable on a hand-sewed
one is to be used, have a single enough to cover both back and sides. After finding the correct distance between the two of newsboard, lay them on the vellum, in the manner pieces already described, trace around them, and complete the "case" by pasting.
for a special reason
Problem
XV
SEWING A BOOK ON A FRAME

Time and Materials:
As
for
Problem X, except bookbinder's twine
is
to
be used instead of tape.
To
carry out this problem a few
tools will
be necessary.
sewing frame
common wood-working may be made by

is
older pupils, a working drawing for which
here given. (See
Plate LV.)
The wooden upright screws may be purchased. Instead of tapes the book is to be sewed on bookbinder's twine. Cut three pieces 6 inches longer than the distance between
Tie one end of each securely to the upper and lower bars. (See Plate the upper bar and slide them along to position. other ends to the lower bar, pulling them as LVI.) Tie the
taut as possible.
The signatures should be ''jogged up" and carefully placed in a vise, back up and extending above the jaws about It may be better (depending on the shape and half an inch.
size of the vise) to place the signatures
between two boards,
and then the whole
in the vise.
On the back of one signature
mark
the position of the "kettle stitches" and twine 5 points in all and, if T-square, try square or triangle are available, square lines across; otherwise lay off these points
off
on both outside signatures and thus insure cuts which shall be "square across" the back. At each point saw across all signatures with a back saw, making a cut about s of an inch
Hold the saw perfectly may be of uniform depth on all

deep.
are not available, V-cuts
horizontally, that the cuts

signatures.
If vise
and saw
may
be made on each signature
with scissors instead. To sew a printed book, begin at the front with the "head" toward the right. Place the first signature on the
SEWING A BOOK ON A FRAME

frame (page
1
91
down), with the back toward the operator
and the three inside cuts against the twine, leaving the cuts If necessary, move the at the ends for the " kettle stitches. "
pieces of twine along the bars so that they exactly
fit
the
cuts and sink into them.
(See Plate LVI).
Tighten the
to sew.
twine by turning the wooden nuts and
commence
5ewing Frame
Book- Dinding-
o ;;:::;;;:. v;;;:::
-20'
Deta.il
^r
JL'cCiarn.
of Base
^
*S)
of screw shatrJt
20-
rh
Os.*CLil aj Ba.r
Plate LV.
Working drawing
of sewing-frame.
Hold the signature open with the

the
first hole.
left
hand, and, commencing
at the head, (right) insert the needle from the outside through
Bring the thread out through the second hole it, and return the thread through the same hole on the left of the twine. It will be seen that this process is virtually the same as sewing over tapes. Continue across the first signature and, when com-
on the right
of the twine, cross
pleted, close
it,
lay the second signature on top, and, in the

it
same manner, sew across
from
left to right.
Pull the sew-
92

and always forward
in the direction of
will
ing threads tightly
the sewing.
torn.
If
they are pulled backward, the paper

tie
be
After sewing across the second signature,

to the loose
the thread
end as in a book sewed on tapes. When the third signature has been sewed, make loop stitch as already illus-
Plate LVI.
sewing-frame in use.
and repeat end of each signature. When the sewing is finished, grasp the book firmly and slide it up on the cords l about \ /2 inches; then cut the twine from the frame, leaving about 134 inches projecting beyond the book on both sides. Pull the twine with both hands to straighten it. Put in fly-leaves and "super " and bind as before. The ends of the
trated, (forming a part of the "kettle stitch")
this stitch at the
twine should be frayed out, and, after the fly-leaves are
in,
pasted in fan-shape to the outside
leaf.
Put on the case as
shown
in
Problem XIV.
sewing a book on a frame

Additional Points
(A).
93
The binding may be made
stronger by "whipin.
stitching" the fly-leaves after they are pasted
For
this
purpose, take an ordinary sewing needle (about No. 2) and linen thread (No. 35). Begin at the right and, with "overx and-over" stitches about /i of an inch apart, sew through the outside signature and the fly-leaves. A knot should be made at each end to fasten the threads. Turn the book over and repeat the operation on the opposite side. (B). If heavy paper is used for the fly-leaves, the outside leaf should be torn or cut off carefully before putting on the case. Leave just a narrow margin at the fold to hold the other half from coming out. This being done, there is but one thickness with which to line the cover, but two free
leaves are left as before.

