2011 Final Recommendations From Keystone National Youth Policy Summit

Naonal Energy Innovaon
Final St udent Policy

Recommendaons

June 11-18, 2011
Keyst one, CO
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About Yout h Policy Summit

The pow er of Yout h Policy Summit lles ln Lhe ambluon of lLs alumnl. ?oung women
and men come Lo Lhe SummlLs as sLudenLs, curlous and ready Lo learn. 1hey leave, aer a
week of lnLenslve sLudy and collaborauon, acuve and lnsplred cluzens of Lhelr local
communlues, our nauon, and Lhe world.
In June 2011, The Keyst one Cent er f aci l i t at ed a Summi t i n Keyst one, Col or ado f or
t hi r t y-nlne hlgh school sLudenLs from Len dlerenL schools around Lhe counLry. SLudenLs
w er e chal l enged t o devel op consensus-based pollcy recommendauons for Lhe fuLure of our
nauonal energy use.
Pr i or t o ar r i vi ng at t he Summi t , t he st udent s conduct ed r esear ch i nt o di ver gent
st akehol der gr oups and var i ous aspect s of t he ener gy puzzl e. In June of 2011, st udent s
spenL a week ardenLly dlscusslng Lhe posslblllues for susLalnable soluuons Lo meeL currenL
and fuLure energy demands ln our counLry. aruclpanLs Look sLock of Lhe larger soclal,
Lechnlcal, educauonal, envlronmenLal, pollucal, legal and economlc problems and shared
Lhelr own research Lo prlorluze lssues and opuons. 1hey lnLeracLed wlLh leaders ln Lhe elds
of ener gy, gover nment , and t he non-proL secLor who are acuvely grappllng wlLh Lhese
same i ssues day t o day.
Wi t h gui dance f r om pr of essi onal educat or s and f aci l i t at or s f r om Keyst ones Cent er
for Educaon and Cent er f or Science a nd Public Policy, sLudenLs creaLed vlable soluuons Lo
a problem LhaL ls confoundlng pollcy makers nauonally. 1hls reporL represenLs Lhe resulLs
of Lhe sLudenLs dellberauons: a wrluen seL of recommendauons LhaL wlll be shared wlLh
leaders ln educauon, pollcy, energy, youLh developmenL and governmenL.
1hese young leaders recelved Lralnlng and pracuce ln skllls essenual for Lhe 21
st

cenLury work force such as crlucal Lhlnklng, creauvlLy, leadershlp, negouauon, and
lnnovauon. lreshly aware of Lhelr own poLenual for leadershlp and change, Lhe sLudenLs are
lnsplred Lo Lake Lhelr recommendauons Lo leaders ln Lhelr own communlues, demonsLraung
t he undeni abl e pow er of w or ki ng t oget her .
Si nce 2004, The Keyst one Cent er has conduct ed YPS pr ogr ams f or over 600 young
l eader s f r om 24 sLaLes across Lhe nauon. 1oplcs focus on currenL lssues faclng our nauon ln
t he ar eas of ener gy, envi r onment and publ i c heal t h. Wi t h ei ght Summi t s pl anned acr oss t he
nauon for 2012, we encourage Leachers, sLudenLs, prlvaLe and publlc organlzauons and
gover nment l eader s t o vi si t w w w . yout hpolicysummit . org Lo learn abouL opporLunlues
avai l abl e i n your r egi on.
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Table of Cont ent s
Overview of St udent Research 5

Introducon 8

Policy Timeline 9

Oil & Natural Gas Regulaons 13

Reducing Dependency on Foreign Oil 19

Coal Policy 25

Renew able Energy Policy 32

Sustainable Cies Policy 39

Buildings Eciency Policy 47

Transportaon Policy 55

Energy Educaon Policy 64

Conclusion 70

W orks Cit ed 71

Phot o Collage 76

Acknow ledgement s 78
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YPS opened my eyes t o t he r eal
wor l d. Not ever y one w i l l agr ee
w i t h you, but compr omi se and
negouauon can relleve Lhe
Lenslon. 1ake Lhe lnluauve Lo
negouaLe, change ls noL
i mpossi bl e. -nauonal 2011 ?S aruclpanL

luuovttiou
Lrtcresuir
Sotutious
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Over view of St udent Research

The Groups Task

W hat should be done, and by w hom, t o br ing about t he changes necessar y t o
meet t he grow ing energy demand, w hile simult aneously grow ing t he
workforce and signicantly liming the emissions of greenhouse gases?
Parcipants should consider three me frames: near-t erm (4-8 years), mid-
t erm ( 10-20 years), and long t erm ( up t o 50 years) .

1o begln answerlng Lhese quesuons, sLudenLs were asked Lo research Lhe followlng energy
Loplcs prlor Lo Lhelr arrlval aL Lhe SummlL. As a group, Lhe paruclpanLs became experLs on Lhe
currenL lssues, barrlers and opporLunlues LhaL exlsL for energy use across Lhe unlLed SLaLes.

Buildings Eciency

Fossil Fuels I: Oil

Fossil Fuels II: Nat ural Gas

Fossil Fuels II I: Coal & Carbon Capt ure and St orage

Nuclear Pow er

Renewable Energy I: Solar & W ind

Renewable Energy II: Biomass & Geot her mal

Transportaon I: Alternave Fuels

Transportaon II: Public, Private, Commercial, Industrial

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STEEPLE Analysis

To br oaden t he dept h of t hei r r esear ch, st udent s w or ked i n gr oups t o per f or m a STEEPLE
anal ysi s of each r esear ch t opi c l i st ed on page 5.

Social
lncludes culLural aspecLs, demographlc dlerences, envlronmenLal [usuce (are some
i mpact ed mor e t han ot her s).

Technological
Incl udes t he r at e of t echnol ogi cal change and i mpact s f r om r esear ch and devel opment .

Educaon/ Workforce Development
CurrenL educauon and Lralnlng opporLunlues, and whaL ls needed Lo meeL growlng energy
demands and new j obs.

Environment al
Encompasses al l i mpact s on t he envi r onment , i ncl udi ng ai r and w at er qual i t y, and i mpact s
f r om cl i mat e change.

Polical
Descr i bes how , and t o w hat degr ee, gover nment shoul d i nt er vene i n t he economy and
soci et y.

Legal
1he laws of Lhe land, lncludlng envlronmenLal, as well as healLh and safeLy and dlscrlmlnauon
laws and regulauons.

Economic
lncludes economlc growLh, lnauon and Laxes.

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St akeholder Assignment s

ln addluon Lo Lhelr energy research Loplcs, each sLudenL was asked Lo represenL Lhe lnLeresLs
of an lmporLanL sLakeholder lnvolved ln Lhe energy conversauon.

Non-Governmental Organizaons (NGOs) composed of envi r onment al gr oups,
consumer advocacy groups, coalluons and soclal [usuce groups who are non
proLs, lncludlng academla, educauon and research lnsuLuuons.
Government , i ncl udi ng f eder al , st at e and l ocal gover nment agenci es.
I ndust ry, lncludlng corporauons and organlzauons LhaL are ln Lhe energy
producuon or Lransmlsslon secLor, provlde englneerlng servlces or
manuf act ur i ng f or ener gy sect or or w ho ar e l ar ge consumer s of ener gy.

St akeholder List
1. Non- Governmental Organizaons:
Al li ance t o Save Ener gy
Amerlcan Councll for an Lnergy LclenL
Economy (ACEEE)
Ameri can Sol ar Ener gy Soci et y (ASES)
Bi omass Ther mal Ener gy Counci l (BTEC)
Envi r onment al Def ense Fund (EDF)
Nat ur al Resour ces Def ense Counci l (NRDC)
unlon of Concerned SclenusLs
U.S. Publ i c Int er est Resear ch Gr oup (PIRG)
Si er r a Cl ub

2. Government :
Ar my Ener gy Pr ogr am
nauonal Assoclauon of 8egulaLory uullLy
Commi ssi oner s (NARUC)
nauonal Assoclauon of SLaLe Lnergy Cclals
(NASEO)
nauonal Covernors Assoclauon (nCA)
Nucl ear Regul at or y Commi ssi on (NRC)
Rai l r oad Commi ssi on of Texas
U.S. Conf er ence of M ayor s
U.S. Depar t ment of Ener gyCce of Lnergy
Lclency and 8enewable Lnergy (uCL/LL-
RE)
U.S. Depar t ment of Labor Empl oyment and
1ralnlng AdmlnlsLrauon (L1A)
u.S. ueparLmenL of 1ransporLauonResear ch
and lnnovauve 1echnology AdmlnlsLrauon
(8l1A), Cce of 8esearch, uevelopmenL &
Technol ogy

u.S. LnvlronmenLal roLecuon AgencyCce of
1ransporLauon and Alr CuallLy (LA/C1AC)
U.S. Gr een Bui l di ng Counci l (USGBC)

3. Indust ry:
Amerlcan Coalluon for Clean Coal LlecLrlclLy
(ACCCE)
Amerlcan eLroleum lnsuLuLe
Amerlcan SocleLy of Peaung, 8efrlgeraung and
Ai r-Condluonlng Lnglneers (ASP8AL)
ConsLellauon Lnergy
Del phi
Lxelon Corporauon
Lxxon Mobll Corporauon
FedEx
For d
Gener al El ect r i c Ener gy
Gener al M ot or s
lnLersLaLe naLural Cas Assoclauon (lnCAA)
Or mat Technol ogi es, Inc.
Ow ens Cor ni ng
Sout her n Company
Sunower Corporauon
Vest as
Vul can M at er i al s

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Introducon

The 2011 Yout h Pol i cy Summi t i n Keyst one, Col or ado convened f r om t he 11t h t o t he
18t h of June t o di scuss cl i mat e change and t he ener gy f ut ur e of Amer i ca. St udent s w er e
asslgned dlerenL energy sources and concerned organlzauons, or sLakeholders, ln lndusLry,
governmenL and advocacy Lo research. 1hese sLakeholders ranged from envlronmenLal acuon
gr oups such as t he Si er r a Cl ub t o t he pow er f ul i ndust r i al For d M ot or Company, t o t he Texas
Rai l r oad Commi ssi oner . They w er e r epr esent ed by bot h t he st udent s and, i n par t , by member s
of a panel LhaL spenL a day wlLh us, answerlng quesuons and addresslng concerns. We, t he
st udent s, came pr epar ed t o di scuss ener gy st andar ds and pol i ci es and put f or w ar d
recommendauons for energy leglslauon for Lhe nexL 30 years and on.
Aer much debaLe and Lhe bralnsLormlng of ldeas, lssues and proposals, our group
nar r ow ed t he many t opi cs di scussed dow n t o t he f ol l ow i ng ei ght ar eas, based on our
lndlvldual sLakeholder perspecuves. SLudenLs wenL ln depLh and gave pollcy recommendauons
on clean LransporLauon meLhods, lmproved bulldlng eclency, reduclng Amerlcas
dependency on forelgn oll, regulaung Lhe oll and naLural gas lndusLrles, creaung susLalnable
clues, boosung Lhe use of renewable energles, llmlung Lhe negauve eecLs of Lhe coal
lndusLry, and lmprovlng publlc awareness of energy resources Lhrough educauon.
Thr ough f ocusi ng on t hese ei ght ar eas, w e hope t o r educe over al l emi ssi ons w hi l e
keepi ng t he U.S. economy t hr i vi ng. We have deemed t hem among t he most pr essi ng and
i mpor t ant of t he many ener gy and cl i mat e i ssues f aci ng t he Uni t ed St at es and t he w or l d, and
have come away wlLh lmproved cooperauon and medlauon skllls, as well as enhanced
undersLandlng of Lhe lssues our generauon has Lo face, Loday and ln Lhe fuLure.

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Timeline for Final Policy Recommendaons

NOW :
Gover nment f undi ng f or CCS t echnol ogy.
8egln encouraglng coal companles Lo sLarL reLromng Lhelr planLs wlLh clean coal
t echnol ogy (oxy-fuel, CCS, eLc.) wlLh moderaLe Laxauon and suclenL granLs.
rovlde Lhe mlllLary wlLh new Lechnologles perLalnlng Lo renewable energy for Lesung.
Resear ch i nt o hydr ogen and advocat e f or nat ur al gas f uel i n shi ppi ng i ndust r y.
CovernmenL oers lncenuves and loans for alrllnes and alrplane manufacLurers lnvesung
ln and worklng on hydrogen alrcra and boaLs.
CovernmenL advocaLes for nauonal Maglev neLwork.
SLarL reLromng exlsung bulldlngs Lo mlnlmum LLLu green cerued.
2015:
Li mi t per mi t s al l ow ed f or mount ai n t op r emoval .
Avoi dabl e t ax on emi ssi ons f r om coal pl ant s begi ns.
Uni t ed St at es ener gy sour ce i s t o be 10% r enew abl e ener gy.
Wldespread lnLroducuon Lo recycllng programs, sLarL educaung Lhe publlc ln ma[or
met r opol i t an ar eas.
new governmenL bulldlngs bullL ln 2013 or aer musL be mlnlmum LLLu sllver cerued.
new lorLune 300 bulldlngs bullL ln 2013 or aer musL be mlnlmum LLLu sllver cerued.
Lvaluauon of gas sLauons Lo be supplemenLed wlLh hydrogen fuellng sLauons ln ma[or
All u.S schools Lo have educauon on all forms of energy lnLegraLed lnLo sclence and
hi st or y cl asses.
Have up and comi ng r enew abl e ener gy compani es pr ovi de t echni cal j ob t r ai ni ng and
r et r ai ni ng f or cur r ent and new w or ker s.
Incr ease t he number of ener gy i nt er nshi ps on t he hi gh school and col l ege l evel .
Company sponsorshlp for new educauon programs on a greaLer scale.
All schools musL be ln Lhe process of acqulrlng a laLer specled LLLu cerucauon.
8educuon of greenhouse gases beglns.
2018:
3 of gas sLauons ln meLropollLan areas supply hydrogen fuels.
2020:
8educuon of greenhouse gases 2.
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Car bon emi ssi ons ar e r educed by t en per cent .
10% of al l bui l di ngs i n US net -zer o.
2021:
Pydrogen powered cars sLarL becomlng aordable Lo upper mlddle class.
2025:
(opuonal) Add a fourLh year of sclence Lo hlgh school currlculums and/or lncrease Lhe
number of envlronmenLal elecuves avallable.
M ount ai n t op r emoval per mi t s have st opped bei ng i ssued.
Mass producuon of hydrogen-fueled publlc LransporLauon ln ma[or meLropollLan areas.
Impl ement r ecycl i ng pr ogr ams t hr oughout maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
AL leasL 3 of gas sLauons supplemenLed wlLh hydrogen fuellng sLauons ln ma[or
lncrease fundlng from 18u Lo supporL ouLdoor educauon and clLywlde servlce pro[ecLs
(si mi l ar t o t he Bayou Land Conser vancy).
unlverslLy compeuuons for presuge relaung Lo renewable energy economlcally supporLed
by t he gover nment .
lncrease Lhe avallablllLy of energy [obs and have more workers ln energy elds.
2027:
Gover nment f undi ng f or CCS r esear ch st ops.
CCS t echnol ogy becomes an i ndependent vent ur e.
2030:
All lorLune 300 companles headquarLers aL leasL LLLu sllver cerued.
20% of al l bui l di ngs i n US net -zer o.
Car bon emi ssi ons by coal ar e r educed by 40%.
CCS Lechnology becomes 60 eclenL.
Ver y l i ght t axes i mposed on ker osene (j et f uel ), i ncr easi ng gr adual l y.
Taxes begi n bei ng i mposed on gasol i ne pow er ed car s.
nauonal Maglev neLwork compleLed.
73 of gasollne sLauons ln ma[or clues/meLropollLan areas also provlde hydrogen fuel.

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2031:
MounLaln Lop removal becomes lllegal and all M18 slLes reure by end of Lhe year.
2035:
Hydr ogen-fueled publlc LransporLauon lmplemenLed LhroughouL ma[or meLropollLan
ar eas.
Lvaluauon of whaL percenLage of gas sLauons need Lo be supplemenLed or converLed lnLo
hydr ogen f uel i ng cent er s i n maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
80 of schools Lo be LLLu cerued aL Lhe sllver level aL leasL.
Schools bullL ln years up Lo 2010 Lo be LLLu cerued aL Lhe green level aL leasL.
unlverslLy compeuuons should have governmenL fundlng mlnlmally.
Al l st at es have a w or kf or ce t r ai ni ng pr ogr am f or r enew abl e ener gy si mi l ar t o Cal i f or ni a s
Cl ean Ener gy Wor kf or ce Tr ai ni ng Pr ogr am (CEWTP).
2040:
All coal planLs are reLroued wlLh CCS Lechnology.
35% al l bui l di ngs i n US net -zer o.
23 old (bullL before 2013) governmenL bulldlngs reLroued Lo achleve aL leasL LLLu
gr een st andar d.
2045:
All commerclal shlps belng produced run on nuclear or hydrogen fuel, reLromng ls
avai l abl e t o ol der shi ps.
100 of fuel sLauons ln ma[or clues/meLropollLan areas supply hydrogen.
50% of f eder al bui l di ngs i n met r opol i t an ar eas ar e net zer o.
50% of al l w ast e i s ei t her r ecycl ed or compost ed i n maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
40% of t ai l pi pe emi ssi ons ar e el i mi nat ed i n maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
All schools bullL aer Lhe year 2011 Lo be LLLu cerued aL Lhe sllver or gold level.
Al l st at e school s have an envi r onment al st udi es pr ogr am i ncl udi ng r enew abl e ener gy,
sci ence, and engi neer i ng.
2050:
Ker osene t axes st op r i si ng at 10%.
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Car bon emi ssi ons by coal r educed by 55%.
2055:
ubllc LransporLauon wlll run compleLely on hydrogen-f uel i n maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
PalL producuon of gasollne fueled publlc LransporLauon ln ma[or meLropollLan areas.
Have a f or m of r enew abl e ener gy pow er i ng 85% of school campuses t o be used as a
learnlng Lool of renewable resources LhaL are reglon speclc.
Reduce gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons 51%.
2060:
Car bon emi ssi ons f r om coal pl ant s ar e r educed by 75%.
M ost ai r pl anes ar e pow er ed by hydr ogen.
1axes on gasollne powered cars are capped aL 20, producuon of gasollne powered cars
st ops.
99 of all fuel sLauons supply hydrogen fuel.
80% hydr ogen car s, 15% r enew abl e car s (can i ncl ude Hydr ogen), 5% f ossi l f uel car s.
100% of f eder al bui l di ngs i n met r opol i t an ar eas t o be net zer o.
90 producuon of non-t oxi c and bi odegr adabl e mat er i al s i n maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
80% of al l w ast e i s r ecycl ed or compost ed i n maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
90% of t ai l pi pe emi ssi ons ar e el i mi nat ed i n maj or met r opol i t an ar eas.
Uni t ed St at es ener gy sour ce t o be 60% r enew abl e ener gy.
Gr ant money gi ven f or r enew abl e ener gy r esear ch t o be doubl ed t o 10 bi l l i on dol l ar s
( t hi s goal w i l l be r eached by i ncr easi ng t he gr ant money ever y 5 year s).
uullLy companles ln each sLaLe wlll produce 60 renewable energy.

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Oil & Natural Gas Regulaons
M a in Point s:
Problem: Fossil f uel emissions need t o be reduced over t he next 50 yea rs a s t hey a re re-
pla ced w it h renew a ble sources of energy.
Goal: Reach 60% reducon in emissions by 2060.
Create stricter regulaons on hazardous chemicals in well sites.
Pla n: I mplement a ca p a nd t ra de syst em w it h imposed pena lt y if exceeded. Pena lt y money
w ould go int o gra nt f und, given t o help compa nies t ha t w a nt t o expa nd t heir new green
t echnologies.
1he burnlng of fossll fuels has been Laklng place ln muluple appllcauons. 1he
lndusLrlal 8evoluuon, beglnnlng around 1770, broughL abouL Lhe use of large quanuues of
fossll fuels Lo power machlnery, LransporLauon devlces and facLorles (8erlansLeln). In 1887,
oi l w as di scover ed i n t he st at e of Pennsyl vani a, and si nce t hen coal , oi l and ot her f ossi l f uel s
(hi gh-car bon subst ances f or med f r om bur i ed and f ossi l i zed or gani sms over mi l l i ons of year s)
have been humanklnds prlmary source of energy for heaL, llghL, LransporLauon and
manufacLurlng, as well as a necessary lngredlenL for many synLheuc lndusLrlal maLerlals.
The bur ni ng of f ossi l f uel s pr oduces car bon di oxi de (CO
2
), met hane (CH
4
), and ni t r ous
oxi de (N
2
C), among oLher compounds, whlch are known collecuvely as greenhouse gases
(Top 5 Li st of Gr eenhouse Gases). These
cause many envi r onment al pr obl ems,
f or emost among w hi ch i s t he gr eenhouse
eecL, by whlch Lhese gases ln Lhe
at mospher e i nsul at e t he ear t h, t r appi ng
heat on t he ear t h s sur f ace and r ai si ng t he
Ear t h s aver age t emper at ur e (see Image
1 ). Many fuel acqulsluon processes, such
as some coal mi ni ng and oi l dr i l l i ng
pracuces, are harmful as well. \
Image 1. The Greenhouse Eect. Muchapedlas Creenhouse LecL
age. hup://www.muchapedla.com/greenhouse-eecL.hLml.
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nlLrous and sulfurous oxldes and dloxldes, emlued from burnlng coal and oLher fossll fuels,
form aclds ln waLer, creaung problems wlLh acld raln and levels of polluuon ln general. 1hese,
along wlLh many oLher negauve envlronmenLal eecLs, are ralslng enormous concern ln Lhe
gl obal communi t y.
Ther e ar e many appr oaches t o addr essi ng t he i ssue, f r om t he use of mor e r enew abl e
energy sources such as wlnd, solar, hydroelecLrlc, and udal and blofuels, Lo more eclenL
fossll fuel burnlng vehlcles and appllances, Lo Lhe capLure and sequesLrauon of carbon
emi ssi ons. Powever, change ls slow and emlsslons polluuon conunues Lo lncrease. 1hls ls
l ar gel y due t o t he cur r ent i nexpensi veness of f ossi l f uel s compar ed w i t h new r enew abl e
Lechnologles, and Lo Lhe enormous power and wealLh of Lhe corporauons and governmenLs
whlch rely upon and supporL Lhe conunuauon of coal, oll and naLural gas as Lhe earLhs, and
Amer i ca s, pr i mar y ener gy sour ce.
8efore 2013, Lhe governmenLal energy agencles, such as Lhe LA and LlA speclcally,
shoul d set t he cap f or gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons. The oi l and gas compani es w i l l be i nf or med
of t hese new st andar ds. Then, t he f eder al gover nment w i l l i ssue per mi t s t o al l of t hese
companles based on Lhelr amounL of producuon, and funcuon, whlch wlll dlcLaLe how much
gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons t he company can pr oduce. If compani es don t pr oduce as many
greenhouse gases as alloued, Lhen Lhey can sell Lhelr excess greenhouse gases Lo oLher
companles. 1hls provldes addluonal lncenuves for Lhe companles Lo produce fewer emlsslons,
because LhaL wlll allow Lhem Lo generaLe lnLernal revenue. AL Lhe same ume, lL keeps Lhe
gr eenhouse gas emi ssi on const ant among t he i ndust r y.
Fur t her mor e, t he penal t y shoul d be at a const ant $15 f or ever y met r i c t on of
greenhouse emlsslons. SLarung ln Lhe year 2013 Lo Lhe end of 2020, Lhe cap on Lhe amounL of
greenhouse gases emlued wlll be reduced 2 from Lhe amounL of greenhouse gases emlued
ln 2010. 1hen aer every 3 years, Lhe percenL of reducuon wlll be lncremenLally lncreased.
1he revenue from Lhese penalues wlll be avallable Lo oll and naLural gas companles as granL
money Loward Lhe use of more eclenL fuel-burnlng Lechnology, reducuons ln Lhe quanuues
of fuel burned by uslng more alLernauve fuels, such as renewable sources, carbon capLure and
sequesLrauon Lechnologles as Lhey become lndusLrlally feaslble, and research and
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developmenL lnLo Lhe eld of non-peLroleum based plasucs. ln order Lo geL Lhe granLs, Lhe
compani es w i l l have t o pr opose t he best r esear ch i dea t o a panel of non -bi ased exper t s, i n a
dlverse eld from buslness Lo envlronmenLal sclences experLs, whlch would change every ve
year s.
Ever y year t he f eder al gover nment w i l l make t he oi l and nat ur al gas compani es publ i sh
how much gr eenhouse gas i s pr oduced. If t hey r ef use or f al si f y evi dence t her e w i l l be a
sever e penal t y. Ever y 15 year s, EPA al ong w i t h t he boar d of exper t s w i l l use t he gat her ed
lnformauon Lo do analysls and evaluauon of Lhe cap and Lrade sysLem. 1hey wlll be allowed Lo
change Lhe percenLage of reducuon by a marglnal dlerence of 3.

Who is aected:
Consumer s:
1hls pollcys lmpacL on consumers wlll noL be lmmedlaLely beneclal. In f act , i t i s l i kel y
LhaL, whlle Lhe oll and gas lndusLrles esLabllsh more eclenL Lechnologles and carbon capLure
and sequesLrauon Lechnlques and renewable energy ls phased ln by lncreased demand, Lhe
pr i ce of gasol i ne and el ect r i ci t y w i l l r i se. lurLhermore, Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLrauon sald LhaL
$13 per Lon, energy companles and uullues would llkely pass along Lhe added cosL Lo
consumers. lLs esumaLed Lhe prlce of gasollne would go up by 12 cenLs a gallon and Lhe
Year Percent Reduction
2020
2%
2025
6%
2030
11%
2035
17%
2040
23%
2045
31%
2050
40%
2055
51%
2060
62%
Chart 1 & Graph 1: Timeline of Greenhouse Gas Reducons
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average elecLrlclLy blll by abouL 7 nauonally (Carey). Powever, faclllLaung susLalnable and
aordable energy for Lhe fuLure ls Lhe goal, and wlLhouL sacrlce Amerlcas energy lndusLry
w i l l r emai n mar r i ed t o and domi nat ed by non-ecol ogi cal and i ncr easi ngl y expensi ve f ossi l
f uel s. Al so, t he pr oposal t o gi ve gr ant money back t o t he i ndust r i es w i l l al l ow t hem t o meet
t hei r goal s mor e easi l y, so t he consumer s w i l l not f eel as much of a bur den (Cap and Tr ade
denluon Ecomi i Ecopedi a).
Wor ker s:
1he oLher obvlous shorL Lerm vlcums of Lhls sLraLagem are Lhe oll and naLural gas
lndusLrys employees and corporauons. Whlle [obs may be losL ln Lhe reducuon of burned
f uel s and t he cor r espondi ng dr op i n emi ssi on l evel s, mor e w i l l be cr eat ed by t he new
necesslLy for eclency and Lhe faclllLaung Lechnology. These new j obs w i l l be f unded i n par t
by t he gr ant money f r om t he penal t y t axes. 1he nanclal eecLs of Lhls pollcy wlll be spread
across Lhe lndusLry Lhrough Lhe expense of paylng penalues for oversLepplng Lhe emlsslons
boundar i es. As oi l and nat ur al gas compani es ar e f or ced t o become mor e
eclenL, Lhere wlll be a larger demand for hlgh-sklll level [obs ln order Lo lnsLall eclenL
machi ner y.
Indust r y:
AlLhough Lhere are penalues Lo Lhe cap and Lrade sysLem for companles LhaL exceed
Lhe cap, lL also oers buslness execuuves more cerLalnLy abouL fuLure energy
cosLs (Carey). lurLhermore, Lhe penalues would i nt er nal i ze t he cost s, meani ng t hat t hey
pay f or w hat t hey pr oduce.
For ei gn Pol i cy:
ln addluon, Chlna and lndla, ranklng rsL and fourLh respecuvely ln annual
gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons, w i l l not agr ee t o bi ndi ng l i mi t s as l ong as Amer i ca i s not maki ng
a consclous eorL Lo reduce greenhouse gas emlsslons (Carey). lf Chlna and lndla do noL
agr ee t o t hese l i mi t s, t hey r ef use Lo keep Lhe lnLernauonal playlng eld level, whlch wlll ln
t ur n hur t t he Amer i can compani es (Car ey).

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Publ i c Heal t h:
As oi l and nat ur al gas ar e dr i l l ed, hazar dous chemi cal s ar e r el eased. Pol l ut ant s such
as mercury, hydrogen sulde, polycycllc aromauc hydrocarbons, volaule organlc
compounds-Loulene, eLc. (vCC), and radloacuve subsLances are all belng released. We
propose LhaL cerLaln pollcles should be revlsed Lo speclcally lnclude Lhe peLroleum and naL-
ur al gas i ndust r i es, and i ncr ease t he eci ency of t he cur r ent l egi sl auon t hat r egul at es t he
saf et y measur es f or chemi cal s r el eased at w el l si t es. For exampl e, t he Compr ehensi ve
LnvlronmenLal 8esponse, Compensauon, and LlablllLy AcL defends Lhe publlc from spllls and
l eaks t hat may cont ai n car ci nogeni c mat er i al s on w el l si t es (CERCLA Over vi ew ). Al t hough, i n
Geauga Count y i n Col or ado, w i t hi n t w o mont hs of dr i l l i ng f or gas, t he homes of over t w o
dozen f ami l i es had t o be evacuat ed, because gas w as pl aced i n t hei r w at er w el l s
(LA81PWC8kS). Also, ln Alabama, aer an oll and gas company released hazardous
chemlcals ln March 2006, such as hydrogen sulde, whlch ls a poLenually deadly gas, Lhe res-
i dent s of Ol d St age Road i n Conecuh Count y nouced a t hi ck, uni denued f oamy
subst ances i n w at er t hey say i s connect ed t o t hei r w at er w el l s. Al t hough t he company w as
ned for Lhe release of Lhe chemlcals, Lhe Alabama ueparLmenL of LnvlronmenLal
ManagemenL never followed Lhrough wlLh an lnvesugauon lnLo Lhe waLer wells
(EARTHWORKS).
Addluonally, hydraullc fracLurlng should be regulaLed and an alLernauve Lo dlesel ln
t he pr ocess shoul d be f ound under t he Saf e Dr i nki ng Wat er Act . M or eover , t he Resour ce
Conservauon and 8ecovery AcL should make sure LhaL Lhe wasLe from Lhe hazardous
chemi cal s pr oduced f r om oi l and gas devel opment i s di sposed of pr oper l y, so t he i ndust r y
wlll noL conunue Lo polluLe Lhe soll or ground waLer. noL only wlll Lhe polluuon desLroy Lhe
envlronmenL, Lhe blo magnlcauon wlll harm human healLh (8loaccumulauon & 8lo magnl-
cauon). 1hus, Lhe healLh of Lhe general publlc ln Amerlca wlll beneL from Lhese new
r evi si ons.
The Waxman-M ar key Bi l l w as passed i n June 2009 i n t he Uni t ed St at es House of
8epresenLauves, buL Lhe blll never made lL Lo Lhe SenaLe. 1he 8lll proposed a cap and Lrade
sysLem on Lhe amounL of carbon dloxlde emlued by all lndusLrles (Cap and 1rade denluon
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Lcomll Lcopedla). 1he blll LhaL we are presenung would focus on only Lhe naLural gas and pe-
Lroleum lndusLry, so LhaL Lhe regulauon wlll be easler and Lhe fundlng can be dlrecLed Lo Lhe
speclc needs for Lhe peLroleum and naLural gas lndusLry. Also, Lhe cap LhaL was
proposed had an 83 decrease of carbon dloxlde emlsslons by Lhe scal year 2030 (Cap and
1rade denluon Ecomi i Ecopedi a). Our bi l l pr oposes r educi ng t he amount of gr eenhouse
gases by 60 by Lhe year 2060. Also, oclals from boLh of Lhe ma[or u.S. pollucal parues,
Congr ess, envi r onment al l eader s, and even i ndust r i es such as Shel l Oi l coul d suppor t a cap
and Lrade sysLem due Lo lLs exlblllLy ln Lhe markeL place.
Our gr oup s goal f or Amer i ca over t he next 50 year s i s t o r educe har mf ul gr eenhouse
gas emlsslons, speclcally from Lhe combusuon of oll and naLural gas, by 60. ln addluon, we
wanL Lo sLrengLhen and more rmly enforce Lhe regulauon of hazardous chemlcals released
by t he w el l si t es t hat dr i l l oi l and nat ur al gas.
WlLh lncreased publlc awareness of Lhe deLrlmenLal eecLs of global warmlng as well
as greaLer focus on educauon of envlronmenLal lmpacLs, Lhere wlll be more supporL for a
gr eenhouse cap and t r ade syst em. Fur t her mor e, t he i ncr easi ng avai l abi l i t y of advanced
Lechnology wlll help Lo faclllLaLe Lhe reducuon of greenhouse gas emlsslons. lor example,
Lhere has been a subsLanual amounL of research done ln Lhe eld of alLernauve plasucs,
based on mllk, cellulose and polylacuc acld (made from corn), and Arboform (llquld wood)
(Nel son).
1he measures lald ouL above are reecuons of Lhe global concern regardlng cllmaLe
change and access t o ener gy i n t he f ut ur e, and of t he needs of t he Uni t ed St at es as i t s
economy st ands t oday. We propose pumng Lhls pollcy of carbon caps and Lrade lnLo eecL
wlLh Lhe hope of galvanlzlng Lhe Amerlcan economy ln preparauon for Lhe economlc and
envi r onment al chal l enges w hi ch t he next 50 year s hol d. Thi s pol i cy i s i nt ended t o ki ck st ar t
Lhe renewable energles economy whlle provlng Lhe posslblllLy of slgnlcanL emlsslons
reducuons ln Lhe near fuLure.

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Reducing Dependency on Foreign Oil

1he unlLed SLaLes ls currenLly dependenL upon forelgn oll Lo fulll lLs energy needs.
The maj or i t y of t hi s oi l comes f r om t he M i ddl e East er n r egi on w hi ch has l ed t o var i ous
conlcLs such as Lhe ?om klppur War. 1hese conlcLs have creaLed a draln on resources and
have har med t he economy (Wi l l i ams, Hi st or y and Anal ysi s ). Si nce oi l -produclng nauons sull
have Lhe power Lo cuL o exporLs and severely crlpple our economy, lL ls essenual LhaL Lhe
Uni t ed St at es cr eat e a pl an t o el i mi nat e dependency on f or ei gn oi l .
Cver Lhe nexL 30 years, we wlll reduce oll dependence by Largeung Lhe LransporLauon
lndusLry. More speclcally, we wlll converL 80 of land-based vehi cl es t o r enew abl e
alLernauve fuels wlLh Lhe remalnlng 20 operaung on oll and naLural gas. 1hls ls because 63
of oll goes Lo Lhe creauon of gasollne (LlA, 2011) and 49 of oll consumpuon ls from forelgn
sources (uogeu, 2011). 1herefore, lf 80 of vehlcles run on alLernauve fuels such as
hydr ogen f uel cel l s, f or ei gn oi l w i l l not be necessar y.
1hls Lransluon wlll be drlven by Lhe oll companles Lhemselves. 1hls ls because Lhe
consumer s w ant gr een t echnol ogi es and cl eaner f uel s; t hey ar e mor e w i l l i ng t o buy
producLs LhaL are adverused as such, and Lhe demand ls only growlng. 1hus, Lhese companles
have economlc lncenuves for Lransluonlng. ln order Lo save [obs LhaL may be losL wlLhln Lhe
Lransluon, [ob reLralnlng programs wlll be sponsored by Lhe companles Lo ensure LhaL Lhey
keep Lhelr employees. 1o provlde furLher lncenuve, when hydrogen fuel cell Lechnology
becomes cosL eecuve, a Lax wlll be placed on gasollne vehlcles LhaL wlll lncrease gradually
unul a 20 cap ls reached. 73 of Lhe Lax money wlll go back lnLo hydrogen vehlcle
manufacLurlng and Lhe oLher 23 wlll be used Lo pay o research loan and subsldles.
ln order for Lhls Lo be a vlable pollcy, Lhere musL rsL be research lnLo alLernauve
fuels such as hydrogen fuel cells. As of now, Lhe mosL prevalenL alLernauve fuels are
bi odi esel , et hanol , and nat ur al gas. How ever , et hanol and bi odi esel ar e mi xt ur es of bi of uel s
and oi l , and, t hus, onl y r educe but do not al l evi at e our dependence on f or ei gn oi l . Ther ef or e,
more research musL be done lnLo less developed alLernauve fuels such as solar power,
hydrogen fuel cells, and blomass. 1he mosL promlslng of Lhese opuons ls Lhe hydrogen fuel
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cell. Pydrogen fuel Lechnology demonsLraLes boLh energy and cosL eclency, as explalned
laLer. ln order for Lhls Lo be eecuve, Lhe Lechnology musL be commerclally avallable ln a
maxi mum of 20 year s.
ln order Lo sLarL llmlung oll lmporLs, oll used Lo produce elecLrlclLy and resldenual
heaung wlll gradually be replaced wlLh naLural gas sLarung ln 2020. 1hls wlll decrease oll
consumpuon by approxlmaLely 7 when Lhe Lransluon ls compleLe (Oi l ).
New r ecycl i ng met hods w i l l al so be i nt r oduced t o decr ease oi l i mpor t s. About 25% of
oll consumpuon ln Lhe u.S. ls lndusLrlal, whlch
lncludes Lhe producuon of plasucs (Cll).
8ecycllng more plasucs would decrease oll
consumpuon by reuslng old maLerlals. 1hus,
r aw mat er i al s w i l l become l ess necessar y. The
best w ay t o achi eve t hi s t ask i s t o i mpl ement
slngle sLream recycllng on a nauonal level.
Si ngl e st r eam r ecycl i ng uses a machi ne t o sor t
mat er i al s, w hi ch means t hat t he consumer
does not have t o. Thi s w ay, consumer s ar e
mor e l i kel y t o r ecycl e, and t her e w i l l be l ess of
a need f or r aw mat er i al s. Thus, oi l i mpor t s
w i l l decr ease.
Ot her sour ces of f uel such as et hanol
and dlesel musL conunue a consLanL raLe of
producuon Lo relleve sLress on oll. naLural gas
ln vehlcles can become more prevalenL ln LransporLauon ln order Lo replace land based oll
consumpuon. 1he use of hybrlds and cars LhaL have beuer fuel economy needs Lo be conun-
ued i n or der t o meet t he i ncr eased demand f or gasol i ne. In t he shi ppi ng i ndust r y, t her e i s an
emer gi ng f uel sour ce named Li qui d Nat ur al Gas (LNG), w hi ch coul d r educe car bon di oxi de
emi ssi ons by 15-20% compar ed t o bunker f uel . It w oul d al so r educe oi l demand because t he
new f uel consi st s of 30% di esel and 70% LNG ( LNG ).
Image 2. Si ngl e St r eam Recycl ing. Si ngle-st r eam
recycllng debuLs ln ume for 8ecycleMalna2010.
hup://news.wusLl.edu/news/ages/20110.aspx.
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M any of t he st eps above ar e made possi bl e w i t h t he i ncr eased use of nat ur al gas.
Ther ef or e, nat ur al gas t echnol ogy must be i mpr oved. One ar ea t hat r equi r es i mpr ovement i s
hydraullc fracLurlng. 1hls naLural gas drllllng meLhod musL be lmproved Lo noL aecL Lhe
envlronmenL as drasucally and Lo also lmprove Lhe harvesung eclency. AnoLher naLural gas
t echnol ogy t hat has t o be i mpr oved i s t he pi pel i nes. If t her e i s a l eak i n t he pi pe, met hane i s
r el eased i nt o t he at mospher e. The Uni t ed St at es l ost appr oxi mat el y 346 bi l l i on cubi c f eet of
nat ur al gas r esour ces t hough pi pe l eaks i n t he year 2006 (Revki n & Kr auss).
As menuoned earller, Lhe easlesL way Lo ellmlnaLe Amerlca's dependency on forelgn
oll ls Lo use hydrogen power ln 80 of consumer vehlcles. CurrenL lnLernal combusuon
englnes can already run o of hydrogen wlLh a few (relauvely) easy and cheap modlcauons.
lL ls slmply a mauer of pumplng hydrogen lnLo Lhe chambers lnsLead of gasollne or gasohol
(t oday' s 90% gasol i ne and 10% et hanol mi xt ur e). The easi est car s t o conver t ar e t he ol der
ones, when lL ls slmply a mauer of blowlng hydrogen lnLo Lhe carbureLor (urunvalo). 1he
newer fuel ln[ecuon cars are sllghLly more dlculL Lo adapL as a speclallzed ln[ecLor adapLor ls
requlred, buL Lhey run more smooLhly and eclenLly once Lhe converslon ls compleLe
(Converung a Casollne).
Amerlcans wlll readlly swlLch Lo hydrogen powered cars once glven a llule blL of
lnformauon and a few sLausucs. 1he prlce dlerence beLween hydrogen Lo gasohol for Lhe
same amounL of energy ls asLoundlng. 1he oxldauon of meLals produces hydrogen. Some
met al s and al l oys ar e ext r emel y cheap, and, usi ng t hi s met hod, coul d pow er an engi ne f or
hours aL Lhe cosL of a fracuon of a cenL (urunvalo). Clven LhaL gasohol ylelds 43.34 mega
j oul es per ki l ogr am and has a mol ar mass of 104.4 gr ams per mol e, gasohol cost s 2.05 cent s
per kllo[oule. Casohol cosLs hundreds of umes as much as hydrogen for Lhe same amounL of
ener gy out put ( Fuel s f or UAV ).
When gasohol i s bur ned, i t ends up as car bon di oxi de i n t he at mospher e. When
hydrogen ls used as a fuel, wheLher ln an lnLernal combusuon englne or ln a hydrogen fuel
cel l , i t r eact s w i t h oxygen t o f or m w at er . The gener al publ i c w i l l pr obabl y become ver y f ond of
t hese w at er-creaung machlnes LhaL LransporL Lhem as well.

