Académique Documents
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HANDBOOK
DENMARK
WSoc #
LIBRARY
v.s ,*;
(B)^ M I
\^
i.
i.
**
DENMARK
SECTION 7 : AGRICULTURE
UNCLASSIFIED
VHjmiPNr
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JAN 31*46
UNCLASSIFIED
DENMA.RK
j**7
n^'^Xa^nc-et^SUa,^
UNCUSSIFIED
M 366-7
Civil Affairs
UNCLASSIFIED
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK
DENMARK
SECTION 7: AGRICULTURE
\
j^
o o
CD C\ O <O
Oisseminat ion of restricted natter. The information con tamed in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)
UNCLASSIFIED -
UNCLASSIFIED
NUMBERING SYSTEM OF
The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual Is Indicated by consecutive numbering within the following categories:
- M99 - M199 M2OO - ME99 M3OO - M 399 M4OO - M499 M5OO - M 599 M6OO - M699 M7OO - M799 MBOO - M899 up M9OO
Ml MIOO
and Pre
Materiel, Housing
and Construction
* * *
HEADQUARTERS,
Washington
Army
pared under
General and Is
[SPX
461
(21
Sep
43)/
command of Lieutenant
General SOMERVELLJ
W. D. STYER.
Major General,
General
Staff corps,
Chief of staff.
OFFICIAL: J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
Adjutant
General.
UK
iD
UNCLASSIFIED
to sake suggestions
and
sent to THE CHIS7 07 TES LIAISOH ABB STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY QOVSBHMBKT
-\
UNCLASSIFIED
IHTRODECTIOH
Purpose! of the
The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (l) to assist the Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder, and (3) to create the condition* which willmake it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible. The Handbooks do not deal with plant or policies (which will depend upon It should be clearly understood changing and unpredictable developments). that they do not imply any given official program of action. They are rather ready reference source books containing the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making.
The study is divided in three parts. The first deals with the basic
The second part is
conditions under which Danish agriculture operates; pec- war position of the country's agriculture
devoted to a review of the and food economy, while the third part analyzes developments in agricult ural production, trade, and food consumption since the outbreak of war.
ifiPICAL O2T LI II
Geographical and Social Background
Oorernsent
and Administration
Legal Affairs
4. Government finance
Money and Banking
latural Be source
Agriculture
Labor
11. 12.
Transportation
Bys terns
Communications
17.
Cultural Institutions,
This study on Agriculture in Denmark was prepared for the MILITARY 00T1RHMEHT DIVISION, 07FI0B 07 TRS PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the 077101! 07 TOEBIQH AORICULTUBAL SSLATIOVS, DSPABTMX9T 07 AGRICULTURE.
II
Preliminary
-HoH
iv
1
1
6
8
17
19
22
29
Fart I.
Basic Conditions A. The country and its natural environment B. Types of farming D. Composition of farm labor. Ownership E. Land use and crop rotation F. Use of fertilizers and machinery
C.
The farms
C. Utilisation of crops
29
30
32
41
43
50
54
58
Part 111 Tood and Agriculture since the Outbreak of War A* Summary of war-time developments B* Agricultural production since the occupation Introduction Acreages, yields, and production Utilisation of crops Livestock numbers and production of
animal foodstuffs
C. Foreign trade in foodstuffs D. Food consumption in 1942-43 E. Domestic food supplies available for con-
in 1943-44 ?. Possible surpluses at time of reoccupatlon
Appendix
62
62
65
65
69
71
77
80
83
86
87
89
in Denmark
26b
111
LIST Of TABLES
Page
1. Meteorological conditions, 1886-1925 average 2. Distribution of farms according to else, 1933 3. Land use on farms "by size groups, 1933 4. Land use on faros by size groups, 1933, (percentage distribution) 5. Livestock on farms of different sizes 6* "Livestock units" per 100 hectares, 1933 7. Man-years of labor per farm and per 100 hectares of agricul tural land in farms of all sixes, 1934 8. Composition of farm labor by farm size groups, 1934 9. Land use in 1937 10. Total quantities of plant food applied, 1933-34 11. Utilization of agricultural machinery, 1936 12. Agricultural land in farms using specified types of machinery,
13. 14. IS. 16.
17,
11
13
14
*1
16
18 21 23 26,26 28 31 34 37 39 42 44 44 46 47 49 51
18.
19.
20. 21. 22. 23. Livestock breeds, 1933 (numbers) 24. Summary of pre-war food production and consumption 25. Pre-war per capita consumption of food, average 1933-1937 protein, fat, and carbohydrate and 26. Nutritional conversions per kilogram of food calories 27. War-time reduction in plant food content of available fer tilizer and manure supplies 28. Disposition of the 1942 grain crop as determined in the Grain Law 29. Disposition of the 1942 potato crop 30. Available feed, 1940-41, 1941-42, and 1943-43 31. Food production, trade, and consumption, 1942-43 32. Per capita consumption of food, 1942-43
1936 Acreage, yield, and production of specified crops Available feed, average 1933-1937 pre-war grain balance, average 1933-1937 Pre-war balance of legumes, potatoes, and sugar, average 1933-1937 July census Livestock on farms Production of animal foodstuff* pre-war production of animal foodstuffs from domestic and imported feed, average 1933-1937 Pre-war milk balance, average 1933-1937 Pre-war edible fats and oils balance, average 1933-1937 Pre-war meat, fish, and egg balance, average 1933-1937
55
59 61 67 73 75 76 82 84
MAP
Soils of Denmark
93
IV
Preliminary Note
Danish agriculture "before the war was organized with a view to the most efficient production of aaimal foodstuffs. The country was the world market's greatest supplier of "butter,
"bacon, and eggs. Practically all of the crops produced including the bread grains wheat and rye were used as feed for livestock. In addition there were large imports of oil cake and corn for feed. For reasons of quality, bread grains for human consumption were largely imported.
After the outbreak of war, these imports of bread grain and However, the domestic crops concentrates were discontinued. rye normally fed to livestock constituted a re of wheat and
serve of bread grain, sufficient to supply human requirements of farinaceous foods. As a result the use of these grains for feed has been prohibited since the fall of 1939. The livestock industry had to be adjusted to this two-fold reduction in feed supplies, the absence of imported feed and the diversion of domestic bread grain from feed to food uses. By the summer of 1942 cattle numbers had been reduced. by almost 15 percent, hog numbers by more than 60 percent. An equilibrium had been reached when the domestic crops supplied the population with its bread stuffs, sugar* vegetables, fruits, etc., as well as the live stock industry with sufficient feed for a production which was severely reduced, to be sure, but still large enough to permit substantial exports.
Good crops in 1942 and 1943 have caused an upward trend in live stock numbers most important in the case of hogs. A possibly
less favorable growing season in 1944 and the cumulative effect of war-time shortages, for instance of fertilizers, may well arrest or* reverse this recent trend. In spite of such fluctua tions Denmark will probably be able to continue on a basis of food and feed self-sufficiency with some export surpluses of
animal foodstuffs.
Barring extensive disruptions of transportation and severe de structions of supplies Incident to military action, Denmark should not be in need of food relief at time of reoccupation. Far from being a liability to the United Nations in respect to foodstuffs, it could contribute some of the scarce and valuable animal foodstuffs to other countries. Furthermore, the produc tive capacity of Danish agriculture in the winter of 1944 is still so far intact that a reversion to the former high level of efficiency in respect to the livestock industry within a few years after the resumption of world trade is very well possible.
C UR INM.2I!AGR IV L I E
Part I BASIC CONDITIONS A. The
country
Situated "between the North Sea and the Baltic Denmark it a country of many Islands and one peninsula, Jutland, stretch
ing north from the German border,
country is only 42,931
of 702,000 ha.
The presence
Second largest
525,752 persons
dependents
of farms.
share of the whole population was only very slightly larger than
group.
Fluctuations
great.
in temperature
from day to day are generally not and precipitation "by months as well
Average temperature
Winter temperatures
winters occasionally
occur.
two lower than along the coast, both in winter and summer.
While
March, April, and May have only 34, 41, 40, and 42 mm. , respec
tively.
hamper grains
on light soils.
cipitation.
In spite of the small area of the country, climatic differences are significant enough to influence crop conditions.
Thue the growing season starts 14. days to one month earlier on
the islands than in the northern and northwestern parts of Jutland,
nth
January
Days of frost
Hours of sunshine 36
64
119
175
248
254
246
214
159
98
49
27
1/
Precipitation
Centigrade
millimeters 44
34
41
40
42
47
64
80
57
66
53
58
626
0.1 -0.1
21 21 18 7 1 0 0 0 0.2 3 10 16 97>
February
March
April May
1.6
5.5 10.7 14.2 16.0 15.3
June
July August September
12.3 8.1
4.1
October November
December Tear
1.6
7.. 5
Statistlsk
Aarbog, 1941.
1689
Source:
1/
1903-1934
1/
on the surface.
Apart
"blanket of glacial deposits which is .of interest although the limestone of the chalk period is of direct importance too "because
it is toeing used in liming of the agricultural
soils.
types of surface
soils.
"sandy soils. 11
the poorest
soils.
of deposits.
The glacial clay Is made up of clay thoroughly mixed with sand and gravel and contains valuable plant foods.
Because of its
Danish
Agriculture.
soil
basis for Danish crop production although it is a rather heavy soil. Another heavy fertile clay soil is found in northern Jutland deposited in fresh or salt water in interglacial or post
glacial times.
makes
the
soil.
The
topography
it determines
agriculture
- particularly
with which in an
level land is
country
the fertile glacial clay loam district referred to above flat or gently rolling.
-
is
narrow
belt of fenlands, B.
Types
of
farming
The differences
to be expected
in roots, and 30 to 40 percent in pasture and hay. and with the help of some purchased
concentrates,
may be kept and a number of hogs, as well as some other livestock. Dairy products
Sale of
practices
Second,
the data
A detailed study
2] of
1.
Jutland
and the
2.
Coastal stretches
of the farm land in grain and only about 25 percent in pastures and hay.
Sugar beets and root seed crops
3.
Around the western part of the Lime Tjord in northern The climate is,
}|7
Elnar Jenaen.
Danish
of the
land is in pastures.
cows is not as high, and beef production is here an important source of income together with dairying and pork production.
4.
On the sandy soils of western Jutland (south of the
Lime Fjord) cereals claim only 35 percent of the farm land and
yields
grains, pasture and roots is somewhat like that of wet tarn Jut
land.
Dairying is the
distinctly different from that in the rest of the country with fattening of cattle at the farmers
1
primary occupation.
C.
The farms
In 1933 there were 204,231 farms in Denmark with a total
agricultural
This gives an
Table 2.
BE1IMABK:
Size-group
Land in farms
Total area
hectares 3442 5889 43904 111303 360891 333715 973787 844828
Percentage
hectares 0.55 1
- 1.5
-1
3
1.6 2.3
1.5
9.7 13.6
i
3-5 5-10 10
- 15
10.5 30.7
26.6 9.1 3.7 2.8 100.0
15-30 30-60
21406
3769 740 287 204231
60-120
120-240 240 and over Total
290087
119172 89939 3175957
Source: Statistiske Meddelelser. 4 Raefcke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte, og Kreaturhold efter Ejendqmsstdrrelse 1933".
wArealanvendelse
10
average
a great concentration
prises
22,3 percent
of farms of 16 to 30 ha.
agricultural land.
from the point of view of number of farms is that of 5 to 10 ha. with almost one- fourth of the farms, but only 11.4 of the agri cultural area*
The legislation,
which dates
of much smaller
owner.
to the land, but this policy later gave way to one of establish
ing holdings of a size, which under Danish conditions emphasis
- with
on livestock production
-
would provide
a complete live
large and small farms are more striking than the differences.
duction on smaller farms is, however, reflected in the fact that farm 8 of less than 10 ha. have 20 to 28 percent of their land
11
Roots
Other crops
Fallow
Total area
agri
cultural
'
1 2 18 48
156
1 1
10
10 15 15-30 30-60
60 120
24
74
...
3 16
3
44
11
4
8
34
--120 240
142 408
344
113
48
62 164 125 37 15
11
524
1 5 6'
4
5 15 14
4
37
1,317
3 6 29
2 3 48
291 118
91
3,176
Table 4. DENMARK: Land use on farms by size groups, 1933 (percentage Grain
Size-group
distribution)
Roots
Other crop
and
feed
hectares
-
- -
--
rotation percent 34.4 38.1 28.2 23.7 22.6 21.6 20.4 18.6 16.8 14.8 12.8 12.9 11.9 16.5 6.3 3.0 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.2 2.8 6.3 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.8 2.9 1.5 22.3 26.4 27.2 26.2 25.3 24.9 23.9 21.7 . 19.3 16.2 14.2 22.7
rotation 8.1 8.0 5.9 6.9 9.6 12.2 15.3 20.4 26.5 26.0 23.7 16.9
1933,
M
4i.6
43.3 43.2 42.5 41.9 40.7 38.9 40.3 41.0 41.5
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Statlstlske
"Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter E,jendomsBtorrelse Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
12
for grass
3/
(Actual
Small holdings of less than 5 ha. have from 200 to 350 such live
stock units per 100 ha. As might be expected the small holdinge In respect
much greater in the case of cattle than in the case of hogs and
chicken, so that the size of farm sets definite limits to the
number of cattle kept, while a large number of hogs or chicken
may be kept
on purchased concentrates
In this between
differences
according to which each type of livestock has been converted into livestock units is as follows: 1 livestock unit ; 1 horse over 2 years !;Sepl^B \u25a0 1 dairy cow 2*25 heads of young cattle 6 hogs iee P*
3/ The scale
4HHMKNMBHHto*
13
Table 5.
Size-groiap
Horses
Sheep
Hogs
Chickens
hectares
0.55
1000 heads 1 1 2 12 34 87 56 144 111 31 2.. 6 42 98 264 209 543 400 117 49 37
1-1.5 1.5
-3
..
214 314
2 3 11 17 56 55 18 6 4 172
3-5 5-10
10
15
15-30
30 60
- 60
120
1,372 1,005
294 96
120-240
240 and over
'
10 7 495
153 63
63
3,131
56
4,365
Total
1,767
21.0J.3
1933," Statis
Source: "Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter Ejendomsstdrrelse tlske Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haefte.
14
Tatle 6.
DENMARK:
1933
\u25a0
Horses
Size of farm
hectares
Cattle Total Cows 105.6 112.3 110.8 104.0 90.5 82.2 76.4 67.2 58.7 56.6 54.0 94.1 97.4 96.6 87.8 73.1 62.8
Hogs
Sheep
Chickens
Total
19,6
52.0
1.4
0.8
0.7
175.1 106.8
64.3
353.7 283.0 237.5 206.5 165.7 140.1 126.2 108.2 91.0 81.5
74.3
42.2
38.5 36.9 30.3 25.8 23.5 19.8 16.9 13.5
0.4
0.4 0.7
5-10
10-15 15-30 30-60
'
20.5
15.2
13.9
55.7
47.3 40.5 41.0
- 120 60
240 and over
12.4
9.9 8.1 8.0
120-240
41.1
55.6
10.3
22.9
Total
Source:
14.2
74.7
13.2
125.8
"Arealanvendelse og Kreaturhold efter Ijendomsstflrrelse Meddelelser. 4 Raekke, 102 Bind, 2 Haeft*. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
1933," Statistiske
15
Denmark:
in cereals
- grows
seller of grain while the small farm cent of its area in grain
- also
of grain.
employed men on farms of various sizes, both in absolute numbers per farm, and in numbers per 100 ha. of agricultural land in
denominator,
great
much labor.
much livestock and I*B times as much labor per land unit as the farms over 240 ha. In spite of these differences, there is an essential the fact remains that
16
Table 7.
SKNHIKKi Man-years of labor per farm and per 100 hectares of agricultural land in farms of all siies, 1934
Si ge-group
Man-years
per
3-5 5-10 10
1.2
1.5
- 15
60
17.4
14.6 11.6 8.9
2.1
3.1 4.5 6.8 14.6
15-30 30
- 9.0
9.5 15.1
\u25a0
29.1
2.3 Statlstlske Meddelelser.
December 1943
17
with purchased
concentrates
source of income.
Qwnershi
that the family size farm
It is a common observation
of
Danish farming.
of man-years
In the
country as a whole 56.2 percent of the labor was supplied by -the operators
between
the
various categories
of hired helpers.
or medium sized farms and live on the farm are often sons of
farmers for whom this work is training for their later occupation
as independent
farmers,
be^onsideredasagri
cultural laborers
18
Table 8. ESKMARK: Composition of farm labor "by farm size groups, 1934
Size-grouo
Owner's la"bor on his own farm 67.7 64.4 63.7 57.5 41.0 27.4 18.3 12.7 5.4 2.4 34.6
Children and Hired help -permanent ~k! other relatives Male Female Total Male Female Total
percent
Day
Qcca-
laborers
sional
help
Grand total
hectares 0.55-1.5 1.5-3 3-5 5-10 10-15 15-30 30-60 60-120 120-240 240 and over All farms 8.3 9.7 10.7 11.1 19.4 11.5 21.2
4.6 5.3 6.0 9.1 20.1 29.5 39.2 42.8 44.3 44.6 25.6
6.7 6.8 5.6 6.1 10.6 15.1 16.5 17.0 16.6 16.2 12.5
0.4 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.6 1.? 5.0 10.5 23.4 28.5 3.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0. 100.0 100.0. 100.0' 100.0 100.0.
100,0'
4 Raekke,
11.1 21.8 24.8 26.0 24.5 18.2 13.3 3.9 1.8 21.6
13.7 11.1
14.6 13.9 10.5 11.4 10.6 7.7
Source: "Landbrugets Arbejdskraft 1934 og 1935," Statistiske Meddelelser. 102 Bind, 3 Haefte. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
19
19 percent of the land) had only one hired man, while 24 percent of the farm 8 employed two or more laborers.
Ownership. owner-operated.
have been easy to obtain through credit institutions organised on a cooperative basis
siderably.
- a fact
during
20
but the grain is now fed on the farm, generally not sold.
rye
oats,
and a mixture of
barley
309,000 ha.
barley give much higher yields than rye and oats, but the latter will
do relatively better on the less fertile and more acid soils. The larger part of the wheat and barley areas are there fore found on the islands (table 9) while Jutland claims
approximately
four-fifths of the rye and mixed grain area and more than two-thirds of the area in oats,
practically all of the wheat is winter wheat*
individual root crops there are considerable differences, however, with potatoes and rutabagas claiming a larger relative share of the
root acreage
in Jutland than
Out
21
Table 9.
Item
Islands hectares
74131
Jutland hectares
55014 116760
Denmark hectares
129145 139218 368592 376259
Wheat
Bye Barley
22458
201506
Oats
Mixed grain Leguminous plants Total grain
111660
60416 2234 472405* 16902 56707 8618
167086
264599
248777
1495
309193
3729 1326136
85373163797
87246 8560 157771 14374
Potatoes
Mangels
\u25a0
80699 143953
17178
39638
2086
3346 1183
11423 107
197409 16460
4129
39998 16232
.
376 516434' 48399
34780713604
17304
1/
in the rotation:
405210
3408 3639
205583
98510 191544grassland
306700 519330-
710874.
for hay for pasture Outlying grasslands Total Total agricultural area
"Landbrugsstatistik Source? 4 Haefte.
120041 218176
100993
4392102190986,
1/
Seed, buckwheat,
flax, etc.
22
tures, and one or two root or potato fields.- The smaller the
farm, the more roots and the less grass in the
is quite insignificant.
rotation,
fallow
The sequence
tions.
is often triennial, but is rarely of longer duration, and may be annual. to become
y.
in Denmark in the last 25 years before the the application of plant food by means of
war. Nevertheless
artificial fertilizers was not nearly as great in Denmark as in Holland and Belgium, and Germany. The intensive use of farm for this fact.
is available
4/
of the re
Jianure
\u26664/ The
Agricultural Council.
23
Table 10.
Item
P205
1,000 metric tons
K2OK 20
Farmyard manure
166 28 194
Percentage figures
89 53 142
189 30 209
Fertilizers Total
Farmyard
manure
86 14 100
62 38
100
90 10 100
Fertilizers
Total
Source:
24
of phosphoric
compounds,
of the potash.
All fertilizer
In terms of plant foods the applications per ha. in 1933-34 in 1938-39, respectively, was as follows:
N K2OK 20
*25
Trade figures support this fact and further show that during this period there was a decrease "but a more than corresponding rock imported. As to the use of fertilizers and manure for individual
crops,
Agricultural Council
dig'
25
4. Mangels:
5. Barley with grasses and trifoils: 200 kgs. superphosphate, 100 kgs. potash, 0 to 100 kgs. nitrate of lime. 6. Clover grass; 100 to 200 kgs. superphosphate, potash per ha. 7. Biennial grass:
liquid manure
100 kgs.
8. Oats:
9. Permanent pastures:
potash per ha. Machinery.farming
and
of Danish
well to mechanization.
and machinery intensity is great, and Denmark is considered one of the countries where machinery is most extensively used.
This
is due partly to the fact that such a large share of the agri
tor to the extensive use of machinery. Straw choppers are used on more farms than any other
type of machinery, namely on 139,728 farms (table 11) or 70.6
is used by 71.7
26
Table
11.
1936
30 60 to to 6o 120
0.55
to Type
3
5
to
numbers
Total number of farms:
to 10
10
to
15
30
120
to
to
240
and
15
percent
240
over
All farms
203 F)00
Number of farms
using machinery:
Tractors
Steam engines
34822 12587
2927
3.6 3.0 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 lO.b 20.6 26.7.38.8 4.8 1.2 18.4 21.9 6.4 3.9 8.3 0.4
2.4 0.3
0.1
1.7 5.4 22.6 58.3 78.5 34 0.7 0.7 1.8 8.7 28.2 0.6 53.5 65.0 69.2 60.5 71.9 37. 1 22.8 21.7 21.5 33.9 40.0 17.6 9.9 12.3 14.7 12.9 5,9 6,4
1.9
0.4
0.7
1.4
3.8
5.4 12.1
24.8
1.5
G-raiif threshers,
double screening Grain threshers, single screening Smaller, single screening threshera Threshers without
cleaning equipment Straw balers Straw presses without ties
13888
29752
65380 33163
29295
6.5 5.4 4,3 6.7 10 .7 30.1 3.1 4.8 7.3 12.2 24.4 36.8 38.0 4.3 14.6 31.7 44.8 48.6 42. 0 24.4
4.7
Feed mills
Straw choppers Root washers Root cleaning
2191
10.3 4.8 19.8 32.9 8.4 0.8 2.1 4,0 8.3 12.4 13.8 5.3 13.3 30.2 R0.7 68.2 78.4 20.2 55.0 73.3 00.8 85.2 87.7 0.8
2.9 45.5
16.7
0.3
machines
Milking machines
3638
3354.
0.5
0.9
1.3
2.4
15.6 19.^ 20. 4 7.3 81.0 Bl.f 84. A 43.5 88.4 92.5 92.6 70.6 1.1
3.5
11.2 11.2
0.3
1.1
0.1
0.6
Drills
Broadcast seeders Potato planters
38
8902 3063
5499
354 51351 bO 5 75 57.7 94-.q 95.6 95.6 3 0.3 O.b 1.1 3.3 12.9 20.2 38 .8 63.4 70.7 0.2 I,* 5.0 13.4 24.3 28.1 0.1 0.3 1.3 6.A 15.5 35.6 67.9 84.8 0.2 0.4 1.0 l.b 4.2 13.5 30.4 45.2
0.1
2.3 3.0
R.J b.b
13.8
15.4. 23,3
21.1
1.7 1.0
56.7
0.5
0.9
2.7
4*3
7-4 11.4
16.5 17.8
26a
Mowers
Heaping attach
ments Reapers
29412 82303
54 17*7 0.7 6.2 0.7 A.I 4.3 8.1 0.1 0,2 0.3 0.8
46.9 73.6 88.5 96.2 98,7 94.5 8.6 6.5 7.0 19,2 26.2 18.6 8.2 5.5 5.9 3,4 5.3 10.4 21.3 43.7 70.0 90.4 96.4 95. 0 0.4 1.0 4.4 13.9 27.4 44.0 27 6.4 15.6 31.0 47.5 67.0
0.3 0.5 95.2 0.7
95.9
58.5
36.3
95.6
57.7
4,1 14.9 SA
41.6
3.6
78. 1 83.7
9.0
10.1
Silos
174418 1218
3.1
92.3
8.4
88.1 0.6
" Meddelelser,
Relations'
26b
U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
NEG.256
27
of all farms, but there is probably some overlapping in to threshers where the same farm may use more than one
Only among
they were used by 58.3 percent of the farms of 120 to 140 ha.
land.
A com
same
trend.
With the exception of binders, reapers, and tractors which are normally imported from Great Britain, Denmark produces
its own agricultural machinery.
28
Table 12.
1936
specified
Tract ors Electro-motors Internal combustion engines Grain threshers, double screening Grain threshers, single screening Smaller single screening threshers Threshers without cleaning equipment Straw balers Straw presses without ties Feed mills Straw choppers Milking machines Drills Broadcast seeders Potato planters Fertilizer distributors Mowers Reaping attachments Reapers Binders Potato diggers Beet lifters
'
ljb
285 G9B
14*3
38. 0
10*7 26. 0 11. 7 5.0
2634 2622
368
64.5 83*2
2598
743
348
75.2 20.0
4 Rakke, 106
Bind,
3 Hafte, "Anrendelsen
af
29
Within the framework of "basic conditions which has been outlined in the preceding chapter, Banish farming has taken the
shape of a highly commercialized type of agriculture,
which for
and
The parti
cular use of the land and the crops was adjusted to this situ ation. While bread grains were grown, most of the domestic
production
wheat and rye for human consumption were imported. domestic grains were also fed to livestock,
root crop 8 only a fraction
of the area in
served direct
perhaps one-seventh,
human consumption.
In order to evaluate the output of grass and green feed and to apply a common denominator to all crop production, Danish
This is
30
not unreasonable
a detailed
account of the crop, its composition and utilization as well as of the livestock population and the production of animal food stuffs will be given in the following section. B. Crops A total agricultural area of about 3 million hectares in 1933-1937 (not including fallow land, some outlying fields,
2, 7oo, rail.feed units were obtained from grass and green feed*
averaged
close to
rye
17
In respect
that the
yield of
sugar bests.
rutabagas) cent.
, namely
significant
31
Table 13.
Crop
1933-37
1939
1940
Acreage
1941
(IQQQ hectares)
1942
1943
Wheat
Hye
119
145
134 137
421
82
Barley
Oats
356 378
333
1331
77
Potatoes
Sugar beets
Roots for feed Total roots Natural and cultivated meadows for hay (Trass and green feed
46
393 512
267
45
960
Hye
29.2 17.3 Barley 28.2 25.8 Oats Others, mainly mixed 23.3 169.2 Potatoes Sugar beets 325.9 Feed roots 569.6 Hay 50.5 34.1 Straw Orass (100 feec? units per ha.) 35.9
Wheat
31.4 17.6 29.7 26.8 22.8 176.0 399.7 598.5 44.3 34.4 35.6
23.1 19.5 29.2 26.1 21.9 209.6 361.0 573.7 43.3 31.0 32.1
35.1 21.5 33.6 29.6 25.3 172.9 320.8 550.0 38.1 29.0 27.8
production (1000
metric tons)
190
Wheat
Hye Barley
348
252
419 241
189
272
20
410
Oats
Others, mainly mixed Total grain
1004 977
777
Potatoes
Sugar
3353 1306
1339
beets
22860
25505
1159 907
720
3247 1352
1570
23546 26468
1408 4003
1588
4731
3900 2700
1390 1000 950 3770 1700 1450 21700 24850 850 3845 2640
29C8
2809
Office of
on official Danish statistics. Foreign Agricultural Relations. December 1943 According to one informant. Other sources indicate a potato area of roughly 1/ the same magnitude as in 1942.
32
respect
to potato yields*
Jutland was 171 qu. per ha.; on the islands it was only 137. In other years the difference was even greater.
A comparison be
tween the yields per ha. of grains and roots, on the basis of
feed units, shows that roots in general provide twice as many feed units per ha. as do grains (including the feed value of the
straw)
6/
Furthermore,
while
Production statistics for seeds are not available. Denmark is, however, self-sufficient in respect to seeds with
the exception of the seeds
etc.
50 percent higher than that of grain; for sugar beets almost twice as high.
33
of table 13 and the livestock feed figures in table 14 show to what extent this statement
holds good.
to potatoes
it is probably considerable. The average amount of feeds tuffs available annually during the pre-war years from domestic as well as foreign sources is shown in table 14 Amounts are given both in metric tons
1.5
billion. The bulk of the imported feed was oil cake, of which
the annual imports averaged 0.9 billion feed units, while corn
provided 0.4 billion and grains and bran 0.2 billion. On the
basis of their feed unit value the imported feeds tuffs, therefore
or^N^P^jM^BVftrtance.
On this
basis only 12*5 percent of all feed (including milk) was imported
34
average 1933-1937
___^
Domestic Imported total feed feed feed 1,000 metric tons feeds: 289 209 835 882 690 2,905 7
90
Domestic Imported Total feed feed feed million feed units 289 209 835 741
621 90 379
Concentrated Wheat
Hye
33 1/
7
Barley
'
Com Bran Feed meal from grains Other feed meals Oil cake Total concentrated feeds Coarse fodder: Potatoes for feed Feed roots
Hay
Grass and green feed
8 2
..
33 ~ 6
242
835 747
2,695
129
373 7 70 2 12 17 3/ 911
1,513
14 17 911
4,223
2,710
578
22,860
Straw
2,009 4,538
Total coarse fodder Total feed of vegetable origin Milk for feed (all types)
Source:
~
~
578
22,860 2,009 4,538
151
2,396
~ -1,513
151
2,396
820
820
4/ 205,000 tons
produced
35
cance.
feed unit, while the feed of a high-yielding dairy cow should contain around 125 grams of protein per feed unit. The protein
deficit was therefore made up through the feeding of imported oil cake,
on
provided about
since most of the imported oil cake is actually fed to dairy cattle.
It means
great extent was not a genuine surplus but was directly depend
Similarly a considerable
on imported
corn.
British bacon quota), the question of how to bring the produc tion of livestock products more in line with domestic feed
production
The war
36
adjustment
necessary.
Its consequences
in respect to Danish
Hunan consumption.-
of domestic rye or 5 percent of total production was used for the production of rye flour.
The pre-war utilization of the total supply of grains domestic and imported
- is given in table
15.