(C).
frame.
CD).
Head-bands may be used on a book sewed on a Cut pieces to fit across the back of the book and
is
paste one at each end after the "super" has been pasted on.
colored
Any book "end papers"
made more
attractive
by using
be of the
or fly-leaves.
These
may
same material as the cover or of contrasting material. A small surface pattern worked out in crayon or water color for this purpose makes an excellent problem in applied design and at the same time adds much to the appearance of the book. When using any paper for fly-leaves which has a right and wrong side, the sheets should be folded wrong side out. Note that only two folios of colored paper should be used while the other two are white that is at each end of the "book" there will be one white folio with
a colored one inside it. When stacking the sheets to apply the paste, place a colored sheet at the bottom, then a white sheet, then a colored sheet, and a white sheet on top. When pasting these to the book, this brings a white sheet first and a colored sheet inside, so that when pasted to the "case" one-half forms its lining and the other half is free.
Problem XVI
REBINDING A PAPER=COVERED BOOK

Time and Materials:
As
for
Problem
XIV
or
XV
except the "book."
may be obtained by taking apart some good paper covered book. Foreign books frequently come in this shape, and are much less expensive than in any
Signatures for sewing
other binding.
Carefully remove the cover and the sewing threads,
if
any, and scrape the glue from the back. Then proceed with the sewing and binding as already described.
be desired to have fly-leaves of lithographed or In this case have two rather heavy sheets of such paper folded once with the plain side out, and two folded sheets of white paper. When pasting these onto the book, place a white sheet first, and then place a figured sheet inside it. When completed, each cover will have a lining of figured paper faced by a fly-leaf of the same, and a plain second fly-leaf next to the printed pages.
It
may
lining paper.
Problem XVII
BINDING
Time and Materials:
As
NEW PRINTED SHEETS

for
Problem
XIV
or
XV
except the "book."
Unsewed but printed signatures may sometimes be obtained from a printer or publisher. Fold and assemble the sheets, using great care to observe the correct order.
Sew and bind by one
of the
methods already given.
Problem XVIII
REBINDING AN OLD BOOK

Time and Materials:
As
for
Problem
XIV
or
XV
except the "book."
but with broken cover or loose binding,
good condition, often be preSometimes served for much longer service by rebinding. one has a worn book which has personal value, and a new
school book whose leaves are
still
in
may
cover
is
desired.
First
remove the old

fly-leaves.
covers, being careful not to injure
the leaves, pull out the sewing threads and remove glue,
"super," and
Some repairing may also be
be pasted together or faced with tears are not to deep, the edges
Broken places in the folds by using strips of paper about 1 inch

the leaves.
If
Torn edges may gummed tissue, or, if the may be trimmed off. may be mended if necessary
necessary.
in
width and as long as
many
will
strips are pasted onto the folds, the
back
be thick and bulky. For this reason, Paste the fold of two adjoining leaves lengthwise on the center of one of these strips, so placed that, however badly torn, the leaves will assume their proper position, and the extra piece will be on
of the
book
a thin tough paper should be used.
the outside of the fold.

Illustrations are usually printed
of
on a
single sheet, often
paper different from the leaves of the book. To insert back with a piece of waste paper, leaving a margin along one edge as in the case of the fly-leaf. Cover this margin with paste and insert the leaf in its proper place, pasting it down to the adjacent leaf. The illustration should
these, cover the
usually be on the right of the book.
When
all
repairing has been done, re-assemble the sig-
natures and bind as a
new book.
ORIGINAL PROBLEMS
A
final test of
the pupil's efficiency
lies in his ability
to
plan and carry to completion an original project. Originality does not consist in making an article never heard of
before, but in adapting to one's specific needs, principles
and
processes already learned through class instruction.
A
is
fitting close to
a course in elementary book-binding
such a problem. If pupils choose to make articles such as the memorandum pad or the hinged covers which
orig-
have already been taught, they should be accepted as

inal
work, provided that each pupil selects the size and proportions himself, and does not depend on the teacher to
repeat the instruction in detail.
of a
Yet more credit should be given one whose originality extends further as in the case
boy who made
for his father's use a holder for con-
ductor's checks, or the one
who made
mount
for telephone
numbers.
All articles constructed should be such as are appro-
made of sometimes made

priately
Models, such as are of cardboard, to be constructed later of different materials should be excluded from this course. It is by no means essential or desirable that originality be held in abeyance until the end of the course but rather, it should be fostered during each succeeding lesson. The
the materials used.
who work more rapidly than the average of the class always have on hand an extra piece of work to be done when the regular assignment has been completed. The adaptation of any problem to a specific purpose should always be considered an opportunity for the development of class originality. For example, a principal may want several portfolios in which to keep a particular kind of
pupils
may
ORIGINAL PROBLEMS
papers;
or a set of hinged covers to hold a
for each
97
Study" may be desired

such.
should be considered class

It
"Course of These problems and worked out as

teacher's desk.
should be continually borne in mind that the object development of the child. When he is conscious of the ability to make an article of intrinsic value
of the course is the
"To help the pupil to help a long step has been taken. himself" is the highest aim of education.
TEAM WORK
Some
of these
problems
older classes as
"team work."
into sections doing specific
be given, especially in class may be divided parts of the work under a fore-
may
The
man.
or
This method is a good one when the aim is the output when an insight into the construction of articles in large
is
quantities
desired.
AFTERWORD
The
border-line between educational
handwork and
it is
technical bookbinding has
now been
it.
reached, and
not
problems assists others in solving the quest for interesting and educational handwork, its mission will have been accomplished.
If this
the writer's purpose to cross
book
of
TO^*
RETURN
LIBRARY SCHOOL LIBRARY

2 South Hall
642-2253
U.C.
BERKELEY LIBRARIES
CDE7M^3b7M
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Bookbindingforbeginers

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Boston Public Schools

Boston Public Schools

THE DAVIS PRESS

School Arts Publishing Company

Second Edition Copyright 1918

The Davis Press

formal manual training

upper eleThis work is

in grades four, five

a growing conviction that there must be laid, in

the earlier grades, a strong foundation on which to build a

toward industrial, commercial or professional The appearance of this book, therefore,

outlines a course suitable for grades five

which stimulates constructive

and and develops

the book will show, and also that

because the projects

author's personal experience with the problems

BOOKBINDING FOR BEGINNERS

incident to the giving of

manual training by the grade

in a large city system.

careful attention to details.

gives the teacher just the help needed

dling suitable material, in stimulating the pupils to intensive

burdened teacher the

maximum help, and maximum opportunity for

the specially inoriginal

and Mr. Ludwig Frank

for their interest

the details pertaining to design.

BOOKBINDING FOR BEGINNERS

the various materials which lend themselves

manual training course with

are those of the bookbinders' craft.

space division, color, lettering and applied design.

some ways better suited

excellent training to the upper grades in those schools

the curriculum does not include shop-work, cooking,

secure this flexibility of the course, each problem

outlined in several ways, with varying degrees of difficulty.

BOOKBINDING FOR BEGINNERS

a chance for the exercise

of individuality in the details of the

decoration, and color.

seems wiser that

Concerning choice of material, it be exercised by the teacher or

supervisor rather than

object of the course

educational, not industrial,

those methods which stimulate inventiveness,

ability to plan simple work,

and dependence on one's own

directions given under each problem

worded that they

have been so the greatest amount of thought and

making his plans. High standards

Eventually, the pupil's mental attainments will show in the

Tapestry Needle, Xo. 17

which they are For twenty-five

of each helpful, but not necessary