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AL rsL, hydrogen fuel cell cars wlll only be avallable Lo Lhe upper classes. As Lhe
Lechnology progresses and becomes more cosL eecuve, Lhe lower classes wlll be able Lo
aord lL. 1hough lL ls unforLunaLe, Lhls process ls Lrue for all Lechnologles and ls largely
unavoi dabl e.
M ost Amer i cans w i l l conver t t hei r car s t o t hi s f uel w hen t hey hear about t he r educed
cosL and envlronmenLal beneLs. Cnce Lhe number of hydrogen vehlcles lncreases, fuel
sLauons wlll be forced Lo swlLch from supplylng gasohol Lo provldlng hydrogen lf Lhey wanL Lo
st ay i n busi ness. The hydr ogen i nf r ast r uct ur e w i l l gr ow , and t he amount of gasol i ne used by
Amer i ca w i l l shr i nk. If w e use l ess oi l , t hen l ess oi l needs t o be i mpor t ed.
As of Lhe year 2010, Amerlca lmporLed 49 of lLs peLroleum (uoggeu). A ve-w eek
aver age dur i ng M ay and June 2011 show ed t hat 63% of t he pet r ol eum i n t he Uni t ed St at es
was rened Lo gasollne, a fuel whlch ls prlmarlly used ln cars (LlA). Accordlng Lo Lhese
sLausucs, changlng our LransporLauon fuels would resulL ln Amerlca evenLually noL needlng Lo
i mpor t any pet r ol eum f r om ot her count r i es.
Once t hi s goal i s r eached, or even
cl ose t o bei ng r eached, t he hydr ogen
i nf r ast r uct ur e w i l l be ver y pr eval ent . Whi l e
burnlng hydrogen ln an lnLernal combusuon
englne works relauvely well and very cleanly,
lL ls somewhaL lneclenL. A Lechnology ls
emer gi ng t hat i s, as of now , not yet
devel oped enough t o be cheapl y and
eecuvely lmplemenLed buL wlll, ln Lhe
fuLure, x LhaL problem.
A hydr ogen f uel cel l i s a t ype of
volLalc cell (bauery) LhaL, lnsLead of havlng
t he r eact ant s seal ed i nsi de, has t hem r e-
acung as Lhey ow Lhrough Lhe unlL, wlLh fuel belng replaced as lL used up. AlmosL all Lhe en-
er gy st or ed i n t he hydr ogen i s r el eased as el ect r i ci t y w hen i t r eact s i n t he f uel cel l . In an i nt er -
nal combusuon englne, mosL of Lhe energy ls wasLed as heaL or nolse. 1he hydrogen supply
i nf r ast r uct ur e w i l l be i n pl ace; car manuf act ur er s w i l l j ust need t o st ar t pr oduci ng vehi cl es
w i t h t he new t echnol ogy.
Image 3. Hydr ogen Fuel Cel l . New Ver si on of Vol t t o
Pouse Pydrogen luel Cell. hup://gm-
vol t .com/ 2007/ 04/ 19/ new-ver si on-of -vol t -t o-house-
hydr ogen-f uel-cell / .
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A gasol i ne vehi cl e (or one conver t ed t o hydr ogen) cannot be conver t ed t o a hydr ogen
f uel cel l - a new car i s needed. But car s, especi al l y cur r ent and ol der ones, do not l ast f or
decades aer decades. Around Lhe ume LhaL fuel cell cars sLarL becomlng malnsLream, and ln
Lhe years aer LhaL, many cars wlll dle. When people's cars dle, Lhey buy new ones, and lf fuel
cel l car s ar e pr omi nent , t hey w i l l buy one of t hose.
1wo problems become nouceable durlng Lhe converslon Lo hydrogen fueled vehlcles.
We suggesLed LhaL Lhe cheapesL way Lo obLaln hydrogen was Lhrough reacuon of meLals. Cne
w i l l now w onder w her e t hi s met al w i l l come f r om. We al so suggest ed t hat w hen f uel cel l
t echnol ogy i s i nt r oduced, many ol der car s w i l l no l onger be i n use. One now w onder s w hat
w i l l happen t o al l t hose car s. Cur r ent , past , and near -f ut ur e car s ar e made l ar gel y of i r on, and
cheap hydr ogen r equi r es met al , and i r on i s a met al . The i r on f r om car s at t he end of t hei r l i f e
can be used t o cr eat e hydr ogen f or t he f uel of new car s. Thi s i s a gr eat w ay t o r ecycl e and
r educe w ast e i n t he car i ndust r y.
Image 4. FCVs. luel cell vehlcles. hup://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fuelcell.shLml.
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One ot her pr obl em t hat pessi mi st s w i l l poi nt out i s t hat hydr ogen pow er pr oduces
w at er as a r eact ant , i n t he gaseous f or m. St eam (gaseous w at er ) i s a maj or gr eenhouse gas,
and currenLly aecLs global warmlng more Lhan carbon dloxlde (Pleb, MonLe). 8uL, as we all
l ear n, w at er i n t he at mospher e t ur ns i nt o cl ouds, w hi ch r ai ns dow n ont o t he ear t h, and t hen
ows back lnLo Lhe oceans LhaL lL was orlglnally Laken from Lo creaLe Lhe hydrogen ln Lhe rsL
pl ace. Peopl e l ear n about t he w at er cycl e i n el ement ar y school . Some peopl e w i l l ar gue t hat
t hi s w i l l not happen, and i t w i l l st ay i n t he at mospher e. But a w eek st udyi ng equi l i br i um i n a
chemi st r y cl ass w i l l di spr ove t hi s t heor y. The pl anet ear t h i s one enor mous syst em. The
equauon ls as follows P
2
C (l) P
2
O(g). If a r eact ant or pr oduct i s r emoved f r om one si de of
Lhe equauon, and added ln proporuonally Lhe same quanuLy on Lhe oLher, Lhe reacuon wlll
proceed forwards or backwards unul lL ls balanced. ln Lhls slLuauon, we are removlng Lhe
llquld waLer from Lhe le and addlng lL Lo Lhe rlghL, so Lhe gas wlll condense Lo resLore Lhe
equi l i br i um.
Pydrogen ls a fuel wlLh loLs of poLenual. lL ls noL a power source, merely a carrler, buL
has t he capabi l i t y t o st or e massi ve amount s of ener gy, compr essed t o a smal l vol ume. It has
all Lhe beneLs LhaL gasollne does noL. lL ls clean, renewable, and, when used ln a fuel cell,
sllenL and eclenL. Pydrogen has Lhe posslblllLy Lo power Lhe fuLure of personal
LransporLauon aL a low cosL, and, for LhaL, Lhe general publlc wlll love lL. 1he converslon of 4/3
of our car s f r om gasohol t o hydr ogen w i l l hel p el i mi nat e t he Uni t ed St at es' dependence on
f or ei gn oi l .

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Coal Policy

Over t he past t hr ee decades, demand i n t he Uni t ed St at es f or r esour ces has r i sen
dramaucally. uependency on coal, ln parucular, has lncreased and shows no slgn of
decreaslng ln Lhe foreseeable fuLure, especlally wlLh over a 230 year domesuc supply (Coal
news). 1he frugal cosL of produclng coal parucularly conLrlbuLes Lo lLs popularlLy, and makes
i t an i ndust r i al f avor i t e. How ever , t he bur ni ng of coal t o pr oduce el ect r i ci t y r el eases mi l l i ons
of Lons of carbon emlsslons. 1here ls no rellable, credlble lnluauve Lo achleve greenhouse gas
sLablllzauon wlLhouL reduclng carbon dloxlde (CC
2
) emlsslons from coal producuon planLs.
Addluonally, coal conLrlbuLes dlrecLly Lo global cllmaLe change. Coal producuon, prlmarlly
mlnlng, causes greaL amounLs of hablLaL desLrucuon. lL ls urgenL and essenual LhaL sLrlcLer
regulauons on coal cleanllness, eclency, and envlronmenLal lmpacLs are lmplemenLed.
CurrenL coal powered generauon capaclLy, approxlmaLely 1.3 mllllon megawaus,
provldes Lhe unlLed SLaLes populauon wlLh economlc, low-cost ener gy. It i s i nf easi bl e t o
slmply cuL coal producuon and lmmedlaLely swlLch Lo renewable energles. 1herefore,
regulauons regardlng coal power musL be sLrlcL enough Lo cuL carbon emlsslons whlle
slmulLaneously allowlng coal companles Lo produce energy wlLhouL a slgnlcanL lncrease ln
cosL. uue Lo Lhls need for coal energy, pollcles musL lncenuvlze lmplemenLauon of cleaner
coal Lechnology, whlle concurrenLly prevenung excess emlsslons Lhrough Laxauon. 8esearch
and uevelopmenL (8&u) musL be performed, funded ln con[uncuon by lndusLry and
gover nment . The out l ook f or r esear ch i s pr omi si ng as r esear ch per f or med by t he Coal
uullzauon 8esearch Counsel (Cu8C) ln cooperauon wlLh Lhe LlecLrlc ower 8esearch lnsuLuLe
(L8l) suggesLs LhaL Carbon CapLure & SequesLrauon (CCS) can be performed by Lhe year
2025 t o pr oduce el ect r i ci t y at a cost l ess t han t he cost of pr esent coal gener at ed el ect r i ci t y,
whlle concurrenLly capLurlng y percenL of all carbon released by coal planLs. Looklng
Loward Lhe fuLure, ambluous vlslons for coal over Lhe nexL y years have been seL.

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Our major goals f or coal are t o:
LllmlnaLe mounLaln Lop removal enurely.
Reduce CO
2
emi ssi ons by sevent y-ve percenL.
lmplemenL Carbon CapLure and SequesLrauon Lechnologles ln all coal planLs.
lmprove land reclamauon Lechnlques and have sLrlcLer reclamauon Lechnlques.
These goal s w i l l be achi eved t hr ough a var i et y of pr oposed pol i ci es, al l of w hi ch l ead t o a
greener, beuer unlLed SLaLes.
Coal pow er s appr oxi mat el y f or t y-ve percenL of all elecLrlclLy ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes.
1herefore, Lhe unlLed SLaLes populauon wlll be aecLed greaLly lf cheap coal elecLrlclLy were
Lo be replaced. Powever, Lhe proposed pollcy should aecL peoples llves posluvely by
l ow er i ng CO
2
emlsslons. 1he pollcy wlll have Lhe mosL posluve eecL on Lhe envlronmenL.
Coal emi ssi ons ar e cur r ent l y har mi ng t he envi r onment . Though al l emi ssi ons w i l l not be
el i mi nat ed t hr ough t hese changes, t he
proposed amounL wlll be subsLanually less
har mf ul t o t he envi r onment . Al so, t he
ellmlnauon of mounLaln Lop removal wlll help
save t he ecosyst ems l ocat ed i n t hose
mount ai ns. Ot her t echnol ogi es t hat w i l l l ow er
emi ssi ons w i l l i n t ur n hel p t he envi r onment .
1he workforce should noL be heavlly aecLed.
Though t hose w ho r el y on mount ai n t op
r emoval w i l l possi bl y be at r i sk f or l osi ng a j ob,
t hough mount ai n t op r emoval onl y account s f or
ni ne per cent of t he coal i ndust r y. Jobs w i l l al so
be creaLed for research and lnsLallauon of clean coal faclllues (ueparLmenL of Lnergy).
ln order Lo reach Lhe goals by 2060, a umellne has been seL forLh for when Lhe
regulauons and goals wlll be puL lnLo acuon (see CharL 2). Cur pollcy wlll aecL coal mlnes and
operauons across Lhe nauon, buL ln parucular wlll aecL coal areas such as Lhe Appalachlan
M ount ai ns, and i n st at es heavy w i t h coal deposi t s such as Wyomi ng.
Image 5. Cl ean coal comes t o West Vi r gini a.
Creen1ech Medla. hup://
www.greenLechmedla.com/arucles/read/clean-coal-
comes-t o-w est -vi r gi ni a-1194/ .
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Cur r ent l y, mount ai n t op r emoval mi ni ng account s f or 9% of t he mar ket . By 2030 t he
goal i s t o el i mi nat e mount ai n t op r emoval . It w i l l become i l l egal , and by t he next year (2031)
all currenL mounLaln Lop removal slLes wlll be reured. 1o accompllsh Lhls, we propose
phaslng ouL mounLaln Lop removal over a een year perlod sLarung ln !anuary 2013 and
slowly llmlung Lhe permlLs requlred Lo operaLe a mounLaln Lop removal slLe over Lhe
followlng Len years. Aer LhaL Len year mark, Lhere would be an addluonal ve year perlod
for slLes Lo nlsh operauons before mounLaln Lop removal would become lllegal. Aer
mounLaln Lop removal becomes lllegal, Lhe followlng year wlll be used Lo reure all of lLs slLes.
1here are currenLly many dlerenL laws and regulauons LhaL Lhe coal lndusLry already
follows. Powever, Lhe currenL regulauons on envlronmenLal lmpacLs and land reclamauon
are noL suclenL. Cur pollcy makes Lhe lmpacL SLaLemenLs requlred by law (Surface Mlnlng
ConLrol and 8eclamauon AcL of 1977) for mlnlng permlLs much more sLrlngenL. 1hese
sLaLemenLs requlre LhaL Lhere be no slgnlcanL lmpacL Lo Lhe area where Lhe mlnlng would
NOW Gover nment f undi ng f or CCS t echnol ogy commences (2012)
Li mi t per mi t s al l ow ed f or M ount ai n t op r emoval (2015)
8egln encouraglng coal companles Lo sLarL reLromng Lhelr planLs
w i t h cl ean coal t echnol ogy (oxy-f uel , CCS, et c.) w i t h moder at e
Laxauon and suclenL granLs
Avoi dabl e t ax on emi ssi ons f r om coal pl ant s begi ns (2015)

2020s Car bon emi ssi ons ar e r educed by t en per cent (2020)
M ount ai n t op r emoval per mi t s have st opped bei ng i ssued (2025)
Gover nment f undi ng f or CCS r esear ch st ops (2027)
CCS t echnol ogy becomes an i ndependent vent ur e (2027)

2030s Car bon emi ssi ons by coal ar e r educed by f or t y per cent
CCS Lechnology becomes slxLy percenL eclenL
MounLaln Lop removal becomes lllegal and all M18 slLes reure by
t he year (2031)

2040s All coal planLs are reLroued wlLh CCS Lechnology
2050s Carbon emlsslons by coal are reduced by y-ve percenL
2060s Car bon Emi ssi ons f r om coal pl ant s ar e r educed by sevent y-ve
per cent
Chart 2: Coal Policy Timeline
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occur. ln addluon, Lhere are Lo be lnspecuons by Lwo unrelaLed personnel. 1he number of ln-
specuons requlred for land reclamauon wlll be mandaLory every Lwo years, lmplemenLed lm-
medlaLely. (Surface Mlnlng ConLrol and 8eclamauon AcL of 1977) 1hls would be funded by Lhe
federal governmenL, as lL ls a modlcauon Lo a currenL federal law.
new Lechnologlcal advancemenLs wlll be made ln Carbon CapLure and SequesLrauon
(CCS). CCS i s t he pr ocess of capt ur i ng t he CO
2
t hat i s r el eased i nt o t he ai r and i nj ect ed i nt o t he
gr ound. Ther e w i l l al so be advances i n ot her f or ms of cl ean coal t echnol ogi es such as Oxy-Fuel ,
absorpuon/adsorpuon (scrubbers), and reLromng pre-exlsung facLorles wlLh Lhese
modlcauons, and oLher clean coal Lechnologles. Cxy-f uel i s t he bur ni ng of most l y pur e
oxygen or 93 oxygen. Whlle Lhls ls sull belng researched, lL has been shown Lo poLenually
Image 6. Illustraon of carbon capture and storage (CCS) process showing major pathways for geologic storage
and t er r est r ial st or age. Carbon SequesLrauon ALlas of Lhe unlLed SLaLes and Canada. hup://
w w w .wvcar b.or g/ cc-over view .php.
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r educe car bon emi ssi ons by 95% (CURC). Scr ubber s use l i mest one or a si mi l ar mi ner al t o
r emove t he sul f ur emi ssi ons f r om coal (Depar t ment of Ener gy).
How ar e w e hopi ng t o get t her e? CCS t echnol ogy i s count ed on t o be f easi bl e w i t hi n
Len years, accordlng Lo Lhe uepL. of Lnergy. Powever, Lhe only way Lhls ambluous goal ls
posslble ls Lhrough a comblnauon of lndusLrlal and governmenLal supporL. llrsL, Lhe ouLllne of
gener al pol i cy t o be i mpl ement ed:
LnacL more sLrlngenL regulauons on carbon emlsslons from coal planLs.
lncenuvlze CCS Lechnology developmenL lncludlng new Lechnology and envlronmenLal
eecLs Lhrough governmenLal granLs whlch wlll be a comblnauon of Laxes and federal
gr ant s, occasi onal l y at t he col l ege l evel .
Impose t axes on compani es unabl e t o meet emi ssi on st andar ds.
8egulauons: WlLhln y years, carbon emlsslons from coal planLs should be reduced by
sevent y-ve percenL. 1o achleve Lhls lL ls proposed LhaL emlsslon reducuon sLarL aL a slow
raLe and gradually lncreases. As seen ln Craph 2, emlsslons should reach a reducuon of
Len percenL wlLhln Lhe nexL Len years, and aerwards conunue aL a fasLer raLe of abouL
een percenL every Len years.
To ensur e t hat coal compani es r educe t hei r emi ssi ons, an avoi dabl e t ax w i l l be
i ncor por at ed. The t ax money t aken w i l l t hen be used t o hel p suppor t advancement s i n CCS
t echnol ogy. Goi ng over al l ow ed emi ssi ons w i l l r esul t i n a t ax di r ect l y cor r el at ed bet w een
per cent over -emi ssi on and t ax amount . Emi ssi on st andar ds w i l l be decl ar ed per i ndi vi dual
Graph 2:
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coal pl ant . Thi s i s because each i ndi vi dual pl ant may pr oduces var yi ng amount s of
emlsslons, and musL be held Lo dlerenL emlsslon sLandards. lf emlsslon sLandards are noL
able Lo be reached, reevaluauons wlll Lake place Lo change emlsslon levels.
As seen f r om Gr aph 3, i t i s pr oposed t hat f or ever y emi ssi on val ue 20% over
regulauon sLandard for Lhe faclllLy, an exponenual percenL Lax lncrease wlll be
lnLroduced. ln Lhls way, Laxauon ls dlrecLly correlaLed wlLh reachlng greenhouse gas
emlsslon sLablllzauon. 1he emlsslons wlll be regulaLed by LnvlronmenLal lnformauon Agency
(LlA) and Lhe LnvlronmenLal roLecuon Agency (LA). 1he Laxauon wlll be regulaLed by a
gover nment al ener gy agency (GEA).
Carbon CapLure and SequesLrauon Lechnology can be boLh vlable and aordable by
t he year 2025, pr ovi ded i t r ecei ves backi ng by t he gover nment and i ndust r y. It i s essenal
t hat gover nment and i ndust r y cooper at e t o make t hi s goal a r eal i t y. Fundi ng f or CCS R& D
wlll come from a comblnauon of Laxes on excess emlsslons from coal planLs and
governmenL granLs Lo ambluous developlng CCS pro[ecLs. 1ax on carbon emlsslons wlll be
gradually lncreased ln relauon Lo amounL of carbon released above emlsslon sLandards, as
companles far oversLepplng Lhelr carbon emlsslon boundarles musL be cauuoned. ln Lhls
w ay, compani es over st eppi ng t hei r r egul at or y l i mi t s can be br ought back t o ener gy
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eclency, whlle successfully green coal companles can avold harsh Laxes Lhrough Lhelr own
lnluauves. 1he governmenL wlll need Lo sLarL fundlng ln 2012, supporung sevenLy-ve
percenL of Lhe funds needed for CCS research. 1hls wlll gradually decrease een percenL
every Lhree years. WlLhln een years, CCS can sLand on lLs own legs and no more
governmenL fundlng wlll be necessary, as CCS wlll be a proLable enLrepreneurlal venLure.
As you can see ln Craph 4, fundlng for research wlll sLarL lnlually heavlly subsldlzed by
t he gover nment . Thi s w i l l gr adual l y decr ease as coal compani es begi n t o f und CCS R& D on
t hei r ow n. By 2026 t he gover nment w i l l have no mor e f undi ng i n CCS.
Ther e ar e many t echnol ogi es t hat can be i ncl uded i n t he pr ocess of car bon capt ur e
and sequesLrauon:
Absorpuon/adsorpuon Lechnology
Oxy-combusuon
Si ngl e st ep met hods (pr oduci ng met hanol )
Al l of t hese w i l l be bot h r esear ched and devel oped.

