Environmental Engineering System

Experiment No. 5

Experiment No.5
1.0 2.0 TITLE : Determination of residual chlorine in a given water sample by Orthotolidine test. PRIOR COCEPTS:
Disinfection of water, Disinfectants, Methods of disinfection, Types of chlorination.

3.0

NEW CONCEPTS:
Proposition 1 : Disinfecting action of chlorineWhen chlorine is added in water, it forms hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ions.

The hypochlorous acid is unstable and may break into hydrogen ion and hypochlorite ions.

The above reaction is reversible and depends upon the pH value of water. The dissociation of hypochlorous acid into ions is more effective at high pH values and vice versa. Thus at pH values grater than 10, only OCl ions are found; while in pH values of less than 7 (more than 5) HOCl will generally exist without dissociating into OCl ions and the pH range of below 5, chlorine does not react and remains as elemental chlorine. The hypochlorous acid is the destructive hence the pH value of water during chlorination is generally maintained slightly less than 7, so as to keep the dissociation of HOCl to minimum. The chlorine will immediately react with ammonia present in water to form various chloromines.

The chloramines so formed are stable and is found to possess disinfecting properties.

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Experiment No. 5

Environmental Engineering System

Proposition 2 : Orthotolidine TestOrthotolidine test generally uses a comparator instrument, called a Chloroscope, which help in comparing the colour developed in water with Orthotolidine reagent, with standard colours developing at different values of free chlorine, available in the form of slides.

Fig 5.1 : Plan of Chloroscope

Proposition 3: Optimum Dose of chlorineThe optimum dose of chlorine for given water sample is a dose which leaves a residual chlorine of about 0.2mg/lit. after a contact period of 10 minutes. Chlorine dose for a sample of water depends upon 1. Nature and concentration of impurities in water. 2. Time of contact 3. pH value of water 4. Type of organism. 5. Temperature of water.

General concept structure

1. Tests for Residual chlorine

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Environmental Engineering System

Experiment No. 5

2.

Methods of disinfection -

3.

Types of chlorination -

4.0

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
4.1 Intellectual Skills 1. 2. 3. 4.2 To understand the importance of chlorination of water. To understand the presence of disease causing bacterias. To understand the disinfecting action of chlorine.

Motor skills 1. To develop the ability to collect the water sample for the test. 2. To develop the ability to use the apparatus to conduct the test. 3. To observe the value of residual chlorine in given water sample.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Experiment No. 5

Environmental Engineering System

5.0

APPARATUS:
1. 2. 3. 4. Beaker Test tube Chloroscope (Comparator box) Orthotolidine solution In Orthotolidine test for given water sample, Orthotolidine solution is mixed and after the contact period of 10 minutes , the yellow colour is formed. The developed colour is compared with standard colours to estimate the free residual chlorine in a given water sample.

6.0

PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Fill the three test tubes in the front row of the comparator box with the given water sample up to the given marking. Add 6 drops (0.5ml) of standard Orthotolidine standard solution in middle test tube and mix with stirrer. A yellow colour will be developed in first 5 seconds indicating the presence of free chlorine. Fill distilled water in central tube of the back row. Take two standard colour samples in side tubes of back row. Observe from front side against sufficient white or natural light. Compare the colour developed in the water sample (after five minutes of addition of othotodiline) with standard colours. The standard colours in two sides of back row may be replaced to obtain a good matching .The known value of chlorine in mg/lit. contained in standard colour, which matches with colour developed in the water sample, will indicate the combined residual chlorine water sample.

7.0

OBSERVATIONS:

8.0

RESULT:
The residual chlorine in a given water sample is found to be ... mg/lit.

9.0

CONCLUSIONS:
Sample no. _____has more residual chlorine than permissible limit, so it requires. treatment to reduce the residual chlorine. Sample no. _____has residual chlorine within permissible limit, hence they are safe. Note : Conclusion will be any one of above two possibilities

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Environmental Engineering System

Experiment No. 5

10.

QUESTIONS: (Attempt 3-5 questions as directed by teacher)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. State the importance of residual chlorine in water. What should be the minimum concentration of residual chlorine in water up to the consumer's tap. What are the various methods to determine the residual chlorine in water. What is effect of excessive residual chlorine on the quality of water. State the necessity of residual chlorine in water. State the effect of excessive residual chlorine of the taste of water. Give three major requirements of a disinfectant. State the chemicals used as a disinfectant and what are their comparative merits and demerits How the colour changes after the addition of orthotolidine solution in a water sample. Discuss the use of chlorine as a disinfecting agent with reference to its doses.

(SPACE FOR ANSWERS)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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Experiment No. 5

Environmental Engineering System

(SPACE FOR ANSWERS)

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION