13

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181 (2002) 251^297
www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo
The Frasnian/Famennian boundary interval in the

South Polish^Moravian shelf basins:
integrated event-stratigraphical approach
Grzegorz Racki a; , Maria Racka a , Hanna Matyja b , Xavier Devleeschouwer c
a
Department of Earth Sciences, Silesian University, Bedzin¤ska Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
L
b
Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka Str. 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
c
Geological Survey of Belgium, Rue Jenner 13, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Accepted 6 December 2001
Abstract
The Late Devonian mass extinction event near the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary has been analysed using
conodont biostratigraphy and biofacies, sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry in reference sections
of the South Polish^Moravian shelf (Holy Cross Mountains, Cracow and Brno areas). High-resolution
biostratigraphic study revealed difficulties in the precise recognition of this ‘natural’ stage boundary, but confirmed
the occurrence of a major (third-order) sequence boundary in the F/F transition in an active synsedimentary tectonic
setting, marked by erosional discontinuities, hardgrounds and brecciation or omission surfaces. Conclusive evidence
of an extraterrestrial impact has not been found. Among Earth-bound factors, the main devastating role in the shelf
habitats is ascribed to fluctuating anoxia and/or nutrient dynamics in a disturbed greenhouse climatic setting. The
long-term facies changes were determined by a conspicuous break in carbonate production, accompanied by
replacement of mature stromatoporoid^coral reefs by pioneer shelly-crinoid banks, microbial mounds and localised
oolitic bars. The key F/F passage interval was marked by intermittent but generally accelerated periplatform ooze/
debris input and severe storm events, as well as by probably highly fluctuating oxygenation and biological
overproduction, best manifested in radiolarian^silicisponge and cephalopod acmes. Eutrophication phenomena, at
least partly stimulated by various hydrothermal and volcanic processes, were one of the major biogeochemical
processes during this climax of the Late Devonian biotic crisis. However, significant oceanographic perturbations
were also linked with the onset of the transgressive^hypoxic Upper Kellwasser Event, still within the latest Frasnian
linguiformis Zone, i.e., well before the F/F conodont collapse. Implied variations in the redox state of seawater
through the Kellwasser timespan, probably in regionally highly variable temporal scales, are in agreement with recent
palaeoecological and biogeochemical inferences, in particular suggesting recovering oxygenation just prior to the F/F
boundary in the other Laurussian intrashelf basins. All the data support a long-time, multicausal Earth-bound crisis
instead a worldwide cosmic catastrophe. < 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Frasnian/Famennian boundary; mass extinction; south Poland; conodont biofacies; geochemistry; microfacies; anoxia;
volcanism
* Corresponding author. Fax: +48-32-191-58-65. E-mail addresses: racki@us.edu.pl (G. Racki), racka@ultra.cto.us.edu.pl
(M. Racka), hmat@pgi.waw.pl (H. Matyja), xdevlees@ibelgique.com (X. Devleeschouwer).
0031-0182 / 02 / $ ^ see front matter < 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 3 1 - 0 1 8 2 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 4 8 1 - 3
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

252 G. Racki et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181 (2002) 251^297
1. Introduction rifting^magmatic events on the nearby East

European Platform (Racki, 1998), have been ex-
The Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) transition has amined by integrated geochemical and mineralog-
for a long time attracted attention due to its ical studies. This article summarises the most im-
link with one of the most severe extinctions in portant results and implied ideas of recent
Earth history, the ¢rst-order stepwise collapse of doctoral studies by Devleeschouwer (1999) and
the low-latitude stromatoporoid^coral reef biota Racka (1999), the details of which will be pub-
and overall carbonate production break. The lished elsewhere.
general term ‘Kellwasser (KW) Crisis’, merging The worldwide eustatic pattern presents a con-
both late Frasnian anoxic events (Schindler, venient basis for ‘natural’ chronostratigraphy
1993), is used here. The prime causation of the (Racki, 1993), and the late Frasnian is equated
mass extinction boundary, especially a leading to the complex transgressive^regressive (T^R)
role of extraterrestrial impact(s), remains un- cycle IId (sensu Johnson et al., 1985). The author
certain (McGhee, 1996; Sandberg et al., 1997, responsibility for particular kinds of analytical
2001), but multicausal and exclusively Earth- data is shown below, but the ¢nal discussion
bound trigger factors have recently received and conclusions are the result of joint considera-
strong concern (see Walliser, 1996; Copper, tions by the authors.
