Hydro Graphs User Guide

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009
Users Guide
January 2008
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Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................... 1
Help and Documentation ..................................................................................... 1 System Requirements ......................................................................................... 1 Starting Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension ..................................................... 1
2 OVERVIEW............................................... 2
Upgrading From the Previous Version .............................................................. 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 4 The Basics ............................................................................................................ 4 Watershed Modeling ............................................................................................ 6 Pre- and Post-Development Model................................................................... 11 Getting Printed Output ...................................................................................... 20 What to Do First ................................................................................................. 20
3 RUNNING HYDRAFLOW HYDROGRAPHS EXTENSION ................. 21

Entering Data ...................................................................................................... 21 Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Main Menu .............................................. 21 Setting up IDF Curves........................................................................................ 23 Setting Up Your Event Manager ....................................................................... 29 Runoff Hydrographs .......................................................................................... 31 SCS Hydrographs .............................................................................................. 32
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Computing Tc by TR-55 ..................................................................................... 37 Rational Method Hydrographs .......................................................................... 39 SBUH Hydrographs............................................................................................ 44 Manual Entry/Importing Hyds. .......................................................................... 46 Combining Hydrographs ................................................................................... 49 Channel Routing ................................................................................................ 51 Detention Ponds ................................................................................................. 54 Creating a New Pond ......................................................................................... 56 Culvert / Orifice Structures ............................................................................... 70 Weir Structures .................................................................................................. 73 Tailwater Elevation............................................................................................. 75 Exfiltration........................................................................................................... 75 User-Defined Outflows ...................................................................................... 76 Viewing the Stage Storage Discharge Curves ................................................ 77 Using the Interactive Pond Tools ..................................................................... 80 Pre- and Post Development Model, Continued ............................................... 82 Pond Routing ...................................................................................................... 90 Routing Through Wet Ponds ............................................................................ 93 Interconnected Ponds ....................................................................................... 93 Diverting Hydrographs ...................................................................................... 97 Automatic Run .................................................................................................. 100 Editing Hydrographs........................................................................................ 100 Deleting Hydrographs...................................................................................... 101 Inserting Hydrographs..................................................................................... 102
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Cut / Copy / Paste Hydrographs ..................................................................... 103 Editing Detention Ponds ................................................................................. 104 Printing Reports ............................................................................................... 104 Print Preview .................................................................................................... 107 Design Storms .................................................................................................. 108 Plotting Hydrographs ...................................................................................... 113 Exporting Hydrographs ................................................................................... 118 Changing Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Appearance......................... 119 Saving and Retrieving Files ............................................................................ 120
4 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS ........... 123

Hydrologic Methods......................................................................................... 123 SCS Unit Hydrograph ...................................................................................... 123 Design Storms .................................................................................................. 127 Rainfall IDF Curves .......................................................................................... 128 S.C.S. Runoff Hydrographs ............................................................................. 131 SBUH Runoff Hydrographs ............................................................................. 131 Rational Method Hydrographs ........................................................................ 132 Combining Hydrographs ................................................................................. 134 Channel Routing .............................................................................................. 134 Detention Ponds ............................................................................................... 136 Reservoir Routing ............................................................................................ 141
APPENDIX A ........................................... 144

SCS Curve Numbers (CN) ............................................................................... 144
Runoff Coefficients (C) .................................................................................... 145 Mannings n-Values ......................................................................................... 146 Weir Coefficients (Cw) ..................................................................................... 147 Orifice Coefficients (Co) .................................................................................. 148
INDEX ...................................................... 149
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1 Introduction
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D is an easy-to-use application for urban hydrosystems engineering. It was designed primarily for hydrologic analysis of both simple and complex drainage basins. It can be used as a basic tool for determining runoff from various historical and synthetic storms and in planning or modeling flood control measures such as detention ponds. Speed, organization and ease of use are the trademarks of Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. All combined into a highly professional application, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will increase the productivity of the engineering professional involved in most problems involving hydrologic analysis.
Help and Documentation

Rely on the Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D Users Guide and the online help to answer questions about using Hydraflow Storm Sewers Extension. Both resources are accessible from the Help menu. Click Help menu > Contents to open the online help or click Help menu > Users Guide (PDF) to open the Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D Users Guide. You can also open the online help from the application. Press the [F1] key or click the Help button in any dialog box.
System Requirements
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is a 32-bit program and will run on most off-the-shelf PCs running Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, or Vista operating systems. It requires about 20 MB of hard drive space.
Starting Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

To start Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension: 1. Click [Start] on the Task bar. 2. Select Programs > Autodesk > Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. or Click the Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D icon on your desktop.
2 Overview
Upgrading From the Previous Version
Migrating from version 2004 is easy. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 will read your old project files with a .gpw extension as far back as version 6.x. However, once saved in the Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension format, they cannot be reloaded in earlier versions. Your existing files are not backward compatible. To open your previous IDF curves, simply open an older version *.IDF file. To do this, click the [IDF] button from the upper toolbar. Then [Open ] the IDF file. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension cannot open version 6.x IDF files, however they are attached to their corresponding project .gpw files. Many new features have been added to Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. Below are the highlights and differences from the previous version. General The overall user interface is quite similar to its predecessor. Many processes have been streamlined. Over 20 new features have been added as well as a host of minor improvements and fixes. Hydrographs Hydrograph icons have more labeling options in the Model view. Multiple hydrographs can be deleted at once. Model can handle up to 99 hydrographs at once. Up from 50. Modified Rational method now computes optimum Storm Duration Factor for maximum storage given user-defined Q targets. Divert function now includes Divert by First-flush Volume. All Huff Storm Distributions are included in Event Manager. Reservoir Routing now employs Interconnected Ponds function. Computes Center-of-mass detention times. Ponds Pond setup screens have been consolidated to improve efficiency. Four unique storage types (Contours, Trapezoid, Underground Chambers and Manual) now allow individual void ratios. Storage types can be combined. For example, Trapezoidal storage can be added on top of an Underground Chamber system. Underground Chamber storage can contain multi-barrel circular, arch or box sections. Underground Chamber storage can optionally contain an encasement with void ratio. Outlet structures now include a Perforated Riser.
Known Qs can be added to outlet structure discharges. Exfiltration flows can be automatically extracted from outflow hydrographs. Individual outlet structures can be toggled on or off during the design process for fast what-if scenarios. PondWizard has been replaced with Interactive Pond Tools. This new feature provides real time user interaction during the design process with extreme flexibility in pond configurations. Printing Print Preview has been added. View on-screen your entire report before sending it to the printer! Print files have been consolidated into one file for easier .pdf creation. Line widths for hydrograph plots automatically adjust to your printers resolution. Composite curve numbers (CN), runoff coefficients (C), Time-to-peak, Shape Factor are included in reports. Improved reports management prevents multiple printed copies of worksheets and design storm reports.

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension now supports Pond Tools. Estimate storage requirements. Then interactively match your actual Stage-Discharge with proposed target curve. Modify your ponds design in real time!
Introduction
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is a very easy to use and flexible program. It allows you to perform simple tasks such as developing a single runoff hydrograph as well as combining hydrographs, routing them through channels and designing detention ponds and diverting single hydrographs into two. Because Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is completely event driven, you can perform the task you want, when you want. There is never a rigid course of procedures to follow regardless of the complexity of the problem. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to model entire drainage basins and detention ponds with incredible speed. When you want to build or route a hydrograph, simply select the corresponding function from the opening screen, Main Menu. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension instantly creates the hydrograph and places it on the on-screen routing diagram giving you access to it at all times. For example, you may wish to edit or modify the hydrograph data to reflect a different curve number, drainage area, etc. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has menu options that let you edit, delete, insert, cut, copy, paste, plot, print and import/export any hydrograph that you generate. Once a runoff hydrograph has been generated you can add it to any other previously generated hydrograph or route it through a channel or detention pond. Again, these processes are accomplished by selecting the appropriate function(s) from the Main Menu. As you work your way downstream, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically displays your model on the routing "Model" or at the "Hydrographs" display tab at the Main Menu. At any time during your session, you can print reports on any or all of your hydrographs. Project files are opened and saved just like a typical word processor.
The Basics
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can generate a maximum of 99 hydrographs at once. Whats more, each hydrograph contains up to 8 userdefined return periods for a grand total of 792! Each hydrograph is identified by a number between 1 and 99. Hydrograph numbers need to increase as you work downstream. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension maintains this numbering system for you and does so in order to properly construct the routing diagram.
Chapter 2: Overview Most watershed modeling functions are selected from the side toolbar while file, printing and formatting functions are located on the top toolbar. In addition, there are three unique tabs for which you can display your work. Model: This shows you the routing diagram and connectivity of the individual hydrographs. Hydrographs: Same as the Model tab except is in a numeric or spreadsheet format. This is the most widely used. Ponds: This tab displays a listing of your ponds and gives you quick access for setting up or editing.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extensions Main Menu on the Model tab. Most watershed modeling functions are located on the side toolbar as shown here on the right.
Basically, you add or create hydrographs, one at a time, starting from the most upstream basin and work down. For example, while working from the hydrograph display, you first select one of the empty grid rows and then create the hydrograph using that row number. The Hydrograph display has 50 rows, each corresponding to an available hydrograph. To create a hydrograph with the number 10, you first click the grid row "10" and then select the appropriate hydrograph function. For example [SCS]. While in the "Model" display as shown above, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically uses the next higher number for each hydrograph you create.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Automatic Batch Processing As mentioned above, each hydrograph that you create can hold up to eight return periods. In other words, you dont have to create additional hydrographs to account for the 2, 10 and 100-year frequencies. Its done automatically each time you create a new hydrograph. You can activate or deactivate desired frequencies from Hydraflow Hydrographs Extensions Event Manager. See, Chapter 3, Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for more on this feature.
Watershed Modeling
Watershed simulation is accomplished by selecting the appropriate function(s) from the Main Menu in the order of the subbasin connectivity. Simply begin at the uppermost basin and work downstream. It will be assumed that you have a basic understanding of hydrology and how to delineate the various subbasins. A simple watershed has been constructed and shown below to demonstrate. It consists of four drainage areas and an intermediate channel. The objective here is to develop the downstream hydrograph which outfalls into the lower horizontal channel. In short, to model the watershed shown below you would develop runoff hydrographs for sub-areas A and B -- Hydrographs 1 and 2. Next you would combine Hydrographs 1 and 2 to form Hydrograph 3 since they converge at the same point. Next you would route Hydrograph 3 through the intermediate channel to create hydrograph 4. Then you would create runoff hydrographs for sub-areas C and D -- Hydrographs 5 and 6. Finally, add Hydrographs 4, 5 and 6 to create Hydrograph 7.
Chapter 2: Overview
Following is a step-by-step procedure from the Model display. Well disregard the input particulars such as drainage areas, CNs and such. This will be covered in more detail in the chapter, Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. This example is simply to illustrate the steps involved in developing a watershed model. The following example is contained in the project file, WatershedBasics2007.gpw which came with your software. Step 1 Click the [SCS] button on the side toolbar. (You could also click the [Rat] button when using the Rational method). Then complete the data screen for Hydrograph 1. (More about this later) After returning to the Main Menu your screen will appear as follows:
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically updates your model as you add new hydrographs.
Step 2 Click anywhere on the white space to increment the hydrograph number to the next available. Repeat Step 1 for Hydrograph 2.
Step 3 Click the [Add] button on the side toolbar. Choose Hydrographs 1 and 2 to be combined. Your model will now look as follows:
Chapter 2: Overview
After combining Hydrographs 1 and 2.
Step 4 Next, click the white space to increment to the next hydrograph number and then click the [Reach] button. Fill in the channel reach data screen, specify Hydrograph 3 as the inflow. Then return to the Main Menu. Your model will now look as follows:
Model after channel reach has been performed.
Step 5 5. The next step is to create Hydrographs 5 and 6 for Basins C and D. Simply follow the procedure shown in Steps 1 and 2 for the following updated model:
Note that you can rearrange the icon placement by dragging them with your right mouse button.
Step 6 Finally, combine Hydrographs 4, 5 and 6 by clicking the [Add] button. The final model is as shown below:
Model display showing final watershed model
From the "Hydrographs" display: Perform the same steps as for the Model display. Before each step, however, you must first click a grid row to assign a number to each hydrograph. You are free to select any hydrograph number(s) you please while in the Hydrographs view, however, hydrograph numbers must increase as you work downstream.
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Chapter 2: Overview
Completed model as shown in the Hydrographs tab.
Pre- and Post-Development Model

Most often, youll find yourself using Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension to create and model watersheds in connection with urban land development. Generally you will have the task of designing a detention pond in order to attenuate the flows from the post-developed state to that of the predeveloped. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has many options at your fingertips for accomplishing such tasks including the all-new Interactive Pond Tools. These features will be discussed in more detail throughout this manual however a brief discussion on the basic steps will be given here. There are just four basic steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. Create the pre-developed hydrograph Create the post-developed hydrograph Set-up the detention pond Route the post-developed hydrograph through the pond to create the outflow hydrograph
Of course your objective is to limit the peak outflow, Qp to that of the hydrograph developed in Step 1. Heres a step-by-step example. Again, more detail is given in Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for the particular inputs. The following example is contained in the project file, PreandPostDevelopment2007.gpw which came with your software.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Given: Drainage area = 4.5 acres Pre-developed C = .55 (Well use the Rational method.) Tc = 35 minutes Post-developed C = .85 Tc = 20 minutes Step 1. Create the pre-developed hydrograph From the Main Menu click the [Rat] button on the side toolbar.
Just fill-in the blanks, click [Ok] and then [Exit]. As an intermediate step you can click the [Results] button to view the plotted hydrograph as shown below.
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Chapter 2: Overview Notice the return period option buttons just above the graph. In this case the 2-year Qp is 6.05 cfs. Step 2. Create the Post-developed hydrograph Similar to Step 1, click the [Rat] button from the Main Menu side toolbar. Note: If the side toolbar buttons are grayed-out, simply click anywhere on the white space to increment to the next hydrograph number.
Again, fill-in the blanks and click [Results] to view and/or click [Exit] to return to the Main Menu.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Step 3. Set-up the detention pond Now that we have the pre- and post-developed hydrographs created the next step is to create our detention pond. The pre- and post-developed Qps are as follows: Return Period Pre Qp Post Qp 2 6.05 12.91 10 8.49 17.57 100 12.24 24.86
Our objective is to build a detention pond that will reduce the post-developed flows to that of the pre-developed condition The following data is given based on the physical site conditions: Outflow culvert length = 25 ft @ 0.50% slope. Pond side slopes = 2:1. Allowable pond depth = 5 feet with 2-ft freeboard. To start, click the [Pond] button on the side toolbar. This opens the following screen:
We first develop the Stage-Storage relationship. Then we setup the pond outlet structures for the Stage-Discharge curve.
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Chapter 2: Overview Since we are using a uniform shaped pond, start by selecting Trapezoid as our storage type. The screen changes to:
Next, using your Tab key, fill-in the blanks as shown here and click [Apply].
You can optionally add a name to your pond. In this example, well use My Pond. Be sure to add your pond name before clicking [Apply]
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes the stage storage table and is shown below.
Next, click on the Outlets tab.
Now enter the data for the outlet structures as shown below.
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Chapter 2: Overview
______________________________________________________________ Note
The size and placement of these outlet structures have been previously designed to meet the target Qs established above using the Interactive Pond Tools. That process will be explained in detail in the next chapter, Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension - Using the Interactive Pond Tools.
______________________________________________________________
This device contains a 15-in culvert, 15-in orifice, an 8-ft riser weir and a 1.3-ft rectangular secondary weir. These are entered as follows.
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Note
Be sure to choose Yes for the Multi-Stage option. By definition, Multi-Stage implies that the flow from that device will be directed through Culvert A.
______________________________________________________________ Next, click [Compute]. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will calculate the Stage-Discharge curve using the structure data provided. It will use the Stage-Storage data as a basis for the calculation increments. After that, click [Exit] to return to the Main Menu. Step 4. Route the post-developed hydrograph through the pond. Click anywhere on the white workspace to de-select any hydrographs. Then click [Route] on the side toolbar. The Route screen appears.
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Chapter 2: Overview Fill in the blanks as shown above and click [Ok]. Then click [Results] to view the routed hydrographs.
Click on the Return Period option buttons along the top of the graph to view their respective graphs. Return to the Main Menu by clicking [Exit] and [Exit].
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Your model should appear as shown above. Note that detention ponds are not a part of the watershed schematic.
Getting Printed Output

Ultimately you will need to print hard copy reports of your work. The most detailed reports are printed from the Main Menu by clicking the [Reports] command button. From there, you will have a print menu to customize your reports. Anything from a summary report to a point-by-point numerical hydrograph report including the associated graphical plots can be printed. Hard copies of the plots can also be printed from the screen plots themselves and can include summary input data. And remember, you can print reports at any time for any or all return periods. Units Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension primarily works in English units. However, you can output your reports in English or SI units. In addition, the on-screen graphs can be viewed and printed in either units.
What to Do First
Before diving in to your first project you should first familiarize yourself with the workings of the software. A good way to start is to open any of the samples that came with your software. Sample2007.gpw has a sample watershed that includes each of the different tasks available, i.e., runoff hydrographs, combining, channel reach, detention pond and hydrograph diversions. Try editing each of the hydrographs (by double-clicking their icon or row) to get a feel for the type of input data needed. Next, you should open the Event Manager by clicking on the [Precip] button at the Main Menu top toolbar. This is where you activate the return periods you typically work with along with their respective precipitation values. You'll only need to do this once. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will save this data and use it each time you create a hydrograph. This is described in more detail in the next section. Also, if you plan to use the Rational method or synthetic storm option (recommended), you should set up your IDF curves. This is also described in the next section, "Setting Up IDF Curves".
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension
3 Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Entering Data
Entering data in Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 is easy. For the most part, you will be asked to fill in data screens. To fill in a data item, you need to type in the text or number and then press the [Tab] key, not [Enter]. Typically, pressing [Enter] is the same as clicking an [Ok] button while pressing [Esc] is the same as clicking [Cancel]. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then move the focus to the next item. To go back to a previous item, press [Shift-Tab].
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Main Menu

The Main Menu is the central working point of Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. It is from this screen that you perform most all of your tasks. These tasks, such as creating an SCS runoff hydrograph, or pond routing are explained in more detail at their individual topics. The Main Menu is typical of other Windows-based programs. It features a pull-down menu system along with a toolbar just below the pull-down menu. A side toolbar is also included and contains those functions related to hydrograph functions. Toolbar command buttons are activated with a mouse click.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 The bottom panel of the Main Menu is a status bar that displays the progress bar, the rainfall IDF file name and the Event Manager file name.
Display Style
The Main Menu offers three styles of display; "Hydrographs", Model and "Ponds". The Hydrographs style displays your hydrographs in a tabular format and shows numerical data associated with each one. The Model style shows a graphical view of the routing sequence. The Pond style displays a listing of each detention pond. See, "Changing Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension's Appearance", this chapter for more details.
Main Menu Hydrographs tab allows you to customize the grid and print a hard copy of it.
To view the Hydrographs display, simply click the index tab labeled "Hydrographs". Likewise, clicking the "Model" tab changes the display to the routing diagram. To edit any hydrograph, simply double-click the hydrograph symbol or row, or click the symbol or row and then click the [Edit] button. While in the Hydrographs view, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension displays option buttons along the top of the table, each corresponding to the active return periods set in the Event Manager. See "Setting Up Your Event Manager" later in this chapter. The values shown in the table will correspond to the currently selected return period option button. Click the [Printer] icon to the right of the option buttons to get a hard copy of the table as shown.
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Setting up IDF Curves

During calculations, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes the rainfall intensity from its own IDF curves for use in the Rational Method and when using Synthetic Storm distributions in the SCS method. But first, you must provide data so that these curves match those that you are presently using. This program ships with sample IDF curve files called SampleFHA.IDF and FLZone1.IDF. Feel free to use these while getting to know the program. The rainfall data file, regardless of the type of data used initially, is set up from the Main Menu. Once the data has been entered, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension stores the IDF curves under a user-definable file name. This file is loaded each time Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is started. During calculations Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses it along with the computed Tc to compute the intensity.
IDF curves are automatically loaded at startup and can be viewed by clicking the [IDF] button on the top toolbar.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can store an unlimited number of different rainfall files for different jobs or locations. These IDF curves can be loaded for use at any time. To create your own IDF curves, select "IDF Curves" from the "Design Storm" pull-down menu. You now have a choice of entering points from your existing IDF curves or creating them from map data.
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Using Existing Data

This is the method of choice if you are getting your data from the new NOAA Atlas 14. Follow the Atlas updates for the most up-to-date information. To setup your curves to match existing idf data, select "View Current File" or click the [IDF] button. The IDF graph will appear showing the current IDF curve. Next click the index tab "IDF Table". The following screen should appear:
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to set up curves that match your existing IDF data.
The required data, consists of the intensity values, in in/hr, for the 5, 15, 30 and 60 minute durations corresponding to the 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100year storms. Any return period data can be left blank. For example, if you do not use or have 1-year data, leave the values blank. To enter your own data, click the [Clear] button or just edit the table with new data. 2-Yr / 5 MIN ... 100-Yr / 60 MIN Enter the corresponding intensity amounts in inches / hour or centimeters / hour from your Intensity - Duration - Frequency curves. You must enter all of the data for each return period used. When finished, click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then calculate the corresponding rainfall intensity equation coefficients. See "Viewing IDF Curves".
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Creating From Map Data

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has the ability to generate its own IDF curves from NWS precipitation data. The computational procedure is that as described in FHA Circular No. 12, "Drainage of Highway Pavements." Technically, when using Hydro-35 data or existing curves, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension manipulates your input data to generate coefficients B, D & E, for use in an intensity vs. Tc equation.
I=
(Tc + D )
Where:
I = rainfall intensity (in/hr) Tc = time duration B = coefficient D = coefficient E = coefficient
The required data can be precipitation values from NWS Hydro-35 (Eastern United States) or NOAA Atlas (Western United States) or the newest NOAA Atlas 14. Hydro-35 and the NOAA Atlases may be available at National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 1-800-553-6847. Ask for publication number PB272112. (Hydro-35) . To generate IDF curves from map data, click "I-D-F Curves" from the Design Storm (Pull-down) and select "Create New from Map Data". Then select "Eastern States" or "Western States".
If you are in the Eastern States

If located in the Eastern and Central United States, the precipitation data from NWS Hydro-35 or NOAA Atlas 14 will be needed. The values are in total inches, not inches per hour (in/hr) and consist of the 5, 15 and 60 minute durations corresponding to the 2 and 100-year frequencies. 2-Yr / 5 MIN ... 100-Yr / 60 MIN Enter the corresponding precipitation amounts in total inches. When finished, click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then calculate the corresponding rainfall intensity equation coefficients.
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Consult the Precipitation Frequency Data Server (PFDS) website to get your local rainfall data.
If you are in the Western States

If located in the Western United States, the precipitation data from your state's NOAA Atlas will be needed. The values are in total inches, not inches per hour (in/hr) and consist of the 6 and 24 hour durations corresponding to the 2 and 100-year frequencies. The average elevation in feet will also be needed.
If located in the Western United States, the precipitation data from your state's NOAA Atlas will be needed.
2-Yr / 6 Hr ... 100-Yr / 24 Hr Enter the corresponding precipitation amounts in total inches. AVERAGE ELEVATION Enter the average ground elevation for this area. For example, the average ground elevation for Colorado Springs, Colo. could be 6000. When finished, click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then calculate the corresponding rainfall intensity equation coefficients.
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Third Degree Polynomial

Some regions have IDF curves which are based on a third-degree polynomial equation. These curves typically do not plot as a straight line on log-log scales. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has the option of creating IDF curves using a third degree polynomial equation as follows:
I = A + BX + CX 2 + DX 3
Where: I = rainfall intensity (in/hr) X = Ln(time duration) A = coefficient B = coefficient C = coefficient D = coefficient
Appropriate values for X are 8 to 180 minutes. To create polynomial-based curves, select "View/Load Curves" from the IDF curves pull-down menu or click the [IDF] button on the upper toolbar. A graph will appear showing the current IDF curve. Next click the index tab Coefficients". Then click the [Poly] button to make sure the table is in the Polynomial mode. The following screen should appear:
Click the [Clear] button to wipe out any existing data. Then just enter in the appropriate coefficients. When done, click the [Ok] button. Click the "graph" tab to view the curves.
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Viewing I-D-F Curves

Regardless of the method used to create your new curves, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will always generate equation coefficients and a graphical display of the curves. To view this data click the [IDF] button on the upper toolbar.
These curves are Polynomial-based.
This screen allows you to do several things. You can edit the equation coefficients; you can save the current IDF file; you can open a previously saved IDF file; and you can print a hard copy of the plot or get a numerical report of the IDF data. Editing Coefficients: Click the "Coefficients" tab. To change any of the coefficients, click the table cell and retype the new number. Click [Ok] when finished. To see the effect of the change on the plot, click the "IDF Graph" tab. Save File: Once the IDF curve has been generated, you should save the file. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to save as many different IDF curves as your disk space allows. To save, click the [Save] button. Enter a name for the file in the Filename text box. If necessary, change the drive and directory, to the location where you want to save the document. It is recommended that you save this file in the directory where Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension was installed because Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will load this file when first started. It will look in its default directory. Also note that all IDF file names will be assigned an ".IDF" extension. Printing the curves: To print a hard copy of this plot, click the [Print] button.
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Check the appropriate boxes and then click [Print]. Check the "Numerical Report" box to get a numeric version of the report. Open an existing curve: Click the [Open] button. The Open dialog box appears. Next, click the name of the file you wish to load. Its name should then appear in the File Name text box. Then click [Ok]. The new plot will be shown along with its corresponding numeric data. When you are finished viewing, click the [Exit] button to return to the Main Menu. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will use the currently loaded IDF curve in all subsequent calculations. The name of the current IDF curve will appear on appropriate printed reports. When you exit Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension, it remembers this file and reloads it the next time it is started.
Setting Up Your Event Manager

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers automatic multiple return period processing. Simply activate the return periods you like and forget about it. Each hydrograph you create will be calculated for each activated frequency using the corresponding precipitation values entered at this screen. Like the IDF curves, you can save the values as an event file for loading at a later time. Also, like the IDF curves, these files are automatically saved when you exit the program and reloaded upon its start. In addition, these files become part of all project files. Thus it is not necessary, for example, to email an associate, the .gpw project file and the associated event file. As the IDF file, it's already embedded in the .gpw file.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 To begin, click the [Precip] button from the top tool bar. The following screen appears:
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension's Event Manager provides automatic multiple return period processing.
Activating Return Periods

Activate or deactivate the return periods you want Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension to automatically calculate by clicking the corresponding "Active" checkbox. In the screen above, return periods 2, 10 and 100-years are set to active. This means that for each hydrograph you create, regardless of the type, Rational, SCS, Reach, Reservoir, etc., or the type of design storm you are using, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will calculate it for the 2, 10 and 100-year frequencies, automatically. It will skip the inactive frequencies. It is highly recommended that you only activate those frequencies you intend to use. This will free up calculation time and system resources.
Entering Precipitation Values

Next, enter the precipitation values you typically use for the activated return periods for each of the storm distribution types you plan to use. If you do not plan to use for example, the Huff distributions, leave those boxes blank. (Note that Rational method hydrographs will use the IDF curves so there is no need to enter anything here). For example, when you want to compute an SCS hydrograph using the SCS24-hour storms, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will use the precipitation values entered here. In the case above, it will use 2.2, 4.25, and 7.95 inches for the 2, 10 and 100-year frequencies respectively. When you select the Huff distributions, it will use the values entered at this screen corresponding to the "Huff Precip. values. Likewise, when using the Custom distributions,
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will use the Custom Precip. values entered here. When using Rational method hydrographs, it will use the IDF curves corresponding to the activated frequencies. When finished, click the [Apply] button... very important! Save File Once the screen is complete, you should save the file. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to save as many different event files as your disk space allows. To save, click the [Save] button. Enter a name for the file in the Filename text box. If necessary, change the drive and directory, to the location where you want to save the file. It is recommended that you save this file in the default directory C:\Program Files\Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil3D 2009\ or the folder that you selected when the program was installed, because Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will load this file when first started. It will look in its default directory. Also note that all event file names will be assigned a ".pcp" extension. This file name will appear on the status bar at the bottom of the Main Menu. Open File To open a previously saved event file, click the [Open] button. Summary Now that you have set up your IDF curves and event files, you're ready to start creating hydrographs. Remember, work from the upstream point in your watershed to downstream. Runoff hydrographs and associated reach, reservoir routings, diversions, etc., are accomplished by selecting the appropriate function(s) from the Main Menu. As you work your way downstream, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically calculates the activated return periods and displays your model on the routing "Model" or at the "Hydrographs" display at the Main Menu. At any time during your session, you can print reports on any or all of your hydrographs.
Runoff Hydrographs
Watershed models always begin with a runoff hydrograph at the upstream end. Hydrographs are created by selecting the appropriate function from the Main Menu. To create a runoff hydrograph, click an unused hydrograph row at the Hydrographs display or click anywhere on the plan view area at the Model display.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 ______________________________________________________________ Note

While in the Hydrographs display, you can select any of the unused hydrograph rows for your next hydrograph, but while in the Diagram view, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically assigns the next higher number available.
______________________________________________________________ Then simply select "Edit / Runoff Hyd." from the pull-down menu or click the corresponding command buttons. For example, [SCS] or [Rat].
SCS Hydrographs
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) or now known as (NRCS) National Resources Conservation Service, hydrologic methods have become widely used for the analysis of large and small watersheds. Many states in the U.S. now require the use of this method for projects that need state approval. In addition, the SCS methods are becoming popular internationally. Why? Because of their easy to apply approach. The unit hydrograph method coupled with any known design storm, allows one to generate an accurate hydrograph, without any other concerns.
SCS hydrograph input screen. Note the hydrograph in the upper right corner is the Unit Hydrograph, not the final runoff hydrograph.
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The Unit Hydrograph Theory

A unit hydrograph is a hydrograph resulting from 1 inch of rainfall excess on a watershed over a given time interval. It is not the final runoff hydrograph! It merely reflects the watershed characteristics and geologic factors. Once a unit hydrograph of a particular watershed is known, any design storm can be applied to it for computing the final runoff hydrograph. Many hydrologists use the SCS 24-hour storms but remember any storm of any length can be used with the unit hydrograph method. The Bulletin 71 Huff and Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension's Synthetic distributions are good examples and are gaining popularity. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes SCS Method runoff hydrographs by convoluting a rainfall hyetograph through a unit hydrograph. This method is also used in SCS TR-20. Convolution is known as linear superpositioning, and means that each ordinate of the rainfall hyetograph is multiplied by each ordinate of the unit hydrograph, thus creating a series of smaller hydrographs. These hydrographs are then summed to form the final runoff hydrograph. For example, if the rainfall hyetograph (design storm) contained 1,440 ordinates and the unit hydrograph contained 30, then a total of 43,200 ordinates (1,440 x 30) would have to be computed before reaching the final hydrograph. Needless to say, this method is highly accurate, but not very practical without the use of a computer. Technical Highlight It is important to note that many projects contain small watersheds with short times of concentration, Tc. Since the time interval (unit duration) of the unit hydrograph should be 0.133(Tc), a great number of ordinates will be required to perform the convolution when modeling long design storms such as the SCS 24-hour storms. A drainage basin with a Tc of 30 minutes will require a time interval of 4 minutes, 0.1333(30). The resulting hydrograph, when using a 24hour storm, will need at least 360 ordinates (1,440 minutes / 4). Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can use up to 2,880 points for each hydrograph, thus allowing you to model very small watersheds (with Tc as low as 2 minutes) while using a 24-hour storm and achieve accuracy unobtainable by short-cut methods. What's more, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension manufactures its design storms on the fly so that they are compatible with the selected time interval of the final hydrograph. This assures you of the highest degree of accuracy, eliminating any interpolation between fixed ordinates or having to convert the final hydrograph to match the time interval.
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How to Create an SCS Hydrograph

To create an SCS Runoff hydrograph, click the [SCS] button on the side tool bar at the Main Menu or select "Edit/Runoff Hyd./SCS Method..." from the pull-down menu. The following screen will appear.
SCS Hydrograph input screen.
To create an SCS hydrograph, just fill in the blanks and click the [Ok] button. Note that Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension plots the Unit hydrograph immediately after clicking [Ok]. This is not the final runoff hydrograph. Although the final runoff is computed after clicking [Ok] and you are free to [Exit] back to the Main Menu. To view the hydrograph, click the [Results] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has many options when building SCS hydrographs. There are three methods of computing Time of Concentration, Tc, including a user-defined Tc and a host of built-in design storms. Required Data The following is a description of each of the required input items. When the instructions say enter, do not use the "Enter" key, instead type the text and press the "Tab" key. DESCRIPTION Optional. Enter any description for this hydrograph. This description will appear on the printed reports.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension DRAINAGE AREA Enter the subbasin area in acres. CURVE NUMBER, CN Enter the SCS Curve Number for this area. A table of coefficients is in the Appendix to this manual as well as in the help screens (press [F1] for help). Composite CN: For a composite CN, press the [%] button. Up to six drainage areas and corresponding CNs can be entered for a composite CN. TIME OF CONCENTRATION OPTIONS There are four options for Tc. Click the desired option button. For more information see, "Chapter 4: Computational Methods". Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes Tc and enters it in the Time of Concentration input box, except for when you have selected "User" as the method. 1. Lag method. This is the TR-20 default method. 2. Kirpich method. This method is normally used for natural basins with well defined routes for overland flow along bare earth or mowed grass roadside channels. It is similar to the Lag method but will typically give shorter times compared to the Lag method. 3. User. Check this option to override the computed Tc and enter Tc manually. 4. TR-55 method. This option allows you to compute Tc by using the 3component Tc as used by TR-55. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has a built-in TR-55 worksheet that computes Tc. To use this feature, click the TR55 option button. To open the TR-55 Time of Concentration input box, click the [TR55] button next to the option button. See "Computing Tc by TR-55" below. BASIN SLOPE Enter the average basin slope in percent. This item is required only for Tc methods, "Lag" and "Kirpich." HYDRAULIC LENGTH Enter the distance from the most remote point in the drainage area to the catchment point in feet, i.e., the path along which water travels. This item is required only for TC methods, "Lag" and "Kirpich." TIME OF CONCENTRATION, Tc This item will be disabled unless "User" has been chosen for the TC method. If "User" has been selected, enter the time of concentration here in minutes. As a refresher, Tc is the time it takes for runoff to travel from the most remote upstream point in the drainage area to the downstream point in question.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 TIME INTERVAL Select a time interval for this hydrograph. If you plan to combine this with other hydrographs you should use the same time interval as those you plan to combine. Typically, the smaller the time unit the more accurate the resulting hydrograph will be. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can use up to 2,880 points for each hydrograph. Therefore a time interval of 1 minute will span 48 hours. The time should not exceed 50% of the time to peak of the Unit Hydrograph. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will provide a warning in case this happens. STORM DISTRIBUTION The following storm distributions are built-in and can be selected from a dropdown list box: Storm Name
Type I, IA, II & III Type II FL SCS Standard Synthetic Custom Huff
Duration (hrs)
24 24 6 User Defined User Defined
Description
Dimensionless distributions developed by SCS using Weather Bureaus Rainfall Frequency Atlases for different geographic regions. Type II modified for parts of Florida. Dimensionless distribution developed by SCS for a shorter, 6-hr duration. Dimensionless distribution is automatically developed using IDF curves and symmetrically arranged rainfall depths. Similar to SCS distributions but with user-defined duration. A user-specified dimensionless hyetograph. User must specify time interval when creating. Developed from Time Distributions of Heavy Rainstorms in Illinois by Floyd A. Huff. Used primarily in the Midwest.
Huff 1st Huff 2nd Huff 3rd Huff 4th Huff Indy
User Defined
For use with durations <= 6 hrs Durations > 6 and <= 12 hrs Durations > 12 and <= 24 hrs Durations > 24 hrs Used primarily in Indianapolis, Indiana
See the Design Storms chapter. To load a new custom design storm file, click the [Open] button next to this list box. STORM DURATION If you are using the "Synthetic" or "Huff" storm distribution, then enter the total storm duration in hours. (Typically about twice the anticipated Tc.) This item will be grayed-out (disabled) when "Synthetic" or "Huff" is not selected as the distribution. It will read 24 or 6 hours when any of the SCS distributions are chosen as the distribution type.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension SHAPE FACTOR The shape factor is usually 484. This value can become smaller in coastal regions. Check local ordinances, but this value should typically stay at 484. See also, "Chapter 4: Computational Methods". RETURN PERIOD/PRECIP It is not necessary to select a return period or enter in the precipitation here as they are already set in the Event Manager. To quickly verify those settings, click on the [Event Mgr] button. Once your data is entered, click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension immediately computes the hydrograph. Note that the actual hydrograph is not shown on your screen at this point. The Unit Hydrograph is shown in the upper right and is based on 1-inch of rainfall over 1 time interval. You can see a plot by clicking the [Results] button and/or [Exit] to the Main Menu. See "Plotting Hydrographs" this chapter.
An SCS (NRCS) runoff hydrograph using the Type II storm distribution.
Computing Tc by TR-55
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has a built-in TR-55 worksheet that computes Tc. This method computes Tc by adding the travel times of sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow and open channel flow from each of the components A, B and C, as described in Technical Release 55 (TR-55) Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds. The individual data items are self explanatory however, a brief description of the flow types will be described below. For more information, see TR-55.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 To use this feature, check the TR-55 option button at the SCS screen. Then click the [TR55] button next to it.
TR55 is one of four Tc options available in Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension and has up to three components for each flow type
Sheet Flow Sheet flow is flow over plane surfaces usually in the upper reaches of the drainage area. A typical n-value used is .011 for smooth surfaces such as concrete, asphalt or bare soil. Dense grasses yield .24, Bermuda grass is .41 while woods range from .40 to .80 depending on the underbrush. ______________________________________________________________ Note
This method for computing sheet flow is limited to a flow length of not more than 300 feet. After 300 feet, sheet flow turns to shallow concentrated flow.
______________________________________________________________ Shallow Concentrated Flow Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes the average velocity based on the watercourse slope and surface type - Paved or unpaved. This segment is best described as the surface between sheet flow and open channel flow. Open Channel Flow For these data items, it is assumed the channel is bank-full. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes the average velocity. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to specify up to 3 components for each flow type, areas A, B & C. In addition, these values are saved with the project .gpw file.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Once you have completed the data items, click the [Compute] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will compute Tc and travel times for each segment. To print a hard copy worksheet report, click the [Print] button. Note that this report can also be printed with the formal hydrograph reports from the Main Menu so it is not necessary to print it here. When finished, click the [Exit] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will return to the SCS screen and will use the computed Tc.
Rational Method Hydrographs

It's been said that much of today's urban hydrology and hydraulics is carried out by designers with little hydrologic expertise. Thus, adopted procedures should be relatively simple to carry out... and understand. Well nothing better fits the bill than the good ole Rational Method. Arguably the most elegant of all formulas. Where else can you plug in acres and in/hr on one side of an equation and render cubic feet / second on the other? Although it seems a bit primitive compared to the unit hydrograph methods, but with only three terms it's a born winner. What's more, it is accurate up to 200 acres, but most governing authorities limit its use to below 20 acres. The formula, Q = CiA, was developed from a simplified analysis of runoff and basically assumes there is no temporary storage of water on the surface of the drainage area. On a perfectly impervious surface, C equals 1.00, 1 in/hr rainfall over 1 acre will produce 1 cfs peak flow rate. If the duration of the rainfall equals Tc, the hydrograph reaches a peak of Ci expressed as cfs per unit area. If the rainfall duration, however, is longer than Tc, the hydrograph simply remains constant after reaching this peak and continues on at this peak for a time equal to (rainfall duration - Tc). In either case, the time to rise and time to recess are always equal to Tc. Therefore, one can easily attest to the shape of this well-known hydrograph as an isosceles triangle with a time base equal to twice Tc. It's this simplistic theoretical basis that led to its name, "Rational Method." Its simplicity perhaps is its strong suit and civil engineers obviously like it. In fact they like it so much, that they've created at least a dozen varieties of Rational Method hydrograph recipes. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the most popular, Standard Rational as described above, with optional ascending and receding limb factors, the Modified Rational and the Dekalb Rational, developed for Dekalb (Atlanta) County, Georgia. To create a Rational Method hydrograph, click the [Rat] button on the tool bar at the Main Menu or select "Edit/Runoff Hyd./Rational Method..." from the pull-down menu. The following screen will appear.
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The Rational method seems a bit primitive compared to the unit hydrograph method but with only three terms it's a born winner.
______________________________________________________________ Note
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically sets the time interval to 1 minute when calculating Rational method hydrographs. However, with 2,880 available points, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can provide 48-hours of coverage.
______________________________________________________________ Required Data The following is a description of each of the required input items. When the instructions say enter, do not use the "Enter" key, instead type the text and press the "Tab" key. DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph. Hydrograph Options STANDARD RATIONAL Select this option for the standard rational hydrograph where Qp = CiA.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension MODIFIED RATIONAL This method takes the Standard Rational to a different level in order to yield a hydrograph for use in detention pond design. According to the Rational method, the highest Qp occurs when the rainfall duration equals Tc. When the rainfall duration is greater than Tc, the Qp is reduced, but the total runoff volume is increased. It is believed that this greater volume can increase the required size of a detention pond. The objective is to find the total duration (critical storm event) that maximizes the required storage of a detention pond. The user simply modifies the Storm Duration Factor (see below) between successive routings to arrive at the critical event. See, QTarget below.
Four Modified Rational method hydrographs. Qp decreases but volume increases.
DEKALB RATIONAL This is modified version of the standard rational and was developed by Dekalb County Georgia. See "Computational Methods".
Dekalb Rational method peaks at 5 times Tc.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 DRAINAGE AREA Enter the subbasin area in acres. RUNOFF COEFFICIENT Enter the Runoff Coefficient (C) for this area. A table of coefficients is in the Appendix to this manual as well as in help. Press [F1]. Press the [%] button to enter data for a composite (up to six areas) runoff coefficient. TIME OF CONCENTRATION OPTIONS Tc is the time it takes for runoff to travel from the most remote upstream point in the drainage area to the downstream point in question. There are three options for Tc. You can either directly enter a known Tc, compute it by the FAA method or by TR55. 1. Known Tc. This is the default method. Simply enter the Tc in minutes. 2. FAA method. Collected data from airfield drainage by the Army Corps of Engineers was used to develop this method and is now widely used in urban drainage design. 3. TR-55 method. This option allows you to compute Tc by using the 3component Tc as used by TR-55. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has a built-in TR-55 worksheet that computes Tc. To use this feature, click the [TR55] button. See "Computing Tc by TR-55" above. The computed value will be automatically entered as the Tc. ______________________________________________________________ Note
If you plan to model an entire watershed using the Rational method, use a single common Tc for all runoff hydrographs. Similar to storm sewer design, the Tc should be equal to the highest of all connecting areas.
______________________________________________________________ RETURN PERIOD Remember, the return period(s) are already set in the Event Manager so it is not necessary to enter them here. ASCENDING LIMB FACTOR Standard Rational only. This factor is normally 1 and is applied to the ascending side of the hydrograph. The ascending limb is equal to Tc x Ascending Limb Factor. For example, if the ALF = 1.5 then the ascending side of the hydrograph would be 1.5 x Tc. See "Computational Methods". RECEDING LIMB FACTOR Standard Rational only. This factor is normally 1 and is applied to the receding side of the hydrograph. The receding limb is equal to Tc x Receding Limb Factor. For example, if the RLF = 2 then the receding side of the hydrograph would be 2 x Tc. See "Computational Methods".
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension QTARGET Modified Rational only. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension now automatically computes the storm duration factor for you. Simply enter in target Qs and Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension does the rest. Type in the target outflows corresponding to the active return periods. STORM DURATION FACTOR (SDF) Modified Rational only. This factor is automatically computed and is multiplied by Tc to determine the total storm duration. For example, the following hydrograph was produced using a Tc of 30 minutes and a Storm Duration Factor of 3, yielding a total duration of 120 minutes (Tc x 3 + Tc).
Modified Rational method with a Tc = 30 minutes and Storm Duration Factor = 3.
In the above example, Qtargets of 12, 16 and 25 cfs were inputted to produce SDFs of 1.2, 1.4 and 1.4 respectively. Note that this is an estimate only and you will still need to setup a detention pond and perform the actual routing. Once your data is entered, click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension immediately computes the intensity and then the runoff hydrograph.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 You can then plot the new hydrograph by clicking the [Results] button and/or "Exit" back to the Main Menu.
SBUH Hydrographs
The Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph is a feature that was implemented after Hydraflow Hydrographs version 5.0. This method was derived from the conventional SCS Unit Hydrograph Method for use in the Northwest United States and typically uses the SCS Type 1A storm distribution. General To create an SBUH Method runoff hydrograph, click an unused hydrograph row at the Hydrographs display or click anywhere on the plan view area at the Model display. Next, select Edit / Runoff Hyd./Santa Barbara Method... from the pull down menu. The following screen appears.
The Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph Method (SBUH) was derived from the conventional SCS Unit Hydrograph Metho.
Required Data The following is a description of each of the required input items. When the instructions say enter, do not use the "Enter" key, instead type the text and press the "Tab" key. DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph. This description will appear on the printed reports.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension DRAINAGE AREA Enter the subbasin area in acres. CURVE NUMBER Enter the SCS Curve Number for this area. A table of coefficients is in the Appendix to this manual as well as in the help screens (press [F1] for help). Composite CN: For a composite CN, press the [%] button. Up to six drainage areas and corresponding CNs can be entered for a composite CN. TIME OF CONCENTRATION OPTIONS Tc is the time it takes for runoff to travel from the most remote upstream point in the drainage area to the downstream point in question. There are four options for Tc. Click the desired option button. For more information see, "Chapter 4: Computational Methods". Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes Tc and enters it in the Time of Concentration input box, except for when you have selected "User" as the Tc method. 1. Lag method. This is the TR-20 default method. 2. Kirpich method. This method is normally used for natural basins with well defined routes for overland flow along bare earth or mowed grass roadside channels. It is similar to the Lag method but will typically give shorter times compared to the Lag method. 3. User. Check this option to override the computed Tc and enter Tc manually. 4. TR-55 method. This option allows you to compute Tc by using the 3component Tc as used by TR-55. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has a built-in TR-55 worksheet that computes Tc. To use this feature, click the TR55 option button. Then click the [TR55] button. See "Computing Tc by TR-55" above. BASIN SLOPE Enter the average basin slope in percent. This item is required only for TC methods, "Lag" and "Kirpich." HYDRAULIC LENGTH Enter the distance from the most remote point in the drainage area to the catchment point in feet. This item is required only for TC methods, "Lag" and "Kirpich." TIME OF CONCENTRATION, Tc This item will be disabled unless "User" has been chosen for the TC method. If "User" has been selected, enter the time of concentration here in minutes.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 TIME INTERVAL Select a time interval for this hydrograph. If you plan to combine this with other hydrographs you should use the same time interval as those you plan to combine. Typically, the smaller the time unit the more accurate the resulting hydrograph will be. Hydraflow can use up to 2,880 points for each hydrograph. Therefore a time interval of 2 minutes will span 96 hours. STORM DISTRIBUTION Types I, IA, II & III are built-in 24-hr SCS storm distributions. The SBUH typically uses the Type IA storm. Select "Custom" to use the current custom design storm file. The "Synthetic" or "Huff" options are not available for the SBUH. RETURN PERIOD/PRECIP It is not necessary to select a return period or enter in the precipitation here as they are already set in the Event Manager. To quickly verify those settings, click on the [Event Mgr] button. Once your data is entered, click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension immediately computes the hydrograph. You can then "Plot" the new hydrograph by clicking the [Results] button and/or "Exit" back to the Main Menu.
The SBUH Hydrograph uses the SCS Type 1A storm distribution
Manual Entry/Importing Hyds.

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will allow you to directly input a hydrograph that was perhaps created by an outside source such as your local drainage authority. Input requirements are the flow rates for the desired time interval. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to specify up to 2,880 Q values in any time interval.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension To set up your custom hydrograph, select "Edit / Runoff Hydrograph / Manual Entry..." from the pull-down menu. The following input screen appears.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to directly enter or import a hydrograph from an outside source.
Required Data The following is a description of each of the required input items. When the instructions say enter, do not use the "Enter" key, instead type the text and press the "Tab" key. DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph. RETURN PERIOD Option buttons aligned along the top of your screen indicate the current active return periods. These are reflective of what is presently set in the Event Manager. You can enter hydrographs for any or all of the active return periods. Check the appropriate option button which corresponds to the return period of the new hydrograph you want to enter or import. TIME INTERVAL Next, select the time interval in minutes. Then click the [Checkmark] button next to this list box to update the table.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Then click the Q at the first time interval in the table. Type the flow rate for this time interval. To move to the next cell, press the [Tab] key and type the next flow rate. Repeat this process until all of the data is input. Then click [Ok].
Hydrograph Options MULTIPLIER The multiplier is a number you specify that will allow you to model various return periods using this hydrograph as a base hydrograph. For example, the amounts entered here would represent the 2 year return period. The 25 year event is identical to the 2 year with respect to time, but is 3 times that of the 2 year storm with respect to the flow rates. To create the 25 year hydrograph, simply type in 3 for the multiplier. Then click the [Checkmark] button next to the Multiplier input box. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will multiply each of the current flow rates by 3. Then click the [Apply] button. ______________________________________________________________ Tip
To use this feature more effectively, first copy the hydrograph from a smaller frequency. Then paste into the desired frequency before applying the multiplier.
______________________________________________________________ COPY Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension lets you copy the hydrograph currently shown in the table. Note this does not copy to the Window's clipboard object. PASTE This feature lets you paste any previously copied hydrograph to the current table.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension IMPORT Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can import any hydrograph from an ASCII text (*.txt ) or from comma separated value (*.csv) files. The file format must be as follows: TimeLabel$, QLabel$ Time1, Q1 Time2, Q2 Time3, Q3 . . Timen, Qn Where: TimeLabel$ is any alphanumeric label QLabel$ is any alphanumeric label Time = Time in minutes (integer) Q = Flow in cfs (real number) Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension assumes the incoming time interval to be: Time Interval in minutes = TimeX - Time(X-1) The following is a sample .csv file with a time interval of 6 minutes. "Time (min)","Q (cfs)" 0,0 6,1.10 12,2.00 18,3.36 24,4.75 30,4.0 36,3.25 42,1.8 48,0
Combining Hydrographs
As shown in the watershed modeling example in the Overview section, runoff hydrographs were combined at strategic locations. It is important to note that one of the underlying assumptions when creating runoff hydrographs is that the drainage areas are homogeneous, i.e., similar CNs, slopes, etc. When they are not it is prudent to break up the watershed into separate, homogeneous subareas, creating individual hydrographs and then add them together. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will combine any previously generated hydrographs, up to six at a time. The inflow hydrographs must have equal
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 time intervals. The outflow hydrograph will be assigned the same time interval as the as the inflow hydrographs. Starting at time 0 minutes, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension simply adds the Q's from each inflow hydrograph in computing the final outflow hydrograph. See "Chapter 4: Computational Methods". To combine or add hydrographs, click an unused hydrograph row at the Hydrographs display or click anywhere on the plan view area at the Model display. ______________________________________________________________ Note
While in the Hydrographs display, you can select any of the unused hydrograph rows for your next hydrograph, but while in the Model view, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically assigns the next higher number available. The new hydrograph number must be higher than those you plan to combine.
______________________________________________________________ Next, click the [Add] button on the side tool bar at the Main Menu or select "Edit/Combine... " from the pull-down menu.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension lets you combine up to six hydrographs at once. Above, Hydrographs 4, 5 and 6 will be added to produce Hydrograph No. 7.
DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph.
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INFLOW HYDROGRAPHS Each hydrograph available to combine will be shown in the Inflow Hydrograph list box. Click on (select) the hydrographs you wish to add. You must select at least two and no more than six. Click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension immediately computes the hydrograph. You can then plot the new hydrograph and/or exit back to the Main Menu. See "Plotting Hydrographs" this chapter.
Channel Routing
Channel routing becomes necessary when your inflow hydrograph(s) must pass through a substantially long and well-defined channel where the channel storage is expected to have a significant impact on attenuation of the hydrograph. Note
In many cases where the channel is small, less than 5 feet in width and/or has a travel time equal to or less than the time interval used, it will not be necessary to perform a channel route. In these cases it is recommended that the channel portion be included in the runoff hydrograph drainage area and Tc calculations.
______________________________________________________________ Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will route any previously generated hydrograph through a channel. The outflow hydrograph will be assigned the
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 same time interval. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the Modified AttKin Routing Method as described in 1992 TR-20. To route any hydrograph, click an unused hydrograph row at the Hydrographs display or click anywhere on the plan view area at the Model display. While in the Hydrographs display, you can select any of the unused hydrograph rows for your next hydrograph, but while in the Model view, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically assigns the next higher number available. The new hydrograph number must be higher than that you plan to route. Next, click the [Reach] button on the side tool bar at the Main Menu or select "Edit/Reach..." from the pull-down menu.
General The Modified Att-Kin method is dependent on two important parameters -coefficients x and m. Using your input data, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will compute these coefficients. You also have the option of directly entering known x and m values. For more information on the x and m coefficients, see "Computational Methods". Required data The following is a description of each of the required input items. When the instructions say to enter, do not use the [Enter] key, instead type the text and press the [Tab] key. DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension INFLOW HYDROGRAPH Select the hydrograph you wish to route. SECTION TYPE Select the type of section that best describes this channel section, Trapezoidal, Rectangular or Triangular. ______________________________________________________________ Note
Pipe sections that flow full or higher are not recommended for this procedure. It is highly probable that detention storage would occur upstream and therefore would require a storage-indication reservoir routing procedure.
______________________________________________________________ If you want to directly enter known x and m values, select "Known x / m". The remaining section data will not be required. REACH LENGTH Enter the reach length of the channel in feet. CHANNEL SLOPE Enter the slope of the channel in %. MANNING'S N Select an appropriate Manning's n-value for this channel. See Appendix. BOTTOM WIDTH Enter the width of the channel bottom in feet. Zero for Triangular sections. Note that the Kinematic Wave method has a minimum bottom width of 5 feet. SIDE SLOPE Enter the side slope of the channel in the ratio form, z (horiz.) to 1 (Vert). Enter zero for rectangular sections. MAXIMUM DEPTH Enter the full depth of the channel in feet. COEFFICIENT, x ,m This section is skipped for sections other than "Known x/m". Enter the known x and m values. For more information on the x and m coefficients, see "Chapter 4: Computational Methods". Click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension immediately computes the average velocity, routing coefficient, Cr and the outflow hydrograph. You can then plot the new hydrograph and/or exit back to the Main Menu. See "Plotting Hydrographs" this chapter.
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If your channel enters a small culvert at its downstream end, you should consider treating it as a detention pond rather than a channel route.
Detention Ponds
This section describes how to set up a detention pond for use in pond routings. Once set up Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will allow you to route any hydrograph through a detention pond or reservoir. Before performing the actual pond routing you must first set up your pond data, i.e., the Stage / Storage / Discharge relationship. When finished, you can route any previously created hydrograph through it. You simply select the pond (by its name) that you want to use for a particular routing as described in "Pond Routing" this chapter. One of the most important things to remember here is that a pond is merely a stage-storage-discharge relationship. It is a table of numbers that describe how your pond will perform when its water level reaches certain predetermined depths or stages. Similar to a pump performance curve, i.e., Q versus head. In this case, Q versus Stage. A typical Stage-Storage-Discharge table could look like the following: Stage (ft) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 Storage (cuft) 0.00 5,400 11,780 17,000 Discharge (cfs) 0.00 5.75 11.89 21.43
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension At a depth of 2.00 feet, this pond would produce an outflow of 11.89 cfs while storing 11,780 cubic feet of water. Setting up a pond is a two-step process. 1) Set up the stage-storage data. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has many options for doing this. 2) Set up the corresponding discharge data. A maximum of 25 unique ponds can be set up for any project. Any pond can be used by any hydrograph at any time. Each pond can use as many as 20 stage values to describe the stage / storage curve and can use up to 4 culvert / orifice outflow structures (one of which can be a perforated riser), 4 weir structures and an exfiltration component. These structures can act as individual outlet structures or can be set up in series as a "multi-stage" structure, described later in this section.
Technical Highlight Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes 10 intermediate stage values between each of the stage values you enter in to maximize accuracy during the routing calculations. To get started, click the Ponds tab at the main menu.
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The Ponds tab displays a table of existing and available ponds. Just double-click a row to add a new or edit a pond.
Notice that there are 25 listings, or rows, for ponds. Any unused pond will have a blank description. Deleting Ponds You can delete any detention pond data by first selecting the pond row and the clicking the [Del] button on the top tool bar. Copy / Paste Pond Data You may wish to duplicate your pond data in order to quickly perform "what if" scenarios of different pond configurations. Instead of editing the same pond data, you can simply select different ponds for routing. To duplicate an existing pond, select the pond you want to copy. Then select Copy from the Edit pull-down menu. Next select the pond row where you want to paste. Then select Paste from the Edit pull-down menu.
Creating a New Pond

