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2011)
Conversion of units refers to conversion factors between different units of measurement for the same quantity.
Contents
1 Techniques
o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
2.1 Length 2.2 Area 2.3 Volume 2.4 Plane angle 2.5 Solid angle 2.6 Mass 2.7 Density 2.8 Time 2.9 Frequency 2.10 Speed or velocity 2.11 Flow (volume) 2.12 Acceleration 2.13 Force 2.14 Pressure or mechanical stress 2.15 Torque or moment of force 2.16 Energy 2.17 Power or heat flow rate 2.18 Action 2.19 Dynamic viscosity
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
2.20 Kinematic viscosity 2.21 Electric current 2.22 Electric charge 2.23 Electric dipole 2.24 Electromotive force, electric potential difference 2.25 Electrical resistance 2.26 Capacitance 2.27 Magnetic flux 2.28 Magnetic flux density 2.29 Inductance 2.30 Temperature 2.31 Information entropy 2.32 Luminous intensity 2.33 Luminance 2.34 Luminous flux 2.35 Illuminance 2.36 Radiation - source activity 2.37 Radiation - exposure 2.38 Radiation - absorbed dose 2.39 Radiation - equivalent dose
3 Software tools
Techniques
Process
The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the intended purpose. This may be governed by regulation, contract, Technical specifications or other published standards. Engineering judgment may include such factors as:
The precision and accuracy of measurement and the associated uncertainty of measurement
The number of significant figures of the measurement The intended use of the measurement including the engineering tolerances
Some conversions from one system of units to another need to be exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision of the first measurement. This is sometimes called soft conversion. It does not involve changing the physical configuration of the item being measured. By contrast, a hard conversion or an adaptive conversion may not be exactly equivalent. It changes the measurement to convenient and workable numbers and units in the new system. It sometimes involves a slightly different configuration, or size substitution, of the item. Nominal values are sometimes allowed and used.
Multiplication factors
Conversion between units in the metric system can be discerned by their prefixes (for example, 1 kilogram = 1000 grams, 1 milligram = 0.001 grams) and are thus not listed in this article. Exceptions are made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1 micron = 106 metre).
Table ordering
Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and the SI units (base or derived) are highlighted.
Legend
Symbol
Definition
exactly equal to
approximately equal to
digits indicates that digits repeat infinitely (e.g. 8.294369 corresponds to 8.294369369369369)
(H)
Length
Length
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
angstrom
11010 m
0.1 nm
astronomical unit
AU
149597871464 m
[1]
barleycorn (H)
bohr, atomic
8.46103 m
unit of
length
cable length (imperial)
a0
Bohr 608 ft
radius of hydrogen
[2]
chain (Gunter's;
Surveyor's)
20.11684 m
= 1.143 m = 1.8288 m
[4] [4]
11015 m 7/8 in 4 in
ft (Ben)
3937 m
[5]
french; charriere furlong hand inch (International) league (land) light-day light-hour light-minute light-second light-year
line link (Gunter's; Surveyor's) link (Ramsden's; Engineer's)
in lea
1/36 yd 1/12 ft 3 US Statute miles 24 light-hours 60 light-minutes 60 light-seconds Distance light travels in one second in vacuum
[3]
ly ln lnk lnk
1/100 ch 1 ft
[4]
Distance light travels in 1299792458 of a second in [8] vacuum. 110000000 of the distance from equator to pole. 1200 in
1m
mickey