1998; Racki, 1998; Joachimski et al., 2001).
The goal of this study is to provide a detailed 1.1. Sampling and methods
regional documentation of biotic, depositional,
magnetic susceptibility and geochemical signa- Outcrops examined were sampled extensively
tures across the F/F boundary interval (Fras- for conodont biostratigraphy, thin-section and
nian/Famennian boundary event of Walliser, peel petrography, geochemistry, as well as for
1996), and their interpretation in terms of envi- clay mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility (at
ronmental processes responsible for the cata- Kowala only). The samples were taken bed by
strophic turnover in mid-Late Devonian marine bed, and studied in cm intervals around the F/F
ecosystems. The high-resolution analysis is based boundary.
on the relatively continuous carbonate sequences In summary, 89 samples were studied geo-
in the Holy Cross Mountains and Cracow region, chemically for major elements and trace metals,
which lie on the South Polish part of the Laurus- especially rare earth elements (REEs), partly
sian shelf (Figs. 1 and 2A,B). The Kowala quarry also for carbon and oxygen isotopes (see Section
is selected as the principal reference site for F/F 5.1). Fifty thin sections (35 of them large-sized)
studies (Fig. 2C). Additional geochemical data are and 110 peels from Kowala and PIucki limestones
derived from the SMumbera section in Brno, Mora- (courtesy of M. M. Joachimski) were used in the
via. The localities have previously been studied petrological investigation. More than 80 samples
mostly from biostratigraphic and palaeoecological were processed for conodonts. In parallel, 20 clay-
viewpoints (e.g., Kaz¤mierczak, 1971; Szulczewski, rich samples from Kowala and insoluble residues
1971, 1989; Matyja and Narkiewicz, 1992, 1995; from conodont samples were examined for micro-
Balin¤ski, 1995; 2002; Racki and Balin¤ski, 1998), fossil content.
as summarised by Narkiewicz and Ho¡man
(1989) and Racki (1990, 1993). The inorganic
geochemical data, focused on trace element 2. Structural and palaeogeographic setting
content, supplement previous studies, chie£y [G. Racki]
of isotopic and organic records (HaIas et al.,
1992; Bednarczyk, 1995; Marynowski et al., Devonian strata of the Holy Cross Mountains
2000; Joachimski et al., 2001). In particular, con- belong to the elongated belt between the south-
jectural F/F volcanic in£uences (Dvora¤k et al., western margin of the East European Craton and
1988), suggested also by recent correlations with Variscan Deformation Front (Fig. 1A), delineat-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

G. Racki et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181 (2002) 251^297 253
Fig. 1. (A) Location of Holy Cross Mountains and other sur¢cial localities and boreholes within the palaeogeographic and struc-
tural framework of the Devonian in Poland (modi¢ed after Racki, 1993, ¢g. 1); Caledonian substrate units (in grey italics) after
Dadlez et al. (1994). (B) Palaeogeographic plan of the Givetian to Frasnian of Holy Cross Mountains (based on Racki, 1993,
¢g. 2).
ing the controversial extent of the Wielkopolska tation and are debatable for the Late Devonian
and the Silesian^Moravian (^Subcarpathian ?) epoch (see Section 4.2).
Variscides. As summarised by Dadlez et al. The shelf, up to 600 km in width, formed the
(1994), the Devonian overlap sequence was depos- Polish part of a pericratonic basin stretching from
ited over both the fragment of the Caledonian Western Europe to the Ukraine along the periph-
marginal fold-and-thrust zone and two possible ery of the ‘Old Red Sandstone Continent’ (Lau-
terranes : the proximal MaIopolska Block and russia). The southern part of the shelf, extending
the exotic( ?) Upper Silesia Block. However, the to the Moravian Karst and Sub-Carpathian area
provenance of the terranes (i.e., Baltican versus (Fig. 1A), is best known from numerous outcrops
Gondwanan), and overall Caledonian^Variscan in the western Holy Cross Mountains, and Sile-
amalgamation history within the accretionary mo- sia^Cracow and Brno areas, as well as from bore-
saic (Trans-European Suture Zone) still remain hole studies. The southern closure was formed
full of uncertainties (see discussion in Pharaoh, mostly by the poorly known Sub-Carpathian
1999). For example, a geotectonic separation of Arch (sensu Narkiewicz, 1996). A facies transect
the shelf segments is suggested (Belka et al., exhibits gradual shallowing and wedging south-
2000; Hladil, 2001), but the presumed biogeo- wards toward this stable elevated area, with com-
graphical relations (especially a striking dissimi- mon Middle to Upper Devonian shallow-water,
larity between Moravian and Polish domains) partially peritidal deposits of a low-angle attached
await for appropriate palaeontological documen- carbonate platform (¢g. 4 in Narkiewicz, 1988).
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

The best studied Zawiercie^Debnik cross-section

L
3. Analytical sections and conodont biostratigraphy
is situated at the northeastern periphery of the [G. Racki and H. Matyja]
stable Upper Silesian Block, in the zone of a Ca-
ledonian suture (see also Pharaoh, 1999). The Upper Devonian epicontinental succession
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 2. Palaeogeographic and stratigraphic settings of the F/F transition in the western Holy Cross Mountains (after Racki, 1990,
¢g. 4; modi¢ed). (A) Key pro¢les presenting particular facies settings (thickness not to scale) and (below) schematic cross-section
adopted from Szulczewski (1971, ¢g. 11C). Conodont dating of facies changes (arrowed): p = punctata, r = rhenana, l = linguifor-
mis, t = triangularis, c = crepida, r = rhomboidea, m = marginifera, S = Scaliognathus anchoralis, L = Lower, M = Middle, U = Upper;
interval of dating uncertainty is marked by thickness of separating line at the F/F boundary. 1 = Stromatoporoid^coral reef lime-
stones (A = Amphipora limestones, K = Kadzielnia-type bioherm), 2 = £at-pebble conglomerates, 3 = other detrital limestones,
largely talus-like varieties, 4 = micrites, 5 = medium-bedded marly to micritic limestones, 6 = nodular marly deposits, 7 = inter-
bedded marly limestones and shales, 8 = cherty shales, 9 = biogenic cherts, 10 = subsidence or uplift (length of arrow corresponds
to relative rate of displacement). (B) Palaeogeographic scheme with location of the key sections, according to letter code from A.
1 = Reef-limestones rimmed by detrital (slope) deposits and succeeded by condensed cover with hiatuses, 2 = generally argillaceous
rhythmic (basin) deposits. (C) Composite lithological section of the Upper Devonian strata at Kowala (compiled from Szulczew-
ski, 1996, ¢g. 8), the reference succession showing environmental evolution typical of intermittently drowned shelf from reef
(units A^C) to slope (D^G) to intrashelf basin (H^L). 1 = Bedded micritic limestones, 2 = biohermal limestones, 3 = biostromal
limestones, 4 = coarse-grained detrital limestones, 5 = ¢ne-grained detrital limestones, 6 = nodular limestones, 7 = marly limestones,
8 = marly shales.
over the South Polish shelf indicates continuous including proximal-slope sequences (KostomIoty,
but punctuated drowning of an increasingly dif- Psie Go¤rki) studied by Casier et al. (2000, 2001).
ferentiated vast stromatoporoid^coral platform In addition, the Upper Devonian ramp sequence
(Stringocephalus bank) which terminated in the has been accurately documented at Debnik near L
Visean (see e.g., Szulczewski, 1971, 1995; Narkie- Cracow (see Narkiewicz, 1988; Narkiewicz and
wicz, 1988; Racki, 1993; Racki and Narkiewicz, Ho¡man, 1989; Balin¤ski, 1995), and this is a com-
2000). Two distinct palaeogeographic^tectonic re- parative inner-shelf F/F succession for the more
gions of the Holy Cross area (the Kielce palaeo- distal, middle-shelf Holy Cross sections.