To create a new pond simply select any of the unused ponds from the table and click the [Pond] button on the side tool bar or simply double-click the desired row. The Pond Edit screen will open as follows.
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Before routing an inflow hydrograph, you must first set up your pond.
By using the tabs shown above you will setup your entire pond from this one screen. Start by setting up the Storage, then the Outlets. Along the way you may wish to use the Pond Tools as well as view the Stage-Storage-Discharge curves in graphic and tabular forms. Always start your pond with setting up the stage storage table. This will be used as a basis for the outlet structures afterwards.
Setting Up Stage-Storage
In general, your objective here is to complete the stage/storage table at the right of your screen. You have up to 20 rows plus that at stage 0 to describe your pond. Always begin at stage 0 and work up the pond with each row of the table. (Stage is the absolute depth in the pond). There are four options for completing this table. These are described below. Required data The following is a description of each of the required input items. When the instructions say to enter, do not use the [Enter] key, instead type the text and press the [Tab] key. Pond Name Enter any name for this pond. Input for this item is required!
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Storage Options
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers four options for entering stage / storage data. These options are indicated by making selections from the Storage Options Box.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to set up your pond using userdefined Contours, Trapezoids, Underground Chambers and by Manual Entry. Each of these options is described in detail below. Note that each can have its own voids ratio. In addition, you will be able to claim all available storage at a given site by combining different storage types. Certain restrictions apply however. Here are the rules: 1. 2. 3. 4. You can combine up to two storage types. You cannot combine Trapezoids with Chambers. You cannot combine Contours with Manual entry storages. Trapezoids and Chambers must always be at the bottom of any combination, i.e., Contours can be above Trapezoids or Chambers but Trapezoids or Chambers cannot be placed above Contours.
The example above adds contours above an encased underground chamber system.
To start, select the type of storage definition you would like to use by clicking one of the four storage option buttons. A description of each follows.
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Contours
This option allows you to directly enter the starting elevation and corresponding contour areas at any elevation or contour interval. The storage values will then be automatically computed by Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension using either the average end area method applied vertically or the conic method. See "Chapter 4: Computational methods" for more details. How it works Simply fill in the Stage / Storage / Discharge table using items Elevation and Contour Area, and Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension does the rest. It is recommended that you use as many stage increments as possible to maximize the accuracy of the routing calculations. However, if you are combining storage types you will be limited to 10 rows. When finished, click the [Apply] button. To start, click the Contours Button in the Storage Options Box. The cursor will then go to the Storage Type cell on the input table. Tab down to the next item. BOTTOM ELEVATION Type in the elevation of the bottom of the pond in feet and hit the [Tab] key. PERCENT VOIDS This user-defined value defaults to 100 and is useful for modeling underground gravel-filled trench drains. It allows for a reduction in storage due to gravel fills and such, but still allows the total surface area available for exfiltration calculations. The Voids value can be used on any pond using any storage option except Manual. In that case your manually entered values should already have the voids taken into account. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension multiplies your computed Incremental and Total Storage values by this number to produce the net storage. VOLUME BY Please choose your preferred method of computing incremental storages. 1. Average End Area 2. Conic Method Please see, Computational Methods for more information. Next, click the [Apply] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then set up the Stage-Storage table for contour entries. STAGE Type the stage value in feet. The first stage value is always 0 and will be skipped. Your first entry will be the first contour elevation. Press the [Tab] key to move to the next column, "Elevation".
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 ELEVATION Type the elevation corresponding to this stage. In most cases Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes this value and displays it as a default. Simply press [Tab] to accept and proceed to the next item. CONTOUR AREA Type the contour area corresponding to this stage in square feet. Press the [Tab] key to move to the next row of Stage, Elevation and Contour. Repeat as needed. INCREMENTAL STORAGE Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes this value and displays it as a default. Note that this item is 0 at stage 0. TOTAL STORAGE Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes this value and displays it as a default. Note that this item is 0 at stage 0. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will proceed to the next Stage. You are not required to enter data for all of the available stages, but at least 3 are required. When you are finished entering data, click the [Done] button near the bottom of the table. A completed table will look similar to the following:
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension You may edit the table at any time by double-clicking on the table or by clicking the [Apply] button. Be sure to click [Done] when finished.
Trapezoid
This procedure assumes you will be developing a detention pond that is rectangular in shape, has a known bottom area at stage 0, equal side slopes (z:1) on all 4 sides and a desired maximum depth. This option will automatically compute the stage storage table based on the following input items.
BOTTOM ELEVATION Enter the elevation of the bottom of the pond, i.e., at stage 0. BOTTOM LENGTH Enter the known bottom length in feet. BOTTOM WIDTH Enter the known bottom width in feet. SIDE SLOPE Enter the side slope as a ratio. Example: For a 2 to 1 (horizontal to vertical) side slope, enter 2. DEPTH Enter the total depth of the pond in feet. This number should include any desired freeboard. PERCENT VOIDS This user-defined value defaults to 100 and is useful for modeling underground gravel-filled trench drains. It allows for a reduction in storage due to gravel fills and such, but still allows the total surface area available for exfiltration calculations. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension multiplies your computed Incremental and Total Storage values by this number to produce the net storage. Click [Apply]
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This pond has a bottom area of 50 x 75 with 2:1 side slopes.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will next compute the incremental stage, elevation and storage values and will complete the Stage / Storage / Discharge table. ______________________________________________________________ Note The displayed values of stage / storage will be disabled on your screen. To edit these values you must edit the input parameters. ______________________________________________________________
Underground Chambers
This feature will automatically calculate storage volumes for you based on a given pipe size, shape, slope and length. This option is primarily used for underground storage vessels in the shape of circular, arch or rectangular pipes laying either flat or on a slope. Headers as well as a stone encasement are optional.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension To utilize this equation feature, click the Chambers option. Then enter data for the following:
INVERT ELEVATION DOWN Enter the elevation at the lowest point in the pipe. If an encasement is not used, this will be stage 0. RISE Enter the diameter or height of the of the chamber vessel in feet. SHAPE Specify Arch, Circular or Box. SPAN Enter the width of the chamber vessel in feet. PIPE LENGTH Enter the length of the pipe in feet. (Just the length of a single barrel.) NO. BARRELS Enter the number of pipe runs or barrels. In the figure above, there are two. PIPE SLOPE Enter the slope of this pipe in %. HEADERS Select yes or no. This option will add transverse header pipes at the upstream and downstream ends.
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This pipe storage system has 5 barrels with headers.
STONE ENCASEMENT Select Yes or No. BOTTOM ELEVATION Enter the elevation of the encasement bottom. This must be equal to or below the chamber Invert Elevation. WIDTH Enter the encasement width in feet. This is for a single barrel and must be greater than or equal to the chamber Span. The total encasement width will be Width x No. Barrels. DEPTH Enter the depth of the encasement in feet. PERCENT VOIDS This user-defined value defaults to 100 and allows for a reduction in storage due to the encasement gravel fills, but still allows the total surface area available for exfiltration calculations. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension multiplies your computed Incremental and Total Storage values by this number to produce the net storage. Click [Apply] Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then set up the stage / storage data beginning at the Invert or Bottom Elevation and incrementing the depths by 1/10th of the total depth of the Chamber or Encasement, whichever is larger. ______________________________________________________________ Note
The displayed values of stage / storage will be disabled on your screen. To edit these values you must edit the input parameters.
______________________________________________________________
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A completed table using Underground Chambers could look like this. Note that contour areas are not computed.
Manual Entry
This option allows you to enter your stage, elevation and total storage values manually. Contours and incremental storages are not allowed. To use this feature, select Manual from the Storage Options Box. _____________________________________________________________ Note
Ponds created using Manual Entry cannot employ exfiltration as a discharge as there is not a contour or surface area to apply it to.
______________________________________________________________ BOTTOM ELEVATION Enter the elevation of the bottom of the pond. Next, click the [Apply] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then set up the Stage-Storage table for storage entries. STAGE Type the stage value in feet. The first stage value is always 0 and will be skipped. Press the [Tab] key to move to the next column, "Elevation". ELEVATION Type the elevation corresponding to this stage. In most cases Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes this value and displays it as a default. Simply press [Tab] to accept and proceed to the next item.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 TOTAL STORAGE Total Storage at stage zero must be zero. Type in the value in either cuft or acft and press [Tab] to advance to next stage. You are not required to enter data for all of the available stages, but at least 3 are required. When you are finished entering data, click the [Done] button near the bottom of the table.
A completed table using the Manual storage option. Incremental storage values are automatically computed.
Editing the Table

You are free to edit the table at any time. To edit Trapezoids or Chambers, you must edit the input data and then click [Apply]. For Contours or Manual Entries, you can edit the table by clicking [Apply] or by double-clicking the table. Be sure to click [Done] when finished editing Contours or Manual Entry ponds. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to insert and delete rows in your pond table. Note that these features are active only when using Contours and Manual storage options. Delete a Row To delete a row, first select the row you want to delete by clicking on it with your mouse. Then click the [Delete] button located at the top-right of your table.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Insert a Row Insert rows by first selecting the row below the row where you want to add and click the [Insert] button located at the top-right of your table. Undo To undo all previous edits, simply click the [Undo] button. Note that once the Pond Edit screen has been closed, all edits will become permanent. ______________________________________________________________ Note
Be sure to click [Done] after inserting, deleting or undo!
______________________________________________________________
Keeping Your Stage-Discharge Table Current

Often times you will want to make changes to your stage-storage table. For example, increase or decrease the total depth. When doing this, youll also need to compute the corresponding discharge values to accommodate any changes in depth. You could do this by going back into the Outlet Structures screen and re-computing. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can do this automatically without the need for changing screens. To update your table, simply check the Auto update stage-discharge box located at the bottom of your screen.
Stage Discharge Data

Your next step to complete the stage / storage / discharge relationship is to specify the discharge values that correspond to the stage values entered. To start, click the Outlets tab. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to specify up to 4 unique culvert / orifice structures including a perforated riser, 4 unique weir structures, an exfiltration component, known Qs and a single tailwater elevation. Each structure can be used as an independent outflow structure or can be used in series or a multi-stage structure. The 4 culvert structures are labeled as A, B, C & Perf. Riser and can act like culverts or orifices depending on the inputs. Likewise the 4 weir structures are referred to as Weir A, B, C & D.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers many options and configurations of specifying discharge values.
In computing the outflows, Hydraflow treats the operation of these outlet structures as a function of stage or water surface elevation. Partial and full flow conditions are computed as well as inlet and outlet control.
Multi-Stage Structures
Ordinarily, each outlet structure is treated independently, but Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension provides the option of putting the structures in series, thereby creating a multi-stage structure. This option can direct the outflows from Culvert B, C and Perf Riser, and Weirs A, B, C and D through Culvert A. The structure with the least capacity at any given stage will control the final outflow. It is the general intention of this option to model a structure that consists of a standpipe weir (box or circular) with an orifice attached to the lower side of the standpipe, near the invert. The standpipe is connected to the upstream end of Culvert A. All flows from the orifice and weir are combined and directed to and through Culvert A. As you will notice, Culvert A does not have a Multi-Stage option. It is always the final outflow structure. You may have more than one orifice or weir if you need. In fact, you can specify orifices, weirs B, C, and D, each at different elevations. Be sure to select the multi-stage option when entering data.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension ______________________________________________________________ Note

It is recommended that you set multi-stage orifice invert elevations at least 0.01 feet above the invert of Culvert A. This prevents the possibility of Culvert A taking control too early.
______________________________________________________________ Technical Highlight When using the multi-stage option, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension checks the head elevation produced by Culvert A. This head is then used as a tailwater elevation against other multi-stage structures. As this head increases, the outflows from the orifice(s) and weir(s) decrease. When this head equals the current stage, Culvert A is the controlling structure and the contributing flows from the orifice(s) and weir(s) diminish.
A typical multi-stage structure as shown above consists of a Riser Weir (Weir A); a secondary rectangular weir and an Orifice. All three must pass through Culvert A. Also note that only Weir A can be a Riser structure.
Independent Structures
In many instances you will want to use an emergency spillway or just a single culvert outlet pipe. These structures are independent, i.e. their flows exit the pond alone with interacting with Culvert A first. In the figure below a Cipoletti weir is used independently.
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This configuration shows a multi-stage structure and an independent structure, Weir C. Weir C is used as an independent emergency overflow structure and is not a multi-stage device. Entering data Below is a description of each data item required for the outlet structures. Simply fill in the blanks for each structure. Use your arrow or tab keys to navigate each frame. When finished, click the [Compute] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will compute the stage-discharge table and populate the grid at the bottom of your screen.
Culvert / Orifice Structures
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RISE Enter the diameter of this outlet pipe or height of the box section in inches. SPAN Enter the diameter of this outlet pipe or width of the box section in inches. Do not leave blank! ______________________________________________________________ Note
Rectangular/Box Sections - If the Rise and Span are equal, then Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension assumes a circular section. If they are unequal by any amount, then Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension assumes a box or rectangular section.
______________________________________________________________ No. BARRELS Enter the number of barrels or pipes for this structure. INVERT ELEVATION Enter the elevation of the invert at the upstream end. LENGTH Enter the length of structure. If you are modeling an orifice, enter 0. SLOPE Enter the slope of the culvert in %. This is also 0 for orifices. N-VALUE Select Manning's n-value from the list box. ORIFICE COEFFICIENT Select the orifice coefficient from the list box. Default is 0.60.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 MULTI-STAGE - For Orifice "B", "C" and "Perf. Riser" only If you are modeling a multi-stage structure, select Yes. Remember, multistage implies that all of the flows from this structure will ultimately pass through Culvert A. ACTIVE This feature lets you turn this structure on or off giving easy access to what-if scenarios without deleting the data. To deactivate, select Yes. When finished typing in the data, be sure to click the [Compute] button. Technical Highlight During the calculation process, both inlet and outlet control are evaluated. Under inlet control, the discharge depends on the barrel shape, cross-sectional area and inlet edge. In other words, the inlet of the culvert controls the amount of flow the culvert can handle. Under outlet control, the discharge depends on the slope, length and roughness of the barrel. Outlet control means that flow can enter the structure at a faster rate than it can exit. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes the discharge at each stage as established by the Stage- Storage table, including intermediate stage points that it generates, using both inlet and outlet control equation parameters. The smallest value is used as the discharge at that elevation. This is reflected on the Table report as "ic", inlet control and "oc", outlet control. Note that Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension does not assume full flow when the depth is actually partial.
Perforated Risers
Culvert D is reserved for a perforated riser and is treated differently from other culvert/orifice devices. Perforated risers consist of a riser pipe with several holes, all the same size and at a uniform distance apart, S. Please refer to the figure below. These structures are typically used in a multi-stage configuration with Culvert A as the outlet pipe and in conjunction with a riser weir. The inputs for a perforated riser are the same as for Culvert/Orifices except Length, Slope and n-value are substituted for Height. No. HOLES Enter the total number of orifices. HEIGHT Enter the distance from the center of the lowest orifice to the center of the highest orifice plus S.
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Weir Structures
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers a variety of weir types. Riser structures can be circular or rectangular, however when checking for orifice conditions, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension assumes the riser to be circular. WEIR TYPE Select the weir type from the list box. Note that only Weir A can be a Riser structure.
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Check for orifice conditions (Riser structures only) Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically checks Riser structures for orifice flow conditions. This feature assumes the riser to be a box structure and it computes Q using both weir and orifice equations. The smaller of the two will control. Inlet control typically occurs at a depth approximately equal to the diameter of the structure or about H = 0.13 x (Crest Length), where H = depth of water above the crest. If you do not want to check for orifice conditions, use a rectangular structure instead. CREST LENGTH Enter the length of the weir crest. For a standpipe weir it is equal to the circumference of the weir. For V-Notch weirs, enter 0. Note: If you are modeling multiple weirs in a multi-stage structure, (for example, you may be modeling a standpipe or box section that has a secondary weir cut from the top) deduct the crest length of the secondary weir from the primary weir crest length. In the case of a V-notch weir as the secondary, deduct the width of the V-notch at the primary crest elevation.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension CREST ELEVATION Enter the elevation of the weir crest. Note that the crest elevation for V-notch weirs is the bottom of the weir, not the top. WEIR COEFFICIENT Select a weir coefficient from the list box. Note that Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically selects an appropriate default coefficient and is based on your weir type selection above. It is recommended that you use the default values. See also "Chapter 4: Computational Methods." MULTI-STAGE If you are modeling a multi-stage structure choose Yes. ACTIVE This feature lets you turn this structure on or off giving easy access to what-if scenarios without deleting the data. To deactivate, select Yes. When finished typing in the data, be sure to click the [Compute] button.
Tailwater Elevation
If your outlet structure is submerged, enter the elevation of the HGL at the downstream end. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension compares the pond stage with this elevation and computes a corresponding head. This head is then used to calculate outflows. ______________________________________________________________ Note
Only a single tailwater elevation can be specified per pond. In most cases, a single tailwater elevation will suffice. However, there may be occasions when you need to model unique tailwater elevations for unique return periods. When performing the pond routing, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically computes the routing for each active return period as set in the Event Manager, using only the single pond specified. To model for different tailwater elevations at each return period, activate only a single return period in the Event Manager and run the model using the corresponding pond and tailwater elevation. Print the reports. Repeat this procedure for each return period after updating the tailwater elevation(s). See, Interconnected Ponds later in this chapter for information regarding variable tailwater conditions with ponds in series.
Exfiltration
You can add an exfiltration component to your outflows by entering a percolation rate here in inches/hour. Note that exfiltration is an outflow just like any other pond structure. You have the option of applying it to the contour areas of your pond or to the wetted surface area. During calculations, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will compute the exfiltration discharge by
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 multiplying this rate by either the contour area at each stage or by the wetted surface area. ______________________________________________________________ Note
Exfiltration is not an available option when using the Manual Storage option. In addition, the Wetted Surface option is not available when using the Contour Storage option.
______________________________________________________________
RATE Enter the exfiltration rate in inches per hour. APPLY TO Choose either Contour area or Wetted Surface Area. EXTRACT FROM OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH Choose Yes to have Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically remove the exfiltration flows from any hydrograph routed through this pond. If set to No, the outflow hydrograph will contain these flows and it may be necessary to divert the exfiltration component before further downstream processing.
User-Defined Outflows
User-defined Qs can be added to any stage-discharge table, even if no structures are used. To add, type in the flows at each stage in the results grid at the bottom of this screen. Please note that there can be no outflow at Stage zero.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension When finished entering data, click the [Compute] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then compute the Stage / Discharge table and will populate the results grid.
Viewing the Stage Storage Discharge Curves