Graph 4: for CCS R& D
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Renew able Energy Policy

In t he Uni t ed St at es t oday, one of t he most pr essi ng i ssues i s t he r i si ng number of
harmful emlsslons emlued lnLo Lhe aLmosphere. 1hls ls caused ln parL due Lo rlslng energy
demand and producuon, buL also largely due Lo Lhe unlLed SLaLes negllgence Lo make a
Lransluon from fossll fuels (l.e. oll, naLural gas and coal), whlch have hlgh emlsslons, Lo
cleaner runnlng forms of alLernauve and renewable energy. lorms of renewable energy
lnclude blomass, wlnd, geoLhermal, solar, and hydroelecLrlc energy, and have llule or no
emi ssi ons. Unf or t unat el y, f or ms of r enew abl e ener gy ar e not uni f or ml y accessi bl e t hr oughout
t he Uni t ed St at es, as avai l abl e r enew abl e r esour ces var y on a r egi onal and st at e l evel
(NASEO). Cur r ent l y, r enew abl e ener gy use i n t he Uni t ed St at es i s onl y 8% and sour ces of
renewable energy have noL been Lhoroughly explored unul Lhe pasL Len Lo LwenLy years
(Chapt er 1). Thus, t he i nf r ast r uct ur e and t echnol ogy r equi r ed t o make t hese mor e
envi r onment al l y f r i endl y ener gi es i nexpensi ve and w i del y used ar e non -exi st ent or over l y
expensi ve. How ever , i f pr oper devel opment and f undi ng i s put t ow ar ds maki ng r enew abl e
ener gy cost -eclenL, lL ls very plauslble LhaL Lhe unlLed SLaLes can use a ma[orlLy of
renewable resources ln lLs overall energy producuon (nASLC). 1o achleve Lhls, we propose
change at t he i ndi vi dual st at e l evel w i t h cat egor i cal gr ant s w hi ch must be appl i ed f or by st at e
governmenLs, for Lhe sole purpose of lmplemenung, researchlng, and uslng renewable
energy. 8y 2060, lL ls our goal LhaL Lhe amounL of fundlng for such caLegorlcal granLs oered
ln a ve year perlod double Lo Len bllllon dollars ln order Lo obLaln a federal energy poruollo
t hat consi st s of 60% r enew abl e ener gy.
ln Lhe admlnlsLrauon and lmplemenLauon of renewable energy pollcles on a nauonal
scale, lL ls essenual LhaL Lhe broad goal be broken down lnLo smaller, sLaLe-l evel goal s t o
eecuvely make sLeps Lowards breaklng free from a hlgh-emi ssi on, f ossi l f uel -based ener gy
economy. When vlewed from a nauonal level, ralslng Lhe renewable energy percenLage of Lhe
overall energy poruollo seems llke a daunung Lask (see Craph 3), especlally glven LhaL only
8 of Lhe currenL nauonal energy producuon poruollo ls composed of renewable energy
sources, a huge sLep from Lhe asplred 60 renewable energy poruon of Lhe overall
producuon poruollo (nASLC).
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When a pol i cy i s
handed dow n f r om
Lhe nauonal level,
r enew abl e
opporLunlues and
dlsLrlbuuon meLhods
can oen be obscured
i n over -gener al i zed
leglslauon, resulung ln
f eder al pol i ci es t hat
cl ash w i t h, w or k agai nst , or compl i cat e st at e pol i ci es. For i nst ance, t hr oughout t he mi d -90 s,
lncreased enforcemenL and regulauon by Lhe LnvlronmenLal roLecuon Agency over
renewable energles grossly llmlLed Lhe growLh of renewable energles (LA). lL was noL unul
Lhe laLe 90s, when regulauons were loosened and sLaLes were more able Lo lmplemenL Lhelr
pr ef er r ed pol i ci es, t hat gr eat gr ow t h occur r ed i n t he r enew abl e ener gy sect or , i ncl udi ng t he
wlnd energy secLor ln 1exas. 1exas loosened lLs regulauons and requlremenLs ln Lhe process
of esLabllshlng wlnd farms aL Lhls ume and selzed one of lLs mosL abundanL renewable
ener gy r esour ces. Thi s l ed t he w ay t o Texas becomi ng t he undi sput ed l eader i n w i nd ener gy
ln Amerlca ln less Lhan 10 years, wlLh only 180 Mega Wau wlnd energy producuon ln 1999
and 4296 MW wlnd energy producuon ln 2007 (ChapLer 1).
1hls example, and many oLhers llke lL, supporLs Lhe conLenuon LhaL sLaLe
governmenLs undersLand Lhelr own sLaLes energy slLuauons, posslblllues, and fuLures beuer,
oenumes, Lhan Lhe nauonal governmenL and lLs many regulaLory agencles. 1hus, lL ls more
producuve and eclenL for Lhe nauonal governmenL Lo glve funds Lo Lhe sLaLe governmenLs
Lo dlrecLly lnvesL ln renewable energy forms as Lhese sLaLe governmenLs see L (ChapLer 1).
Thr ough t hi s met hod st at e gover nment s w i l l be abl e t o sei ze t he r enew abl e ener gy f or ms
LhaL are mosL abundanL ln Lhelr area and be able Lo advance exlsung sLaLe renewable energy
pol i ci es. These gr ant s w oul d be appl i ed f or by st at e ener gy agenci es, and gr ant ed t o t he
sLaLes ln a compeuuve process. Several such granL programs already exlsL, and are belng
Graph 5
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uullzed by sLaLe governmenLs Lo make slgnlcanL progress ln obLalnlng more renewable
f or ms of ener gy.
1he nauonal Assoclauon of SLaLe Lnergy Cclals provldes funds for renewable
ener gy r esear ch and devel opment . Accor di ng t o t he St at e Ener gy Loan Fund (SELF) dat abase,
cr eat ed f or t he St at e Ener gy Pr ogr am, out of 34 st at es, t her e ar e 66 f unds avai l abl e. The
SLaLe Lnergy rogram currenLly provldes $973,000,000 Lo Lhese collecuve granLs (nASLC ll
St at e Ener gy Pr ogr am). A st udy t hat w as conduct ed show ed t hat f or ever y $1 i n t he St at e
Lnergy rogram fundlng, $7.22 was saved ln energy cosLs. Addluonally, Lhese granLs are
usually magnled wlLh Lhe numerous local and prlvaLe renewable energy programs ln each
st at e.
Some of t hese l oans t hat w i l l be gi ven t o st at es ar e r evol vi ng l oan pr ogr ams. In t hese
Lypes of programs, funds are conunually depleLed by companles and Lhen replenlshed as
l ong as cer t ai n agr eement bet w een t he i nvest or and t he st at e i s hel d. M any of t hese st at e
l oans ar e set up by t he Amer i can Recover y and Rei nvest ment Act of 2009, si gned i nt o l aw by
Pr esi dent Obama (NASEO | | St at e Ener gy Pr ogr am). If a company per si st s i n usi ng t he
new est , gr eenest t echnol ogy, t hei r cost -savlngs and Lhe proL Lhey make wlLh Lhe cosL-
eecuveness of renewable energy wlll slgnlcanLly lncrease.
ln addluon, Loan Loss 8eserves are expenses seL aslde ln perunence of bad loans or
needed renegouauon. under Lhe SLaLe Lnergy rogram, a loan loss reserve can be lnluaLed lf
Lhe loans are revlewed Lo be for Lhe purchase and lnsLallauon of energy eclency and
r enew abl e ener gy measur es, i f t he amount of t he gr ant gi ven equal s t he amount i n t he l oan
loss reserve, lf Lhe granL ls used for Lhe lnlual purpose of Lhe granL, and lf Lhe company
r ecei vi ng t he l oan does not use t he f unds f or i t s ow n use. Enf or cement of t hese LLRs
guaranLee LhaL companles wlll furLher renewable energy safely, responslbly, and eclenLly.
Anot her met hod t o hel p st at es i ncor por at e r enew abl e ener gy w oul d be by usi ng
Pr oper t y Assessed Cl ean Ener gy (PACE). If a company i s assessed and i s di scover ed t o
lmplemenL clean energy ln lLs faclllues, Lhe company ls able Lo access nanclng for energy
savlng lmprovemenLs Lo Lhelr properues. ln one speclc case ln 8oulder CounLy, Colorado,
8oulder CounLys CllmaLe SmarL program was able Lo recelve a slgnlcanL loan from Lhe 8oul-
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der CounLy Clean Lnergy Cpuons Local lmprovemenL ulsLrlcL because of Lhe purchase and
lnsLallauon of renewable energy/energy eclency measures (nASLC ll SLaLe Lnergy ro-
gram). 8y malnLenance and energy eclency, companles can earn loans and be exempL
f r om t he i nt er est .
A way Lo faclllLaLe Lhe lncorporauon of renewable energy allocauons aL Lhe sLaLe
level would be by uslng Cualled Lnergy Conservauon 8onds (CLC8). 1hrough Lhe 2009
Amer i can Recover y and Rei nvest ment Act , $3.21 bi l l i on dol l ar s w er e i nvest ed i n QECBs.
1he Covernors Lnergy Cce (CLC) ls responslble for asslgnlng Lhe sLaLes allocauon Lo
qualled pro[ecLs LhaL are selecLed Lhrough a compeuuve process (1ax LxLenders and
AlLernauve Mlnlmum 1ax 8ellef AcL of 2008 Amerlcan 8elnvesLmenL and 8ecovery AcL,
Coverner's Lnergy Cce). 1he u.S 1reasury and Lhe lnLernauonal 8evenue Servlce seLs Lhe
amounL of bonds per each sLaLe accordlng Lo Lhe populauon. Cualled Lnergy Conservauon
8onds are Lhoroughly assessed before lmplemenLauon. AspecLs looked aL are: Lhe feaslblllLy
ln concern Lo Lhe Lechnology presenL, ume, and resources, lmpacLs ln economlc develop-
ment and t he envi r onment , and t he cur r ent mar ket f or t hei r r enew abl e ener gy. In r espect
Lo prlvaLe pro[ecLs, Lhe loans musL reduce energy consumpuon by aL leasL 20, lmplemenL
gr een t echnol ogy pr ogr ams, and pr oduce el ect r i ci t y f r om r enew abl e ener gy sour ces. In
respecL Lo research granLs, a granL musL ald Lhe developmenL of new alLernauve fuels,
advance Lechnologles for CCS, lncrease eclency ln fossll fuels, advance new Lypes of
LransporLauon, or furLher bulldlngs ln Lhe paLh of creaung neL-zer o bui l di ngs. M any QECBs
also focus on mass commuung faclllues, advocacy pro[ecLs, and educauon campalgns.
These gr ant s hi ghl i ght vi r t ual l y any gr een pr ogr ams t hat exi st or w i l l exi st over t he next 60
year s.
Wi t h a goal of 60% r enew abl e ener gy i n t he pow er gr i d by 2060, t he t echnol ogi cal ,
economlc, and envlronmenLal landscapes wlll drasucally change. 1he nauonal 8enewable
Ener gy Labor at or y (NREL) i s a l eader i n r esear ch and devel opment of r enew abl e ener gy and
works wlLh lndusLrles and organlzauons Lo lmplemenL renewable energy. n8LL has been
r esear chi ng devel opment t echnol ogy f or i mpr ovi ng r enew abl e ener gy f or mor e t han 30
years, and wlll conunue Lo do so (n8LL 2011). 1he Lnergy Commlsslons 8esearch
uevelopmenL and uemonsLrauon (8u&u) glves granLs of a LoLal of $83.3 mllllon ln publlc
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f unds t o f und r esear ch i ncl udi ng r enew abl e ener gy t echnol ogi es and cl ean advanced
elecLrlcal generauon (8esearch 2011). WlLh Lhe lmplemenLauon of Lhe goal for each sLaLe Lo
r each usi ng 60% r enew abl e, t he r esear ch and devel opment of r enew abl e ener gy w i l l
slgnlcanLly lncrease and many companles LhaL do currenLly supporL research and
developmenL of renewable energy wlll posluvely be aecLed.

Si nce r enew abl e ener gy i s mor e l abor i nt ensi ve, mor e j obs w i l l be cr eat ed per dol l ar
lnvesLed ln renewable energy Lhan [obs per dollar lnvesLed ln convenuonal elecLrlclLy.
lurLhermore, renewable energy wlll beneL Lhe envlronmenL, reduce alr polluuon, a ma[or
cause of heal t h pr obl ems especi al l y i n chi l dr en, and decr ease t he amount of sul f ur di oxi de
released, a polluLanL LhaL ls a maln cause of acld raln. ln addluon, renewable energy wlll
reduce nlLrogen oxlde, a ma[or cause of smog LhaL aecLs Lhe lungs of people, and carbon
dloxlde, a wldely recognlzed greenhouse gas (8eneLs 2003).
1he currenL Army Lnergy lnluauve for renewable energy has an expanslve vlew of
r enew abl e ener gy t hat gener at es t her mal ener gy f r om r enew abl e sour ces. Wi t h t hi s pl an,
Lhe Army ls developlng a sLraLegy and lmplemenung pro[ecLs ln order Lo meeL
Congresslonal, AdmlnlsLrauon, and ueparLmenL of uefense dlrecuves (rograms). 1he Army
Year Goal
2015
By the year 2015 we would like to see the United States energy
source to be 10% renewable energy
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
Chart 3: Renew able Energy Policy Timeline
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ls expecLed Lo meeL Lhe sLrlcLer denluons of Lhe Lnergy ollcy AcL 2003 whlle Lrylng Lo meeL
t he much hi gher r enew abl e ener gy st andar ds of t he NDAA 2007 (Pr ogr ams).
The sel f -generaung renewable energy pro[ecLs LhaL have been lmplemenLed and are
operaung on Army lnsullauons are aL lorL SLewarL, Ceorgla, where hlgh pressure sLeam ls
gener at ed at t he cent r al pow er pl ant usi ng w oodchi ps; For t Knox, Kent ucky w her e t he
bar r acks w er e conver t ed t o a geot her mal ener gy f aci l i t y; For t Huachuca, Ar i zona w hi ch has
phoLovolLalc, solar, and wlnd generauon, 8ock lsland Arsenal, llllnols where elecLrlclLy ls
gener at ed f r om i t s hydr oel ect r i c pl ant ; and at t he Red Ri ver Ar my Depot , i n Texas w her e
r enew abl e ener gy i s consumed t hr ough bur ni ng w ood scr ap (Pr ogr ams).
1he Army has muluple goals and consLralnLs LhaL lL needs Lo sausfy whlle securlng lLs
ener gy suppl i es. They f ocus on t he pr ocur ement of t he l ow est -cost ener gy t hat meet s hi gh
r el i abi l i t y st andar ds and mi ni mum vul ner abi l i t y (Pr ogr ams).
The Depar t ment of Ener gy gi ves gui dance f or t he Ener gy Pol i cy Act of 2005 and
Lxecuuve Crder 13423. 1he ueparLmenL of Lducauon's guldellnes for Lhe Lxecuuve Crder
compl i ance gi ve cr edi t f or r enew abl e ener gy t hat r educes el ect r i ci t y use f r om t her mal sour ces.
The Depar t ment of Ener gy adds a r equi r ement t hat at l east 50% of r enew abl e ener gy must
come from "new" resources. 1he ueparLmenL of Lducauon's guldance for Lhe Lnergy ollcy
Act 2005 i s t hat r enew abl e ener gy t hat i s not el ect r i ci t y, such as sol ar t her mal ener gy, day
llghung, or ground source heaL pumps, cannoL be credlLed as parL of Lhe Lnergy ollcy AcL
2003 regulauons. Congress dld noL provlde a denluon of "renewable" ln Lhe nuAA 2007
language, and Lhe ueparLmenL of Lducauon ls noL responslble for Lhe ueparLmenL of uefense
or Ar my pol i ci es t o achi eve t he r equi r ement s i n t he NDAA (Pr ogr ams).
The Ar my pl ays a par t i n soci et y as a r ol e model . Peopl e i n t he publ i c ar e i nspi r ed and
lnuenced by Lhe Lacucs and meLhods of Lhe Army. An example of Lhls was when Lhe
Hummer w as pr oduced and sol d t o t he publ i c because t he Ar my had a si mi l ar l y desi gned
vehlcle ln place. lf Lhe Army was glven new Lechnology ln Lhe renewable energy eld when lL
became avallable, Lhls could lnuence Lhe publlc. 1he Army could recelve Lhese new
t echnol ogi cal advances and t est t hem out f or usage and expansi on of r enew abl e ener gy
generauon. 1hls would demonsLraLe wheLher or noL Lhe new Lechnology should be released Lo
Lhe publlc and lf lL would be a proLable declslon.
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Renew abl e ener gy i s becomi ng mor e of a necessi t y i n t he Uni t ed St at es. The Uni t ed
St at es cur r ent l y uses 8% of r enew abl e ener gy compar ed t o 58% of coal and pet r ol eum.
When i mpl ement ed, t he cost -eecuveness of renewable energy can power Lhe enure unlLed
SLaLes wlLh llule or no envlronmenLal lmpacL. 8y 2060, we propose LhaL each sLaLe wlll use a
mlnlmum of 60 of renewable energy and have a sLable renewable energy poruollo ln place
wlLh Lhe supporL of federal granLs and sLaLe lnluauves.

Graph 6: Fut ure U. S. Renew able Energy Use
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Sustainable Cies Policy

olluuon - w het her i t i s ai r , w at er , l and, or noi se or i gi nat es mai nl y ar ound maj or
met r opol i t an ar eas. upon lnspecuon of a llsL of mosL polluLed clues and a llsL of mosL
populaLed clues, one can deLecL a dlrecL correlauon beLween Lhe Lwo: clues wlLh a blgger
populauon are more lncllned Lo polluLe Lhe envlronmenL. As Lhe green movemenL has Laken
hold over much of Amerlca and Lhe world, more and more clues are focuslng Lhelr eorLs on
becomi ng mor e sust ai nabl e. Sust ai nabi l i t y, i n t hi s cont ext , si mpl y means t hat a ci t y cr eat es
and l i ves on i t s ow n ener gy, mi ni mi zes i t s car bon f oot pr i nt , and i s over al l envi r onment al l y
sound. At t hi s moment , t her e i s no such t hi ng as a compl et el y sel f -sust ai nabl e ci t y. How ever ,
lL ls posslble. ln recenL years, eorLs have been sLarLed all across Lhe globe Lo relnvlgoraLe
susLalnablllLy lnLo exlsung clues, as well as Lo creaLe compleLely new susLalnable clues.

Image 7. Uni t ed St at es Ai r Qual i t y M ap. unlLed SLaLes alr quallLy. hup://
www.creauvemeLhods.com/alrquallLy/maps/unlLed_sLaLes.hLm.
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We recommend LhaL by Lhe year 2060 all meLropollLan areas wlLh populauons greaLer
Lhan one mllllon cluzens be compleLely self-sust ai nabl e. We dene a meLropollLan area as an
area LhaL has aL leasL one urbanlzed area of 30,000 or more populauon, plus ad[acenL
LerrlLory LhaL has a hlgh degree of soclal and economlc lnLegrauon wlLh Lhe core as measured
by commuung ues (Cce of ManagemenL and 8udgeL). A sel f -sust ai nabl e ar ea must adher e
t o t he f ol l ow i ng st andar ds: must not r el y ext ensi vel y on non -r enew abl e r esour ces as a basi s
f or i t s economy, must use non-t oxi c and bi odegr adabl e mat er i al s and pr oduct s t o devel op a
cr adl e-t o-cr adl e pr ocess, must suppor t i nf r ast r uct ur e t hat has net zer o car bon emi ssi ons,
and musL lnclude wasLe recycllng and large scale composung Lo reduce polluuon Lo a
mi ni mum. Addluonally, we propose LhaL all u.S. clues, regardless of populauon, follow Lhe
met r opol i t an ar eas l ead and make t hemsel ves mor e sust ai nabl e.
1here are many lmpllcauons of Lhls proposal on Lhe dlerenL parues wlLhln our
t w ent y-rsL cenLury Amerlcan urban socleLy. llrsL of all, Lhe cluzens of Lhe clues wlll reap Lhe
beneLs of an overhauled, eclenL, cheap publlc LransporLauon sysLem. They w i l l f eel t he
cl eanl i ness of t he ci t y ar ound t hem, and not pol l ut e t he ar ea due t o t he new smar t ener gy
gr i d. Powever, conslderlng LhaL cluzens are Laxpayers, Lhey wlll pay for parL of Lhe upgraded
component s of a sust ai nabl e ci t y. Taxpayer money w i l l f und most of t he devel opment s t hat
ar e pr oposed her e.
nexL, we have Lo conslder Lhe prlvaLe enuues LhaL are locaLed wlLhln meLropollLan
l i mi t s. MosL of Lhese companles and corporauons, prlvaLely owned, wlll have Lo converL Lhelr
bulldlngs Lo L our pollcy regulauons. Al t hough i t w i l l cost t hem money, i t i s a necessar y
change t hat t hey have t o make i n or der f or a ci t y t o be sel f -sust ai nabl e. In or der t o l essen
t hei r car bon f oot pr i nt , t hey w i l l have t o r est or e t hei r bui l di ngs, cont r act w i t h t he ener gy
compani es t o get t he r enew abl e ener gy, and i mpl ement pr ogr ams f or w at er t r eat ment and
r ecycl i ng. 1hls may seem hard, buL when Lhe enure meLropollLan area ls converung, Lhe
companles can bond LogeLher and embrace wlLh Lhelr workers and fellow cluzens Lo achleve
Lhe ulumaLe goal of llvlng ln a self-sust ai ni ng soci et y. 1hey can also adveruse Lhelr change Lo
Lhe publlc Lo sway publlc oplnlon ln favor of Lhem, Lhus creaung more lnLeresL for Lhelr
pr oduct s.
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ln addluon Lo Laxpayer money, we recommend LhaL Lhe federal governmenL provldes
granLs and fundlng Lo all 31 meLropollLan areas ln Lhe u.S. wlLh populauons greaLer Lhan one
mllllon Lo [umpsLarL Lhls Lransformauon. These gr ant s can be bi g because i n t he l ong r un,
over Lhe nexL 100 years or so, all of Lhe money lnvesLed wlll pay o because no energy wlll go
Lo wasLe, Lhe clues wlll be much more eclenL and well-r un, and t he ecol ogi cal f oot pr i nt w i l l
no longer have a dramauc eecL on cllmaLe change. ln addluon, Lhe federal governmenL
should lnsuLuLe regulauons on all Amerlcan clues, Lo keep pushlng Lhem along Lhe plan
t ow ar ds t he goal of sel f -sust ai nabi l i t y w i t hi n 50 year s. To measur e i mpr ovement and hel p
f aci l i t at e pr ogr ess, w e r ecommend t hat t he Depar t ment of Ener gy conduct s annual
lnspecuons of Lhe clues.
Clues have many componenLs whlch musL be addressed ln Lhelr Lransluon Lo
sust ai nabi l i t y. Some of t hese i ncl ude l eader shi p f r om t he mayor or ot her l eader s i n t he ci t y
promoung green and susLalnable lnluauves. Also needed ls a plan Lo achleve Lhls and fundlng
t o suppor t t hi s i ssue. Thi s t ypi cal l y comes f r om a var i et y of sour ces i ncl udi ng gr ant s, st at e
pr ogr ams and t he nor mal ci t y f undi ng. Some ot her necessar y aspect s ar e i mpr oved
communlcauon regardlng energy eclency and alLernauve energy. 1ralnlng ls also needed
for Lhe populauon regardlng savlng money, lnsulauon, alr quallLy and oLher envlronmenLal
i ssues.
AnoLher common aspecL of susLalnable clues ls elLher free or low cosL energy audlLs
and lnspecuons, whlch can make sure LhaL eorLs Lowards renewable energy and energy
eclency are economlcally sound. Lnergy eclency rebaLe programs can also be used Lo
reduce energy usage. ln addluon Lo lncreaslng energy eclency, oLher alLernauve energles
should make up much of Lhe clues energy poruollo. Lncompasslng boLh energy eclency
and r enew abl e ener gy, bui l di ngs, begi nni ng w i t h st at e ow ned bui l di ngs, must become gr een.
LvenLually regulauons or award programs and rebaLes need Lo be creaLed as lncenuves for
Lhe populauon. Addluonally, low lncome resldenLs may recelve exLra lncenuves for energy
eclency. 1he clues should also auempL Lo auracL more [obs focuslng on renewable energy
and energy eclency.

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Gr een r oof s can be anot her aspect of a sust ai nabl e ci t y. Gr een r oof s can hel p pr omot e
ener gy savi ngs based on heat l ost , as w el l as r educe ur ban heat i sl ands and i mpr ove
ralnwaLer reLenuon and alr quallLy (8egelson). Also necessary ls a publlc LransporLauon
sysLem, based aL leasL parually o of a Lraln sysLem, as Lralns are one of Lhe mosL eclenL
Lypes of LransporLauon. lnLelllgenL Lrac conLrol sysLems could also be used Lo decrease
wasLe relaLed Lo auLomoblles (SusLalnable Clues). newer, sull developlng clues can use
smar t gr ow t h pol i ci es t o encour age var i ed l and usage and i mpr ove t he communi t y w hi l e
al l ow i ng f or mor e sust ai nabl e f eat ur es t o be i nst al l ed as t he ci t y gr ow s ( About Smar t
Gr ow t h ).
Around Lhe world Lhere are muluple examples LhaL should glve Lhe unlLed SLaLes a
gllmpse of how oLher clues have become more susLalnable. 1he clLy of orLland, Cregon ls
Amer i cas t op sust ai nabl e ci t y. Hal f i t s pow er comes f r om r enew abl e sour ces and a quar t er of
Lhe workforce commuLes by blke, carpool or publlc LransporLauon. 1hls clLy has 33 bulldlngs
cerued by Lhe u.S. Creen 8ulldlng Councll (Svoboda). orLland was Lhe rsL clLy Lo focus upon
alLernauve LranslL wlLh llghL-r ai l and ext ensi ve bi ke pat h net w or ks t o encour age
peopl e t o l eave t hei r car s i n t he dr i vew ay. It w as
also one of Lhe rsL Lo pledge Lo reduce
emlsslons and sLarL Lransluonlng bulldlngs Lo use
sust ai nabl e mat er i al s (El l i s).
No ot her count r y has bui l t mor e eco-ci t y
pr oj ect s t han Ger many. In t he ci t y of Fr ei bur g i n
Br ei gau, al so know n as t he gr een ci t y, t hey ar e
known for belng one of few clues who has a green
mayor and a r obust sol ar economy. Fr ei bur g has been
t r i al i ng w i t h gr een t echnol ogi es f or decades, ever
slnce Lhe clLy cenLer was rebullL on green prlnclples aer lLs desLrucuon ln World War ll. Many
communlues ln lrelburg nelghbor on-slLe composung, chemlcal free sewage
t r eat ment and r ai nw at er cat chment (Lepi st o).

Image 8. Solar Selement (Solarsiedlung) in Frei-
bur g. Llfe ln Cermany. hup://www.young-
ger many.de/ li f e-i n-ger many/ l if e-i n-ger many/
arucle/frelburg-ger manys-gr eenest -ci t y.ht ml ?
Lx_unews.
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Al t hough smal l , t he ci t y of Reykj avi k, Icel and w as vot ed t he gr eenest ci t y i n t he w or l d.
Already, 8eyk[avlk acqulres energy for heaL, hoL waLer and elecLrlclLy enurely from
hydr o-pow er and geot her mal r esour ces --t hanks t o i t s many vol canoes and hot spr i ngs. The-
se t ypes of t echnol ogi es ar e bot h r enew abl e
and f r ee of gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons.
ln addluon, Lhree clLy buses run compleLely on
hydr ogen. The cur r ent mayor r ecent l y pl edged
t o make Reykj avi k t he cl eanest ci t y i n Eur ope
and become f ossi l -f uel -f r ee by 2050 (Reykj avi k).
In t he M i ddl e East , t he emi r at e of Abu
uhabl ls consLrucung an elghLeen bllllon dollar
eco-f r i endl y emer al d ci t y: M asdar . The ci t y w i l l
be skyscr aper -f r ee, and sol ar panel s on bui l di ng
rooops wlll collecL Lhe ma[orlLy of sunllghL for power. Masdar wlll also make use of
pr ogr essi ve sust ai nabl e and r enew abl e r esour ces i ncl udi ng: w i nd pow er and bi of uel s f or
energy, waLer purlcauon, and an underground llghL rall LransporLauon LhaL runs on
magneuc Lracks. 1he clLy wlll be a Lwo square mlle zero-emi ssi on communi t y w i t h about
40,000 t o 50,000 r esi dent s (UAE).
Cne of Lhe blggesL problems ln meLropollLan areas ls Lhe congesuon. Thus, f or a ci t y
or meLro area Lo be compleLely susLalnable, lL would need Lo have eclenL, qulck, rapld
LranslL sysLems LhaL would replace Lhe need for auLomouve vehlcles whlle also savlng energy
and money. Several lnluauves can be Laken Lo reduce polluLanLs caused by LransporLauon.
1hese can lnclude creaung blcycle lanes and walk-
i ng pat hs t hr oughout t he ar ea.
Amst er dam i s w el l know n f or bei ng
gr een because of t he number of i nhabi t ant s
t hat use bi kes. ln 2008, lL was esumaLed LhaL 38
of al l vehi cl e t r i ps i n Amst er dam w er e t aken by
bi ke (Buehl er ). The i mpact of bi ki ng as a f or m of
Image 10. M asdar Ci t y: Zer o Carbon. M asdar Ci t y:
A Car bon-neuLral MeLropolls. hup://
w w w .menai nf r a.com/ new s/ masdar -ci t y-car bon-
neut r al-/ .
Image 11. Bi ki ng i n Amst er dam. Jest er s09 Tr avel -
pod. hup://www.Lravelpod.com/Lravel-bl og-
ent r ies/ j est er s09/ 1/ 1255280473/ t pod.ht ml #_.
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mass publlc LransporLauon has helped shape AmsLerdams green lmage as well as help lL sus-
Laln a healLhy populauon.
Carpoollng has many beneLs such as moneLary savlngs and susLalnablllLy (Carpool).
Carpoollng can be encouraged Lhough Lhe creauon of hlgh occupancy vehlcle lanes and
parklng loLs Lo allow commuLers Lo meeL up ln. 1hese eorLs wlll reduce Lhe number of cars on
Lhe roads and ln Lurn reduce Lhe LoLal emlsslons released by Lrac. 8y 2060 we recommend
t hat ni net y per cent of t ai l pi pe emi ssi ons shoul d be el i mi nat ed.
AnoLher popular form of publlc LransporLauon cruclal Lo Lhe susLalnablllLy of a clLy ls
t he ci t y s subw ay or l i ght r ai l
syst em. Invest ment i n a new er , moder n-
Lechnology sysLem of rall LransporL for gemng
around Lhe clLy would slgnlcanLly decrease
car Lrac on Lhe hlghways. Addluonally, some
new er model s of r ai l t r anspor t (M agLev or
magneuc levlLauon, for example) use less
ener gy w hen compar ed t o t he bi gger st eam
engi ne. Cne example of a posslble opuon for
some met r o ar eas t o consi der i s t he SkyTr an
(see Image 12). The SkyTr an, cr eat ed w i t h t he
hel p of NASA, i s a t ype of over head mass
t r ansi t syst em t hat can go at speeds of up t o 150 mi l es per hour , usi ng M agLev
t echnol ogy. Slnce lL ls overhead, lL mlnlmlzes Lhe need Lo nd space for Lracks. It w as
proposed ln ueLrolL recenLly because of lLs cosL eecuvenessi t s component assembl y
r educes cost s t o 1/ 20t h t he expense of sur f ace r ai l (Dzw onkow ski ).
Recycl i ng i s anot her necessar y aspect of a sust ai nabl e ci t y. Recycl i ng pr ot ect s U.S. j obs
and manufacLurlng, reduces Lhe need for landlls, reduces polluuon, conserves energy and
ot her r esour ces ( Recycl i ng ). Each maj or met r opol i t an ar ea shoul d have si ngl e st r eam
r ecycl i ng i nf r ast r uct ur e by t he year 2025. Si ngl e st r eam r ecycl i ng hel ps si mpl i f y r ecycl i ng and
makes i t easi er f or t he publ i c t o r ecycl e ( Si ngl e-St r eam Recycl i ng ).
Image 12. Sky t r an per sonal vehi cl es. SkyTr an
lndlvldual Maglev SysLem. hup://
t hecont ami nat ed.com/ skyt r an-i ndi vi dual-maglev-
syst em/ .
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Today, appr oxi mat el y 39% of t he ener gy usage i n t he Uni t ed St at es comes f r om
bulldlngs (8educlng Lnergy Consumpuon ln 8ulldlngs). 1he bulldlngs LhaL use Lhe mosL
energy are usually wlLhln meLropollLan areas, whlch encompass Lhe clues of hlgh populauon
densi t y and sur r oundi ng subur ban t ow ns. Focusi ng on r educi ng t he emi ssi ons of bui l di ngs w i l l
be a key sLep ln accompllshlng Lhe susLalnable clLy model. 1he goal for Lhe nexL y years ls
Lo have all publlc and commerclal bulldlngs bullL aer Lhe year of 2010 Lo be LLLu Sllver
cerued, wheLher lLs Lhrough Lhe lnlual consLrucuon or by reLromng. Powever, noL all
bui l di ngs can be r emodel ed or const r uct ed t o r each t he necessar y net zer o emi ssi on
susLalnablllLy. 1herefore, cerLaln acuons musL be Laken Lo prlorluze some bulldlngs over
ot her s.
Publ i cl y used bui l di ngs ar e i nt egr al cent er s of communi t y l i f e, and t her ef or e ar e
requlred Lo be some of Lhe rsL bulldlngs Lo be reLroued so LhaL Lhey are LLLu Sllver
cerued. 1hese bulldlngs wlll also recelve rsL prlorlLy ln recelvlng ald from Lhe local, sLaLe or
f eder al gover nment . Publ i c bui l di ngs i ncl ude hospi t al s, l i br ar i es, ai r por t s, and mor e. The one
excepuon ls learnlng cenLers, whlch are requlred Lo have LLLu launum. Learnlng cenLers
i ncl ude K-12 schools, unlverslues, and research faclllues. Many nelghborhoods are able Lo
Lhrlve because schools and unlverslues provlde a communlLy of sLudenLs, famlly, and
commerclal sLores. Lnforclng Lhese learnlng cenLers Lo have a hlgher bulldlng eclency
sLandard wlll have a large lnuence on Lhelr surroundlng communlLy. A school wlLh LLLu
launum wlll also allow Lhelr sLudenLs Lo sLudy Lhe varlous lmplemenLauons LhaL allow Lhe
school Lo operaLe wlLhouL creaung CPC. CorporaLe lndusLrles wlll be glven lncenuves lf Lhey
help fund Lhe publlc schools ln lmplemenung green Lechnology. 1hls way of ralslng money wlll
be especlally beneclal Lo Lhe oll companles, because helplng schools sLarL envlronmenLal
lnluauves wlll glve Lhem a popular lmage. lundlng for oLher publlc secLors of a meLropollLan
area can come from sales Laxes of LhaL speclc area, as well as local fundralslng evenLs LhaL
al so r ai se envi r onment al aw ar eness.
Commer ci al sect or s of t he met r opol i t an ar eas w i l l t ake next pr i or i t y i n gr een
lnluauves, only mosL fundlng needs Lo be provlded by Lhe prlvaLe owners. Commerclal
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bui l di ngs i ncl ude r et ai l st or es, amusement
par ks, and cor por at e bui l di ngs. The
maj or i t y of t he For t une 500 compani es
have headquar t er s i n met r opol i t an ar eas
(see Image 13) (CNN, 2008), and t hese
compani es w i l l have l i mi t ed t r oubl e i n
changi ng t hei r bui l di ngs i nt o LEED Si l ver .
Al l commer ci al bui l di ngs w i t hi n
met r opol i t an ar ea w i l l have t ax
exempuons or reducuons for every year
Lhey are LLLu Sllver, unul Lhe year 2060.
Pr i vat e ow ner s w ho have t r oubl e maki ng t he deadl i ne of 2060 may appl y f or l oans. If t hey ar e
unabl e t o be LEED Si l ver by 2060, t hen t hey w i l l have a t ax i ncr ease by t he l ocal met r opol i t an
ar ea.
Chart 4: Sustainable Cies Policy Timeline
Image 13. For t une 500 Headquar t er s. CNN M oney For t une
300 PeadquarLers. hup://money.cnn.com/magazlnes/
forLune/forLune300/2008/maps/proLs23.hLml.
2015
- wldespread lnLroducuon Lo recycllng programs, sLarL educaung Lhe publlc
- new governmenL bulldlngs musL be LLLu sllver cerued
- evaluauon of gas sLauons Lo be supplemenLed wlLh hydrogen fuellng sLauons
2025
- mass producuon of hydrogen - fueled publlc LransporLauon
- i mpl ement r ecycl i ng pr ogr ams t hr oughout t he ar ea
- aL leasL 3 of gas sLauons supplemenLed wlLh hydrogen fuellng sLauons
2035
- hydr ogen - fueled publlc LransporLauon lmplemenLed LhroughouL Lhe area
- evaluauon of whaL percenLage of gas sLauons need Lo be supplemenLed or converLed
i nt o hydr ogen f uel i ng cent er s
2045
- 50% of f eder al bui l di ngs i n met r o ar eas ar e net zer o
- 50% of al l w ast e i s ei t her r ecycl ed or compost ed
-40% of t ai l pi pe emi ssi ons ar e el i mi nat ed
2055
- publlc LransporLauon wlll run compleLely on hydrogen-f uel
- halL producuon of gasollne fueled publlc LransporLauon
2060
- 100% of f eder al bui l di ngs i n met r opol i t an ar eas t o be net zer o
- 90 producuon of non-t oxi c and bi odegr adabl e mat er i al s
- 80% of al l w ast e i s r ecycl ed or compost ed
-90% of t ai l pi pe emi ssi ons ar e el i mi nat ed
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Energy Eciency Policy for Commercial,
Industrial & Residenal Buildings

8ulldlngs provlde baslc shelLer for humans, one of Lhe bare necesslues of clvlllzauon.
Bui l di ngs ser ve as homes, w or kpl aces, i ndust r i es, school s and hospi t al s. How ever , t her e i s an
i ssue w i t h t he w ay bui l di ngs ar e const r uct ed i n t he Uni t ed St at es. In t he Uni t ed St at es,
bulldlngs accounL for 39 of all of Lhe energy use ln Lhe nauon. ln a world where cllmaLe
change ls a concern, LhaL ls a slgnlcanL percenLage (8ulldlng Codes for Lnergy Lclency).
ln an auempL Lo change Lhe asLonlshlng sLausuc LhaL lles before Lhe counLry Loday, we came
up wlLh ways Lo bulld more energy eclenL sLrucLures.
lor a bulldlng Lo be eclenL, lL musL use Lhe mlnlmum amounL of energy for lLs
consLrucuon, malnLenance, operauon and desLrucuon (LA Creen), Lherefore lLs Llfe Cycle
Assessment , or LCA, must al l be sust ai nabl e. In ot her w or ds, t her e i s mor e t o an ener gy
eclenL bulldlng Lhan [usL conservlng Lhe energy lL uses Lo operaLe. 1here ls also a blg
Image 14. Gr een bui lding. Pow Lo geL sLarLed belng green. hup://www.myorldagreenbulldlng.lnfo/.
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dlerence beLween energy eclency and energy conservauon. Lnergy conservauon ls when
peopl e t r y t o mi ni mi ze t he use of appl i ances so t hat ener gy i s conser ved. On t he ot her hand,
energy eclency ls when people replace or renovaLe bulldlng Lechnology ln order Lo reduce
Lhe amounL of energy Lhe bulldlng consumes (Savlng Lnergy, u.S. Lnergy lnformauon
AdmlnlsLrauon).
1he advanLage Lo consLrucung an energy eclenL bulldlng ls lL can slgnlcanLly
reduce Lhe amounL of polluLanLs ln Lhe alr. ln addluon lL helps proLecL local blodlverslLy,
i mpr oves ai r and w at er qual i t y, and i mpr oves human heal t h as w el l (EPA gr een). A goal f or
Lhe fuLure would be Lo slgnlcanLly lncrease Lhe amounL of energy eclenL bulldlngs
LhroughouL Lhe counLry so LhaL communlues can become more susLalnable.
unllke oLher bulldlngs, green bulldlngs eclenLly use Lhelr resources. lor example,
SLrucLural lnsulaLed anels, or SlS are used as lnsulauon ln order Lo creaLe a hlgh Lhermal
r esi st ance and keep t he heat out of bui l di ngs ( Gr een Bui l di ng w i t h SIPs ). Thi s exampl e
shows LhaL bulldlngs can eclenLly use Lhelr resources Lo keep ouL Lhe heaL, and reduce
heaung and coollng bllls as well.
SIPS ar e onl y one exampl e of t he many new t echnol ogi es bui l di ngs can use t o
become energy eclenL. CLhers lnclude carpeL made of recycled maLerlals and Lhe use of
r enew abl e ener gy. One concer n t hat many peopl e have w i t h bui l di ng gr een bui l di ngs i s t he
cosL requlred Lo bulld one. A ma[or mlsconcepuon ls LhaL green bulldlngs are very expenslve,
and alLhough Lhey may be expenslve Lo consLrucL, Lhey oer numerous economlc beneLs ln
t he l ong r un.