= 1.27104 m 1106 m
micron
mil; thou
mil mil 1103 in 10 km 6082 ft mi 80 chains 5280 ft 1760 yd 6000 ft mi mi 6087 ft 5280 US Survey feet (5280 12003937) m 2 in
[4]
nm NL; nl
1109 m 3 nmi
[4]
1853.248 m 2.5 ft 3 in pc
[4]
[4]
Distance of star with parallax shift [10] of one arc second from a base of 3.085 677 821016 6106 m one astronomical unit 12 points Dependent on point measures. 0.000 351 450 m
pt
du roi;
0.000 375 97 m; After 1878: 0.000 375 939 85 m = 0.000 352 7 m = 0.000 351 4598 m = 0.2286 m = 5.0292 m = 6.096 m = 0.2286 m 11012 m
pt
pt pt
rd rope
[4]
spat [14]
stick (H) stigma; bicron (picometre) pm twp xu yd 0.9144 m
[5]
2 in
= 0.0508 m 11012 m
1/1440 in
Area
Area
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
acre (international)
ac
1 ch 10 ch = 4840 sq yd
4 046.856 4224 m2
ac
4 046.873 m2
[15]
are
100 m2
= 100 m2
barn
1028 m2
= 1028 m2
barony board boiler horsepower equivalent direct radiation circular inch circular mil; circular thou cord bd bhp EDR circ in circ mil
4000 ac 1 in 1 ft (1 ft2) (1 bhp) / (240 BTUIT/h) /4 sq in /4 mil2 192 bd 1 000 m2 121 sq yd ha 10 000 m2 120 ac (variable) ro ac 1 mi 1 mi 1052 m2 10 ft 10 ft sq ch sq ch sq ft sq ft sq in km2 66 ft 66 ft = 1/10 ac 66 ft(US) 66 ft(US) = 1/10 ac 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft (US) 1 ft (US) 1 in 1 in 1 km 1 km
1.618 742107 m2 = 7.741 92103 m2 12.958 174 m2 5.067 075104 m2 5.067 0751010 m2 = 1.486 448 64 m2 = 1 000 m2 101.17 m2 10 000 m2 5105 m2 = 1 011.714 1056 m2 = 2.589 988 110 336106 m2 = 1052 m2 = 9.290 304 m2 404.685 642 24 m2 404.687 3 m2 9.290 304102 m2 9.290 341 161 327 49102 m2 6.4516104 m2 = 106 m2
shed
square (roofing) square chain (international) square chain (US Survey)
square foot
square foot (US Survey)
square link (Gunter's)(International) square link (Gunter's)(US Survey) square link (Ramsden's)
1 lnk 1 lnk 0.66 ft 0.66 ft 1 lnk 1 lnk 0.66 ft(US) 0.66 ft(US) 1 lnk 1 lnk 1 ft 1 ft 1m1m 1 mil 1 mil 1 mi 1 mi 1 mi (US) 1 mi (US) 1 rd 1 rd 1 yd 1 yd 1 000 m2 36 sq mi (US) 30 ac
= 4.046 856 4224102 m2 4.046 872102 m2 = 0.09290304 m2 = 1 m2 = 6.45161010 m2 = 2.589 988 110 336106 m2 2.589 998 47106 m2 = 25.292 852 64 m2 0.836 127 36 m2 = 1 000 m2 9.323 994107 m2 1.2105 m2
Volume
Volume
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
acre-foot
ac ft
1 ac x 1 ft = 43 560 ft3
acre-inch
1 ac 1 in
barrel (imperial)
bl (imp)
36 gal (imp)
= 0.163 659 24 m3
barrel (petroleum)
bl; bbl
42 gal (US)
bl (US)
fl bl (US)
31 gal (US)
board-foot
fbm
144 cu in
4 gal (imp) 8 gal (imp) 1 bu (US lvl) 126 gal (wine) 4 bu (imp) 8 ft 4 ft 4 ft 16 cu ft
= 0.018 184 36 m3 = 0.036 368 72 m3 = 0.044 048 837 7086 m3 = 0.035 239 070 166 88 m3 = 0.476 961 884 784 m3 = 0.145 474 88 m3 = 3.624 556 363 776 m3 = 0.453 069 545 472 m3 = 6.116 438 863 872 m3 0.028 316 846 592 m3 16.387 064106 m3 1 m3 4 168 181 825.440 579 584 m3 0.764 554 857 984 m3 = 284.130 625106 m3 = 227.3045106 m3 = 250.0106 m3 = 236.588 2365106 m3 = 2.4104 m3 = 369.961 751 302 08 3109 m3
1 fm 1 fm 1 fm 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft 1 in 1 in 1 in 1m1m1m 1 mi 1 mi 1 mi 27 cu ft 10 fl oz (imp)
cubic foot
cubic inch
cup (breakfast)
cup (Canadian) cup (metric) cup (US customary) cup (US food nutrition labeling) dash (imperial) dash (US) c (CA) c c (US) c (US)
1/384 gi (imp) = pinch (imp) 1/12 gi (imp) gtt gtt 1/288 fl oz (imp) 1/1 824 gi (imp) 1/12 ml 1/20 mL gtt gtt 1/360 US fl oz 1/456 US fl oz 1/5 US gal 9 gal (US) fl dr fl dr fl s beer gal fl oz (imp) US fl oz 1/24 fl oz (imp) 282 cu in
1/96 US fl oz = US pinch = 308.057 599 609 375109 m3 = 11.838 776 0416106 m3 = 98.656 467 013 8109 m3 77.886 684109 m3 = 83.03109 m3 = 50.0109 m3 = 82.148 693 22916109 m3 64.854 231109 m3 = 757.082 3568106 m3 = 0.034 068 706 056 m3 = 3.551 632 8125106 m3 = 3.696 691 195 3125106 m3 = 1.183 877 60416106 m3 = 4.621 152 048103 m3
firkin fluid drachm (imperial) fluid dram (US); US fluidram fluid scruple (imperial) gallon (beer)
gal (imp) gal (US) gal (US) gi (imp); nog gi (US) hhd (imp) hhd (US)
4.546 09103 m3 = 4.404 883 770 86103 m3 3.785 411 784103 m3 = 142.065 3125106 m3 = 118.294 118 25106 m3 = 0.327 318 48 m3 = 0.238 480 942 392 m3 44.36106 m3 = 0.081 829 62 m3 = 1109 m3 = 2.909 4976 m3 0.001 m3 = 1.415 842 3296 m3 = 59.193 880 208 3109 m3
hogshead (imperial)
hogshead (US)
minim (imperial)
minim (US)
1/480 US fl oz = 1/60 US fl = 61.611 519 921 875109 m3 dr 28.413 0625106 m3 29.573 529 5625106 m3 3105 m3 = 9.092 18103 m3 = 8.809 767 541 72103 m3 = 0.700 841 953 152 m3 = 739.923 502 60416109 m3 = 616.115 199 218 75109 m3 = 568.261 25106 m3 = 550.610 471 3575106 m3 = 473.176 473106 m3 = 22.180 147 171 [Converter 1] 875106 m3 = 1.136 5225103 m3 = 1.101 220 942 715103 m3
peck (imperial)
peck (US dry)
2 gal (imp) US lvl bu 16 ft 1 ft 1 ft 1/192 gi (imp) = tsp (imp) 1/48 US fl oz = US tsp gal (imp) 1/64 bu (US lvl) gal (US dry) gal (US) 3/4 US fl oz
perch
pinch (imperial) pinch (US)
pint (imperial)
pint (US dry) pint (US fluid) pony pottle; quartern
gal (imp) = 80 fl oz (imp) = 2.273 045103 m3 qt (imp) qt (US) gal (imp) 1/32 bu (US lvl) = gal (US dry)
quart (imperial)
quart (US dry)
quart (US fluid) quarter; pail register ton sack (imperial); bag sack (US) seam shot strike (imperial) strike (US)
qt (US)
gal (US fl) 8 bu (imp) 100 cu ft 3 bu (imp) 3 bu (US lvl) 8 bu (US lvl) 1 US fl oz 2 bu (imp) 2 bu (US lvl)
= 946.352 946106 m3 = 0.290 949 76 m3 = 2.831 684 6592 m3 = 0.109 106 16 m3[
citation needed]
29.57106 m3 = 0.072 737 44 m3 = 0.070 478 140 333 76 m3 20.0106 m3 = 14.206 531 25106 m3 = 17.758 164 0625106 m3 15.0106 m3 = 14.786 764 7825106 m3 = 1.5105 m3 = 4.735 510 416106 m3 = 5.919 388 02083106 m3 = 5.0106 m3 = 4.928 921 595106 m3 = 5106 m3 = 0.028 316 846 592 m3 = 0.991 089 630 72 m3 = 1.132 673 863 68 m3 = 1.018 324 16 m3 = 0.953 923 769 568 m3 = 1.409 562 806 6752 m3
tbsp tbsp
teaspoon (Canadian)
teaspoon (imperial) teaspoon (metric) teaspoon (US customary) teaspoon (US food nutrition labeling)
tsp tsp
Plane angle
Plane angle
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
angular mil arcminute; MOA arcsecond centesimal minute of arc centesimal second of arc degree (of arc) grad; gradian; gon octant quadrant radian (SI unit)
sextant sign
2/6400 rad 1/60 1/3600 1 grad/100 1 grad/(10 000) 1/360 of a revolution /180 rad 1/400 of a revolution 2/400 rad 0.9 45 90
0.981 748103 rad 0.290 888103 rad 4.848 137106 rad 0.157 080103 rad 1.570 796106 rad 17.453 293103 rad 15.707 963103 rad 0.785 398 rad 1.570 796 rad = 1 rad 1.047 198 rad 0.523 599 rad
rad
The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the circle's radius. One full revolution encompasses 2 radians. 60 30
Solid angle
Solid angle
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
steradian (SI
unit)
sr
The solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the surface of the sphere having an area r2. A sphere encompasses 4 = 1 sr [14] sr.
Mass
Notes:
See Weight for detail of mass/weight distinction and conversion. In this table, the unit gee is used to denote standard gravity in order to avoid confusion with the "g" symbol for grams.
In physics, the pound of mass is sometimes written lbm to distinguish it from the pound-force (lbf). It should not be read as the mongrel unit "pound metre".
Mass
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units 1.660 538 731027 1.31036 kg 9.109 382 151031 [18] 451039 kg
atomic mass unit, unified atomic unit of mass, electron rest mass
bag (coffee) bag (Portland barge
u; AMU
me 60 kg
= 60 kg = 42.637 682 78 kg = 20 411.656 65 kg 205.196 548 333 mg = 200 mg = 3.628 738 96 kg 89.9349 mg
cement)
kt ct
94 lb av 22 sh tn 3 1/6 gr 200 mg 8 lb av
carat carat (metric) clove crith dalton dram (apothecary; troy) dram (avoirdupois) electronvolt gamma grain grave hundredweight (long) hundredweight (short); cental kilogram kip mark mite mite (metric)
Da dr t dr av eV gr G 60 gr 27 11/32 gr 1 eV (energy unit) / c2 1 g 1/7000 lb av grave was the original name of the kilogram
1.660 902 101027 1.31036 kg = 3.887 9346 g = 1.771 845 195 3125 g = 1.78261036 kg = 1 g 64.798 91 mg 1 kg = 50.802 345 44 kg = 45.359 237 kg
mass of the prototype near Paris ( [8] 1 kg (SI base unit) mass of 1L of water) 1000 lb av 8 oz t 1/20 gr 1/20 g = 453.592 37 kg = 248.827 8144 g = 3.239 9455 mg = 50 mg
ounce (apothecary; troy) ounce (avoirdupois) pennyweight point pound pound (avoirdupois) pound (metric) pound (troy)
quarter (imperial) quarter (informal) quarter, long (informal)
oz t oz av
1/12 lb t 1/16 lb 28 g
[16]
= 31.103 4768 g = 28.349 523 125 g = 28 g = 1.555 173 84 g = 2 mg = 0.45359237 kg 0.453 592 37 kg = 500 g = 0.373 241 7216 kg = 12.700 586 36 kg = 226.796 185 kg = 254.011 7272 kg = 100 kg = 1.295 9782 g = 647.9891 mg 14.593 903 kg = 6.350 293 18 kg 32.666 667 g 29.166 667 g = 1 016.046 9088 kg = 907.184 74 kg = 1 000 kg = 114.305 277 24 kg (variants exist)
[19]
1/20 oz t 1/100 ct
lb lb av
lb t
quintal (metric) scruple (apothecary) sheet slug; geepound; hyl stone ton, assay (long) ton, assay (short) ton, long ton, short tonne (mts unit) wey
Zentner
q s ap
Ztr.
and.
[14]
Density
Density
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
Relation to SI units
g/mL
g/mL
= 1,000 kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
= 1 kg/m3
kg/L
kg/L
= 1,000 kg/m3
oz/ft3
oz/ft3
1.001153961 kg/m3
oz/in3
oz/in3
1.729994044103 kg/m3
oz/gal
6.236023291 kg/m3
oz/gal
7.489151707 kg/m3
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
16.01846337 kg/m3
lb/in3
lb/in3
2.767990471104 kg/m3
lb/gal
99.77637266 kg/m3
lb/gal
119.8264273 kg/m3
slug/ft3 slug/ft3
515.3788184 kg/m3
Time
Time, t
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
au
a0/(c)
= 2.398 3776109 s
century day day (sidereal) decade fortnight helek Hipparchic cycle hour jiffy
jiffy (alternate)
c d
100 a (see below for definition of year length) = 24 h Time needed for the Earth to rotate once around its axis, determined from successive transits of a very distant astronomical object across an observer's meridian (International Celestial Reference Frame) 10 a (see below for definition of year length) 2 wk 1/1 080 h 4 Callippic cycles - 1 d
86 164.1 s
dec fn
= 10 year = 1 209 600 s = 3.3 s = 9.593 424109 s = 3 600 s = .016 s = 10 ms = 60 60 / 4 s = 900 s = 60 / 4 min = 15 min = 24 60 60 / 100 s = 864 s = 24 * 60 / 100 min = 14.4 min = 1.5768108 s = 5.996 16108 s = 1000 year = 24 60 60 / 1 000 s = 86.4 s
h j ja
60 min 1/60 s 1/100 s h = 1/96 d 1/100 d 5 a of 365 d 110 mo (hollow) + 125 mo (full) = 6940 d 19 a 1 000 a (see below for definition of year length)
ke (quarter of an
hour)
ke (traditional)
lustre; lustrum
Metonic cycle;
enneadecaeteris
millennium milliday minute moment month (full) month (Greg. av.) month (hollow) month (synodic) octaeteris Planck time second shake
s mo mo mo mo md min
seconds sometimes 59 s or 61 s,
= 60 s = 90 s = 2 592 000 s
Cycle time of moon phases 29.530589 days (Average) = 48 mo (full) + 48 mo (hollow) + 3 mo (full) of 365.25 d = 2922 d (G/c5) time of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2 hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom at 0 [8] K (but other seconds are sometimes used in astronomy) 108 s
[21][22]
=8a
= 10 ns
sigma
= 365.2425 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) plus leap years (366 d) on most years divisible by 4. = 31 556 952 s See leap yearfor details. = 365.25 d average, calculated from common years (365 d) = 31 557 600 s plus one leap year (366 d) every four years time taken for Sun to return to the same position with respect to the stars of the celestial sphere Length of time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons 365.256 363 d 31 558 149.7632 s 365.242 190 d 31 556 925 s
Where UTC is observed, the length of time units longer than 1 s may increase or decrease by 1 s if a second occurs during the time interval of interest.
leap
Frequency
Frequency
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Hz
= 1 Hz = 1/s
rpm
One unit rpm equals one rotation completed around a fixed 0.104719755 rad/s axis in one minute of time.
Speed or velocity
Speed
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
fph fpm
1 ft/h 1 ft/min
foot per second furlong perfortnight inch per hour inch per minute inch per second kilometre per hour knot knot (Admiralty) mach number
fps
1 ft/s furlong/fortnight
= 3.048101 m/s 1.663 095104 m/s 7.05 556106 m/s 4.23 333104 m/s = 2.54102 m/s 2.777 778101 m/s 0.514 444 m/s
citation needed]
1 in/hr 1 in/min 1 in/s 1 km/h 1 NM/h = 1.852 km/h 1 NM (Adm)/h = 1.853 184 km/h[
Ratio of the speed to the speed of sound in the medium. Varies especially with temperature. About 1225 km/h 340 to 295 m/s for (761 mph) in air at sea level to about 1062 km/h (660 mph) aircraft at jet altitudes. Unitless 1 m/s 1 mi/h 1 mi/min 1 mi/s 299 792 458 m/s = 1 m/s = 0.447 04 m/s = 26.8224 m/s = 1 609.344 m/s = 299 792 458 m/s
mile per hour mile per minute mile per second speed of light in
vacuum
Varies especially with temperature. About 1225 km/h 340 to 295 m/s at (761 mph) in air at sea level to about 1062 km/h (660 mph) aircraft altitudes at jet altitudes.
A velocity consists of a speed combined with a direction; the speed part of the velocity takes units of speed.
Flow (volume)
Flow
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
CFM[
citation needed]
ft3/s
1 ft3/s
= 0.028316846592 m3/s
1 in3/min = 2.7311773107 m3/s 1 in3/s 1 m3/s 1 gal/d 1 gal/h = 1.6387064105 m3/s = 1 m3/s = 4.381263638108 m3/s = 1.051503273106 m3/s
cubic metre per second (SI unit) m3/s gallon (US fluid) per day gallon (US fluid) per hour gallon (US fluid) per minute litre per minute
GPM[ LPM[
citation needed]
Acceleration
Acceleration
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
foot per hour per second foot per minute per second foot per second squared gal; galileo inch per minute per second inch per second squared knot per second mile per hour per second mile per minute per second mile per second squared standard gravity
8.466 667105 m/s2 = 5.08103 m/s2 = 3.048101 m/s2 = 102 m/s2 4.233 333104 m/s2 = 2.54102 m/s2 5.144 444101 m/s2 = 1 m/s2 = 4.4704101 m/s2
Force
Force
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
atomic unit of force dyne (cgs unit) kilogram-force; kilopond; grave-force kip; kip-force milligrave-force, gravetforce dyn kgf; kp; Gf kip; kipf; klbf mGf; gf
me2c2/a0 gcm/s2 g 1 kg g 1 000 lb g1g A force capable of giving a mass of one kg an acceleration of one metre per second, per [24] second. g 1 oz g 1 lb 1 lbft/s2 1 tm/s2 g 1 sh tn
8.238 722 [23] 06108 N = 105 N = 9.806 65 N = 4.448 221 615 2605103 N = 9.806 65 mN
= 1 N = 1 kgm/s2 = 0.278 013 850 953 7812 N = 4.448 221 615 2605 N = 0.138 254 954 376 N = 1103 N = 8.896 443 230 521103 N
ozf
lbf
pdl sn tnf
ton-force
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
atmosphere (standard)
atm
101 325 Pa
[25]
at bar
1 kgf/cm2
[25]
unit)
cmHg cmH2O
foot of mercury (conventional) foot of water (39.2 F) inch of mercury (conventional) inch of water (39.2 F)
kilogram-force per square millimetre
mHg
[25]
millimetre of mercury
millimetre of water (3.98 C)
[25]
pound per square foot pound per square inch poundal per square foot
short ton per square foot
torr
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
foot-pound force
ft lbf
g 1 lb 1 ft
ft pdl in lbf m kg
1 lbft2/s2 g 1 lb 1 in Nm/g
= 4.214 011 009 380 48102 Nm = 0.112 984 829 027 6167 Nm 0.101 971 621 Nm
N m = kgm2/s2 = 1 Nm
Energy
Energy
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
bboe BTUISO BTUIT BTUmean BTUth BTU39 F BTU59 F BTU60 F BTU63 F calIT calmean calth cal3.98 C cal15 C cal20 C
6.12109 J = 1.0545103 J = 1.055 055 852 62103 J 1.055 87103 J 1.054 350103 J 1.059 67103 J
1.054 804103 J
4.1868 J
1
= 4.1868 J
100 of the energy required to warm one gram 4.190 02 J of air-free water from 0 C to 100 C @ 1 atm 4.184 J 4.1855 J = 4.184 J 4.2045 J = 4.1855 J 4.1819 J 1 BTUIT 1 K/R = 1.899 100 534 716103 J = 0.101 325 J = 2.869 204 480 9344103 J = 1.055 055 852 62106 J = 77.468 520 985 2288103 J 1.602 177 331019 4.91026 J = 107 J = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 J