Once you have your Stage-Storage-Discharge relationship setup its always good to take a look at the data in graphic form to make sure your pond is behaving as expected. If the ponds curves look funny, so will any hydrograph routed through it.
Graphical
To view your data click on the Graphs tab. A button on the upper far left toggles the Stag-Storage to Stage Discharge plots.
Stage discharge graph. Click the Storage button to view the Stage-Storage graph.
Along the top of the graph are check boxes which allow you to toggle on/off the outflows from the individual structures. The screen shot below shows a multi-stage device with all structures turned on.
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The graph above shows individual outlet structure flows as well as the Structure HG. Notice how the flows from Orifice B diminish as the Structure HG approaches the stage in the pond. The same is true for Weir B.
Understanding the Structure HG

When using the multi-stage option, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension checks the head elevation produced by Culvert A. This head is then used as a tailwater elevation against other multi-stage structures. As this head increases, the outflows from the orifice(s) and weir(s) decrease. The light blue line on the graph above indicates the Structure HG. At any given discharge this line shows the elevation of the water at the upstream face of Culvert A. When this line merges with the Total Q line, Culvert A is the controlling structure and the contributing flows from the multi-stage orifice(s) and weir(s) diminish.
Exporting
Click the [Export] button to save this plot as a .bmp file.
Printing
Click the [Print] button to print a graphical-based Pond Report. See, Printing Reports this chapter.
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Tabulated
To view the Stage Storage Discharge data in numerical form, click the Table tab.
A description of each column follows: Stage The depth above the pond bottom. Elevation The elevation corresponding to the stage. Storage The total storage up to the corresponding stage. Culverts A, B, C & Perf. Riser The outflow which occurs at the corresponding stage. When multi-stage structures exist, this value under Culvert A will be equal to the total outflow when it is in control. If greater than the total outflow, the multi-stage structures are in control. These values will have an ic suffix when it is flowing under inlet control and an oc suffix when flowing under outlet control. Weirs A, B, C & D The outflow which occurs at the corresponding stage. Weir A, when used as a riser, is automatically checked for orifice conditions. It will have an ic suffix
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 when flowing under an orifice regime. Also, these values will have an s suffix when an adjustment has been made for submergence. Exfiltration The outflow due to exfiltration. User-defined Flows These are flows entered by you on the Outlets tab. Total Outflow This is the sum total of outflows from each structure. Note that in the case of multi-stage setups, this total will be equal to Culvert As flows or the sum of the multi-stage devices, plus any independent structures along with exfiltration and user-defined Qs.
Zoom in / out
You can expand this table to show all intermediate points by clicking the zoom button in the lower right corner.
Exporting
Click the [Export] button to save this table as a .csv text file. This can then be imported into a spreadsheet if desired.
Printing
Click the [Print] button to print a numerical-based Pond Report. See, Printing Reports this chapter. ______________________________________________________________ About the Pond Report It should be noted that the Pond Report is simply a listing of the pond's Stage/Storage/Discharge table. The actual pond routing will appear on the corresponding routed hydrograph report. The values shown on the hydrograph report describe the stage, storage and outflows at a particular time during the routing. The Pond Report shows how the pond performs, i.e. the stage, storage and discharge, at a particular stage. ______________________________________________________________
Using the Interactive Pond Tools

Historically, one of the most difficult tasks was setting up detention ponds. Difficult in part because you could enter data but really didnt know the outcome of the routing until the routing was actually performed. Then it became a two-part trial & error process to get it right. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extensions Pond Tools brings the two parts together by giving you the ability to add and modify outlet structures while doing the routing, in real time! Plus,
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension you are only limited by your imagination. Use any outlet combination and configuration you want. Similar to Hydraflow Storm Sewers Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D interactive feature, the Interactive Pond Tools lets you create, edit and activate/deactivate structures to your pond graphically. Whats more is that you can do this during an actual routing so the results of your changes can be seen immediately. This is an excellent way to fast-track the design process. It begins by estimating your storage requirements by comparing your pond size with target outflows and the inflow hydrograph.
From this it creates a target Stage-Discharge curve.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Our objective is to create an actual Stage-Discharge curve which matches the target. Connecting the dots. Using the functions from the Interactive Frame, you can set the sizes and positions of your outlet structures in real time.
Pre- and Post Development Model, Continued

In Chapter Two of this User Manual is an example tutorial, Pre- and PostDevelopment Model. The pond structures there were designed using Pond Tools. The following will illustrate that process. It will be assumed that you have setup the two runoff hydrographs and the ponds stage-storage table from Step 3 in the tutorial. You can also open up the file PondToolsExample.gpw which came with your software. From the Main Menu of Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension, start by clicking the [Pond] button on the side toolbar. The following screen appears.
As you can see, the ponds Stage-Storage has been setup but no outlet structures have. Our objective here is to create the outlets structures to match our targeted outflows of 6.0, 8.5 and 12.25 cfs. Return Period Pre Qp Post Qp 2 6.05 12.91 10 8.49 17.57 100 12.24 24.86
Next, click the Pond Tools tab. The Pond Tools screen contains three parts. A storage estimator, a graph and an interactive frame. The best place to start is with the storage estimate.
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Step 1. Estimate Storage Select your inflow hydrograph from the drop-down list. It should be Hyd. No. 2 - Rational Post-developed for this example. Next, click on the Target Q column, 2-year return period. Type in the target Qs as shown below and click [Estimate Storage].
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension quickly estimates the storage needed to accommodate the target Qs. The maximum storage estimated in this case in 14,904 cuft and is below the capacity of our pond. If above, it would be necessary to enlarge the pond before advancing to Step 2. At the same time, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension constructed a target stage-discharge curve.
The dots correspond to the target Qs 6.0, 8.5 and 12.25 cfs. Their corresponding elevations are based on the estimated storages and the actual pond stage-storage curve. Step 2 Add Outlet Structures This design calls for a multi-stage structure capable of limiting flows at three levels, the 2-, 10- and 100-year frequencies. We will use one as shown below but you could use many other configurations.
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Start by clicking the Outlets tab. This opens up the Outlet Structures screen. An educated guess tells us to try a 12-inch culvert. Site conditions warrant a 25-ft length at a 0.5% slope. Well also take a stab at the other structures based on past experience. Simply fill in the blanks as shown below and then click the [Compute] button. The structures we need are: Culvert/Orifice Structures Item
Rise (in) Span (in) No. Barrels Invert El. (ft) Length (ft) Slope (%) n-value Orifice Coeff. Multi-stage (y/n)
Weir Structures A
Weir Type Crest Elev (ft) Crest Length (ft) Weir Coeff. Multi-stage (y/n) Riser 604 12 3.33 Y
A
12 12 1 600.00 25 0.50 0.013 0.60 n/a
B
8 8 1 600.01 0 0 0.013 0.60 Y
B
Rect 603 2 3.33 Y
Next, return to the Pond Tools tab to see how it compares to the target.
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Not too bad. As shown here, the actual curve is producing less flow than what is required but were in the ballpark. Rather than return to the Outlets screen to edit the structures, we will use the interactive frame to speed up the process.
Step 3 Complete the Design All thats needed is to fine-tune the size and positions of our structure components. Well start by adjusting Culvert A since it affects the behavior of all the other multi-stage structures.
Start by moving the slider bar on the left to 1.0. This will increment the spin buttons by 1 rather than 0.1. Then select the option button for Culvert A as shown above. Now click the spin button Up next to the Diameter field incrementing by 1. Notice how the actual stage-discharge curve has changed. Continue incrementing the diameter to where the two, 100-year dots are approximately in the same position as shown below.
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The size of Culvert A was increased from a 12-inch to 15. Since we are using standard sizes, the next increment up would take it over at 18-inches. Repeat this process for the remaining structures. Work upstream by continuing with Culvert B. As shown above, it needs to be increased to allow approximately an additional 4 cfs. (Culvert B controls the low, 2-year target flow of 6.0 cfs) By selecting Culvert B and working the spin Up button, increase its diameter to where the two dots at the 6 cfs target meet.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 The adjustment rendered a 15-inch orifice. Next we can make adjustments to the weir structures to complete the design. Setting the inverts for the culvert/orifice structures was simple as they are set to the pond bottom. However, weir crest elevations are not as straightforward. The easiest way to set those is by first performing a routing and observing where the maximum elevation reached for the 2-year event. To do a trial routing, click the [Trial Route] button in the interactive frame.
The results show the Maximum Elevation for the 2-year event reached 602.80. This is where the crest elevation for the next upstream structure should be set. Do this by selecting Weir B and setting its crest elevation to 602.80 using the spin control. ______________________________________________________________ Note
Elevations are best set using smaller spin increments. Adjust the slider control to 0.10.
______________________________________________________________ Click [Trial Route] again to see how the change affected the routing. Next, adjust the crest length for Weir B until the Qp is at or below the target of 8.5. About 1.4 feet.
Repeat this process for the remaining structure, Weir A. The maximum elevation reached for the next, 10-year event is 603.55. Set the crest elevation for Weir A to 603.55 and click [Trial Route].
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This completes the design. The final target Qs are 5.8, 8.5 and 11.7. These could be further refined if necessary. ______________________________________________________________ Note
It is good practice to set the riser structure last and size it large enough to where it does not control the final outflow. Think of it as a container for the other multi-stage devices.
Other Considerations As demonstrated above, there is never a direct solution to pond design due to fixed site conditions, limitations of commercially available components and local ordinances but Pond Tools can certainly minimize the trial & error process. Plus it gives you a better understanding of the routing processes. Below are some useful tips and suggestions on designing your next pond with Pond Tools. How Large Should My Riser Crest Length Be? As mentioned above, the weir crest length for the riser structure should be set large enough not to interfere with Culvert A. Its simply a container for other multi-stage devices. Using the spin controls, increase the crest length to where it no longer affects the actual stage-discharge curve. The crest length is too large when you begin to see oscillations in the upper parts of the curve. Can I Add Structures as I Go Along? Yes. You can add or delete structures anytime during the process. In the example above, we assumed we were going to build that type of configuration so we added all components first and made revisions on the fly. You could
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 have first added Culvert A, then Orifice B, Weir B and finally the Riser Weir A. Again, work in the upstream (lower return period to higher return period) fashion. Can I Edit the Pond Size During the Design? Absolutely. Just switch over to the Storage tab and make any changes. Turning Structures On or Off Pond Tools allows you to activate or deactivate structures in the Interactive Frame. This may be useful for exploring different options. In some instances a single culvert will suffice as opposed to a complex multi-stage structure. Using Auto Route Rather than click the [Trial Route] button between each spin control edits, Pond Tools can be set to automatically perform the trial routing saving you this step. It may be necessary to keep this option off when you are doing significant changes to avoid error during the routings. Auto Update Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will always update your pond design as you make changes. However, there may be times when youll need to make multiple changes at once before recomputing. And then update the pond manually. Do this by turning the Auto Update option button off. The [Update] button will then become enabled for manual updating. Simply click it after making your desired edits. Do I Need to Perform a Routing Once the Pond Has Been Designed? Yes. Pond Tools performs the same routing procedure but is temporary and results are discarded. You must complete the routing process back at the Main Menu.
Pond Routing
Surprisingly, an often overlooked step in detention pond modeling is the actual routing. Many users confuse the pond setup with the final routing. Remember, the pond is simply a stage-storage-discharge relationship, sort of like a pump performance curve. It only describes how the pond would perform at given depths. The pond has no clue what you are about to do to it. But to actually develop an outflow hydrograph you must perform the routing. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will route any previously generated hydrograph through a detention pond or reservoir, wet or dry. In addition, you can use any second pond as a downstream influence interconnected pond. Details about this feature are described in the next section. The outflow hydrograph will be assigned the same time interval as the inflow hydrograph.
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Hydrograph number 3 has been selected for the outflow hydrograph.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the widely accepted and used Storage Indication method which is based on: Inflow - Outflow = Change in Storage. See "Chapter 4: Computational Methods". To route any hydrograph, click an unused hydrograph row at the Hydrographs display or click anywhere on the open area at the Model display. ______________________________________________________________ Note
While in the Hydrographs display, you can select any of the unused hydrograph rows for your next hydrograph, but while in the Model view, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically assigns the next higher number available. The new hydrograph number must be higher than that you plan to route.
______________________________________________________________ Next, click the [Route] button on the side tool bar at the Main Menu or select Edit/Reservoir... from the pull-down menu. The following screen appears.
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The following is a description of each of the required input items. DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph. INFLOW HYDROGRAPH Select the inflow hydrograph you wish to route. This is typically your postdeveloped hydrograph. POND NAME Select the name of the pond you want to route this hydrograph through. You must have previously set up your detention pond. See "Detention Ponds, above. Click the [Open] button to edit the selected pond. Click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension immediately computes the hydrograph. You can then view the results of the new outflow hydrograph and/or "Exit" back to the Main Menu.
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Click [Results] to view the hydrographs.
Routing Through Wet Ponds

Normally, your ponds will be initially dry and the routing calculations would begin at stage 0. This option, however, allows you to route your hydrograph through a pond that may be full or partially full. WET POND ELEVATION Select the elevation which corresponds to the existing water level in the pond. This data entry must correspond to a point on the stage / discharge curve. These values are shown on the list box. Also note that you cannot begin a wet pond routing at a stage where there is outflow greater than zero.
Interconnected Ponds
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can route any hydrograph through two connecting ponds. This is often referred to as Interconnected Ponds. In most cases the routed outflow hydrograph from an upstream pond can be used as the inflow hydrograph into the second pond. You simply do two
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 separate routings. However, in some cases the downstream pond is at or near the same bottom elevation as the upper pond and can affect the stagedischarge relationship of the upper pond. This in turn will affect the outflow hydrograph from the upper pond. This scenario rarely affects the final outflow hydrograph from the lower pond.
How it works The routing process is accomplished by dynamically linking the two ponds together. The routing calculation procedure is done in single time increments (equal to the time interval of the inflow hydrograph). During this procedure, the outflow from the upper pond, over one time increment, is in turn routed through the lower pond. The computed stage in the lower pond is then used as a tailwater condition for the upper pond for the next calculation increment. Its stage-discharge curve is recomputed. A new outflow is computed from the upper pond and the process is repeated for the remaining time increments. Thousands of detailed computations take place during this procedure. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extensions fast and highly structured source code is showcased. ______________________________________________________________ Notes
Although Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes two hydrographs during this procedure, only the final outflow hydrograph is available for further downstream processing. The upper hydrograph is attached to the lower (primary) hydrograph and will appear on all reports, graphs etc. The Total Storage Used as shown on graphs & plots will be the combined maximum storage. Only two ponds can be interconnected at once.
______________________________________________________________ LOWER POND To route one pond through another click on the Lower Pond check box. This unlocks and activates the interconnected pond feature.
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Next, select the lower pond from the drop-down list box. This pond can be any pond except the upper pond. ADDITIONAL INFLOW Optionally choose an additional hydrograph to be combined with the outflow hydrograph from the upper pond. This is useful for situations where another runoff hydrograph enters the lower pond downstream of the upper pond. Click the [Ok] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension immediately computes the hydrographs. You can then view the results of the new outflow hydrograph and/or "Exit" back to the Main Menu.
The above graph shows the results of an interconnected pond routing. Notice the location of the peak at 18 minutes and 16.7cfs, and shape of the Outflow from the upper pond as it compares to the routing shown below which was routed without the lower pond.
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This routing peaked at 23 minutes and 21cfs without the lower pond.
Interconnected vs. Combined Ponds

As mentioned earlier, this scenario rarely affects the final outflow hydrograph from the lower pond. Below is a graph giving the comparison of the lower interconnected pond routing described above versus combining the two ponds into one larger pond. The results are similar.
Is Interconnection Needed?
In many cases, the need to interconnect ponds in series doesnt exist. A typical case is when the lower pond is below the upper or such that the computed pond elevations stay below those in the upper pond. A tell-tale sign is when you get a plot as shown below.
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Here the ponds route cleanly with their peaks occurring at the intersection of their respective inflow hydrographs. No need to perform dynamic routings.
Diverting Hydrographs
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to divert any hydrograph into two separate hydrographs. This situation can occur when channels divide or when pond outlet structures are designed to direct the outflow in two different directions. For example, you might want the outflows from an emergency spillway to be separated into one hydrograph and the remaining flows into a second. You may also want to separate the exfiltration component as a hydrograph. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers four diversion criteria from which to choose. When diverting, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension creates two hydrographs and labels them as "Diversion1" and "Diversion2". Unlike other hydrograph functions where you first select an unused hydrograph, here, you first select the hydrograph you wish to divert either from the Model or Hydrographs display. Then click the [Divert] button on the side tool bar. The following screen appears.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can divert any hydrograph into two separate hydrographs
Required Data The following is a description of each of the required input items. When the instructions say enter, do not use the "Enter" key, instead type the text and press the "Tab" key. 1ST OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH Select the first outflow hydrograph from the list box. This hydrograph must have a number greater than the hydrograph you are diverting. DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph. 2ND OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH Select the 2nd outflow hydrograph from the list box. This hydrograph must have a number greater than the hydrograph you are diverting. DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph.
Diversion Methods
1. DIVIDE BY CONSTANT Q Use this method to divide the hydrographs by a constant Q. For example, if you entered 35.5, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension would generate a
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension hydrograph consisting of all Q's above 35.5 cfs, and a second one consisting of all Q's equal to or below 35.5. 2. DIVIDE BY FLOW RATIO Use this method to divide the inflow hydrograph by a ratio. For example, if you entered 0.25, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension would generate a hydrograph with flows equal to 25% of the inflow ordinates and a second one consisting of the remaining 75% flow ordinates. 3. DIVIDE BY FIRST FLUSH VOLUME This feature allows you to strip off an initial volume from the inflow hydrograph. For example, if your detention pond contains a fore bay, you could extract that volume from the inflow hydrograph first. Set it aside and route the remaining hydrograph through the pond. 4. DIVIDE BY POND STRUCTURE If the inflow hydrograph is a "Reservoir Route" hydrograph, then you have the option of dividing the hydrograph by one of the pond's outlet structures. For example, if the pond has a culvert and a weir structure and you want to redirect the weir flows offsite, you can select the weir structure as the divide. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then create two hydrographs; one consisting of the weir flows; and the other made from the remaining flows. This option is accomplished after the routing has been performed, not before. Using the reservoir's outflow hydrograph and the stage / discharge curve, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension back calculates the component flows of the specified outlet structure.
Inflow Hydrograph 6 above was split by a ratio of 75%. Hydrograph7 contains 75% and Hydrograph 8 is the remainder.
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Automatic Run
Once you have developed your runoff hydrographs, performed any necessary routings, a simple click of the [Auto] button on the top toolbar at the Main Menu recalculates your entire watershed model. This is useful on occasions when you have made changes to one or more upstream runoff hydrograph(s), for example, the time interval, drainage area, etc., and you want these changes reflected throughout the model. Another reason to use Auto is after making changes to the Event Manager settings. For example, you activated or deactivated additional return periods. The Auto function begins at Hydrograph No. 1 and works downstream. It simply recomputes each hydrograph, the same as you would do manually, step-by-step. Its main function is to reflect changes made to upstream runoff hydrographs in downstream pond and reach routings, combines and diversions.
Editing Hydrographs
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers many options for editing and manipulating your model including cut, copy, paste, insert & delete functions. All editing procedures are performed from the Main Menu. When editing, inserting and deleting hydrographs, it is important that the user update, using the Auto function, the model in order to keep any dependent hydrographs current. Once a hydrograph has been developed, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension displays it on the routing Model and on the Hydrographs display. The easiest way to edit is to double-click the hydrograph at the Main Menu, either a Table row or Model icon symbol. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension then redisplays its corresponding data screen from which you can change any data item. From the Hydrographs display, click on the row of the hydrograph you want to edit and click the [Edit] button, or double-click the row.
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A box is drawn around selected hydrographs.
From the Model display, double-click the hydrograph symbol or click the hydrograph symbol and then click the [Edit] button on the top tool bar. ______________________________________________________________ Note
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to move, resize and freeze columns on the table. You can also get a hard copy print-out of this table by clicking the printer icon button located on the upper right side of the table. However, dont confuse this printing function for the formal reports. See Printing Reports, next section.
______________________________________________________________
Deleting Hydrographs
Any hydrograph or range of hydrographs can be deleted by first selecting it as if you were going to edit, and then click the [Delete] button on the top tool bar or select "Edit/Delete" from the pull-down menu. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will give you a chance to back out if you need to. If the hydrograph to be deleted is currently an inflow hydrograph for other downstream hydrographs, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will warn you. If you proceed, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will attempt to reconnect and renumber the remaining hydrographs.
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A range of hydrographs can be selected from the Hydrographs tab. When deleting diverted hydrographs, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension must delete both Diversion1 and Diversion2 hydrographs.
______________________________________________________________
Inserting Hydrographs
Sometimes you will find it necessary to insert a hydrograph into your model. To do this, simply select the hydrograph (from the Hydrographs or Model) as the insertion point. For example, to insert a hydrograph between 4 and 5, select 5. Next, click [Insert] at the top toolbar or from the "Edit" menu, select "Insert". Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then push all downstream hydrographs down by one, leaving a blank hydrograph at the insertion point.
To insert a new hydrograph row above Hydrograph 5 highlight Hydrograph 5 and click [Insert].
______________________________________________________________ Note
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension does not allow inserting between diverted hydrographs.
______________________________________________________________
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After insert
Cut / Copy / Paste Hydrographs