high and Jysogo¤ry palaeolow; Fig. 1B) o¡er an The F/F passage beds in Poland have been
opportunity to compare the record of events dated more or less con¢dently by conodonts
across the F/F boundary in several sedimentary (e.g., Szulczewski, 1971, 1989; Matyja and Nar-
regimes (Fig. 2A,B). The ¢nal developmental kiewicz, 1992, 1995; Balin¤ski, 1995). However, the
phase of the Devonian bank-to-reef carbonate stage transition is accompanied by various range
complex corresponds to isolated reef structures hiatuses in many sections (‘carbonate crisis’ of
which include the Dyminy Reef in the Holy Cross Narkiewicz and Ho¡man, 1989), especially on
area (Narkiewicz, 1988; Racki, 1993). The struc- the top of drowned reefs (e.g., at Kadzielnia,
tural framework controlled the subsymmetric fa- Fig. 2A). Consequently, the Palmatolepis lingui-
cies plan shown by the central location of the formis Zone (in terms of Ziegler and Sandberg,
Frasnian Dyminy Reef evolving into a Famen- 1990) is not frequently documented, whereas the
nian remnant ridge ; this shoal was surrounded Lower Palmatolepis triangularis Zone is at least
by drowned, poorly oxygenated deeper-shelf areas conspicuously reduced in thickness, even in the
( = intrashelf basins) : Checiny-Zbrza (southern)
L
distal slope to basinal sequences. The present
and Jysogo¤ry-KostomIoty (northern), as summa- high-resolution study focused on the precise rec-
rised in Racki (1993) and Szulczewski (1995). All ognition of the F/F boundary in the studied sec-
the accessible exposures which have been exam- tions (Figs. 4^8; Appendices A^C), and revealed
ined (for details of locations see Register of local- some obstacles in a decisive recognition of this
ities in Racki, 1993) are grouped mostly in the ‘natural’ stage boundary.
western part of the Holy Cross Mountains. How- The complex questions of palmatolepid element
ever, only the most complete sections of both ba- taxonomy due to continuous transition between
sins (Kowala, PIucki) are studied more thor- Palmatolepis praetriangularis, which is ¢rst re-
oughly here. Supplementary data were derived corded in the linguiformis Zone, and Palmatolepis
from several, mostly more shallow-water, con- triangularis, which ¢rst occurs in the Lower trian-
densed or discontinuous F/F sections (Fig. 2A), gularis Zone, will be presented in another paper.
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 3. (A) Eastern wall of the Kowala quarry in 1998, with well visible F/F passage beds (units H-2 to H-4; see Fig. 2C) show-
ing di¡erent bedding styles (see close-up in Racki, 1990, ¢g. 5); note arrowed bag as a scale at the base of wall. (B) Interbedded
laminated limestones and shales of the unit transition H-3 to H-4, with abundant accumulation of carbonised macroalgal remains
on the bedding plane; Kowala quarry, western wall in 1992.
In general, both species as well as transitional Sandberg, 1990). Our observations suggest that
forms between them have similarly shaped plat- early forms of Pa. triangularis from the Lower
forms. In details, however, Pa. praetriangularis is triangularis Zone have a gently upbent posterior
distinguished by a horizontal or slightly descend- platform which always runs down sharply at the
ing platform area posterior to the central node tip, whereas late (i.e., typical) forms of the species,
from Pa. triangularis, in which this area rises gent- which ¢rst occur probably within the Lower tri-
ly to sharply posteriorward from the central node angularis Zone and highly dominated in the Mid-
to a downbent narrow posterior tip (Ziegler and dle triangularis Zone, have a sharply upbent pos-
Sandberg in Sandberg et al., 1988; Ziegler and terior platform. Contrary to previous concepts
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

G. Racki et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181 (2002) 251^297
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02
Fig. 4. Conodont biofacies around the F/F boundary at Kowala quarry, based on samples taken by W. Buggisch and M.M. Joachimski from
the middle wall in 1992 for isotope studies (section Ko; courtesy of M.M. Joachimski; see Appendix A). Samples numbered as beds (‘a’ refers
to the lower part of bed, and ‘b’ to its upper part). Lithology shown by outcrop pro¢le: m = marly shales, M = mudstone, W = wackestone,
P = packstone, G = grainstone. In association occur radiolarians (r), sponge spicules (s), pellets (p), tentaculitids (t), agglutinated
foraminifera (f), lingulids (l), and ¢sh (i) and phyllocarid (h) remains.
257
Fig. 5. Composite lithological^faunal section (A) and carbon isotope curve (B) for Upper Devonian strata at PIucki. Measure-
ments for only pure carbonate samples (below 5% IR) are plotted in B.
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 6. Lithological^macrofaunal succession and conodont biofacies around the F/F boundary at PIucki trench P-II (see Fig. 5
and Appendix B). Exposures: E-natural outcrops, W = pits, P = trenches.