cubic centimetre 3 of atmosphere; standard cubic cc atm; scc 1 atm 1 cm centimetre cubic foot of atmosphere; standard cubic foot cubic foot of natural gas cubic yard of atmosphere; standard cubic yard cu ft atm; scf 1 atm 1 ft3 1 000 BTUIT cu yd atm; 1 atm 1 yd3 scy eV erg ft lbf e1V 1 gcm2/s2 g 1 lb 1 ft
foot-poundal
1 lbft2/s2 1 atm 1 gal (imp) 1 atm 1 gal (US) me2c2 (= 2 Ry) 1 hp 1 h g 1 lb 1 in The work done when a force of one newton moves the point of its application a distance [24] of one metre in the direction of the force. 1 000 calIT 1 kW 1 h 1 atm 1 L 1015 BTUIT
= 4.214 011 009 380 48102 J = 460.632 569 25 J = 383.556 849 0138 J 4.359 7441018 J = 2.684 519 537 696 172 792106J = 0.112 984 829 027 6167 J = 1 J = 1 mN = 1 kgm2/s2 = 1 CV = 1 Ws = 4.1868103 J = 3.6106 J = 101.325 J = 1.055 055 852 621018 J 2.179 8721018 J = 105.505 585 262106 J = 105.4804106 J = 4.1868106 J = 29.3076109 J = 41.868109 J = 4.184109 J
gallon-atmosphere (imperial)
gallon-atmosphere (US)
hartree, atomic unit of energy horsepower-hour inch-pound force joule (SI unit)
kilocalorie; large calorie
kilowatt-hour; Board of
Trade Unit
Ry
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
1 atm 1 cm3/min
= 1.688 75103 W
1 atm 1 cm3/s
= 0.101 325 W
per second atmospherecubic foot per hour atmosphere-cubic foot per minute atmosphere-cubic foot per second hour atm cfh atmcfm atm cfs 1 atm 1 cu ft/h 1 atm 1 cu ft/min 1 atm 1 cu ft/s 1 BTUIT/h = 0.797 001 244 704 W = 47.820 074 682 24 W = 2.869 204 480 9344103 W 0.293 071 W 17.584 264 W = 1.055 055 852 62103 W = 4.1868 W 3.766 161104 W = 2.259 696 580 552 334102 W = 1.355 817 948 331 4004 W 9.810 657103 W = 736 W = 746 W = 745.699 871 582 270 22 W = 735.498 75 W = 1.688 75 W = 101.325 W 1.333104 W = 980.665 W 70.337 057 W 3 504 W 3.938 875103 W 3.516 853103 W = 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 Nm/s = 1 kgm2/s3
BTUIT/min 1 BTUIT/min BTUIT/s calIT/s ft lbf/h ft lbf/min ft lbf/s bhp hp 1 BTUIT/s 1 calIT/s 1 ft lbf/h 1 ft lbf/min 1 ft lbf/s 34.5 lb/h 970.3 BTUIT/lb 75 kpm/s 746 W 550 ft lbf/s 75 m kgf/s
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (European electrical)
Latm/min 1 atm 1 L/min Latm/s lusec p 1 atm 1 L/s 1 LmHg/s 100 m kgf/s
[14]
poncelet
square foot equivalent direct radiation
sq ft EDR 240 BTUIT/h 1 t ice melted / 24 h 1 BTUIT 1 lng tn/lb 10 min/s 1 BTUIT 1 sh tn/lb 10 min/s W The power which in one second of time [24] gives rise to one joule of energy.
Action
Action
Name of unit
Symbol Definition
Relation to SI units
[27]
Dynamic viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Pas
1 baryes
= 0.1 Pas
Kinematic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Name of unit
ft2/s
1 ft2/s
= 0.09290304 m2/s
1 m2/s
= 1 m2/s
St
Electric current
Electric current
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition The constant current needed to produce a force of 2 107 newton per metre between two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross[8] section placed one metre apart in a vacuum.
Relation to SI units
=1A
electromagnetic unit; abamp 10 A abampere (cgs unit) esu per second; statampere (cgs unit)
esu/s (0.1 Am/s) / c
= 10 A 3.3356411010 A
Electric charge
Electric charge
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
abC; emu 10 C
= 10 C
au
C F
The amount of electricity carried in one [24] = 1 C = 1 As second of time by one ampere of current. 1 mol NAe 96 485.3383 C 3.335 6411010 C
statcoulomb; franklin; electrostatic statC; Fr; (0.1 Am) / c esu unit (cgs unit)
Electric dipole
Electric dipole
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
ea0
Cm D
[28]
debye
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
abV
1108 V
= 1108 V
statV
c (1 J/Am) The difference in electric potential across two points along a conducting wire carrying one ampere of constant current when the [24] power dissipated between the points equals one watt.
Electrical resistance
Electrical resistance
Definition
Relation to SI units
ohm (SI
unit)
The resistance between two points in a conductor when one volt of electric potential difference, applied to these points, produces one [24] ampere of current in the conductor.