The main purpose of this feature is to allow you to duplicate hydrographs or manipulate their assigned numbers. As one example, if you were modeling a "Pre" and "Post" development scenario, you would first create the predeveloped runoff hydrograph(s). Then, using the copy & paste functions, you could simply copy the pre-developed hydrograph to use for the postdeveloped hydrograph. You would, of course, need to modify the curve numbers, runoff coefficients, etc., but this would save you time entering in duplicate information. To Copy any existing hydrograph, select the hydrograph from the Main Menu by clicking its symbol or table row, and then selecting "Edit/Copy" from the pull-down menu. Cut is the same as copy except that the selected hydrograph will be deleted after it is copied. To Paste a Copied or Cut hydrograph, click the screen at the "Model" display or an open row at the Hydrographs display. Next, select "Edit/Paste" from the pull-down menu. Double-click the new hydrograph to edit, compute, plot, export, etc. ______________________________________________________________ Note
You can copy hydrographs from other project files and paste them in your current project. When you do this using hydrographs other than runoff, however, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension must change their origins to "Manual" hydrograph.
______________________________________________________________
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Editing Detention Ponds

To edit a detention pond, click the Ponds tab at the Main Menu. Then select or highlight the pond and click either the [Pond] button on the side toolbar or the [Edit] button on the top toolbar. Deleting Ponds You can delete any detention pond data by first selecting the pond row and the clicking the [Del] button on the top tool bar. Copy / Paste Pond Data You may wish to duplicate your pond data in order to quickly perform "what if" scenarios of different pond configurations. Instead of editing the same pond data, you can simply select different ponds for routing. To duplicate an existing pond, select the pond you want to copy. Then select Copy from the Edit pull-down menu. Next select the pond row where you want to paste. Then select Paste from the Edit pull-down menu.
Printing Reports
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers report-style print-outs for any hydrograph or detention pond and for any or all return periods. There are two types of summary style reports and a general hydrograph report. The general report prints all of the input data as well as a tabulated, numeric listing of the time vs outflows. There are a lot of additional optional reports to add as well as formatting options described below. Getting a copy of the Model display To get a hard copy of the Model schematic, click the [Print] button to the right of the zoom buttons at the Model display. Getting a copy of the Hydrographs display Click the [Print] button at the top left of the Table. The table will print as shown. Use this only for fast copies or if you have modified the table in any way.
Reports
Formal hard-copy reports can be printed at any time and are printed from the Main Menu. A print menu as shown below has several options and is activated by clicking the [Reports] button at the Main Menu. It should be noted that Hydrograph and Stage / Storage / Discharge plots can also be printed from their respective screen plots.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension's Print Menu. To activate any of the options, simply click the corresponding option box.
Watershed Schematic Turn this option to include the watershed model schematic in your reports. Return Period Recap This option will print a summary tabulation showing each hydrographs peak flow for each return period. This report is useful for comparing peak Qs. Summary Page This option will print a summary report that is similar to the Hydrographs display at the Main Menu. Hydrographs This option prints numerical or graphical reports on the selected hydrographs. Graphic or Numeric These options print either the graphical version of the selected hydrographs reports or the numerical version. In each case, all of the input data is reported. The graphical version simply replaces the Q vs T tables with a graph. Choose the Graphic option when paper is in short supply. From / To
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Use this to select a range of hydrographs and/or graphs to be printed. Enter the beginning and ending hydrograph numbers. Click the [All] button to quickly select all hydrographs. Q's >= ___ % of peak (Numeric option only) This is useful for saving paper. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will only include those Q's that are equal to or above this minimum setting. An example entry could be 50. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then limit the Q vs Time table to flow rates greater than or equal to 0.50 x Qp. Print Interval (Numeric option only) This feature allows you to print the hydrograph reports at an interval larger than 1. For example, you may wish to print only every 4th ordinate on the hydrograph to save paper. If so, enter 4 for this item. Note however that printing at larger intervals can cause the report to miss the peak flow ordinate. Minutes / Hours Click the option which corresponds to the desired time units. TR55 Worksheets If any of the selected hydrographs are SCS, SBUH or Rational, and had used TR55 to compute Tc, the corresponding TR55 Tc Worksheets can be included with the hydrograph report. To add this to the hydrograph report(s), check this on. Prints on one page and only once regardless of the number of return periods selected. Storm Hyetographs If any of the selected hydrographs are SCS, and had used the Synthetic, SCS 6-Hr, Custom or Huff rainfall distributions, the rainfall hyetograph or Precipitation Report, can be included. To add this to the hydrograph report(s), check this on. Depending on the time interval used, expect a few additional pages for this option. Pond Report If any hydrographs are reservoir routes, you can have Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension print the corresponding Pond reports. Click the "Expand" box to have Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension print the stage / storage / discharge table in its expanded version, up to 210 rows. Expect two to three additional pages for this option. Rainfall Report This option will print a numeric report of the IDF curves as well as the precipitation values set in the Event Manager. Page Numbers To have each page of the total report set numbered, turn this option on. You can also specify the beginning page number to start with. For example, you might want these printed pages to be included as an insert into another report starting on page number 12. In this case, enter 12 as the Begin with: number.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Table of Contents If the Page Numbers option has been turned on, you can optionally have a Table of Contents included with your report. Please note that the Table of Contents prints last. Return Periods The return periods activated in the Event Manager will be active on this print menu as well. Check the option buttons on or off as desired. Those that have been activated will be printed. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension prints the entire range of selected reports one return period at a time. English or Metric (SI) units Click the box corresponding to the units desired. After carefully reviewing your options, click [Print] when finished. A print dialog box will appear. Enter the number of copies and click [Ok]. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will begin printing and return to the Main Menu.
Print Preview
If you havent noticed already, you will soon learn that it doesnt take many hydrographs to generate a 100-plus page report. New with Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is a long awaited print preview function. It is highly recommended you use this option to see what youre getting before consuming gobs of paper. This will give you an opportunity to make changes in some of your options. To see a preview, click the [Preview] button. The following sample screen will appear. ______________________________________________________________ Note
The Table of Contents page will be printed last. All secondary reports such as Tc Worksheets, Pond Reports, etc. will be printed just after their respective hydrographs first return period and will only be printed once.
______________________________________________________________
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Use the navigation buttons on top to view the first, next, previous or last page. Use the zoom buttons to enlarge or reduce the page.
Design Storms
When using SCS methods there are many different types of storm data that can be used. The following storm distributions are built-in and can be selected from a drop-down list box. The associated precipitations for these storms are entered in the Event Manger. Storm Name
Type I, IA, II & III Type II FL SCS Standard Synthetic Custom Huff
Duration (hrs)
24 24 6 User Defined User Defined User Defined
Description
Dimensionless distributions developed by SCS using Weather Bureaus Rainfall Frequency Atlases for different geographic regions. Type II modified for parts of Florida. Dimensionless distribution developed by SCS for a shorter, 6-hr duration. Dimensionless distribution is automatically developed using IDF curves and symmetrically arranged rainfall depths. Similar to SCS distributions but with user-defined duration. A user-specified dimensionless hyetograph. User must specify time interval when creating. Developed from Time Distributions of Heavy Rainstorms in Illinois by Floyd A. Huff. Used primarily in the Midwest.
Huff 1st
For use with durations <= 6 hrs
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Huff 2nd Huff 3rd Huff 4th Huff Indy Durations > 6 and <= 12 hrs Durations > 12 and <= 24 hrs Durations > 24 hrs Used primarily in Indianapolis, Indiana
SCS 24- and 6-Hour Storms

The Soil Conservation Service (now called NRCS) has developed four dimensionless 24-hr rainfall distributions, including a 6-hr, using the Weather Bureau's Rainfall Frequency Atlases. The different distribution types apply to certain regions. These distributions can be applied to a total precipitation hyetograph to define an excess precipitation hyetograph. When running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension, you only specify the distribution type. The corresponding total precipitation is retrieved from the Event Manager. The total 24-hr rainfall precipitation is available from Technical Paper No. 40 or from your local drainage authority.
Synthetic Storms
The synthetic storm is an accurate and excellent way to model your watershed when you want to use a design storm of less than 24-hours. Often times the 24-hour storm is overkill because of its large volume. The Synthetic Storm is derived from the National Weather Service data, the same data that was used to derive the SCS 24-hour storms, it's simply in a different format. The SCS method is derived from the Unit Hydrograph Method. This method basically creates a hydrograph using 1-inch of precipitation over a single time interval. This Unit Hydrograph describes the genetic make-up, so-to-speak, or temporal patterns of the watershed. After that, all one needs to do is apply a design storm hyetograph -- any storm of any duration -- to this Unit Hydrograph to arrive at a final runoff hydrograph. In other words, the SCS 24hour storms are not required! When Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is first installed on your computer, you should set up the rainfall intensity-duration data file. See "Setting Up IDF Curves". Once set up, you can use this to create any design storm with any time interval, length and return period between 1 and 100 years. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the current IDF file to calculate alternating depth increments over a selected time interval, just like the SCS 24-hr storms. From this the design storm hyetograph is constructed by placing the maximum depth increment near the center of the storm and arranging the other increments in a symmetrical form. See "Chapter 4: Computational Methods". The only required input is the total Storm Duration in hours. The storm duration should be at least twice that of Tc but not greater than 6 hrs.
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Custom Design Storm

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will allow you to directly input a precipitation distribution, like the SCS storms, that was perhaps created by an outside source such as your local drainage authority. Input requirements are the cumulative precipitation ratios for the desired duration. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to specify up to 2,880 precipitation ratios in any time interval. Typically, these ratios will begin at 0 and increase to 1.0. This custom design storm will be used when "Custom" has been selected as the Storm Distribution for the SCS Runoff hydrograph. There are options to save and load these design storms for different projects. In addition the current custom design storm will be remembered by Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension when you exit the program and will automatically reload the next time you start up. Custom storms can be saved as separate files and will have a .cds extension, however, the current loaded storm automatically attaches to the project file when it is saved.
Importing a custom design storm

CDS files are simple ASCII text files with a .cds extension. The format they are saved in is as follows: Time Interval in minutes Precip Ratio at Time Interval 1 Precip Ratio at Time Interval 2 Precip Ratio at Time Interval 3 Precip Ratio at Time Interval 4 Precip Ratio at Time Interval 5 . . Precip Ratio at Time Interval n (n<= 2,880) These files can be created in most any spreadsheet or word processor and can be opened in Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension as long as the filenames end in .cds. See Help for additional information. To set up your custom design storm, select "Design Storm_Create/Edit Custom Distribution" from the pull-down menu.
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Note that the zero time interval is not shown because it is assumed that the precipitation ratio is also zero.
A sample storm came with Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension and you may need to clear it. Do this by clicking the [Clear] button on the top. Next select the time interval in minutes from the drop-down list box and click [Apply] to update the table. Then click the Precip. Ratio at the first time interval in the table. Type in the ratio for this time. To move to the next cell, press the [Tab] key and type in the next ratio. Repeat this process until all of the data is input. Then click [Apply]. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to save this design storm for future use. To save this storm, click the [Save] button. Then enter a file name. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically assigns a ".CDS" extension. Likewise, to retrieve a design storm, click the [Open] button. To erase the table click the [Clear] button. This will not affect the saved file, it only clears the table. Changing Time Intervals You can change time intervals for any custom storm. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has the ability to convert the distribution to the new time increment. It uses straight-line interpolation. Do this by selecting a new time interval from the drop-down list box and then click the [Apply] button.
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The runoff hydrograph time intervals for which you want to generate using this storm must match the time interval of the custom design storm.
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Huff Distributions
Huff distributions are dimensionless design storms based on the Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin 70/71 and Circular 173, Table 3. These design storms can be used with the SCS Runoff hydrograph at any time interval and total duration. Note that Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension interpolates between values as needed. The Huff 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles as well as the Huff Indy are available in Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. The table below (Huff 1st quartile) shows the percent precipitation as it varies with the storm time. % Storm Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 % Precipitation 0.0 16 33 43 52 60 66 71 75 79 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 97 98 100
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Plotting Hydrographs
Anytime Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes a hydrograph, it is immediately available to plot on your screen. The following plots are available in this program: Hydrographs SCS, SBUH, Rational, and Manual Runoff Hydrographs Combined hydrographs Diverted Hydrographs Channel Routed Hydrographs Pond Routed Hydrographs Elevation vs. Time Volume vs. Time Exfiltration vs. Time Detention Ponds Stage/Storage Stage/Discharge Design Storms All Design Storm Hyetographs including SCS 24-hour storms in two styles. Rainfall IDF Curves
Hydrograph Plots
Hydrograph screen plots are activated by clicking [Results] at their input screens or [Plot] at the Main Menu. There are three types of plots available. 1. Q vs. Time 2. Elevation vs. Time 3. Precipitation vs. Time The following options are available on all of the plots. RETURN PERIOD Click the desired return period option button at the top of the graph to view the different frequencies. EXPORT Click the [Export] button to save this plot as a .bmp image or as a numeric text file. See also, "Exporting Hydrographs" below.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 PRINT Click the [Print] button to print a hard copy of this plot. Note that the printed page will include numeric input data.
Q vs. Time
This is the basic plot showing the outflow hydrograph. The outflow hydrograph is always shown in the color red. A numeric table on the right tabulates the plot values.
Hydrograph plot of pond routing
Qpk = Peak Flow; Tpk = Time to Peak; Vol = Hydrograph volume; The red line is typically the outflow hydrograph.
Precipitation vs. Time

(SCS & SBUH Runoff only) Click the [Precip] button to plot the actual storm event. button to view the plot in a different format. Click the "Styles"
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The Styles button toggles the "Cumulative" to "Incremental" precipitation graphs.
Elevation vs. Time

(Reservoir route only) Click the [Elev vs T] button to view the plot of the pond elevation with respect to time as it occurred during the routing event. This button toggles the "Elev. vs. T" to "Q vs. T" graphs. This option is not available when plotting from the Main Menu.
Elevation vs. Time plot of interconnected ponds
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Plotting Options
The following options are available from the Options pull-down menu. Show Hydrograph Volume (All hydrograph plots) Select this menu item to view the plot of the hydrograph volume with respect to time. This is most useful when monitoring BMP-type hydrographs as it indicates the percentage of the hydrograph volume over time. This item toggles the "Vol On" to "Vol Off" graphs. This option is not available when plotting from the Main Menu.
This plot shows that 80 percent of the outflow hydrograph was retained for 1.3 hours.
Show Required Storage (Reservoir route only) This feature will shade in that portion between the inflow and outflow hydrographs which indicates the required storage during the routing. Do not confuse this with the hydrograph volume which is the volume under the outflow hydrograph curve. Also, this option is not available when plotting interconnected ponds. Show Detention Time (Reservoir route only) This option will locate the center of mass of the inflow hydrograph and the outflow hydrograph and will label the time span. On interconnected ponds, the time span will be between the inflow hydrograph and the outflow from the lower pond.
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Overlay Exfiltration Hydrograph (Reservoir route only) If a detention pond contains exfiltration and has been set be extracted from the outflow hydrograph, you will have an option to view the exfiltration hydrograph as an overlay. The plot below shows such an overlay hydrograph. Also note that when the required storage is shown, an additional hydrograph is plotted which includes all outflows including exfiltration.
Time Units (Min / Hrs) Click this option to toggle the units from minutes to hours. Units (English / SI) Click this option to toggle the flow units from cubic feet per second (cfs) to cubic meters per second (cms).
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Changing the Scale
Click the scale buttons located at the bottom of the graph to enlarge or reduce the time scale. This will not affect the y-axis scale as Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension sets it based on the peak flow(s). The [Default Scale] button redraws the plot to the default settings.
Stage/Storage Discharge Plots

These plots can be activated by clicking the [Graphs] tab on the Pond Edit screen or by clicking [Plot] at the Main Menu while viewing the Ponds tab. See Detention Ponds, Viewing the Stage Storage Discharge Curves above for detailed information.
Exporting Hydrographs
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to export any hydrograph as a bitmap (.bmp) image or as a comma separated value (.csv) text file. See "Manual Entry/Importing Hydrographs" for details on importing. Click the [Export] button at any Results screen plot to export. Then select the type of export.
Graphic Image
Select Graphic Image to save the displayed plot as a bitmap (.bmp) image. Next type in the filename in the File name: box and click [Save].
Numerical Hydrograph as File

You can also export a numerical version of any hydrograph. This procedure can also be done from the Main Menu. While at the Hydrograph or Model display, highlight the hydrograph you wish to export. Then select "File/Export Hyd..." from the pull-down menu. Next a dialog box similar to the "Save As.." box above will appear. Simply specify a file name and click [Save]. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will then write the Q vs Time table to a comma separated ASCII file, ".CSV". The exported file can then be imported into any spreadsheet or word processor.
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Changing Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Appearance