(e.g., House et al., 2000a), the F/F boundary is intraformational reworking, and large-scale fau-
recognised on the ¢rst appearance of early forms nal mixing is not precluded, a broader variety of
of Pa. triangularis. F/F conodont survivors, assumed by Schu«lke
It should also be noted that several basal (1995, 1998), is also reasonable at least for less
Famennian samples from the Debnik and PIucki
L
specialised species of Palmatolepis and Polygna-
sections include some Frasnian-type species of thus.
Palmatolepis and Polygnathus, and Ancyrodella,
which are represented mostly by single specimens, 3.1. Kowala near Kielce
but up to 15% in the rich PIucki fauna. Globally,
these species do not range after the end of the The well-known continuous sequence of the
linguiformis Zone, so they could not possibly ex- Checiny^Zbrza basin (see Fig. 2) has been fre-
L
tend into the Lower triangularis Zone, and therein quently employed for various F/F analyses (e.g.,
should be reworked. However, the faunas have Racki, 1990; Bednarczyk, 1995; Racki and Balin¤-
been recovered from various lithologies, including ski, 1998; Sartenaer et al., 1998; Joachimski et al.,
low-energy wackestones (sample Dz-15). Thus, 2001). The Frasnian strata are well exposed in the
even if there was earliest Famennian continuous railway cutting and were described by Szulczewski
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 7. Lithological^biotic succession (A) and conodont biofacies (B; see also Appendix C) around the F/F at Debnik trench
L
Z-XVII (for data on other trenches and the full Debnik sequence see Balin¤ski, 1995). Grey arrows correspond to poor conodont
L
faunas recovered.
(1971). In the adjacent immense Kowala (formerly tains some interstrati¢cations of graded detrital
Wola) active quarry, the whole of the Upper Dev- limestones (with broken reef-builders and bra-
onian sequence, more than 350 m thick, is ex- chiopod shelly partings) and/or thick (up to 1 m)
posed (Figs. 2C and 3A); this is in the gently slump layers. Thin-bedded marly limestones with
dipping southern limb of the GaIezice Syncline.
L
shale interbeds (unit H-2), from 17 m thick (on
Additional data come from the Kowala 1 bore- the east) to above 40 m (to the west), contain
hole, located 500 m to the north of the Kowala common irregular subnodular and shale-nodular
Quarry (ZWakowa and Radlicz, 1990). intercalations, up to 45 cm thick. Infrequent pla-
Within the dark to black, bituminous marly se- nar-bedded laminated beds and a relatively thick
ries, four lithologic units were described from the 25^40-cm shale layer mark the top of the unit. An
broadly de¢ned F/F transition interval (sets H-1 abrupt lithologic change from subnodular and
to H-4; Figs. 2C, 3A, 4 and 8; see also ¢g. 2 in thin-bedded marly deposits, which are highly fos-
Vishnevskaya et al., 2001), corresponding to the siliferous in places (unit H-2), to limestone^cherty
post-reef phase of shelf evolution. The variably strata (H-3) is particularly signi¢cant. The latter
bedded, fossiliferous marly^micritic unit H-1 con- calcareous unit, 6 ^8-m-thick platy limestones, is
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 8. Geochemical environmental proxies for the macrofossil-impoverished F/F transition at Kowala, based on samples taken
from the middle wall in 1997 (section Kx). Simpli¢ed carbon isotope curve based on Devleeschouwer’s (1999) study of this sec-
tion (see data for another Kowala section in Joachimski et al., 2001, Fig. 8). Average Zr/Al2 O3 ratio in limestones is calculated
from table 1 in Wedepohl (1970).
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

composed of beds up to 50 cm thick and thin (up (or even a cryptic hiatus?; see also Section 8.2)
to 5 cm) shale interstrati¢cations (Fig. 3). Rapid embracing the basalmost triangularis Zone cannot
taperings are observed as well. These cherty lime- be excluded in the seemingly continuous basinal
stone beds constitute the main lithologic peculiar- section because typical (late) Pa. triangularis oc-
ity within the otherwise uniform upper Frasnian curs right at the base of the Famennian.