= 1 = 1 V/A =1 kgm2/(A2s3)
Capacitance
Capacitor's ability to store charge
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
farad (SI
unit)
The capacitance between two parallel plates that results in one volt of [24] potential difference when charged by one coulomb of electricity.
= 1 F = 1 C/V = 1 A2s4/(kgm2)
Magnetic flux
magnetic flux
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
maxwell (CGS
unit)
Mx
108 Wb
[30]
= 1108 Wb
Wb
Magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a = 1 Wb = 12Vs =1 kgm2/(As ) [24] uniform rate in 1 second.
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
G T
= 1104 T
[31]
= 1 T = 1 Wb/m2 = 1 kg/(As2)
Inductance
Inductance
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
henry (SI
unit)
The inductance of a closed circuit that produces one volt of electromotive force when the current in the circuit varies at a uniform [24] rate of one ampere per second.
= 1 H = 1 Wb/A =1 kgm2/(As)2
Temperature
For more details on this topic, see Conversion of units of temperature.
Temperature
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Conversion to kelvin
degree Celsius
C K 273.15
degree Delisle
De
degree Fahrenheit F
F C 9/5 + 32
degree Newton
degree Rankine
R;
R K 9/5
degree Raumur
degree Rmer
1K
Information entropy
Information entropy
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Relation to bits
SI unit
J/K
J/K
= 1 J/K
nat; nip; nepit bit; shannon ban; hartley nibble byte kilobyte (decimal)
nat
kB
bit; b; Sh ln(2) kB = 9.569 940 (16)1024 J/K = 1 bit ban; Hart ln(10) kB = 3.179 065 3(53)1023 J/K 4 bits B kB 8 bits 1 000 B = 3.827 976 0(64)1023 J/K = 22 bit = 7.655 952 (13)1023 J/K = 23 bit = 7.655 952 (13)1020 J/K = 8103 bit = 8000 bit = 7.839 695 (13)1020 J/K = 213 bit = 8192 bit
Often, information entropy is measured in shannons, whereas the (discrete) storage space of digital devices is measured in bits. Thus, uncompressed redundant data occupy more than one bit of storage per shannon of information entropy. The multiples of a bit listed above are usually used with this meaning. Other times the bit is used as a measure of information entropy and is thus a synonym of shannon.
Luminous intensity
The candela is the preferred nomenclature for the SI unit.
Luminous intensity
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
cd
The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 5401012 hertz and that has a [8] radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. cd The use of candlepower as a unit is discouraged due to its ambiguity. Varies and is poorly reproducible.
[32]
= 1 cd
cp cp
= 1 cd
[14]
0.981 cd
Luminance
Luminance
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
cd/ft2
cd/ft2
10.763910417 cd/m2
cd/in2
cd/in2
1,550.0031 cd/m2
cd/m2
= 1 cd/m2
footlambert
fL
(1/) cd/ft2
3.4262590996 cd/m2
lambert
sb
104 cd/m2
1104 cd/m2
Luminous flux
Luminous flux
Name of unit
cdsr
= 1 lm = 1 cdsr
Illuminance
Illuminance
Name of unit
lm/ft2
= 10.763910417 lx
lm/in2
1,550.0031 lx
lx
lm/m2
= 1 lx = 1 lm/m2
ph
lm/cm2
= 1104 lx
Name of unit
Symbol
Definition
Relation to SI units
Ci rd
3.71010 Bq 1 MBq
= 3.71010 Bq = 1106 Bq
[33]
Please note that although becquerel (Bq) and hertz (Hz) both ultimately refer to the same SI base unit (s 1), Hz is used only for periodic phenomena, and Bq is only used for stochastic processes associated with radioactivity.[34]
Radiation - exposure
Radiation - exposure
Definition
Relation to SI units
roentgen
1 R 2.58104 C/kg
[30]
= 2.58104 C/kg
The roentgen is not a SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use.[35]
dose
Definition
Relation to SI units
1 J/kg = 1 m2/s2
[36]
= 1 Gy
rad
rad
0.01 Gy
[30]
= 0.01 Gy
dose
Name of unit
0.01 Sv
= 0.01 Sv
Sv
1 J/kg
[34]
= 1 Sv
Although the definitions for sievert (Sv) and gray (Gy) would seem to indicate that they measure the same quantities, this is not the case. The effect of receiving a certain dose of radiation (given as Gy) is variable and depends on many factors, thus a new unit was needed to denote the biological effectiveness of that dose on the body; this is known as the equivalent dose and is shown in Sv. The general relationship between absorbed dose and equivalent dose can be represented as H=QD where H is the equivalent dose, D is the absorbed dose, and Q is a dimensionless quality factor. Thus, for any quantity of D measured in Gy, the numerical value for H measured in Sv may be different.[37]
Software tools
Home and office computers come with converters in bundled spreadsheet applications or can access free converters via the Internet. Units and measurements can be easily converted using these tools, but only if the units are explicitly defined and the conversion is compatible (e.g., cmHg to kPa).