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to customize its appearance. The following appearance options are available from the Main Menu by selecting "Options" from the pull-down menu. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is designed to save these settings in its Hydro2007.ini file in your program's default directory, for example, C:\Program Files\Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil3D 2009\.
Customizing the Layout

While creating hydrographs, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension automatically builds the model and displays it on the Model view. However, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to move the hydrographs symbols anywhere on the diagram. This feature is used to gain similarity between your model and the actual connectivity of the watershed subareas. To move any of the symbols, simply drag (click on the symbol and while holding the right mouse button down while moving the mouse cursor) the hydrograph symbol to any desired point.
To move any of the symbols, click on the symbol while holding the right mouse button down and drag.
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Reconfigure Diagram
Reset the layout to the default scale and layout by selecting "Options _ Reconfigure Diagram" from the pull-down menu. It will reconfigure the model, erasing any previous customizing. ______________________________________________________________ Note
Double-clicking the diagram, not on one of the symbols, will also reconfigure your layout to the default setting.
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Show Hydrograph Numbers

To label the hydrograph symbols by their respective number, select "Show Hydrograph Numbers" from the Options menu. This option toggles this feature on/off.
Show Hydrograph Descriptions

This option will label the hydrograph symbols with their descriptions.
Use Acre-Feet
This menu item allows you to toggle from using acre-feet to cubic-feet. For example, in the pond table, storage values will be shown in the units specified here as well as in the printed reports. To switch to acre-feet, click this menu item. A check mark will appear next to it. To turn acre-feet off, click it again.
Tool Box Location

This option allows you to anchor the side tool bar on the left or right of your screen.
Use Alternating Grid Rows

This option allows you to add a shade of color to every other row on the table grids throughout the program. The following screen shows the Table view with the Alternating Rows turned off and the side tool box set to the left.
Saving and Retrieving Files

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension allows you to save and retrieve your project files. It works similar to most word processors and you can save your projects at any time. It is recommended that you save your projects often while you are working on them.
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Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Hydrographs uses 4 different files. Each of them, except the "Hydro2007.ini" file, can be saved and retrieved by you. 1. Project Files: These files are used to store all of your project data including the IDF curves, Event files and the Custom Design Storm that was being used at the time the project was last saved. These files are saved in an ASCII format and can be viewed in any word processor. Project files have a ".GPW" extension. 2. IDF curves: These files store the IDF curves. They have an ".IDF" extension. Note that Hydraflow Storm Sewers Extension and Hydraflow Express Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 also use ".IDF" files, and are compatible with Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. 3. Custom Design Storm: This file contains a custom design storm. It has a ".CDS" extension. 4. Event Files: These files store all of the data contained in the Event Manager such as the 24-hour precipitation, active return periods, etc. These files carry a ".PCP" extension. 5. Initialization file: This file is named "Hydro2007.ini" and is used to store information about the different appearance settings in Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension, the name and file path of the IDF curve, event information and custom design storm that was being used when the program was last run. This file is automatically saved and retrieved from the "C:\Program Files\Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension\Hydrographs 2007\" folder, or the folder where the program was installed.
Saving Projects
Remember, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension operates completely in RAM memory in order to speed execution. This also means that a power outage at the wrong time could cause you to lose your current project data. Therefore, it is recommended that you periodically save your project to avoid re-entering a project. To save a project, select "Save Project" from the "File" menu or click the [Save] button. If you are saving this file for the first time, select "Save Project As". from the pull-down menu. This gives you a chance to specify a unique name. Enter a name for the project in the "File name:" text box. If necessary, change the drive and directory, to the location where you want to save. Click [Save]. All Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension hydrograph files must have the ".GPW" extension.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 When using "Save Project", Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will automatically save the project under its current name.
Opening Projects
To retrieve a project, select "Open Project" from the "File" menu or click the [Open] button. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will search for files that have the ".GPW" extension. Enter the name of the project in the "File name:" text box or select it from the list and click [Open] to retrieve it.
Previous Version Files

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension was designed to retrieve .GPW files from version 6.x or later. Note that if your earlier version files contained channel routings, you should verify the input data just after loading as many new features and input requirements have been added. Version 6.x files allowed up to 99 hydrographs. Versions 2002, 2004, and Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension do not support that number of hydrographs and will simply truncate your files to the current maximum of 50. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is not backward compatible. Files saved in the Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension format cannot be loaded in any previous versions. After opening .GPW files from earlier versions, be sure to check the settings in the Event Manager and IDF curves. To open your previous IDF curves, simply open an old version 2004 *.IDF file. To do this, click the [IDF] button from the upper toolbar. Then [Open ] the IDF file. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension cannot open version 6.x IDF files, however they are attached to their corresponding project .gpw files. Simply open these older project files. Then open the IDF Edit screen by clicking the [IDF] button on the top tool bar. The IDF curves will be displayed and can then be saved in the new format.
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4 Computational Methods
This section describes the methodology used in Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 for the calculations of hydrographs, rainfall IDF curves, channel and reservoir routing. It is recommended that you review the computational methods and equations used so that you will better understand the results.
Hydrologic Methods
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the HEC-22, Soil Conservation Service, SCS (now called Natural Resources Conservation Service, NRCS) and the Rational methods for most hydrologic calculations. These methods have become the industry standard among practicing engineers and state agencies because of their easy-to-apply approach. The intent of this section is to provide a summary of the concepts used by Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. The list of publications below provide details on the methods used. NEH-4: Hydrology; Section 4, National Engineering Handbook. TR-20: Computer Program Manual 1992 TR-55: Urban Hydrology For Small Watersheds. A Guide To Hydrologic Analysis Using SCS Methods, Richard McCuen. HEC No. 12; FHA; Drainage of Highway Pavements. HEC No. 22; FHA; Urban Drainage Design Manual Hydrology for Engineers; Linsley, Kohler & Paulhus. Urban Storm Drainage Management; Sheaffer, Wright, Taggart & Wright Handbook of Hydraulics, Brater, King, Lindell, Wei
SCS Unit Hydrograph

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the Unit Hydrograph Method for calculating runoff hydrographs. More specifically, it uses the triangular D-hour Unit Hydrograph approach as used in TR-20. The peak discharge for the unit graph is computed using the following equation.
Qp =
484 AQ Tp
Where: Qp = peak outflow (cfs) A = area (sq. miles) Q = total excess precipitation (1 inch) Tp = time to peak (hrs)
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 The shape factor is a user definable variable. The default value is set to 484 and reflects a unit hydrograph that has 3/8 of its area under the rising limb. This factor will be greater in mountainous watersheds, for example, 600, while in flat, swampy areas, this factor will be lower, around 300. Unless you are certain as what this value should be leave it set to 484, the default. The time to peak, Tp and the time base, Tb are what determines the characteristics of the unit hydrograph. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes these values using the following relationships.
Tp =
Tc + D 1 .7
Where: Tp = time to peak (hrs) Tc = time of concentration (hrs) D = unit duration or time interval (hrs) Tc = 1.67 x Lag Time (L)
l 0.8 (S + 1) L= 1900Y 0.5
0.7
Where: L = lag time (hrs) l = hydraulic length (ft) S = (1000 / CN) - 10 Y = basin slope (%) CN = SCS curve number Time Base:
Tb = 2.67Tp
Where: Tb = time base (hrs) Tp = time to peak (hrs) Once the unit hydrograph ordinates have been computed, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension lets you change the unit duration or time interval. This feature is useful for when the time interval as input is found to be too large with respect to the time to peak. It is recommended that the time interval not be greater than one half the time to peak. When you change the time interval, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension recomputes Tp so that it falls on an even increment of the new time interval. This change will be slight depending on the magnitude of the change.
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Chapter 4: Computational Methods
Remember, the Unit Hydrograph is 1-inch of rainfall over one time interval. In the example above: Qp = 75; Tp = 24 min.; Tb= 2.67(24) = 64 min
Time of Concentration
In some cases, you may want to compute the time of concentration by hand and input it directly. You also have the option to override the precomputed Tc by specifying "User", Kirpich or "TR-55" at the SCS and Rational Hydrograph screens. 1. Lag method. This is the TR-20 default method where:
Tc = 1.67 L
Where: L = Lag time as described above 2. Kirpich method. This method is normally used for natural basins with well defined routes for overland flow along bare earth or mowed grass roadside channels. It is similar to the Lag method but will typically give shorter times compared to the Lag method.
Tc = 0.0078 L0.77 S 0.385

Where: Tc = Time of concentration (min) L = hydraulic length (ft) S = average basin slope (ft/ft) 3. User. Check this option to override the computed Tc and enter Tc manually. 4. TR-55 method. This option allows you to compute Tc by using the 3component Tc as used by TR-55. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has a built-in TR-55 worksheet that computes Tc. See "Computing Tc by TR-55" above.
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Tc = SheetFlowT ime + ShallowCon cFlowTime + ChannelFlo wTime

Sheet Flow Time (hrs)
Tsheet =
0.007 (nL ) P2 S
0.5 0.4
0.8
Where: n = Mannings roughness coefficient L = Flow Length (must be <= 300 ft per TR-55) P2 = Two-year 24-hr rainfall (in) S = Land Slope (ft/ft) (Entered as %)
Shallow Concentrated Flow Time (hrs)
Tshallow =
L 3600V
Where: L = Flow Length (ft) V = Average velocity (ft/s) and
V = Cp S
Where: V = Average velocity (ft/s) Cp = 20.3282 paved surfaces Cp = 16.1345 unpaved surfaces S = Watercourse slope (ft/ft)
Channel Flow Time (hrs)
Tchannel =
L 3600V
Where: L = Flow length (ft) V = Average velocity (ft/s) and
V=
1.49 R2 / 3 S 0.5 n
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Where: V = Average velocity (ft/s) R = Hydraulic radius (ft) = a/wp S Channel slope (ft/ft) (Entered as %) N = Mannings roughness coefficient
Design Storms
In order to calculate the direct runoff hydrograph, an excess precipitation hyetograph is needed. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers many different ways in which you can specify the design storm. Most of which are the SCS 24-hr and 6-hr distributions. Other options include the Synthetic Storm, Huff and the Custom Storm that you input directly.
SCS 24-Hour Distributions

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will provide the SCS 24-hr distributions in any time interval specified. The incremental rainfall amounts are computed from a polynomial equation. This equation is used with coefficients that vary depending on the elapsed time of the storm. The equation is of the form:
2 3 Pt = C 0 + C1 T + C 2 T + C 3 T
Where: Pt = Fraction of 24-hour precipitation T = Elapsed time (hrs) C0 = Coefficient C1 = Coefficient C2 = Coefficient C3 = Coefficient The list of coefficients is quite lengthy and therefore is not shown here. They may be obtained from the Soil Conservation Service or (NRCS).
Synthetic Storms
This option can actually produce an infinite number of design storm hyetographs. In other words, for each combination of the time interval and total storm duration, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can derive a design storm. As mentioned previously, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the rainfall IDF curves to compute depth increments over the time intervals. From this the design storm is constructed by placing the maximum depth increment near the center of the storm and arranging the other increments in a symmetrical alternating form. This is the same method used by the SCS years ago to construct their 24-hour storms. The Perfect Storm Whats good about the Synthetic Storm is that it can be perfectly matched to the site, that is, its total duration can be specified so that it better fits the computed Tc. For example, if Tc is 30 minutes, you could specify a one-hour storm rather than fight with a 24-hr storm. This way the storm lasts long enough so that the entire drainage area contributes to flow to the most downstream point. Going beyond Tc only adds unnecessary volume and calculation resources.
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This storm can be plotted at the SCS Runoff plot by clicking the [Precip.] button
Excess Precipitation Hyetograph

The precipitation increments of the specified storm, including the SCS, Synthetic, Huff and the Custom storms directly input, are converted to excess precipitation by use of the following equation.
Q=
(P 0.2 S )2 (P + 0.8 S )
Where: Q = Excess volume of precipitation (in) P = Accumulated precipitation (in) S = Potential maximum retention = (1000 / CN) - 10 CN = SCS curve number The computed volumes are then converted to excess increments. These excess increments are then used for the final excess precipitation hyetograph.
Rainfall IDF Curves

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension builds its rainfall IDF curves from user supplied data. In the case of using map data (FHA Method), Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes rainfall intensity values based on the methods presented in FHWA Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 12, Drainage of Highway Pavements, more commonly known as HEC-12.
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The FHA Method

The calculation methods for the Eastern and Central United States are different from the Western region. Important: This method does not produce 1- or 3-year return periods. Eastern and Central United States Precipitation values for the 2-year and 100-year frequencies of 5, 15, and 60 minute durations are required for input. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses these values and the following equations to estimate values for 10 and 30 minute durations. 10 min value = 0.59 x (15 min) + 0.41 x (5 min) 30 min value = 0.49 x (60 min) + 0.51 x (15 min) The following equations are used to compute values for return periods intermediate to the 2 and 100 year frequencies. 5-yr = 0.278 x (100-yr) + 0.674 x (2-yr) 10-yr = 0.449 x (100-yr) + 0.496 x (2-yr) 25-yr = 0.669 x (100-yr) + 0.293 x (2-yr) 50-yr = 0.835 x (100-yr) + 0.146 x (2-yr) Once the rainfall volumes for the 2-yr through 100-yr frequencies of 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minute durations have been computed, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension converts them to intensity values in in/hr. Western States Precipitation values required for input are the 24-hr and 6-hr durations for the 2-yr and 100-yr frequencies. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses these values and the following equations to compute 60-min duration values. Y2 = 0.218 + 0.709 x [X1 (X1/X2)] Y100 = 1.897 + 0.439 x [X3 (X3/X4)] - 0.008 x Z Where: Y2 = 2-yr, 60-min value Y100 = 100-yr, 60-min value X1 = 2-yr, 6-hr value X2 = 2-yr, 24-hr value X3 = 100-yr, 6-hr value X4 = 100-yr, 24-hr value Z = point elevation in hundreds of feet Next, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses a built-in nomograph to compute precipitation amounts for return periods intermediate to the 2-yr and 100-yr frequencies. Built-in ratios are then applied to convert the 60-min volumes to 5, 10, 15 and 30-min volumes. See HEC-12.
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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 The rainfall volumes are then converted to intensities in in/hr. Equation Coefficients Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes rainfall intensity for any time duration or Tc, using the FHA equation described above.
I=
( Tc + D )
The coefficients B, D and E are computed by Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension using a log-log interpolation of the rainfall intensity values. This, in effect, plots to an almost straight line. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension then uses a trial and error process of determining a constant, D, which when added to corresponding Tc's, allows the line to plot straight. The coefficient B, is the ordinate at t = 1. The coefficient E, is the slope of the plotted line. This procedure is repeated for each frequency.
Using Existing IDF Curves to Develop Coefficients

You can derive your own equation coefficients in case the computed ones do not exactly match those that you are accustomed to. Simply reverse the procedure described above. Plot your existing rainfall intensity - duration curve(s) on Log-Log paper. The values B, D and E can then be found and directly entered into Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension. Normally, the initial plotted line is not straight. If it does plot straight, D = 0. Otherwise, select a constant, D, say 5. Add this to each of the Tc ordinates. Re-plot the line. If it is then straight, D = 5. If it is not straight, try different constants until the line is straight. B is then the intensity at Tc = 1 while E is the slope of the plotted IDF line. Simply edit the IDF curve coefficients to match the ones derived and save. Third Degree Polynomial Equation Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension has the option of creating IDF curves using a third degree polynomial equation as follows:
I = A + Bx + Cx 2 + Dx 3
Where: I = Rainfall intensity (in/hr) (cm/hr) X = Ln(time duration in minutes) A = Coefficient B = Coefficient C = Coefficient D = Coefficient Appropriate values for X are 8 to 180 minutes.
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S.C.S. Runoff Hydrographs

After computing the excess precipitation hyetograph, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes the direct runoff hydrograph using the concept of convolution or linear superpositioning. Each increment of the design storm hyetograph is multiplied by each ordinate of the unit hydrograph. The resulting hydrographs are then added or superimposed to obtain a final runoff hydrograph.
SBUH Runoff Hydrographs

The SBUH method is similar to the SCS method. It is based on the curve number, CN and also uses SCS equations for computing soil absorption and precipitation excess. The SCS method, as explained above, works by converting the incremental runoff depths (precipitation excess) for a given basin and design storm hydrographs of equal time base according to the basin Tc and adds them to form the final runoff hydrograph. The SBUH method converts the incremental runoff depths into instantaneous hydrographs which are then routed through an imaginary reservoir with a time delay equal to the basin Tc. The SBUH directly computes a runoff hydrograph without going through an intermediate process (unit hydrograph) as the SCS method does. The SBUH use two steps to create the final runoff hydrograph. Step 1. Computing the instantaneous hydrograph The instantaneous hydrograph, I(t) at each time interval, dt, is computed as follows: I(t) = 60.5 x R(t) x A/dt Where: R(t) = Runoff depth at time interval dt A = Basin area (ac) dt = Time interval (min) Step 2. Computing the runoff hydrograph Q(t+1) = Q(t) + w[I(t) + I(t+1) - 2Q(t)] Where: Q(t) = Runoff hydrograph ordinate at time t I(t) = Instantaneous hydrograph from Step 1 w = dt/(2Tc + dt) Where: Tc = Basin time of concentration dt = Time interval in minutes
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Rational Method Hydrographs

The Standard Rational Method is where the peak is equivalent to the peak discharge as determined by the Rational formula. That is:
Qp = CiA
Where: Qp = Hydrograph peak discharge (cfs) C = Runoff coefficient A = Basin area (ac) i = Intensity (in/hr)
The time-to-peak of the hydrograph is equal to the time of concentration. The ascending limb is equal to the time-to-teak x (Ascending Limb Factor, ALF). The receding limb of the hydrograph is equal to the time-to-peak x (Receding Limb Factor, RLF). The hydrograph is an isosceles triangle when ALF = 1and RLF = 1. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension assigns a time interval of 1 minute to all Rational method hydrographs. Intermediate hydrograph values are computed through straight-line interpolation.
Modified Rational
This method takes the Standard Rational to a different level in order to yield a hydrograph for use in detention pond design. According to the Rational method, the highest Qp occurs when the rainfall duration equals Tc. When the rainfall duration is greater than Tc, the Qp is reduced, but the total runoff volume is increased. It is believed that this greater volume can increase the required size of a detention pond. The objective is to find the total duration (critical storm event) that maximizes the required storage of a detention pond. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension
132
Chapter 4: Computational Methods simply modifies the Storm Duration Factor between successive storage estimates to arrive at the critical event or Storm Duration Factor. Note that this is an estimate only and you will still need to setup a detention pond and perform the actual routing.
Modified Rational method hydrograph.
Dekalb Rational
The Dekalb Rational is based on methods presented in the Dekalb County, Georgia "Drainage Procedures Manual." The Dekalb Rational Method, typically used on small, urban watersheds (<10 acres) is where the peak is equivalent to the peak discharge as determined by the Standard Rational formula. The distribution, however, is based on a series of empirically derived constants. These constants along with the hydrograph ordinates are shown in the help screens.
Dekalb Rational Method hydrograph
133
Combining Hydrographs
When adding or combining hydrographs, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension simply computes the algebraic sum of each hydrograph ordinate, starting at each hydrograph t = 0, to derive the final hydrograph. This procedure takes in account the individual lag times from each hydrograph. Note that each hydrograph must have equal time intervals.
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can add up to six hydrographs at once.
Channel Routing
The objective of channel routing is to estimate the flood hydrograph at a known point downstream of a river or channel reach. The solution requires an inflow hydrograph and a routing coefficient. In general the theory is based on a discharge-flow area relationship where:
Q = xA m
The final routing method used is known as the Modified Att-Kin:
Ot + dt = (1 C ) Ot + C It
Where: Ot + dt = Outflow at time t+dt Ot = Outflow at time t It = Inflow at time t C = Routing coefficient The routing coefficient is computed as:
134
C=
(2dt )
2 K + dt
Where: dt = Time interval in seconds or hours K = L/(mV) Where: L = Channel reach length (ft) m = A factor relating average velocity and wave velocity (celerity) V = Average velocity (ft/s) The equations and formulas used by Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension to estimate x and m are further described in Technical Release 20, Computer Program for Project Formulation Hydrology, Appendix H. Below is a sample channel routing calculation:
Sample channel routing calculation