A total of 424,000
tons of grains was used for the production of flour and groats, of which 365,000 tons were imported.
barley, and 60 for oats a total of 335,000 tons of flour and groats
were produced.
rye flour.
37
Table 15.
average 1933-1937
Wheat
Rye
Barley
Oats
Mixed
Corn
Rice
All
rains
347 31 316
+278
594
1,004
83
978
87
769
73
921
-28 893
891
+17
6.96
+356 356
908
696
3,350
304
3,046
+ 832
3,868
Human consumption
as grain or
flour in terms of grain V
215
179
179
11
47
19
\u25a0
696 696
379 594
242 421
835 893
889 908
352 356
+11
424 47
4 3,393 3,868
Grain for flour Percentage of ex traction Flour eauivalent Imported as flour, groats, etc. Total human con sumption of grain
as flour, grain
11 65
7 +2
19
60
90
161
11
+1
-5
173
156
12
11
361
V Of this
27,100 tons of wheat, 12,600 tons of rye, 10,880 tons of barley, 8,840 tons of oats, or a total of 59,120 tons were of domestic origin.
38
for legumes,
"potatoes,
and sugar
which after deduction for seed and waste amounted to 6,600 tons, was fed to livestock. Out of an import of 2,200 tons only 1,800 This amounts to only one-half
of 6,000 tons of potato flour, "but since 1934 the Danish potato flour industry has been able to cover total domestic consumption*.
Sugar-beet
an average
This
ations in yields,
Furthermore,
the sugar content of the beets In some years there have while other years
is subject to considerable
variations.
Domestic The
lfe,ooo
namely 49.9
39
Table 16.
Legtmes
Potatoes
Sugar
(refined)
metric tons
Bupply
1306040
181710
319980
986060 14308
971752
1793
2/ 184860
578456
$*1752 184860
8792
1/ Total
sugar beet production was 1,724,740 tons (1933-1937 arerage), of which 1,337,600 tons were used in sugar production, while 387,140 tons were fed. if Including sugar used in industries, of which the ultimate products are dom estically consumed.
40
The degree of of
self-sufficiency In respect
to foodstuffs JLn
the to
the domestic consumption of breads tuffs. for other vegetal and animal foodstuffs*
following results:
found that out of a total human consumption of 2,826 billion calories of foodstuffs of vegetal origin only 46 percent were
derived from Danish resources.
on imported
6a/
Considerable
>*<
6a/ See
pa*e
56.
41
oils for margarine production were also an important factor in the country's deficit in vegetal products. D. Livestock numbers The feed situation described in the preceding section
provided the "basis for a considerable emphasis
It should be men
trends.
For instance,
mluated in 1931 with 5,455,000 on the basis of which 7 to 8 million pigs were slaughtered
annually.
in the bacon quota granted Denmark by England brought about drastic adjustment in the 1934 census
figures.
The
been described
42
Table 17.
DENMARK:
Livestock on farms
-
July
census
Type
1933-37
1939 ,
1940
___
1941
1942
1943
1/
594
589
596 1391
1474
2/ 600
1619
1660
1456
1548 3004
3279
2865
9
2980
9 231
856
1919
336
172
253 772 1206
429
1342
3/
3183 13530
18869 32399 147
3218 13731
10837 24568
1770
6850 5098
2011
Chickens:
Hens
Other chickens
Total
Sheep
Source:
4/
187
11948
11478 171
14000 180
1933 to 1940 official statistics; 1941-1943 U. S. foreign service reports, based on official Danish statistics
T7 The number of horses outside of rural districts was as follows: 1933, 19,000
1939, 17,000; and in April 1941 it was estimated at at least 24 f OOO.
2/ It is not definitely stated that this figure refers to horses on farms, but
it seems likely.
4,407,000 in 1933 to 3,061,000 in 1934.
There 3/ Figure was a drop from only.
refers to 1937 4/
B.
LlTestoek
products
livestock
are presented
in table 18.
feed supplies brought out the fact that the export surpluses
in terms of the final product, an allocation of imported feed stuffs to the various types of livestock has been made and the
specific production resulting from this allocated imported feed
was estimated.
of 83,800 tons, of which only 33,300 tons were domestically con sumed.
7/
in
tons, with 185,000 tons from purely domestic sources and a dom
8/
was 96,000 tons 9/, production from domestic feed alone 66,000 tons
and domestic consumption only 20,000 tons.
8/
7/
See table 21, pre-war edible fats and oils balance. 8/ See table 22, pre-war meat, fish, and eggs balance. 9/ Official Danish estimate. In view of later data, production at this time appears to have been underestimated by roughly 10,000 tons. Added to the original estimate,, this would leave a domestic egg consumption of 30,000 tons or 8.1 kgs. per capita.
44
Table 18.
Foodstuff
933 "37
19 ?9
1942
1943 2'
Milk
Butter
5281
181
5245
183
3606
125 27 59 190 166 8
3330
108 33
3600
115 33
te 8
1/
29 96 346 149
17
33
135
34
113
,
309
155
13
316 203
11
38
115
38
140
2/5
146
110
6
"~"
Table 19.
EHHMABX:
Pre-war production of animal foodstuffs from domestic and imported feed, average 1933-1937
Foodstuff Mi3Jc
Butter
Production from domestic feed metric tons 3003000 83800 29320 66004 184967 149429 8860
Tota3 production metric tons 5261000 180800 29320 96004 346467 149429 17360
Cheese Stefi*
ork
3/
2278000 97000
\J 2/
Estimated.
There was a steady increase in the production of eggs during the period.
% Intermediate
product utilized in production of that- 97,000 tons of butter which is attributed to imported fSed. /r 1/ (contd.) See also footnote 9, ppca *c 43.
45
to 5,281,000
cow.
In addition
to the skim milk, 138,000 tons of whole milk was used in cheese
production.
small amount, 25,000 tons, was used for the production of condensed
milk, of which practically all was exported.
Approximately 80
percent of the butter production and 30 percent of the cheese production were also exported.
verted into their milk eauivalent, it is found that 3,500,000 tons or two- thirds of the milk produced was exported.
Of this
46
Table 20.
Supply and
Milk
Butter
Cheese
disposition
Condensed milk
Fresh milk
Consumption "by
-producer
Teed
production
(Jtilization
5,281
4,218
138
others
of milk 1/ Ultimate
production
25
150
500
250
181
-148
2/29
-8
21
Net trade
-3,502
1,779
3/-25
Domestic utilization
Human consumption
33
33
150
500 500
250
4/
1,529
21
150
Based on Official statistics; partly estimated. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations December 1943
1/ ~ZI
4/
47
Table 21.
"
Olive
Item
;
Other
vegetable oils
Marine
oils
Slaughter fats
Butter
Domestic production
Net trade Net supply
*47 47
1/
39966
metric tons
22097
-13524
180800
-147506 33294
242863
-144467
+2246
42212
4-14270 14270
8573
98396
Utilization:
For margarine
47 47
42212
14270
33294 33294
42212
14270
4J
48
butter
over one-third.
Slaughter
eggs.
Of a total meat
or just about
The
extent to which the export surplus of pork, as well as of eggs, is derived from imported feed has already been discussed. Dom
The annual
of around 15 kgs.
Total
eg*
per person.
While it was found that only 46 percent of the foodstuffs of vegetal origin consumed were home produced, there is a sur liie production of all livestock 10/ See footnote 9, page 43.
product
as
milk, butter,
cheese.
49
Table 22.
Item Domestic production Net trade Total supply Industrial utilization Human
consumption
Pork
Poultry
Offals
Total meat
Pish
Eggs
--
96004 -75846 20158
1/
1/ 14000 2/
-2180 11820
20000
553^96
271843 19800 252043
3/
19800
3893
~
11820
12660
106776 116894
54525
20158
Source:
Office of
December 1943
1/ 2/
Estimate for 1933 by Danish authorities. Estimate for 1933 by Danish authorities. Includes liver, hearts, kidneys, and r pork tenderloin.
production of meat meal, bone meal, technical fat, etc.