See also
Accuracy and precision English units False precision Imperial units International System of Units Mesures usuelles Metric system Natural units
Rounding Significant figures SI prefix (e.g. "kilo-" prefix) Conversion of units of temperature United States customary units Units (software) Units conversion by factor-label Units of measurement
References
1. ^ United States Naval Observatory. (2009). Selected Astronomical Constants, 2009. Accessed May 10, 2009 2. ^ "NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty."(2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved February 22, 2008. 3. ^
a b
Units of Measurement 4. ^
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n
values for the yard and the pound. Federal Register, viewed September 20, 2006 at National Geodetic Survey web site. 6. 7. ^ The International Astronomical Union and Astronomical Units ^ Klein, Herbert Arthur. (1988). The Science of Measurement: a Historical Survey. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications 0-4862-5839-4. 8. ^
a b c d e f
International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, retrieved August 26, 2009 9. ^ International System of Units, 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 8.
10. ^ P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Ed. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 716 and s.v. parsec in Glossary. 11. ^
a b c
treatise on the processes of type-making, the point system, the names, sizes, styles and prices of plain printing types 2nd ed. New York: The Century Co. p. 142150. 13. ^ Pasko, Wesley Washington (1894). American dictionary of printing and bookmaking. (1894). New York: Howard Lockwood. p. 521. 14. ^
a b c d e f
Measurement 15. ^ Thompson, A. and Taylor, B.N. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811. p. 57. 16. ^
a b c d e
Paragraph (b)(5)(viii), retrieved August 29, 2009 17. ^ Barry N. Taylor, Ed.,NIST Special Publication 330: The International System of Units (SI) (2001 Edition), Washington: US Government Printing Office, 43,"The 12th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM)declares that the word litre may be employed as a special name for the cubic decimetre". 18. ^ CODATA Value: atomic uint of mass. (2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 16 September 2008. 19. ^ The Swiss Federal Office for Metrology gives Zentner on a German language web page [1] and quintal on the English translation of that page [2]; the unit is marked "spcifiquement suisse !" 20. ^
a b
Pedersen, O. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary. Vatican Observatory. Available fromAstrophysics Data System. 21. ^ Richards, E.G. (1998), Mapping Time, Oxford University Press, pp. 9495, ISBN 0-19-850413-6
22. ^ Steel, Duncan (2000), Marking Time, John Wiley & Sons, p. 46, ISBN 0-471-29827-1 23. ^ CODATA Value: atomic unit of force. (2006). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved September 14, 2008. 24. ^
a b c d e f g h i
of the International System of Units (SI) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 5768. 26. ^ Barry N. Taylor, (April 1995), Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (NIST Special Publication 811), Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 5. 27. ^ International System of Units, 8th ed. (2006), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Section 4.1 Table 7. 28. ^ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, 2006, retrieved August 26, 2009 29. ^ Robert G. Mortimer Physical chemistry,Academic Press, 2000 ISBN 0125083459, page 677 30. ^
a b c
31. ^ Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997. (1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and American Society for Testing and Materials. Tables A.1 through A.5. 32. ^ The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, retrieved August 28, 2009 33. ^ Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 10. 34. ^
a b
ed.), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, 2006, retrieved August 27, 2009 35. ^ The NIST Guide to the SI (Special Publication 811), section 5.2, 2008, retrieved August 27, 2009
36. ^ Ambler Thompson & Barry N. Taylor. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). Special Publication 811. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 5. 37. ^ Comit international des poids et mesures, 2002, Recommendation 2,http://www.bipm.org/en/CIPM/db/2002/2/, retrieved August 27, 2009
1.
^ "Unit Converter / Unit Conversions 101". Program. Keisarian Applications. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
External links
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of FHSST Physics Units:How to Change Units
Official text of the Units of measurement regulations 1995 as created/made within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database
How Many? A dictionary of units of measurement NIST: Fundamental physical constants Non-SI unitsPDF (35.7 KB) NIST Guide to SI Units Many conversion factors listed. The Unified Code for Units of Measure Units, Symbols, and Conversions XML Dictionary Units of Measurement Software at the Open Directory Project Units of Measurement Online Conversion at the Open Directory Project
Natural units
Conventional systems
Customary systems
Avoirdupois Apothecaries' British Imperial Burmese Canadian Chinese Cornish Danish Dutch English Fin
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Ancient systems
Other systems
Base units Derived units Accepted for use with SI See also
Ampere Candela Kelvin Kilogram Metre Mole Second Becquerel Coulomb degree Celsius Farad Gray Henry Hertz Joule Katal Lumen Lux Newton Ohm Pascal Dalton (Atomic mass unit) Astronomical unit Day Decibel Degree of arc Electronvolt Hectare Hour Litre Minute Atomic units Natural units SI prefixes Systems of measurement Conversion of units New SI definitions History of the metric system Book:International System of Units
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