About LEED Cercaon
The Uni t ed St at es Gr een Bui l di ng Counci l , or USGBC, i s a Washi ngt on, D.C. based
non-proL organlzauon whose mlsslon ls Lo Lransform Lhe way bulldlngs and communlues
ar e desi gned, bui l t and oper at ed, enabl i ng an envi r onment al l y and soci al l y r esponsi bl e,
heal t hy and pr osper ous envi r onment t hat i mpr oves t he qual i t y of l i f e (USGBC).
1he uSC8C accompllshes Lhelr mlsslon Lhough Lhelr lnLernauonally recognlzed green
bulldlng cerucauon, Leadershlp ln Lnergy and LnvlronmenLal ueslgn, or LLLu. 1here are
nlne caLegorles: new ConsLrucuon, Lxlsung 8ulldlngs and Cperauons, Commerclal lnLerlors,
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Cor e & Shel l , School s, Ret ai l ,
Heal t hcar e, Homes, and Nei gh-
bor hood Devel opment . Each
cat egor y has f our
cerucauon levels: Creen,
Sllver, Cold, and launum
cerucauon (see lmage 13).
Cerucauon ls based upon on a
poi nt syst em checki ng a w i de
ar r ay of f act or s i nvol vi ng w at er
eclency, maLerlals and
resources conservauon, and lndoor envlronmenLal quallLy.
1he Creen 8ulldlng Cerucauon lnsuLuLe, or C8Cl, accredlLs LLLu cerucauon, free of
charge. 1he C8Cl, whlch was esLabllshed ln 2008, ls a Lhlrd parLy lnsuLuLe LhaL provldes
lndependenL overslghL of professlonal credenuallng and pro[ecL cerucauon programs relaLed
Lo green bulldlng (C8Cl). 1he LLLu program only conunues Lo grow. As of !une 13, 2011,
Lhere are currenLly 21,110 LLLu cerued pro[ecLs. Cf Lhe 21,110, 9,208 are commerclal
pro[ecLs and 11,902 are resldenual pro[ecLs. lmage 16 shows a map of LLLu cerued new
consLrucuon pro[ecLs ln Lhe u.S.

Image 15. Four cercaon levels. LLLu AccredlLauon Culde. hup://
envi r onment algeogr aphy.w or dpr ess.com/ 2009/ 12/ 24/ st eps-and-ups-on-
ear ni ng-l eed-accredlLauon/.
Image 16. LEED registered green building projects in the U.S.: New Construcon.
Commer ci al buil di ngs f act sheet . hup://css.snre.umlch.edu/css_doc/CSS03-
05.pdf .
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DOEs Save Energy Now ( Leader) program
The Save Ener gy Now lnluauve sLaLed LhaL uCL would drlve a 23 reducuon ln
lndusLrlal energy lnLenslLy by 2017 (Save Lnergy now). 1hrough Lhls lnluauve companles
work wlLh Lhe ueparLmenL of Lnergy Lo use energy audlLs and assessmenLs Lo nd ways Lo
save ener gy and money f or t he compani es (Depar t ment of Ener gy). They bel i eve t hat ener gy
eclency ls Lhe key Lo reduclng Lhe amounL of carbon emlued.
The DOE Save Ener gy Now LEADER pr ogr am pr ovi des t echni cal assi st ance and
resources Lo companles LhaL pledge slgnlcanL lmprovemenLs ln lndusLrlal energy eclency
(Depar t ment of Ener gy). The Indust r i al Technol ogi es Pr ogr am (ITP) w or ks w i t h Save Ener gy
Now LLAuL8 companles by becomlng allles wlLh oLher organlzauons Lo supply companles
wlLh resources needed Lo become more energy eclenL. 1he lndusLrles of Lhe unlLed SLaLes
supply [obs Lo 18 mllllon people. 1hey use 30 of all energy used ln Lhe nauon, and accounL
for 27 of Lhe nauons carbon emlsslons. Lnergy eclency needs Lo be lmproved for
i ndust r y.

Building Codes
Ener gy codes t ypi cal l y speci f y r equi r ement s f or t her mal r esi st ance i n t he bui l di ng
shell and wlndows, mlnlmum alr leakage, and mlnlmum eclency for heaung and coollng
equlpmenL (LnvlronmenLal roLecuon Agency). 1he bulldlng codes are usually made by Lhe
governmenL, Laken ln by Lhe sLaLe, and Lhen lmplemenLed by local admlnlsLrauons wlLhln
Lhe sLaLe. 1he energy codes for bulldlngs provlde clues and sLaLes of Amerlca wlLh a varleLy
of energy, envlronmenLal, and economlc beneLs. Lnergy beneLs lnclude savlng money on
energy bllls as well as a reducuon ln alr polluuon and greenhouse gases. llnally, Lhe
economy beneLs from lnvesLmenL ln energy-eclenL Lechnology and Lhe new [obs creaLed
worklng wlLh Lhe Lechnology (LnvlronmenLal roLecuon Agency).
Ther e ar e a ser i es of st eps t o f ol l ow w i t h bui l di ng codes t o get t he most out of
energy eclency. 1hey are as follows: use bulldlng codes LhaL for sure have savlngs, Lraln
bui l di ng w or ker s t o be abl e t o w or k based on t he bui l di ng code; cr eat e pr ocedur es f or
w or ki ng w i t h t he bui l di ng codes; use bui l di ng pr ogr ams ot her t han t he ones f or t he bui l di ng
codes, use oLher sources LhaL fund energy eclency, and always Lake advanLage of Lhe
ueparLmenL of Lnergys Lechnology and granLs (LnvlronmenLal roLecuon Agency).
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LEED Cercaon- Fort une 500 and Government Buildings
It i s of over w hel mi ng i mpor t ance t hat t he bui l di ng sect or be r equi r ed t o meet cer t ai n
cerucauons. 1hls secLor alone accounLs for over 39 percenL of Lhe unlLed SLaLes LoLal
energy consumpuon (Lnergy lnformauon AdmlnlsLrauon). 1hls asLronomlcal use of power
has exLremely negauve lmpacLs on Lhe envlronmenL. 8ulldlngs also accounL for a
t r emendous use of nat ur al r esour ces such as bui l di ng mat er i al s and w at er . Wi t hi n t hi s
secLor, a large poruon of bulldlngs fall lnLo Lhe commerclal caLegory. Commerclal bulldlngs,
lncludlng reLall spaces and oce bulldlngs, because of Lhelr enormous energy consumpuon,
need t o be r egul at ed and r equi r ed t o meet cer t ai n st andar ds f or ener gy use. The pi oneer i ng
of t hi s endeavor shoul d begi n w i t h t he pi oneer s and l eader s of t he i ndust r y t hemsel ves, t he
lorLune 300 companles. As Lhe largesL and mosL lnuenual companles ln Amerlca, Lhe
lorLune 300 companles should be requlred Lo recelve LLLu Sllver cerucauon for all of Lhelr
bulldlngs. ln addluon, as symbols of Lhe counLrys admlnlsLrauon, governmenL bulldlngs
should be requlred Lo aualn LLLu Sllver cerucauon (see lmage 17 for a map of all uS
gover nment bui l di ngs). The exampl e t hat t hey set w i l l encour age smal l er compani es and
organlzauons Lo follow sulL and seek LLLu cerucauon Lhemselves. We recommend Lhe
federal governmenL seL a serles of cerucauons and requlremenLs for lorLune 300
companles Lo meeL cerLaln eclency and conservauon sLandards, based o of Lhe LLLu
cerucauon sLandards already ln place.
Image 17. M ap of al l government bui ldings in t he Uni t ed St at es. Googl e M aps. hp://maps.google.com/maps
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1he beneLs of requlrlng lorLune 300 companles Lo move Lo a mlnlmum LLLu Sllver
cerucauon are mulu-f acet ed. Fi r st , t he ener gy savi ngs w i l l ver y shor t l y compensat e f or any
lnvesLmenLs needed Lo reach Lhese cerucauon levels. 1he uSC8C wrlLes LhaL green
bui l di ngs see t r emendous savi ngs over r egul ar bui l di ngs. Gr een bui l di ngs have 26% l ess
ener gy needs, 13% l ess mai nt enance cost s, and 33% f ew er gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons
(USGBC).
Powever, Lhls commlLmenL does noL come wlLhouL a cosL. lorLunaLely, Lhe lnlual
lnvesLmenLs wlll be pald for aer successful lmplemenLauon of proper LLLu sLandards.
Cpumally, Lhese lnvesLmenLs would come from Lhe companles Lhemselves as Lhey look Lo
lmplemenL newer Lechnologles and eclenL bulldlng pracuces. Powever, an opuon should
exi st f or l oans t o be avai l abl e f or t hese compani es f r om st at e or f eder al gover nment s. Low
i nt er est r at es w i l l encour age t he compani es t o t ake advant age of t hese l oans and i nvest i n
gr een t echnol ogy such as w i nd t ur bi nes or sol ar panel s. The ener gy cost s t hese t echnol ogi es
wlll oseL can be used Lo lnvesL ln even more susLalnable Lechnologles.
AnoLher added beneL of lnvesung ln green Lechnologles ls more subllmlnal, yeL [usL
as poLenL. 1he compeuuon beLween companles as each sLrlves Lo lncorporaLe Lhe besL
t echnol ogy i nt o i t s i nf r ast r uct ur e w i l l encour age an ever -expandi ng i nt er est i n and
commlLmenL Lo Lhese Lechnologles. 1he adverusemenL poLenual and Lhe promlse of galnlng
cusLomers auracLed Lo Lhe eco-frlendllness and susLalnablllLy of Lhese corporauons can only
i ncr ease r evenue and publ i c opi ni on of t hese compani es.
1he process Lo fullllng Lhese LLLu sLandards wlll be long, yeL very sLralghuorward. A
reallsuc umellne exlsLs for lmplemenLauon of Lhese sLandards. All new bulldlngs
const r uct ed by For t une 500 compani es f r om 2015 onw ar d need t o meet t he LEED Si l ver
cerucauon. 1hls wlll noL requlre any remodellng of exlsung reLall or manufacLurlng spaces,
Lhough Lhese processes should cerLalnly be encouraged. 1he only exlsung bulldlng
belonglng Lo Lhese corporauons LhaL wlll need Lo meeL Lhese sLandards wlll be Lhe
headquarLers. 1hese masslve bulldlngs are oen some of Lhe largesL users of energy and
meeung Lhese cerucauons wlll greaLly reduce Lhe energy consumpuon of Amerlcas largesL
companles. 1he headquarLers wlll need Lo meeL Lhe LLLu Sllver cerucauon by Lhe year
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2020. 1hls umellne glves plenLy of ume for Lhe corporauons Lo revlse bulldlng plans and
lmplemenL Lhe requlremenLs seL by Lhe LLLu cerucauon sLandards.
ulumaLely, Lhe example seL by Lhese lorLune 300 companles wlll encourage smaller
corporauons and prlvaLely owned buslnesses Lo seek Lhe same cerucauons. 1he leadershlp
of Lhe counLrys largesL companles wlll seL o a chaln reacuon of lnvesLmenL ln green
Lechnology and lncreased commlLmenL Lo susLalnable buslness pracuces. LvenLually, ln Lhe
lnLeresL of compeuuon, Lhe ma[orlLy of Amerlcas buslnesses wlll meeL Lhe sLandards of LLLu
cerucauons. 1he beneLs of Lhls model promlse a safe fuLure for boLh Amerlcas
corporauons, large and small, and her domesuc securlLy ln green Lechnology and renewable
ener gy sour ces.

Penales
1o keep lorLune 300 companles llable for Lhelr acuons, Lhe federal governmenL should
Lax all bulldlngs whlch have noL LLLu cerued Lhelr bulldlngs by Lhe deadllne. 1he money from
t he t axes can be used t o f und a f eder al gover nment pr ogr am w hi ch di st r i but es subsi di es t o
areas wlLh lower lncome populauons. WlLh asslsLance, Lhese people can aord renovauons Lo
t hei r bui l di ngs i n or der t o meet t he car bon emi ssi on l i mi t s.

Liming Carbon Emissions
ln order Lo encourage people Lo lncrease Lhe eclency of Lhelr bulldlngs, we
recommend, ln Lhe shorL Lerm, LhaL Lhe federal governmenL requlre all uullLy companles Lo
produce a cerLaln amounL of renewable energy. ln addluon, Lhey wlll seL a llmlL Lo Lhe amounL
of car bon emi ssi ons al l ow ed t o be r el eased f r om a bui l di ng, dependi ng on i t s pur pose and si ze.
1hls way, Lhe sLandards seL for resldenual homes wlll dler from Lhose seL for
commer ci al and i ndust r i al bui l di ngs.
ln 2012, we recommend semng Lhe emlsslons cap aL 12 Lons of carbon equlvalenL per
household per year, whlch ls sllghLly lower Lhan Lhe currenL nauonal average of 12.4 Lons of
car bon equi val ent per househol d per year (see Image 18) ( Repor t 5: How Do We Cont r i but e
Indi vi dual l y t o Gl obal War mi ng t hehcf .or g). In commer ci al and i ndust r i al bui l di ngs, t he cap
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w i l l begi n at 5,000 pounds of car bon equi val ent per per son per year because of t he l i mi t ed
energy a person uses aL work. uue Lo Lhelr socleLal value, hlsLorlcal slLes such as Monucello ln
Vi r gi ni a w i l l be exempt of t hese r equi r ement s. Ot her such bui l di ngs w hi ch have pr oven t hat
Lhe requlremenLs are lmposslble for Lhem Lo meeL may be excepuons Lo Lhls requlremenL as
w el l .
ln order Lo malnLaln accounLablllLy, lndlvldual uullLy companles wlll keep Lrack of Lhe
car bon di oxi de equi val ent pr oduced by each bui l di ng. If bui l di ngs r el ease mor e car bon
emi ssi ons t han t hei r al l ocat ed amount , a t ax of 5% per cent w i l l be char ged on t hi s excess
amounL. 1he money wlll be collecLed by Lhe uullLy companles and glven Lo Lhelr respecuve
st at e gover nment s. In t he i nt er est of soci al equi t y, t he st at e gover nment s w i l l al l ocat e t hese
funds Lo lower lncome populauons and communlues who may noL be able Lo aord energy
eclenL renovauons.
In or der t o assi st t he compani es w ho ow n commer ci al and i ndust r i al bui l di ngs, t he
gover nment shoul d set up a pr ogr am t o pr ovi de l oans r angi ng f r om $15,000 t o $60,000 w i t h a
low annual lnLeresL raLe of 3 auached. 1o help Lhe 14.3 of Amerlcans below Lhe poverLy
I mage 18.
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llne meeL Lhelr carbon emlsslons llmlL, Lhe federal governmenL program menuoned aer Lhe
LLLu cerucauon recommendauons wlll use Lhe lnLeresL collecLed Lo provlde subsldles for
energy eclenL Lechnologles (8ecord number of Amerlcans llvlng ln poverLy, msnbc.com).
Today, oi l compani es successf ul l y use a cap and t r ade syst em t o l i mi t t hei r car bon
emlsslons. 8y lmplemenung Lhls sysLem ln bulldlngs, Lhe governmenL can regulaLe carbon
emlsslons whlle provldlng owners wlLh Lhe exlblllLy of uslng more or less of Lhelr allocaLed
amount . Ever y t w o year s, t he car bon l i mi t shoul d decr ease by 250 pounds of car bon di oxi de
equlvalenL so as Lo encourage people Lo conunue reduclng carbon emlsslons.
Sol ar and w i nd ener gy f or commer ci al bui l di ng use ar e expect ed t o become vi abl e
around 2030 (uelucchl and !acobson). lurLhermore, uullLy companles wlll llkely be
r equi r ed by pol i cy t o i ncr ease t he amount of r enew abl e ener gy t hey pr oduce over t he next
y years Lo aL leasL 60. 8y coupllng Lhese Lwo facLors, lL appears feaslble LhaL by Lhe year
2060, 85% of al l bui l di ngs i n t he Uni t ed St at es w i l l be net -zer o. Net -zer o means t hat t he
bui l di ng ei t her pr oduces as much ener gy as i t uses, or t hat i t r ecei ves t hat ener gy f r om
r enew abl e sour ces ( Net -Zero Lnergy 8ulldlng uenluons eere.energy.gov). Powever, Lhls
goal should be reconsldered every ve years and posslbly revlsed dependlng on unforeseen
f act or s.