3/ For
50
meat,
basis.
11/
A calculation on a
calorie basis shows that production of animal foodstuffs from domestic resources
of consideration)
sumption in the
was as high as 337 percent of domestic con case of eggs, 251 percent in the case of butter,
159 percent for slaughter fats, 155 percent for meat and poultry,
and 142 percent for cheese.
P.
Livestock "breeds
Horses.-
12/
has been to develop a medium heavy draft horse suitable- for agri
cultural work, and the native Jutland horse was found to provide
good material
tor such
breeding.
They
*"'"i '^W
51
Table 23.
Type
Islands
Breeding Trails
Jutland Cows
Breeding
Denmark Cows
Breeding
Cows
Trolls 771 546018 786 4424 1630 354 311 4837 88831 12178 14444 803 243 74 9028 1283 554 11214 49821
Breeding
bulls 344484 335360 9093 3886 1584 193448 68323 73750 120247 1150175.
Mares
Red Danish milk cattle Holland cattle Jersey cattle Jersey crossings Shorthorn cattle Shorthorn crossings Others and mixed Unknown 1-otal Horses Jutland race
Belgian race
242 22141
110
214
24 24 9 175 6779 29718
647962
Mares 14105 8897 11013 8350 2559 171 4972
345255 881378 9879 8310 3214 193802 68634 78587 209078 1798137
Mares
Breeding stallions
Breeding
stallions 58342 3462 5767 1423 1264 316 8060 695 676 122
254
5006?
Ewes
78634
Ewe's
136 45 147 1080 l/ 3154- 1/128701, Rams 2916 436 4533 7885
%wes
22.65
1936
1/ Total 226,100
number of stallions over 3 years was 3,300, mares ovef 3 years of age
52
introduced in 1894 and has "been crossbred with local animals. While the horses developed are not always equal to those of pore Belgian breed* the breeding of these Dano-Belgian horses has been steadily progressing,
the Oldenburg breed. JLs a carriage and
riding
horae.
the Jrederiksborg
horse
Sealand.
stallions and stallions of pure Arab blood were introduced and mated with Sealand mares related to the stud horses.
sulting Trederiksborg horse is dark red with a height
The re
orer the
States,
in Denmark.
Weat-Horwegian horses*
Cattle.-
the Red Danish Milk Cattle and the Black and White Jutland Cattle. Between them they account 'for oattle population.
shfm^WSlil^itthn
of the Danish
53
the
twjo
the superior
"breed.
-
this
- with a
within the do
view,
of these breeds.
rare.
The
around 500 kgs. while a cow from an outstanding herd may weigh a
hundred
kilograms more,
In 1933-34 the average milk yield of 290,000 controlled cows of this breed was 3,584 kgs. with a fat content of 3.92 percent or
also horned, is of about the same size as the Red Milk Cattle, but the milk yield is somewhat
lower,
the
of 102,000 controlled cows was 3,327 kgs. in 1932-33, content of 3,74 or 124.4 kgs. butterfat
with a fat
The fat.
highest yielding cow gave 10,394 kgs. milk with 4.35 percent
54
Pigs.-
to cater
Yorkshire pig and the Berkshire pig had been used extensively
but were not suited for this specific purpose while a cross be
tween a local native breed and the large Yorkshire pig proved more satisfactory. scientific basis. From 1896 on
Separate
this
were es
tablished for the old Danish Landrace and the large white York shire pig, whereupon Yorkshire boars and Landrace centers sows from these
Total food
self-sufficiency
only 46 percent of
In order to coordinate
account
\u25a0**
" OO
Table
24.
DENMARK: Summary of pre-war food production and consumption Calculation A Calculation B (domestic wheat and rye (domestic wheat and rye considered as feed) considered as food) Vegetal Animal Total Vegetal Animal Total foodstuffs foodstuffs foodstuffs foodstuffs food food billion calories
Item
Domestic production of food from: Domestic resources Imported feeds tuffs All sources Direct net imports
Consumption
-1969
1545
percent
- 437
2339 2339
35H
2093 1421
4432
486 2825
percent
-1969
1545
percent
5553 -1483
4370
percent
Calories consumed in percent of total Domestic production from all sources in percent of consumption Domestic production from domestic sources in percent of con sumption
64.6
35#4
100.0
64.6
82.8
35.4
100.0
45.8
227.5
110.0
227.5
134.0
45.8 146.5
81.4
82.8
135.5
101.4
56
I/
and animal foodstuffs from imported feed 1,250 billion calories. Total production in terms of its ultimate food use therefore
amounted
billion calories annually, total domestic production of food stuffs from purely- domestic sources was only 3,558 billion calories or 81.4 percent.
This, however, is not at all an adequate
expression
It represents
was raised which could have been used for human consump
From thqpoint of view
13/ This
oils.
comprise
57
of the calories are "lost* in The Danish 'bread-grain crop, in this cal
equivalent in livestock
The
assumption
(calculation B) of
domestic consumption of foodstuffs of vegetal origin could be derived from domestic resources,
when domestic "bread grain is considered as feed (calculation A). On the other hand, the corresponding percentages
products is reduced from 146.5 to 135.5 because
58
H.
Composition
of diet
sumption figure is derived has been estimated at 148,000 tons on the basis of the commercial vegetable acreage with an es
timated additional amount from small garden production. was practically no foreign trade in fresh vegetables,
exports and imports cancelling cabbage
There
out.
It may be mentioned
at 70,000 tons*
14/
To this was
14/ This estimate teems fruit production during as high as 150,000 tons. the years preceding the Nevertheless, the fruit
very low In view of the magnitude of the the last few years which has been reported Extensive plantings of fruit trees in war account in part for this increase. supply in 1933 was probably underestimated*
59
Table 25.
EENMARX: Pre-war per capita consumption of food, average 1933-1937 (Population 3,706,000)
KiloFoodstuffs Breads tuff8 and cereals, includ ing rice in terms of flour Potatoes for food
Sugar Legumes fruits and nuts Cocoa Vegetables grams oer year ear
Consumption by food constituents and calories -per day Carbohy- Calories Protein Pat
. Grain 8
265
dfrate
Grams 2
Grams
272
137 1
Alcohol
Vegetable oils
1.9 11*4
1 3l 110 2 5 31 30-
83
9,0
2.3 3.8 (6.5) 31*5 28.8 1.1 3.4 3.2 68.0 61.2 5.4 175.4 5.6
25 6
(72)
86
79
10
..
22
4
\u25a0
193
48 134
901
212
1
13
-.
548
3
58
13 33 35
29
33
396
(66)
20 6 10
281
1/2084
191 53 92 (617)
10
9 187
168 40 15 480 15
Fish
Eggs
2/
14.7
31. 4 3
\u25a0
26.
370 40 22
322 42
2
2
2 15
18 3
23.
23-
55. 84.
87120
1132
419.
1/
3216.
1/
2/
**^2ls2SteiSflEHi^
60
15/ of fruits,
of 113,000
tons.
vegetables
Of a total daily
16/
of protein was 84 grams, of which 55 grams The fat consumption was 120 grams daily 419 grams.
In respect to in
fats, and milk was high, of breadstuff s and potatoes low, while
sugar consumption
15/ Of this 7,200 tons was dried fruit and 2,800 tons nuts, 16/ See foreign Agriculture, August 1942, p. 311.
61
Table 26.