Time 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 Inflow 400 800 1200 1600 2000 <Pk 1700 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 0 0 Computation Outflow (1-C)Ot + CIt 0 0.7(0) + 0.3(0) = 0 0.7(0) + 0.3(400) = 120 0.7(120) + 0.3(800) = 324 .7(324) + 0.3(1200) = 587 0.7(587) + 0.3(1600) = 891 0.7(891) + 0.3(2000) = 1224 0.7(1224) + 0.3(1700) = 1367 0.7(1367) + 0.3(1500) = 1407 <Pk 0.7(1407) + 0.3(1250) = 1360 0.7(1360) + 0.3(1000) = 1252 0.7(1252) + 0.3(750) = 1101 0.7(1101) + 0.3(500) = 921 0.7(921) + 0.3(250) = 720 0.7(720) + 0.3(0) = 504 0.7(504) + 0.3(0) = 353
______________________________________________________________ Note
In many cases where the channel is small, less than 5 feet in width and/or has a travel time equal to or less than the time interval used, it will not be necessary to perform a channel route. In these cases it is recommended that the channel portion be included in the runoff hydrograph drainage area and Tc calculations.
______________________________________________________________
135
Detention Ponds
Stage/Discharge Calculations
As mentioned before, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension can model up to 8 outlet structures plus an exfiltration component, at once for use in reservoir routing. The operation of these structures is treated as a function of the water surface elevation in the reservoir or pond. Culverts / Orifices The equation used for culvert/orifice structures is:
Q = Co A
2 gh Nb k
Under Inlet Control Q = Discharge (cfs) A = Culvert area (sqft) h = Distance between the water surface and the centroid of the culvert barrel (1/2 flow depth during partial flow) (ft) Nb = Number of barrels Co = Orifice coefficient k=1 Under Outlet Control Q = Discharge (cfs) A = Culvert area (sqft) h = Distance between the upstream and downstream water surface Nb = Number of barrels Co = 1 k = 1.5 + [(29n2L)/R1.33] Where: n = Manning's n-value L = Culvert length (ft) R = Area/wetted perimeter (ft) ______________________________________________________________ Note
When a non-zero tailwater (TW) elevation has been entered, Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension compares the pond stage with TW and computes a tailwater head, hTW. If this head is less than the head computed as above (h), then h = hTW.
______________________________________________________________
136
h(i) is the head under inlet control. H(o) under outlet control.
During the calculation process, both inlet and outlet control are evaluated. Under inlet control, the discharge depends on the barrel shape, crosssectional area and inlet edge. In other words, the inlet of the culvert controls the amount of flow the culvert can handle. Under outlet control, the discharge depends on the slope, length and roughness of the barrel. Outlet control means that flow can enter the structure at a faster rate than it can exit. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes the discharge at each stage, including intermediate stage points that it generates, using both inlet and outlet control equation parameters. The smallest value is used as the discharge at that elevation. This is reflected on the screen tabulation as "ic", inlet control and "oc", outlet control. Note that Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension does not assume full flow when the depth is actually partial. Perforated Riser
137
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 This is a special kind of orifice structure as shown above which contains a series of same-size holes all within a vertical height. Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the following formula (McEnroe, 1988) to estimate the outflow.
= Cp
2A 2g 3Hs
3/ 2
Where: Q = Discharge (cfs) Cp = 0.61 A = Cross-sectional area of all the holes (sqft) Hs = Distance from S/2 below the lowest row of holes to S/2 above the top row (ft) Weirs The basic equations used to calculate weir flow are: Rectangular, Cipoletti, Broad Crested & Riser
Q = C W LH 1.5
Where: Q = Discharge over weir (cfs) L = Length of the weir crest (ft) H = Distance between water surface and the crest (ft) Cw = Weir coefficient, typically 3.33 It should be noted that Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension uses the same weir equation for Rectangular (sharp-crested weir with end contractions) and the Cipoletti weir (with no end contractions. As of this writing, there simply wasn't enough valid data available in the literature to support a unique equation for the weir with end contractions. The equation supplied in HEC-22:
Q = C W (L 0.2 H ) H 1.5
attempts to adjust the weir length by subtracting 20% of H from it. However, by closer inspection, one can see that Q will eventually decrease to zero with increasing H. V-notch
Q = 2.54Tan H 2.5 2
Where: Q = Discharge over weir (cfs) = Angle of v-notch (deg) H = Head on apex of v-notch (ft)
138
Adjustment for Submerged Weirs
Rectangular, V-notch & Cipoletti weirs are affected by submergence when the tailwater rises above the crest as shown above. This often occurs in multistage structures when the water surface in the riser (Riser HG) rises above the riser crest, due to the head produced by Culvert A. The result will be that the discharge over the weir will be reduced. The equation for the reduction in flow is:
H 1.5 Qs = Qr 1 2 H1
0.385
Where: Qs = Submerged flow (cfs) Qr = Unsubmerged flow from standard weir equations H1 = Upstream head above crest (ft) H2 = Downstream head above crest (ft)
139
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 Note that youll see an s suffix to numbers displayed in the Stage-Discharge table when they have been adjusted for submergence. Exfiltration Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes exfiltration outflows using the following equation:
ER SA Qex = 12 3600
Where: Qex = Outflow (cfs) ER = Exfiltration rate (in/hr) SA = Surface area, wetted or contour (sqft)
Stage/Storage Calculations
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension offers three methods to compute the stage/storage table. Trapezoid The volume is computed by treating it as a trapezoidal basin where:
V = LWD + (L + W )Z D 2 +
4 2 3 Z D 3
Where: V = Storage at stage D (cuft) D = Stage or depth (ft) L = Bottom length (ft) W = Bottom width (ft) Z = Side slope, (Z:1) (H:V) Underground Chambers Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension computes the volume of a pipe using the following equation:
V =
L (A1 + 4 M + A2 ) 6
Where: V = Storage (cuft) L = Pipe length (ft) A1 = Cross-sectional area of depth at downstream end A2= Cross-sectional area of depth at upstream end M = Cross-sectional area of depth at midsection
140
Chapter 4: Computational Methods When the pipe slope is zero, Volume = LA1 Contours Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension will use either the average-end-area method applied vertically or the Conic method. The conic method uses the following equation:
A1 + V = d
A1 A2 + A2 3
Where: V = Storage (cuft) d = Change in elevation between points 1 and 2 A1 = Surface area at elevation 1 (sqft) A2 = Surface area at elevation 2 (sqft)
Reservoir Routing
Reservoir routing is the process of passing a flood hydrograph through a storage reservoir or detention pond. This process changes the pattern of flow with respect to time but conserves volume. The purpose of reservoir routing is usually to reduce the peak flow to a predetermined level or to delay the peak. The routing procedure used by Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension is known as the Storage Indication Method and begins with a stage / storage / discharge relationship, an inflow hydrograph and the following relationship.
I O =
ds dt
Where: I = Inflow O = Outflow ds/dt = change in storage
141
Typical pond routing
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension first uses the specified stage / storage / discharge table to internally plot a curve of 2s/dt + O. It then computes the outflow hydrograph using a procedure similar to the example shown below. Sample Detention Pond Calculation Time min (1) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 Ii cfs (2) 0 24 95 206 + 345 500 655 794 905 976 1000 976 905 848 736 638 554 480 417 Ij cfs (3) 24 95 206 345 + 500 655 794 905 976 1000 976 905 848 736 638 554 480 417 0 2S/dt-Oi cfs (4) 0 4 33 174 = 725 439 884 1509 2292 3239 4310 5426 6502 7453 8252 8866 9260 9468 9514 10411 2S/dt+Oj cfs (5) 24 123 334 725 1284 2039 2958 3991 5120 6286 7402 8383 9206 9836 10240 10452 10502 491 Outflow cfs (6) 0 10 45 80 143 200 265 333 376 404 430 450 465 477 485 490 492 494 <
Routing Procedure: 1. Col 1 and Col 2 are read from the inflow hydrograph. 2. Col 3 is the inflow at time j.
142
Chapter 4: Computational Methods 3. Col 4 is Col 5 - 2 x Col 6. 4. Col 5 for j is [Col 2 + Col 3 + Col 4]j. 5. Col 6 is computed by straight-line interpolation from the plot of 2S/dt + O vs O.
Interconnected Ponds
The routing process for interconnected ponds is accomplished by dynamically linking two ponds together. The routing calculation procedure is done in single time increments (equal to the time interval of the inflow hydrograph). During this procedure, the outflow from the upper pond, over a single time increment, dt, is in turn routed through the lower pond. The computed stage in the lower pond is then used as a tailwater condition for the upper pond for the next calculation increment. Its stage-discharge curve is recomputed. A new outflow is computed from the upper pond and the process is repeated for the remaining time increments.
143
Appendix A
SCS Curve Numbers (CN)
Land Use Description Residential: Average lot size 1/8 acre or less 1/4 acre 1/3 acre 1/2 acre 1 acre 2 acre Paved parking lots, roofs Streets and Roads: paved with curbs gravel dirt Commercial and business areas Industrial districts Open spaces, lawns, parks: good condition fair condition Fallow Row crops Hydrologic Soil Group A 77 61 57 54 51 46 98 98 76 72 89 81 39 49 77 72 B 85 75 72 70 68 65 98 98 85 82 92 88 61 69 86 81 C 90 83 81 80 79 77 98 98 89 87 94 91 74 79 91 88 D 92 87 86 85 84 82 98 98 91 89 95 93 80 84 94 91
*Average Runoff Condition. Ia = 0.2S Source: Soil Conservation Service TR-55
A-2
Runoff Coefficients (C)

Description of Area Business: Central business District and local Residential: Single family Multi-units detached Suburban Apartments Industrial: Light Heavy Parks, cemeteries Playgrounds Railroad yards Lawns Sandy soil Heavy soil Unimproved Asphaltic Concrete Roofs
Source: ASCE
Coefficient 0.70 - 0.95 0.50 - 0.70 0.35 - 0.45 0.40 - 0.75 0.25 - 0.40 0.50 - 0.70 0.50 - 0.80 0.60 - 0.90 0.10 - 0.25 0.20 - 0.35 0.20 - 0.40 0.05 - 0.20 0.18 - 0.35 0.10 - 0.30 0.70 - 0.95 0.80 - 0.95 0.75 - 0.95
Typical Design
0.30 0.20 0.90 0.90 0.90
A-1
Mannings n-Values
Pipes Reinforced concrete Vitrified clay pipe Smooth welded pipe Corrugated metal pipe Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Natural Channels Gravel beds, Straight Gravel beds, large boulders Earth, straight, some grass Earth, winding, no vegetation Earth, winding Overland Flow Smooth surfaces (concrete, asphalt, bare soil) Fallow (no residue) Cultivated soils, residue <=20% Cultivated soils, residue >20% Short grass Dense grass Bermuda grass Light underbrush woods Dense underbrush woods Manning's "n" 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.023 0.010
0.025 0.040 0.026 0.030 0.050
0.011 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.15 0.24 0.41 0.40 0.80
Source: Soil Conservation Service TR-55
A-2
Appendix A
Weir Coefficients (Cw)

Broad Crested Weirs
Head (ft) Breadth of Crest (ft)
H
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
1'
2.69 2.72 2.75 2.85 2.98 3.08 3.20 3.28 3.31 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.32 3.32 3.32 3.32 3.32
2'
2.54 2.61 2.61 2.60 2.66 2.70 2.77 2.89 2.88 2.85 3.07 3.20 3.32 3.32 3.32 3.32 3.32
3'
2.44 2.58 2.68 2.67 2.65 2.64 2.64 2.68 2.68 2.72 2.81 2.92 2.97 3.07 3.32 3.32 3.32
5'
2.34 2.50 2.70 2.68 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.67 2.66 2.68 2.70 2.74 2.79 2.88
10'
2.49 2.56 2.70 2.69 2.68 2.69 2.67 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64 2.64
15'
2.68 2.70 2.70 2.64 2.63 2.64 2.64 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.63
Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension applies the following weir coefficients as defaults:
Type
Rectangular Cipoletti Riser Broad Crested V-Notch
Cw
3.30 3.30 3.30 2.60 2.54Tan(Angle/2)
Source: Brater & King, Handbook of Hydraulics
A-3
Orifice Coefficients (Co)

Concrete Pipe, Beveled-Lip Entrance
Diameter Length 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' 80' 100' 120' 150' 12" .86 .79 .73 .68 .65 .61 .56 .52 .49 .45 24" .91 .87 .83 .80 .77 .75 .71 .67 .64 .60 36" .92 .90 .87 .85 .83 .81 .78 .74 .71 .68 48" .93 .91 .89 .88 .86 .85 .82 .79 .77 .74 60" .94 .92 .90 .89 .88 .87 .84 .82 .80 .77
Concrete Pipe, Square Cornered Entrance

Diameter Length 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60' 80' 100' 120' 150' 12" .80 .74 .69 .65 .62 .59 .54 .51 .48 .44 24" .80 .78 .75 .73 .71 .69 .65 .62 .60 .56 36" .79 .77 .76 .74 .73 .72 .69 .67 .65 .62 48" .77 .76 .75 .74 .73 .72 .70 .69 .67 .65 60" .76 .75 .74 .74 .73 .72 .71 .70 .68 .6
Source: Brater & King, Handbook of Hydraulics
A-4
Index
acre-feet ..............................120 appearance options ............119 Ascending Limb Factor .........42 Automatic Run ....................100 BMP ....................................116 Box Sections .......................71 Channel routing.....................51 Combining Hydrographs49, 134 composite CN .......................35 computational methods .......123 custom design storm ...........110 DEKALB RATIONAL ...........41 Deleting Hydrographs .........101 Detention Ponds ...................54 Diverting Hydrographs ..........97 Event Manager......................29 exfiltration55, 59, 61, 64, 67, 75, 80, 97, 136, 140 Exporting Hydrographs .......118 Help and Documentation ........1 Huff distributions .......... 30, 112 Hydro-35 ...............................25 Hydrologic Methods ............123 IDF curves .............................23 Importing Hyds ......................46 Inlet Control .......................136 Inserting Hydrographs.........102 Interactive Pond Designer ....80 Interactive Pond Tools ..........81 interconnected ponds..........143 Interconnected Ponds ...........93 Kirpich method....................35 Lag Method ..........................35 Manual Entry .........................46 methodology .......................123 Modified Att-Kin............ 52, 134 MODIFIED RATIONAL .........41 Multi-Stage Structures ..........68 NOAA Atlas ...........................25 Open Channel Flow ............38 orifice flow conditions ............74 Outlet Control ....................136 Page Numbers ...................106 Percent Voids ......... 59, 61, 64 Perforated Riser ............2, 137 Pipe Storage ...................... 140 plot ..........................28, 29, 130 Plotting Hydrographs .......... 113 Pond Routing ..................54, 90 Pond Tools ............................ 80 post-developed ..................... 11 pre-developed ....................... 11 print preview ....................... 107 Printing Reports .................. 104 Rational Method23, 39, 132, 133 Receding Limb Factor...42, 132 Reservoir routing ................ 141 Riser HG .......................78, 139 Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph .......................................... 44 Saving and Retrieving Files 120 SCS hydrograph ................... 34 SCS Runoff hydrograph........ 34 Shallow Concentrated Flow38, 126 shape factor .......................... 37 Sheet flow ............................. 38 Stage/Discharge Calculations136 Stage/Storage Calculations 140 Standard Rational39, 41, 42, 132, 133 storm distributions .........36, 108 Storm Duration Factor41, 43, 133 Submerged Weirs ............. 139 Synthetic Storm ....23, 109, 127 System Requirements ............ 1 tailwater.... 67, 69, 78, 136, 139 Third Degree Polynomial Equation ........................................ 130 time interval........................... 36 Time of Concentration .......... 35 TR-55 method ...................... 35 TR-55 worksheet .................. 37 Underground Pipe Storage ... 62 Unit Hydrograph32, 33, 36, 37, 44, 109, 123, 125 Watershed simulation ............. 6 wet pond ............................... 93

Hydro Graphs User Guide

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Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

3 RUNNING HYDRAFLOW HYDROGRAPHS EXTENSION ................. 21

4 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS ........... 123

APPENDIX A ........................................... 144

INDEX ...................................................... 149

Help and Documentation

Starting Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

After combining Hydrographs 1 and 2.

Model after channel reach has been performed.

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Model display showing final watershed model

Completed model as shown in the Hydrographs tab.

Pre- and Post-Development Model

Next, click on the Outlets tab.

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Getting Printed Output

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

3 Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension Main Menu

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Setting up IDF Curves

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Using Existing Data

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Creating From Map Data

I = rainfall intensity (in/hr) Tc = time duration B = coefficient D = coefficient E = coefficient

If you are in the Eastern States

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

If you are in the Western States

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Third Degree Polynomial

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Viewing I-D-F Curves

These curves are Polynomial-based.

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Setting Up Your Event Manager

Activating Return Periods

Entering Precipitation Values

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009 ______________________________________________________________ Note

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

The Unit Hydrograph Theory

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

How to Create an SCS Hydrograph

SCS Hydrograph input screen.

An SCS (NRCS) runoff hydrograph using the Type II storm distribution.

Rational Method Hydrographs

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Four Modified Rational method hydrographs. Qp decreases but volume increases.

Dekalb Rational method peaks at 5 times Tc.

Modified Rational method with a Tc = 30 minutes and Storm Duration Factor = 3.

The SBUH Hydrograph uses the SCS Type 1A storm distribution

Manual Entry/Importing Hyds.

DESCRIPTION Enter any description for this hydrograph.

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Creating a New Pond

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension

Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension for AutoCAD Civil 3D 2009

Chapter 3: Running Hydraflow Hydrographs Extension