Transportaon Policy

Social Equit y Regarding Fuel Cell Vehicles
Per sonal car s and t r ucks t hat r un on f ossi l f uel s emi t an absur d amount of
gr eenhouse gases, w hi ch l eads t ow ar ds cl i mat e change. Al t hough gl obal w ar mi ng can not be
puL Lo an lmmedlaLe halL, pumng a sLop Lo cars dependency on oll-based f uel s w i l l l ow er t he
gaseous Lons of carbon dloxlde emlsslons. ln addluon, a greaL lnnovauon Lo Lodays
lnLernauonal LransporLauon would be an underwaLer Mag-Lev t r ai n. Accor di ng t o Gr een
M achi nes by M i guel Ll anos, t he movement t ow ar ds a hydr ogen -dr i ven economy i s i n t he
near fuLure. 8ecause hydrogen ls such a clean and eclenL source of energy,
hydr ogen-f uel ed car s w i l l sur pass vehi cl es t hat r un on gasol i ne and di esel w i t hi n t he next 10
t o 20 year s. Spor t s car s, pi ck-up Lrucks, and sporLs uullLy vehlcles are currenLly belng
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model ed by maj or car manuf act ur er s, i ncl udi ng Ni ssan and Gener al M ot or s (Ll anos).
Al t hough hydr ogen i s al r eady pr oduced by i ndust r i al gas suppl i er s, t he maj or i t y of t he
publlc cannoL access Lhe fuel aL local lllng sLauons. Cur pollcy group proposes LhaL hydrogen
fuel cell cars be mass produced by 2021. WlLhln Lhe 10 year ume-span f r om t he cur r ent year
Lo 2021, Lhere wlll be fuel cell research and developmenL. ulscoverlng more lnformauon on
hydr ogen f uel and r e-Lralnlng workers wlll open up new [ob opporLunlues.
Whlle oll and gas companles may suer because of Lhe shl Lo alLernauve fuels, Lhe
changes w i l l be i mpl ement ed so gr adual l y t hat most compani es w i l l be abl e t o mai nt ai n
buslness by markeung oLher equlpmenL. SLakeholders LhaL manufacLure car parLs, llke uelphl,
ar e al r eady l ooki ng i nt o maki ng envi r onment al l y-frlendly parLs wlLh energy eclenL
machlnery. uelphl has speclcally been maklng lmprovemenLs Lo elecLrlc vehlcles.
8y 2033, fuel cell vehlcles wlll be aordable for Lhe upper-mi ddl e cl ass, much as
hybr i d vehi cl es ar e a bi t mor e cost l y t han ot her car s at t he moment . Havi ng 80% of al l
vehi cl es i n t he Uni t ed St at es r un on hydr ogen by 2060 i s f easi bl e, i n t hat aut omobi l e
companles wlll make vehlcles more aordable as Lhe new vehlcle models become more
popul ar . These pr oposal s w i l l be i mpl ement ed by t he Uni t ed St at es f eder al gover nment . If
successful, Lhe same acuons would be Laken across oLher reglons LhaL are leadlng ln Lhe
Gr aph 7. Fuel cel l emi ssions. Fuel cell basi cs. hup://www.fuelcells.org/baslcs/beneLs.hLml.
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movemenL Lowards alLernauve energy sources, such as Lurope or Chlna. ln Lhe long run,
Lhere wlll be many healLh beneLs because of Lhe alr quallLy lmprovemenL.

Eects of the Transion to Hydrogen-based Transportaon
On t he W orkf orce:
As alLernauve sources galn prevalence, Lhe fossll fuel and relaLed lndusLrles face
poLenual hardshlps ln a green economy. Powever, Lhe eecLs of economlc uarwlnlsm wlll
caLalyze Lhe reallzauon LhaL Lhe paLhway Lo proL ls Lhrough Lhe Lransluon of oll-based
LransporLauon Lo hydrogen-based LransporLauon. lacLors, lncludlng Lhe faLe of Lhe workforce
and Lhe avallablllLy of [ob opporLunlues, requlre conslderauon.
ln order Lo susLaln Lhe currenL lndusLry, naLural selecuon dlcLaLes Lhe
aforemenuoned converslon. As a byproducL of Lhe rlslng hydrogen lndusLry, a hlgh
per cent age of gasol i ne- manuf act ur i ng w or ker s w i l l be unempl oyed. How ever , t her e need
noL be unemploymenL as a resulL of Lhe Lransluon. 8aLher Lhan leavlng Lhe blue-col l ar
w or kf or ce unempl oyed, t he unski l l ed l abor used by t he gasol i ne manuf act ur er s can be
rehlred lnLo parallel, unskllled labor posluons wlLhln Lhe hydrogen lndusLry (u.S. ueparLmenL
of Labor). neuLral or posluve employmenL raLes provlde an ldeal yeL reallsuc goal for Lhe
hydr ogen i ndust r y.
A noLable componenL of Lhe rlslng hydrogen lndusLry ls Lhe addluon of [ob
opporLunlues. ln accordance wlLh dlrecL, unskllled [ob Lransfer, Lhe avallablllLy of new [obs
wlll serve Lo ald ln Lhe achlevemenL of posluve employmenL. As Lechnologles for
hydr ogen-based f uel s and f uel cel l t echnol ogy devel op, openi ngs i n hi gh -payi ng, ski l l ed l abor
posluons wlll appear. 1hese vacancles wlll provlde employmenL for Lhe nexL generauon, as
well as fuel Lhe domesuc economy. ln Lerms of educauon, unlverslues can research Lhese
t opi cs, and have an annual aw ar d f or t he most successf ul r esear ch i n gr een t echnol ogy,
alLhough noL excluslve for LransporLauon. lor more lnformauon, see Lhe educauon secuon. ln
summary, Lhe avallablllLy of [obs and correlaung blue-col l ar careers wlll grow over ume.

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On Public La nd-based Facilies:
1oday, gas sLauons, llke lnLerneL access, are avallable nearly everywhere. WlLhln seven
years, hydrogen fuels musL enLer gasollne sLauons. So as noL Lo ellmlnaLe esLabllshed faclllues,
hydrogen fuels can merely supplemenL Lhe sLock of gasollne. Pereby, fuellng sLauons for
hydrogen Lrendseuers wlll be ln place prlor Lo Lhe popular adopuon of hydrogen powered ve-
hi cl es. We propose LhaL Lhls lnsLallauon pol i cy pr ogr esses f ul l -sw i ng, w i t hout hi ndr ance.

On Ships:
Cur r ent l y, t he shi ppi ng i ndust r y account s f or mor e t han 3% of gl obal car bon
emi ssi ons, and, i f t he i ndust r y w er e a count r y, i t w oul d be t he si xt h l ar gest pr oducer of
greenhouse emlsslons (Shlpplng Lmlsslons). 1hese sLausucs magneuze auenuon for Lhe
reducuon of carbon emlsslons wlLhln Lhe shlpplng lndusLry. ln order Lo reduce emlsslons, we
have concocLed Lhe followlng proposal Lo uullze llqueed naLural gas and reverL Lo nuclear
and/ or hydr ogen commer ci al shi ps.
Llqueed naLural gas provldes an
alLernauve Lo Lhe sLandard bunker fuel,
w hi ch emi t s a mi xt ur e of sul f ur di oxi de,
car bon di oxi de, and ni t r ogen oxi de
(Sar vana). These pol l ut ant s r educe i n
magni t ude t hr ough t he use of LNG. Al so, bi o -
f uel s ar e cur r ent l y i n use t o r educe
emlsslons. 8y Lhe year 2043, Lhe unlLed SLaLes should mandaLe LhaL Lhe producuon of
commer ci al shi ps be ei ght y-ve percenL nuclear or hydrogen-pow er ed. Al so, gover nment ad-
vocacy for reLromng older shlps Lo employ nuclear or hydrogen should be ln place.

Economics Regarding Hydrogen Fuel Cells
ln order Lo eecuvely move from oll based vehlcles Lo prlmarlly hydrogen fuel cells
Lhere musL be a faclllLaLed, buL relauvely naLural and gradual change. Slmply halung Lhe
producuon of gas powered cars would resulL ln a shock Lo car manufacLures who would noL be
Image 19. Case for (aordable) acon. lnLernauonal
Marlume Lmlsslons 8educuon Scheme. hup://
i mer s.or g/ case.
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pr epar ed t o make an i mmedi at e sw i t ch. It i s ver y possi bl e t o make t hi s sw i t ch gr adual l y i n t he
nexL y years, especlally because Lhe Lechnology for fuel cells noL only exlsLs buL ls belng
pr oduced commer ci al l y. As of 2004 t her e w er e sever al hydr ogen f uel cel l car s al r eady i n
producuon or nearlng producuon, among Lhem a fuel cell verslon of Lhe nlssan lronuer whlch
cost s $99,995 t o $149,995 and t he f uel cel l ver si on of t he Chevr ol et Vol t (M i guel ). The maj or
challenge ln Lransluonlng Lo Lhese vehlcles ls brlnglng down Lhe cosL from a hundred Lhousand
dollars Lo an economlcally vlable prlce relauve Lo gas powered cars. 1he rsL sLep ls Lhus
subsi di zi ng r esear ch f or hydr ogen f uel cel l s over t he next t en year s i n or der t o make t hem
more cosL eclenL and generally lmprove Lhe Lechnology. 1he goal of Lhls research, aslde from
di r ect l y r educi ng t he cost of f uel cel l s, i s t o make i t mor e f easi bl e f or compani es t o mass
pr oduce vehi cl es t hat have f uel cel l s. Economi es of scal e st at e t hat as mor e of a good i s
manuf act ur ed t he pr i ce w i l l dr op, so once t hese vehi cl es ar e mass pr oduced t he pr i ce w i l l
conunue Lo drop.
Fuel cel l s vehi cl es ar e al r eady on t he pat h t o bei ng mass pr oduced, as demonst r at ed by
Lhe lncreased number of cars belng produced wlLh fuel cells such as Lhe lronuer and Lhe volL.
1o furLher supplemenL Lhe Lransluon from oll powered cars Lo fuel cells, an exclse Lax wlll be
i mposed on car manuf act ur es f or t he oi l consumi ng car s t hey pr oduce w hen f uel cel l s ar e
becomlng a vlable alLernauve . As fuel cell cars develop Lhe exclse Lax wlll be gradually
i ncr eased, and w i l l be capped at a 20% t ax. 75% of t he r evenue f r om t he t ax w oul d go t o t he
companles as a Lax lncenuve based on fuel cell cars. 1hls exclse Lax and Lax lncenuve,
combi ned w i t h t he i nevi t abl e i ncr easi ng pr i ce i n gasol i ne, w i l l make f uel cel l car s an ext r emel y
economlcally vlable opuon, shllng Lhe markeL ln Lhelr dlrecuon and naLurally phaslng ouL oll
consumlng cars. WlLh regard Lo fuellng sLauons, a number of sLauons already exlsL, and as fuel
cell cars become more prevalenL Lhere wlll be a naLural encouragemenL for more gas sLauons
Lo be reLroued Lo supply hydrogen and more hydrogen sLauons Lo be bullL (luellng SLauons).
By t he year 2060 i t w oul d be i deal f or t her e t o be 80% f uel cel l or ot her r enew abl e car s on t he
road wlLh only 20 fossll fuel consumlng cars on Lhe road. ln addluon, car manufacLurers
should have sLopped producuon of fossll fuel cars by 2060.

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Enf orcement
In or der f or t he pol i cy t o be vi abl e i n any w ay, i t must be i mposed at t he f eder al l evel .
1he subsldles for fuel cell research wlll be declL spendlng lnlually, however Lhe 23 of Lhe
exclse Lax LhaL ls noL puL Loward Lhe Lax credlL wlll be used Lo pay o Lhe money spenL on Lhe
subsldy. Cnce Lhe subsldy ls pald o, Lhe remalnlng 23 wlll go Lo Lhe Lax credlL, all Lax credlL
and lncenuves wlll be handled by Lhe l8S. ln order Lo L Lhe developlng needs of an ever
changlng world Lhe pollcy should be reevaluaLed and adapLed every Len years ln order Lo L
t he changi ng needs of Amer i ca.

M aglev Advocacy and Endorsement by US Government
M agl ev t echnol ogy i s t he use of el ect r omagnet s (or per manent magnet s) i n a vessel on
a Lrack conslsung of many elecLromagneLs Lo propel Lhe vessel llnearly, hoverlng above Lhe
t r ack. The Uni t ed St at es gover nment does not act ual l y need t o subsi di ze M agl ev t echnol ogy,
as pr i vat e sect or i nvest or s have pr oposed The M agl ev Amer i ca Pr oj ect . The M agl ev Amer i ca
ro[ecL would esLabllsh Lhe lnfrasLrucLure for, and lmplemenL, a nauonal neLwork of Maglev
Lracks lnLerconnecung a large number of hlgh-populauon clues ln Lhe u.S aL a
Image 20. M agl ev2000. Maglev 2000. hup://www.maglev2000.com/.
6 1
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cost -compeuuve raLe wlLh Plgh-Speed-Rai l t hat has been r ecommended f or use i n t he Uni t ed
SLaLes. Powever, Lhe pro[ecL does requesL approxlmaLely $600 mllllon ln fundlng over Lhe rsL
ve years for lnlual demonsLrauons and legal cerucauons, wlLh Lhe resL of Lhe pro[ecL belng
pr i vat el y f unded. These M agl evs w oul d use onboar d hi gh -t emper at ur e super conduct or
magnet s t hat al l ow t he t r ai n t o hover above t he t r ack w i t h zer o i nput ener gy; al l ener gy used
ls for accelerauon and overcomlng alr reslsLance.
M agl ev vessel s can car r y l ar ge f r ei ght , semi -t r ucks, aut omobi l es and passenger s, an
advanLage LhaL Plgh Speed 8all (PS8) lacks, as lL ls conned Lo only passenger LransporL. 1he
Maglev Amerlca ro[ecL, as proposed by Magneuc Cllde, wlll cosL less, Lravel fasLer,
masslvely reduce polluuon and publlc healLh hazards, and be much safer Lhan our lnLersLaLe
Hi ghw ays. The cost s of t he number of w r ecks and deat hs i nvol vi ng aut omobi l es and t r ucks
number ln Lhe bllllons of u.S. dollars every year, so Lhe savlngs of Lhe prevenLed congesuon of
r oadw ays al one make t hi s pr oj ect appeal i ng.

Clean Air Travel
AnoLher problem ln Lhe LransporLauon caLegory ls alr Lravel. Alrcras noL only produce
about 4 per cent of annual CO2 emi ssi ons, but t hey al so emi t NOX, unbur ned hydr ocar bons,
and car bon monoxi de (" Saf eguar di ng Our At mospher e" ). Our goal f or t he ai r pl ane
LransporLauon secLor ls Lo have much more research done for looklng lnLo alLernauves Lo
fossll fuels. 1he lack of cholces currenLly avallable for alLernauve fuels renders lL dlculL for
one Lo make a recommendauon on where Lhe counLry should go nexL. WlLh Lhe recenL decllne
of t he i ndust r y (Kennedy), t he money f or t hi s r esear ch may have t o come f r om ei t her t he
federal governmenL or prlvaLe donors. AlLhough synLheuc non-pet r ol eum j et f uel s w i l l not
decr ease car bon emi ssi ons, t hey w i l l decr ease dependency on f or ei gn oi l , so t hi s coul d be a
vlable alLernauve energy brldge fuel (uobransky). 8lodlesel has come forLh as a sulLable
alLernauve Lo [eL fuel, alLhough lL may noL be feaslble ln hlgh aluLudes slnce lL freezes aL a
hi gher t emper at ur e t han r egul ar j et f uel , and i t al so cost s mor e t o pr oduce (Li nn).
CLher opuons LhaL are beneclal Lo Lhe envlronmenL are programs ln whlch consumers
can glve back Lo Lhe communlLy Lhrough carbon osemng, whlch donaLes a poruon of alrfare
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Lo planung Lrees and conducung research for
alLernauve avlauon fuels ln order Lo oseL Lhe
carbon LhaL was used ln each lghL (Pewlu).
Accor di ng t o t he Di r ect or of Envi r onment al
Per f or mance at Boei ng Co, Bi l l y Gl over , It s j ust so
much easi er t o devel op a f uel f or
auLomoblle appllcauons Lhan for alrllne
appllcauons (Llnn). 1he dlerence beLween Lhem
has t o do w i t h t he t hr ust and pow er of t he
dlerenL englnes as well as Lhe way Lhe fuel ls
i nj ect ed i nt o t he engi ne. Thi s money f r om car bon
osemng for research & developmenL of
alLernauve avlauon fuels wlll be especlally
beneclal as Lhe lndusLry ls qulckly nose-di vi ng.
Wi t h gas pr i ces goi ng up and car bon emi ssi ons
bei ng t axed i ncr easi ngl y by t he Eur opean Uni on (Kennedy), ai r l i nes ar e al so st r uggl i ng t o keep
consumer s because of pr ogr essi vel y mor e i nvasi ve secur i t y measur es bei ng i mposed by TSA
(Kennedy).
Ker osene i s t he cr ude-oi l -der i ved f ossi l f uel t hat i s used i n al most al l j et pl anes t oday. If
a hydr ogen economy i s devel oped f or pow er i ng ot her vehi cl es, hydr ogen w oul d pose as an
easy Lo lnLegraLe, proLable, and green soluuon. unllke kerosene-f uel ed engi nes, usi ng
hydr ogen as a f uel onl y out put s w at er i nt o t he at mospher e. Jet engi nes pow er ed by hydr ogen
have been LesLed and proven pracucal (Ckal). Assumlng hydrogen prlces are developed Lo $3
per ki l ogr am (War d) and t oday' s j et f uel pr i ces of $127.40 per bar r el ( Jet Fuel Pr i ce M oni t or ),
hydr ogen cost s sl i ght l y l ess per mega j oul e of ener gy t han r egul ar j et f uel . Thi s advant age w i l l
i ncr ease even mor e as hydr ogen cost s decr ease and oi l pr i ces r i se.
ln addluon Lo belng clean, lL would be falrly easy and beneclal Lo converL alrcras Lo
run on hydrogen. Convenuonal englnes can run on hydrogen, and Lhe alrcra would only have
Lo be ouulued wlLh a new Lank. Llquld hydrogen would be sLored ln Lhe fuselage, evenly
Image 21. Carbon oset cartoon 8.
CarLoonSLock.com. hup://
w w w .car t oonst ock.com/ di r ect or y/ c/
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dlsLrlbuLed or ln a couple large Lanks. Pydrogen Lakes up four umes more space per mega
j oul e of ener gy t han ker osene. How ever , one mega j oul e of hydr ogen w ei ghs one-t hi r d t he
w ei ght of i t s equi val ent i n ker osene. Ther ef or e,
t he f uel t anks w oul d be l ar ger but t he
alrcra's gross Lakeo welghL would be much
less, furLher lncreaslng fuel eclency. 8ecause
converslon cosLs are relauvely lnexpenslve, [eL
f uel cost i s r i si ng, and as t hi s t echnol ogy i s mor e
eclenL, lL would be a very auracuve green op-
uon for alrllne lndusLrles and Lhe governmenL.
Solar power looks llke an auracuve opuon for
auxi l i ar y pow er , al t hough mor e r esear ch w i l l
need Lo be done before lL wlll be a feaslble opuon. Several lghLs have been
successf ul ( Top 10 Sol ar Pow er ed Pl anes" ), and i t may be a f easi bl e suppl ement i n t he f ut ur e
of ai r t r avel .
1he umellne for Lhe developmenL of Lhls pollcy would be relauvely sLralghuorward.
SLarung now, Lhe governmenL could oer lncenuves for alrllnes and alrplane manufacLurers
lnvesung ln and worklng on hydrogen alrcras. Loans could also be oered Lo fund Lhe
one-ume alrcra modlcauon cosL, and repald wlLh Lhe energy savlngs. ln 2030, Lhe
gover nment w oul d begi n i mposi ng ver y l i ght t axes on ker osene w hi l e appl yi ng t hem as
rebaLes Lo hydrogen lnvesLmenLs. 1hese Laxes would sLeadlly lncrease unul 2030. 8y 2060,
most ai r l i nes shoul d have vol unt ar i l y sw i t ched t o hydr ogen pow er because of t hei r ow n gai n,
requlrlng llule governmenL enforcemenL oLher Lhan Laxes.
1here would be some consequences Lo Lhls Lransluon LhaL aecL Lhe [ob markeL. MosL
renerles could sLay ln buslness, as [eL fuel ls a small poruon of whaL ls rened from crude oll.
Those w ho l ose t hei r j obs because of t he decr ease i n r equi r ed l abor coul d be r et r ai ned t o
work ln hydrogen producuon. 1here wlll be a growlng lndusLry for elecLrolysls machlnes LhaL
pr oduce t he hydr ogen as w el l as f uel cel l s t o conver t hydr ogen t o el ect r i ci t y. Ther e w i l l al so be
manufacLurlng and lnsLallauon [obs for Lhe plane modlcauons and fuel Lanks. Many of Lhese
[obs would noL requlre a speclc advanced degree and workers could recelve Lralnlng on-si t e,
i deal f or t hose w ho l ose j obs f r om t he pet r ol eum i ndust r y.
Image 22. The sol ar i mpul se. Top 10 sol ar pow er ed
planes. hup://www.LhenewecologlsL.com
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Educaon Policy

As Lhe demands for an energy eclenL Amerlca become more wlde-spr ead, i t i s
lmperauve LhaL sLeps be Laken Lo lnLegraLe awareness of alLernauve energles, fossll fuels,
renewable resources, and envlronmenLal conservauon lnLo currenL schoollng currlculum
across Lhe nauon. Cur recommendauons are seL over Lhe nexL 30 years and Lhls plan ouLllnes
several goals, whlch lnclude equal educauonal opporLunlues LhaL begln on a prlmary level and
expand i nt o secondar y and post -secondary school level. We wlll also be lncorporaung fundlng
opporLunlues from boLh federal and prlvaLe lnsuLuuons. Cur goal ls noL only Lo formally
educaLe our fuLure generauons, buL also Lo lncrease Lhe research of energy eclenL
Lechnologles on an lnsuLuuonal level and Lhe number of career opporLunlues avallable ln Lhe
w or ki ng sect or of U.S. ener gy i ndust r i es.
We r ecommend t hat t he subj ect of envi r onment al st udi es be st andar di zed w i t hi n each
school across Lhe nauon. Pavlng Lhese Lhlngs lnLegraLed lnLo a schools currlculum wlll allow
for more formal educauon on a sub[ecL LhaL ls noL consldered a core class, whlle sull
provldlng an lnLeresung, hands-on learnlng experlence. Along wlLh Lhls modled currlculum,
we recommend LhaL sLudenLs should be LaughL dlerenL levels of envlronmenLal sLudles based
on Lhelr grade level, sLarung wlLh
conservauon and worklng up Lo eclency.
ln addluon, schools wlll be requlred Lo
uullze a form of renewable energy Lo pow-
er t he school . The r enew abl e ener gy
sour ce t hat i s t o be used i s based on w hi ch
ls besL sulLed for LhaL locauon.
Addluonally, ln Lhe nexL y years, we
w oul d l i ke t o see mor e i nt er nshi ps
avallable ln Lhe energy elds for hlgh
school and col l ege l evel st udent s, as w el l
as for Lhose who dld noL nlsh formal
Image 24. Sust ainabl e school ar chi t ect ur e. Lab163. hup://
gel f and-par t ner s.com/ w eb09/ l ab165/ .
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educauon and have less [ob opporLunlues. Cverall, Lhe avallablllLy of energy [obs and
educauon should be lncreased LhroughouL Lhe nauon.