Foodstuff
Protein grams
Fat
grains
Calories
\J
81 94
8 10
728 688
Potatoes
Other Fruits Fish Butter
2/ vegetables
165
13 15
7
187 100 6 2 4 200 200 107 32 32 32
'
2200
1000 7640 8850 8510
9050 9200
2800 2500 1470 670 630 360
30 30 6 48 48 50
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, as per European sources. Factors for food groups (meats, fish, vegetables, fruit) estimated by Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations* Protein, fat, and carbohydrate given /bn a digestible, not total, basis* December 1943
1/
4.
for such wastage
wastage of 11.4 percent deducted. If no allowance the values would run: 15, 1, 198, and 880,
62
of war-time development
of overseas
necessarily
- with a feed
But
grain production
- and a great
surplus
of animal foodstuffs
Domestic grains have been substituted for imports in the pro duction of flour and groats, potato production has been stepped
up, and an increased
human consumption.
after the outbreak of war and consumption reduced to something like three- fourths of normal, in order to assure
an export
wood and wood products, could be obtained from- the other Scan dinavian countries.
Vegetable and fruit supplies,
with the
63
appear
to have
been satisfactory.
Significant
Milk yields
per cow hare also fallen, and there was a reduction in total
amounts,
reduced.
There
appears
of
agricultural -products
respect
The fish catch has been greater in 1941 and 1942 than in pre
war years, but a large part of the increase is supposed to have
into exports.
Only comparatively
ject to rationing
- primarily breadstuff s,
are sub
64
Meat sales
rationed)
appears
, and
While the overall war-time picture in regard to Banish food supplies thus appears
Considerable differences
satisfactory,
best, and
the population in small towns, often with a vegetable garden and a few chickens, may also have had an above-average diet*
hardships.
In
As to the allocation of Danish agricultural production between domestic uses and exports, notably to Germany, the fol
lowing procedure
The
markets
65
There has "been practically no imports of food or feedstuff s into Denmark since the
occupation.
After the occupation in April 1940 the question of a re orientation of agriculture in accordance
was immediately with war-time conditions
the Agricultural
foodstuffs; secondly,
to secure adequate
seed supplies;
The difficulties to be surmounted were first and foremost those of substituting home-grown cereals for
imports
and cur
of man-power,
The shortage
*\u25a0\u25a0
\u25a0n
66
With other
work horse*
a larger than normal scale (15,000 to 16,000 annually compared to half that number before the war). Horses employed outside of agri
of phosphates
pre-war years,
rationed.
Table 27 reveals the fact that commercial phosphate tilizer has practically disappeared
pre-war being 97 percent.
- the
fer
reduction compared to
Thit
Superphosphate
is used on practically
67
Table 27.
DENMAEK: War-time reduction in plant food content of available fertiliser and manure supplies
*&S
Metric tons
KgO
Artificial fertilizer
Pre-war application 1942-43 application Reduction (-) or increase
Percentage
38,595 37,665
68,940
(\u2666)
- 930
reduction
- 67,140 - 97#
1,800
* 44^
Farmyard
manure
reduction
- 32,600 - 194
170,000 137,400
103,028
- 18,087 - 18
84,941
- 10,239
-5*
199,964 189,725
otal fertilizer and manure Total pre-war application Total 1942-43 application
(+)
reduction
- 33,530 - 16#
208,595 175,065
- 85,227 - 50#
171,968 86,741
2f>
68
The ef
While
- is fully 16
percent. Damage
from
-plant diseases
siderably increased,
appeared
to turnips and sugar beet fields and aphlds injured the Beet fields and pastures in Jutland were seriously
fruit trees.
attacked by noctuids. Denmark normally has an annual consumption of 25 tons of 80 percent nocotine solution for spraying, but only a small
part of this amount has been available since the
war. Danish
caused considerable
by Germany, Experiments paper twine.
difficulties.
69
Adverse weather conditions were an additional soutce of difficulties encountered by Danish agriculture from the of the war until the summer of 1942,
winters
outbreak
for seed
season.
yields,
and
-production
17/
Acreages.-
The total acreage in grain has not undergone The acreage in wheat, however, has fluc
significant
changes.
tuated greatly under influence of adverse weather conditions. While it was 134,000 ha. in 1939, it fell to 82,000 in 1940 and
following the severe
in
in
The acreage
view of the upward trend in hog figures since the summer of 1942
70
and the fact that potatoes have 'become an important hog feed, the increase in potato acreage
sugar beet
is not improbable.
The
as in the preceding war years although a decline was anticipated due to an expected labor shortage
satisfactory
un
The small
decrease
in the
feed
beet area is probably due to the fact that so that only a smaller root crop
increase
Yields and
exceedingly low in 1941, and the total grain crop in that year
But in 1942 excellent yields brought tons or more than 12 percent above this
yield of 39.1 metric quintals of wheat per ha. may be due to the
fact that with a smaller than normal area in wheat only the soils most explicitly suited for wheat growing are used for this crop.
71
to 1,700,000 tone.
tons.
fb*
tons and is
crop underwent a slow decline as the acreage was diminished. While the hay crop has declined in keeping with the de cline in acreage, there has not been any increase
grass
in the amount
and
green
feed.
This may be
on pastures and perhaps in part to the method "by which the feed
from pasture is evaluated since it is estimated on the basis of the number of livestock which has been grazing* With a con
till ion of cro sat The utilisation of the Danish grain crop during the years of occupation has roughly been as follows. Practically all of the net wheat and rye crop has beta used for domestic consumption
72
1939) except In
have been used by the breweries, 12,000 tons for coffee sub
stitutes, and 7,500 tons have gone into distilleries*
The rest
flour and alcohol) has claimed from 120,000 tons to 150,000 tons,
and from 450,000 tons to 600,000 tons hare been available for feed.
This is the planned disposition as determined by the The provisions of the law do not
years*
that all rye and wheat and certain quantities of barley and oats
must be delivered by the farmers and mills. to authorized grain merchants
delivery amounted
of freely.
to 563,000 tons.
73
Table 28.. BKHMABK: Disposition of the 1942 grain crop as determined in the
grain Law
Planned disposition for toman consumption: For bread (chiefly rye and barley) For groat 8 ("barley and oats) For breweries ("barley) For distilleries (barley) For coffee substitutes (barley) Balance For seed
Balance available
Available
quantity
410 100 35
8
12
65
2,810 255
for feed
2,555
100
23 4
40
167
2,388
74
The disposition of the 1942 potato crop is given in table 29.. The very large crop of 1942 allowed the potato flour factories to operate at full capacity while at the same time
domestic
stock feed, this figure in 1941-42, the year of the poorest crops had fallen to 7,848 million feed units or roughly 70 percent of pre-war. The good crop of 1942 raised this figure to 8,567 mil
In
It has been
calculated that during 1934-1938 the average domestic production of feed protein was 734 million kgs. (excluding milk) to which
75
Table 29.
DKNMABK; Disposition
900 622
1/
Source:
1/ Exports
amounted to only
, n^^t'|Mrtl,J, f dt to
Q Idt o1
76
1940-41,
1941-42, and 1943-43
Feed
1940-41
1941-42
1942-43
Million feed unite Grain and similar products Oil cake and meal, other meals
Feed roots Beet top s, sugar "beet waste Hay Straw Grass and green, feed Total
1,502.5
12.6
2.575.4 167,. 0 320.8
2,921.6
2,700.0
569.8
9,036.5.
7,848.1
Protein content Grain and similar products Oil cake and meal, other meals
Feed roots Beet tops, sugar "beet waste Hay Straw Grass and green feed Total Source:
Millionkilograms
175.0
4.0 95.7
15.7
16.3
35.3
30.3
28.0 316.8 665.5
22.4
350.6
708.3'
77
In the amount
"beet tops and hay) declined. To make the best possible use of available supplies,
ensilaging of feed (root tops, grass,
In 1942 15,000 farms had silos while 21,000 farms used earthen
pits.
production
1939 were 3,326,000, had fallen to 3,004,000 in 1941 and de clined further to 2,865,000 in 1942. It willbe noted (table
17) that the number of dairy cows declined somewhat more sharply
known.
78
3,218,000,
reached
The better
increased breeding of hogs, and by the summer of 1943 the figure had again passed
2,000,000.
2,396,000.
war figures.
Numbers of chickens declined from a total of slightly over 32 million in 1939 to 11,500,000 to 14,000,000 in 1943. Farmer
8
in 1942.
They increased
sheep breeding,
-production
of animal foodstuffs
15 percent,
79
milk production per cow of not quite 2,400 kgs* that the pre-war yield came to 3,174 kg8,
tons of milk
or
about 72 percent of
This is
which prevailed
somewhat.
in milk production.
tion for 1943 has been roughly estimated at 3,600,000 tons. Butter production also increased during the summer months while the first three months of the year showed lower production than
in 1942. For the whole year it has been estimated at 115,000 tons
Utilization of total milk production in 1943 has been estimated as follows: for for for for butter cheese
2,565,000 135,000 700,000 200,000
tons tons tons tons negligible
80
The lowest hog number was registered in the early summer of 1942.
When the turning point came and Increased
breeding began,
hog slaughterings
to
the low total production of 115,000 tons for the year 1942. Beef and veal production is expected
to be considerably
lower in 1943 than in 1942, due to the better feed situation and
the farmers
1
cattle numbers.
Daring
the first six months of the year it was only 46,700 tons, and
total production in.1943 may not be much above 100,000 tons. It should finally be noted that the fish catch in 1940,
1941, and 1942 was reported much higher than in pre-war
years*
It is reported to have been 115,000 tons in 1940, 140,000 tons in 1941, and 160,000 tons in 1942 compared to an average
of 88,600
in 1933-1937.
trade in foodstuffs
war hare
vegetal origin,
81
countries.
1942 sugar-beet
sugar ration from 500 grams to 375 grams went into effect in
order to safeguard
a result of the abundant apple crop in 1941 exports of apples this indicated that amount might be doubled.
to
Germany
The remainder went to the other neighboring At the beginning of the crop
Germany
butter exports to
the same magnitude as in the preceding year, that is, over 30,000
This Is
war years.
civilians into Denmark very considerable amounts or butter ap pear to be consumed by Germans in Denmark or brought out of the
82
Table 31.
Foodstuffs
Production
Exports
Consumption
1000 e trie tons Breadstuff s and cereals, including rice in terns of flour Potatoes for food
Sugar LegUes Fruit 8 and nuts
1/ 2/
434
Cocoa
Vegetables Vegetable oils
. 143
156
550
300
115 6
121
~"
4/54
60
3/140
118
434 550
25
156
6 67 150
61
54 100
250
160
82
Cheese
December 1943
5/
38
700 33
78
34
700 28
1/
Based on grain allocation of 410 tons of grain for flour at 90 percent extraction and 100 tons of grain for groats at 65 percent extraction. The result corresponds well with a calculation based on bread and groats rations* 2/ 500,000 tons for direct human consumption, plus an estimated 50,000 tons for potato flour production* 3/ Includes industrial uses, since practically all of it goes into domestic consumption* Arriyed at by deducting domestic consumption from production. Includes consumption by Germans in Denmark. 5/ That part of the milk production which has been estimated used for direct human consumption*
4/
83
cotxntry by them.
annually.
For 1942-43 a total of 100,000 tons was still appears to govern trans
Food
consumption
in 1942-43
table 32
of
foodstuffs of which only a part is used for direct consumption, such as grain and potatoes,
only that part of the production
18/
84
Table 32.
UEIIMAHK:
Per capita
consumption,
of food, 1942-43.
KiloFoodstuffs Breadstuff s and cereals, includ ing rice in terms of flour Potatoes for food
Sugar
(Trams
per
day
Consumption "by food constituents and calories -per day calories da: Carbohy- Calories Protein Fat drat c Grams Grams Grains
305 386
98 83
29 5
110
2
37
3 3 35. 5
210-
1006
68. 96 13 6 393
301 392 58 33
1790 328 51
(379)
Subtotals: Foodstuffs of vegetable origin Butter Slaughter fats (lard) Marine oils All fats and oils Meats (wholesale weight) (retail weight) Fish
Eggs
~
15.6 2.0
(17.6)
45
6
(49)
107
24 1 25
(40)
14 4
95
55
18
209 55 35 310
50
6
3
24 492
20
Foodstuffs
of animal origin
16 4 -47 84
3 16
3
8083
1038 2828
418
Tentative estimates,
85
It has been assumed that per capita fruit and vegetable con
sumption is the same as in pre-war years.
Sugar consumption
of April 1943.
daily
caloric
intake of 11 percent, namely from 3,181 (excl. alcohol) before the war to 2,828 in 1942-43.
It willbe noted that the re
duction is entirely due to a decline in fat consumption which has been our tailed from 130 grams to 83 crams dally. appearance The dis
calories per person per day, but was almost offset by reduced
consumption
of sugar.
in
the intake of animal proteins, but a corresponding the consumption of vegetable proteins.
Increase in
to
It is interesting
note that the number of calories obtained from animal foodstuffs in 1942-43 actually constituted a slightly larger share of total consumption
than in pre-war years, contrary to common The substitution of butter for margarine
war-time experience.
86
rationed
normal consumers
for very heavy workers 3,720 grams, and for children under 6
1,230 grams, while groats rations were 310 grams for normal
consumers,
, and
It now stands
at 350
grams*
fishermen 450.
been any complaints of rations being unobtainable. Meat is not actually rationed, but a system of regulat
ing sales was instituted in the spring of 1943, by which a more
Hor has
of communication between the various parts of the country and because of the essentially homogeneous and its people*
Existing inequalities
at
character
in consumption
war-time conditions.
available for
consumption in 1943-44
1.
Domestic food
supplies
seems to be no
%: '%mm
87
of any imports of
food or feedstuffs
in cattle numbers may not continue, but there does nat appear to be reason
government
to expect a reversion of the trend if the Danish will remain comparatively free to
of agricultural production.
It is, how-
of consequences
as to future
production.
domestic consumption and export in 1942-43 (table 31) should be a good indication of what may be available in 1943-44.
in 1943-43.
Greater
concentration
Possible
surpluses
at time of reoccupation
disruption
of transportation,
88
last phases
of foreign food and feed supplies daring the occupation, could remain so during a period of reoccupation
following emergency period.
Far
Destruc
tion due to war, less favorable crops irt 1944, and a possible* desire to increase,
as fertilizers, machinery,
insecticides,
areas.
89
the agricultural
have constituted
omic organization of modern Danish agriculture tion of their role may "be in order.
Danish farmers in the years "before the present war placed on the
market was cooperatively
processed
and marketed.
Cooperative
creameries
accounted
export, cooperative
tions.
While processing
was the primary concern of the cream the export trade in their products
export associations
constituted
creameries
90
slaughterhouses
cooperative
slaughterhouses*
enterprises
their products.
Farmers,
consumers
cooperative
cooperatives
financed through
credit institutions. Both small and large farms have participated extensively
in the farmers cooperative
enterprises,
91
of dairy cows.
1923 revealed that 70 percent of all hog owners with 75 percent of all hogs were members of cooperative slaughterhouses*
The cooperative feed purchasing associations and the
cooperative
membership
in 1939 had a
cooperative movement
in Denmark are many and varied ,- social and political,, as well as economic, in character. mention here. the processing
Only a few may be singled out for
de Butter
veloped together
When, therefore,
92
Furthermore,
the cooperatives
ful because
well-defined purpose.
combine business
effects they may have had in such directions have been entirely incidental.
It may finally be stressed that the cooperatives
were
not imposed or even urged upon the farming community from above but they developed voluntarily and spontaneously
ing realization
out of a grow
on the part of the farmers that the cooperative was in the long run to the
play an import
policy.
ft
5
I