Workforce Educaon:
Cur r ent l y, many ener gy i ndust r i es i ncl udi ng r enew abl e ener gi es, coal and nat ur al gas
are worrled abouL [ob Lralnlng and recrulLmenL of new personnel. Cver Lhe nexL ve Lo Len
years, energy employers expecL LhaL up Lo half of Lhelr currenL workers wlll reure (u.S.
Depar t ment of Labor ). To hel p i ncr ease j ob avai l abi l i t y and t he number of w or ker s r eady t o
Lransluon lnLo dlerenL energy elds, companles should provlde lncreased amounLs of [ob
Lralnlng. varylng energy elds need Lo Lraln and reLraln Lhelr workforces as Lechnologles
devel op, i ncl udi ng engi neer s bei ng t r ai ned t o w or k w i t h hydr ogen f uel cel l s, ar chi t ect s
learnlng green pracuces, more Lralnlng for Lhe growlng renewable lndusLry and reLralnlng Lo
work wlLh naLural gas. Speclcally, lnLernshlps should be promoLed boLh on Lhe hlgh school
and col l ege l evel i n or der t o boost exper i ence and cr eat e w or ker s
ready Lo enLer Lhe varlous growlng energy elds ln Lhe u.S. 1o
achi eve t hi s, headquar t er s of i ndust r i es shoul d par t ner w i t h l ocal
colleges and unlverslues surroundlng Lhem, worklng wlLh sLudenLs
w ho ar e al r eady near by.
For exampl e, ener gy compani es coul d model t hemsel ves
o of CrmaL 1echnologles, whlch works wlLh Lhe unlverslLy of
nevada Lo oer lnLernshlps Lo college sLudenLs (llelshmann). ln
addluon Lo lnLernshlps, companles should model Lhemselves o
of Cal i f or ni a s cur r ent Cl ean Ener gy Wor kf or ce Tr ai ni ng Pr ogr am
(CEWTP), w hi ch pr omot es w or ker r eadi ness f or car eer s i n
LransporLauon eclency and renewable energles. ln 2010, 3.4 of all Callfornla workers were
empl oyed i n gr een j obs compar ed t o 3.4% i n Washi ngt on and 3.0% i n bot h Or egon and
M i chi gan. Thi s gr ow i ng dependency on new t echnol ogy, r esear ch, and demand f or j obs i n t he
energy secLor ls supporLed by CLW1. ln Lhe same survey, lndusLrlal rms were asked Lo noLe
t he new ski l l s and know l edge f ut ur e empl oyees w oul d need i n or der t o per f or m gr een
Image 23. Gr een jobs f or CA. Gr een
col l ar j obs campai gn comi ng t o Cali f or -
ni a. Legi sl at ur e.
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acuvlues. 1he mosL oen noLed skllls were wasLe mlnlmlzauon, prlnclples of energy
conservauon, and energy Lechnologles. 1he CLW1 Lralns Lhe unemployed ln Lhese skllls Lo
pr omot e gr een j ob r eadi ness (Cal i f or ni a Ener gy Commi ssi on).
As a dlverse model for resL of Lhe nauon, Callfornlas sLep Lo Lraln an energy-consci ous
workforce ls appllcable Lo Lhe unlLed SLaLes as a whole. lmplemenung a sLaLe-r egul at ed gr een
j obs t r ai ni ng f or ce w oul d gener at e j obs, and i ncr ease publ i c aw ar eness of ener gy i ssues and
poLenual careers.
These i nt er nshi ps shoul d mai nl y be f unded by t he i ndust r i es r unni ng t hem, si nce t hey
wlll be Lhe maln beneclarles Lo lncreased [ob Lralnlng programs. Powever, ln addluon Lo
cor por at e f undi ng, emer gi ng compani es coul d appl y f or gr ant s f r om t he Empl oyment and
1ralnlng AdmlnlsLrauon (L1A), whose goal ls Lo creaLe a more eclenL funcuonlng of Lhe u.S.
l abor mar ket (U.S. Depar t ment of Labor ).

Public Educaon:
ln order Lo reach Lhe seL educauon goals, many Lacucs should be used. We
recommend LhaL lnformauon regardlng Lhe envlronmenLal and energy lndusLry should be
lnLegraLed lnLo each schools currlculum, allowlng for LhaL lnformauon Lo be lncorporaLed lnLo
each st at e s st andar di zed t est s. It i s a pr i or i t y t o make sur e t hat t hi s happens i n al l
el ement ar y, secondar y, and hi gh school s, i ncl udi ng t hose w i t h l ess f undi ng and l ow er i ncome
sLudenLs. 1hls lnformauon should be ued lnLo exlsung classes. lor example, when sLudenLs
dlscuss oll ln Lhe Mlddle LasL Lhey can also cover Lhe dlerenL aspecLs of oll use, lncludlng Lhe
Lechnlcal and sclenuc aspecLs. 1hen, when cloud Lypes are dlscussed, Lhe Leacher could
dlscuss wlnd energy, lLs successes, and lLs drawbacks. We recommend LhaL Lhls modled
currlculum be spread, rsL, Lo a few sLaLes. MosL llkely, oLher sLaLes wlll be lmpressed by Lhe
cur r i cul um and w i l l f ol l ow and i ncor por at e t hese t hemes i nt o t hei r cur r i cul um and w i t hi n t he
nexL 20 years, aer Lhls maLerlal ls sLandardlzed, lL would be LesLed on an oclal sLaLe LesL.
1he resldenL and Congress could even favor and suggesL such lmplemenLauon.
The over al l goal of t hese cur r i cul um changes i s t o make sur e t hat st udent s have a basi s
f or a possi bl e f ut ur e i n ener gy and envi r onment al st udi es. Aw ar eness of t he advant ages and
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dlsadvanLages regardlng many dlerenL energy sources ls as lmporLanL as havlng knowledge of
energy conservauon and eclency. 1hls wlll be done rsL Lhrough Lylng lnLo exlsung
currlculum, wlLh Lhe evenLual goal belng new elecuves and even a mandaLed fourLh year
sci ence cour se f ocused on t he subj ect . To achi eve t hi s, t eacher bi as needs t o be r educed, and
t eacher s over al l shoul d be open t o t eachi ng new i deas.
ln addluon Lo sLrengLhened coverage of Lhe Loplc, Lhere should be more hands-on
learnlng, lncludlng more avallablllLy of ouLdoor schools. Schools should each be glven dlerenL
Lechnologles relaung Lo energy eclency, lncludlng wlnd Lurblnes, solar panels, composung
pr ogr ams and mor e cl ean school buses. These can t hen be used t o di r ect l y show st udent s t he
powers of energy Lechnology. ln addluon, envlronmenLal clubs can be expanded on Lhe na-
uonal level, lncludlng Lhe LnvlronmenLal Acuon 1eam ln Ceorgla whlch alms Lo
lmplemenL an alLernauve energy source on each campus (Alllance for CllmaLe Lducauon). AL
Lhls level, eld Lrlps can be lncorporaLed such as Lhose ln Lhe no Chlld Le lnslde educauon
program (no Chlld Le lnslde). Servlce pro[ecLs such as Lhe WaLer 1hlrsLy 1rees ro[ecL and
local envlronmenLal volunLeerlng can also have Lhe same aecL. Addluonally, educauon
el ement s f r om t he U.S. Gr een Bui l di ng Counci l can be i ncor por at ed such as case st udi es, t hei r
e-l ear ni ng w ebsi t e and podcast s (U.S. Gr een Bui l di ng Counci l ). Cur r i cul um can al so be based
on Lhe u.S. ueparLmenL of Lnergy, whlch oers creauve lesson plans, labs and pro[ecL ldeas
(U.S. Depar t ment of Ener gy).
1o fund Lhese educauonal developmenLs, some money should come from federal
organlzauons. Powever, money should malnly come from energy companles who wanL Lo
sponsor wldespread educauon abouL Lhelr elds, lncludlng CaLerplllar, vesLas, and Sunower
Corporauon, for example. Companles can even brlng ln represenLauves Lo make speeches and
glve presenLauons ln Lhe schools LhaL Lhey sponsor. ln addluon, granLs such as Lhe ell CranL,
whlch supporLs posLsecondary educauon (u.S. ueparLmenL of Lducauon), can be used for
suppor t because many f or ms of f undi ng w i l l be needed i n or der t o make w i despr ead change.

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6 8

Universit y Research:
ln order Lo encourage new Lechnologles ln u.S. energy elds, compeuuons beLween
unlverslues for Lhe besL advancemenLs should be encouraged. 1hls naLurally happens ln oLher
elds, lncludlng Lhe medlcal and blologlcal elds, where unlverslues wanL Lhe greaLesL
advancemenLs, along wlLh Lhelr bragglng rlghLs and presuge. 1hls Lhlnk Lank should be geared
t ow ar d decr easi ng emi ssi ons i n var yi ng ener gy i ndust r i es, r esear chi ng ar eas i ncl udi ng Car bon
CapLure and SLorage (CCS), whaL Lo do wlLh nuclear wasLe, hydrogen fuel cells, alLernauve
fuels for alrplanes and shlps, green bulldlng Lechnologles, alLernauves Lo plasuc, cleaner Lypes
of oll and gas, eclenL renewable Lechnologles, more envlronmenLally frlendly drllllng and Lhe
LransporLauon and sLorage of renewable energles. 1o furLher encourage Lhls compeuuon and
ensur e advancement s, each year t her e shoul d be a Gr een Technol ogi es Aw ar d gi ven by t he
LA. 1hls award would oer furLher presuge and push colleges Lo annually conLrlbuLe
advancemenLs. Addluonally, promlnenL archlLecLure programs could compeLe each year Lo
see who deslgns Lhe besL green bulldlng. uslng publlc unlverslues wlll also provlde a meLhod
f or f eder al f undi ng of such r esear ch, si nce t axpayer and gover nment money i s al r eady
pr ovi ded f or uni ver si t y r esear ch.

Eects: Who & How?
CorporaLe fundlng would be a greaL way Lo lncrease Lhe opporLunlues schools wlll be
able Lo provlde for Lhelr sLudenLs educauon, whlle also susLalnlng and malnLalnlng programs
and acuvlues LhaL are energy relaLed. A number of parLnershlps, granLs, and lnLernshlps exlsL
LhaL are dlrecLly correlaLed wlLh schools and sLudenLs lnLeresLed ln energy conservauon and
eclency. 8y lncreaslng Lhe knowledge and lnLeresL of schools, along wlLh encouraglng large
cor por at e compani es t o sponsor and suppor t school s, t hi s coul d l ead t o publ i c-pr i vat e
parLnershlps. Along wlLh sLudenLs becomlng more energy eclenL and aware of Lhelr
envlronmenL, Lhey would also galn a beuer undersLandlng of whaL sponsorlng corporauons
do. Thi s w oul d, i n r et ur n, i ncr ease t he t al ent cor por at e compani es can r ecr ui t based on
st udent i nt er est s and t he i nt er nshi ps t hey compl et e.
As fundlng ls supplled, acuvlues and programs wlll become avallable on a prlmary
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school l evel and expand i nt o secondar y and post -secondar y school s. On t he pr i mar y l evel
hands-on acuvlues and lessons LhaL Leach abouL energy conservauon would be lmplemenLed.
1hls would capLure Lhe auenuon of Lhe younger age range and geL Lhem lnvolved ln carlng for
t he envi r onment . Hand-on acuvlues would lnclude Lhlngs such as sLarung a garden on campus
and evenLually a composung pro[ecL. Secondary schools would be LaughL more advanced
currlculum LhaL lncludes energy eclency Lechnologles LhaL are dlrecLly relaLed Lo alLernauve
energles, fossll fuels, renewable resources, and envlronmenLal conservauon. 1hey would also
work more dlrecLly wlLh susLalnlng Lhelr school by recycllng, composung, and carrylng ouL
communi t y ser vi ce pr oj ect s i n t hei r l ocal communi t y. Post -secondary schools would beneL
from energy educauon by recelvlng granLs and fundlng for lncreaslng Lhe amounL of research
of energy eclenL Lechnologles on college campuses. Some envlronmenLally based
corporauons, such as vesLas, provlde lnLernshlps Lo college graduaLes.
As educauon of dlerenL energles and energy conservauon become wldespread, publlc
awareness wlll also lncrease. As Lhe general publlc becomes more aware of dlerenL energles
and Lhe role Lhey play ln socleLy, Lhelr lnLeresL wlll lncrease and opporLunlues for more
workers wlll ensue. 1hls lncreased lnLeresL ln alLernauve energles wlll cause greaLer avallablllLy
wlLhln Lhe work force for employers Lo hlre. 1he facL LhaL Lhe educauon of alLernauve energles
wlll be lmplemenLed lnLo schools wlll brlng more auenuon Lo lL, and Lherefore lncrease
alLernauve fuels lmporLance wlLhln Lhe unlLed SLaLes.
1he educauon programs wlll be lmplemenLed LhroughouL Lhe nauon, wlLh componenLs
i n el ement ar y, mi ddl e and hi gh school s. It i s i mpor t ant t hat each school and chi l d get s t he
same educauonal componenLs as oLhers, spreadlng soclal equlLy. Workforce Lralnlng and
reLralnlng wlll occur around Lhe lnfrasLrucLure of Lhe companles LhaL bulld lL up. ln addluon,
lnLernshlps wlll be avallable where companles choose Lo hosL Lhem, whlch wlll mosL oen be
ln nelghborlng unlverslues and colleges.

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Conclusion
We t r ul y hope t hat each of t he pr oposed pol i ci es go on t o make change f or t he f ut ur e
of ener gy i n t he U.S. Once enact ed, i f al l pr oceed accor di ng t o pl an, gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons
i n Amer i ca shoul d be r educed by r oughl y 82% by t he year 2060. Besi des bei ng an
enor mous achi evement f or t he Uni t ed St at es, t hi s pr ogr ess w i l l al so put pr essur e on ot her
hi gh-r anked cont r i but or s t o gr eenhouse gas emi ssi ons, such as Chi na, Russi a and Indi a (#1, #3
and #4 respecuvely) Lo do Lhe same. lf Lhese nauons reduced emlsslons by [usL 30, ln
addluon Lo Lhe u.S.s 82, global emlsslons would be reduced by approxlmaLely 32- an
enor mous i mpr ovement i n t he out l ook f or t he ear t h s cl i mat e and ener gy f ut ur e. Whi l e our
proposals represenL only Lhe rsL sLep ln Lhe process of cumng global emlsslons, Lhey are a
slgnlcanL and bold beglnnlng Lo a cooperauve green global socleLy.
ln addluon Lo Lhe proposed pollcles, we have galned Lremendous medlauon skllls, as
well as a posluve amLude Loward Lhe fuLure of energy ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes. Aer seelng many
perspecuves on whaL dlrecuon Lhe nauon should Lake ln Lhe fuLure and Laklng all lnLo
conslderauon, we are ready Lo work Loward real progress and soluuons for a susLalnable
f ut ur e.

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Acknow ledgement s

Nat ional YPS Part ner

The Naonal Consorum for Specialized Secondary Schools of
Mathemacs, Science and Technology

1he nauonal Consoruum for Speclallzed Secondary Schools of MaLhemaucs, Sclence and
1echnology has been a parLner of Lhe nauonal ?ouLh ollcy SummlL program slnce 2004. 1he
nCSSSMS1 was esLabllshed ln 1988 Lo provlde a forum for schools Lo exchange lnformauon
and program ldeas and Lo evolve alllances beLween Lhem. 1he goal of Lhe Consoruum ls Lo
fosLer, supporL, and advance Lhe eorLs of Lhose speclallzed schools whose prlmary purpose
ls Lo auracL and academlcally prepare sLudenLs for leadershlp ln maLhemaucs, sclence, and
Lechnology. lor more lnformauon, vlslL w w w . ncsssmst . org.

Part icipat ing Schools

The Nat ional Summit is a signat ure event of f ered t o member schools f rom NCSSSM ST. The f ollowing
schools part icipat ed in t he 2011 Nat ional Summit :

Academy of Science and Technology (The Woodlands, TX)

Alabama School of Fine Art s (Birmingham, AL)

California Academy of M athemat ics and Science (Carson, CA)

Crooms Academy of Informat ion Technology (Sanf ord, FL)

Gat ton Academy of M at hemat ics and Science (Bowling Green, KY)

Illinois M athemat ics and Science Academy (Aurora, IL)

Liberal Art s and Science Academy (Aust in, TX)

M aine School of Science and M athemat ics (Limest one, M E)

Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology (Alexandria, VA)

Rockdale M agnet School for Science and Technology (Conyers, GA)

7 9

Participating Students
Court ney Amegashie
Michael Aen
Chinmayee Balabhadrapat runi
John Bender
I ndi Brow n
Colin Dow dell
Gina Dominici
Ramsha Farrukh
Avery Garza
Graham How ard
Elaine Hung
M elanie Hurst
Shoman Kasbekar
Angela Liu
Liani Lye
Ashby Marrio
Alli Marn
Megan Mason
Rachel M et calf e
Nicholas M cCoy
Samant ha M cKean
Aalap M eht a
Art uro M unoz
Alexis Nesbi
Abigail Ochengco
I mogen Page
Alden Port er
Alec Pow ell
Ausn Robinson
I vana Romero
Kasey Sander
Sarah Smit h
Adriana Tart aglia
Cameron Thum
Peyt on W alker
Lucy W ilcox
Summer W u
Jason Ye
Zach York
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Sponsors
The Keystone Center would like to extend a special thank you to our sponsors who
made this program possible:

The American Petroleum Institute
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation
The INGAA Foundation

Expert Panelists
Thank you to the following individuals for sharing their expertise and technical knowledge
by serving on the expert panel:

Ron Binz Public Policy Consulting

Chris Briggs Anadarko Petroleum Corporation

Jesse Dean National Renewable Energy Lab

Susan Innis Vestas-American Wind Technology, Inc.

Ned Leonard American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity

Gary Lindstrom The Sierra Club

Brad Stevenson Caterpillar Inc.

Jay Tankersley Rocky Mountain Institute

Stacy Tellinghuisen Western Resource Advocates

8 1

2011 Naonal
Yout h Policy Summit
June 11-18
Keyst one, CO
Pl ease vi si t us at
w w w.yout hpolicysummit . org
And
w w w.facebook. com/ yout hpolicysummit
To l ear n mor e about t he YPS pr ogram and pl ans f or 2012!
The Keystone Centers Youth Policy Summit is designed
to advance critical thinking and problem solving skills in
our leaders of the future.
The Keystone Center
1628 Sts John Rd. Keystone, CO 80435 970-513-5824
www.keystone.org www.youthpolicysummit.org
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Lrtcresuir
Sotutious
The 2011 Naonal Youth Policy Summit

2011 Final Recommendations From Keystone National Youth Policy Summit

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