to Famennian marly rhythmic succession (more
than 250 m thick; see Fig. 2C). Black bedded 3.2. PlIucki near LIago¤w
and nodular cherts are common in the lower
half of the marker unit, whereas graded coqui- The monotonous deep-water sequence at PIucki
nite^crinoid lenticular accumulations containing village, north of Jago¤w (eastern Holy Cross
cephalopods and brachiopods occur particularly Mountains), consists of rhythmically bedded marly
in the middle portion of this unit (see Racki and limestones and shales ; it ranges probably from
Balin¤ski, 1998; Dzik, 2001). The overlying monot- the Upper rhenana Zone to the undivided trian-
onous unit H-4, more than 100 m thick, includes gularis Zone (Fig. 5). Mostly black deposits were
rhythmically thin-bedded marly limestones and exposed in trenches and pits in 1992 and 1998.
shales (Marly Facies of Szulczewski, 1971). With Fragmentary exposures, paired with tectonic
the exception of sporadic crinoidal partings, the disturbances and faults, have resulted in very
impoverished macrofauna is limited to bivalves approximate thickness estimations for the more
(Guerichia) and largely inarticulate brachiopods than 150-m-thick Jysogo¤ry^KostomIoty basin
(see also ZWakowa and Radlicz, 1990). succession.
The F/F sections have been sampled several The lowest exposed black limestones with shaly
times since 1988 in di¡erent walls of the active intercalations (unit A; Fig. 5) are marked by sev-
quarry. The most re¢ned study was completed eral bioclastic partings. This lower cephalopod-
in the middle walls of the quarry in 1992 (section enriched bituminous level is a possible equivalent
Ko, Fig. 4; 49 samples taken by M.M. Joachim- of the Lower KW Horizon (see Dzik, 2001). An
ski and W. Buggisch) and 1996 (Kx; Figs. 8 and overlying monotonous marly sequence, at least
18; 62 samples taken in cooperation with X. De- 60 m thick, consists of interbedded limestones
vleeschouwer), and partly in the eastern part (sec- and shales, mostly with rock-forming homocte-
tion Kw, 1991, see Vishnevskaya et al., 2001; sec- nids and uncommon rhynchonellid brachiopods
tion Ke, 1993). in several layers (unit B). A pure limestone unit
Units H-1 and H-2 certainly belong to the Pal- C (5 m thick) includes a strongly bituminous
matolepis rhenana Zone (see new conodont dates cephalopod limestone layer at the bottom part
in Sartenaer et al., 1998, and Joachimski et al., (C-1, known previously from fragmentary out-
2001, ¢g. 2), and the entry of Palmatolepis lingui- crops as the Manticoceras Limestone; see Matyja
formis is recognised in the uppermost part of unit and Narkiewicz, 1995), and followed higher in
H-2 (sample Ko-10; Fig. 4, Appendix A). The the thicker micritic unit by a thin coquina inter-
F/F boundary is reliably placed in the lower seg- calation (C-2; Fig. 6). Rhythmically bedded, un-
ment of unit H-3, since Palmatolepis triangularis fossiliferous marly limestones and shales, with
appears 1.3 m above the base in the central part brachiopods limited to topmost parts, form the
of the quarry (Fig. 4, sample Ko-24b; Fig. 8, thick upper part of the set. Higher Famennian
sample Kx-12b), within the distinctive cherty cephalopod limestones are well-known from out-
bed (see ¢g. 2a in Racki, 1999). The Lower trian- crops along the Jagowica river at Jago¤w from the
gularis Zone shows a relatively reduced thickness time of Sobolev (1909), and their spatially discon-
(at most c. 1.1 m; see other zones in Fig. 2C), tinuous, lensoid geometry (cf. Makowski, 1991)
and, at least in section Ko, a thinning is also suggests the possibility of additional occurrences
noted in the Middle triangularis Zone (1.6 m; at several upper Frasnian and Famennian strati-
but see Szulczewski, 1996, ¢g. 8; Joachimski et graphic levels.
al., 2001). Furthermore, an extreme condensation Twenty-¢ve samples for high-resolution cono-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 9. Geochemical environmental proxies for the F/F transition at PIucki (trench P-II section; see also Figs. 5 and 6). Carbon
isotope curve simpli¢ed from Racka (1999; see also HaIas et al., 1992).
dont and geochemical studies were taken mostly found within the distinctive tentaculitoid^cephalo-
from unit C-1 (Fig. 6; Appendix B). The Frasnian pod^bivalve limestone (between samples Jg-P-II/
succession probably embraces only the linguifor- 13a and 13b). Consequently, an unrecognised dis-
mis Zone, as indicated (see Ziegler and Sandberg, continuity separates the lower and upper parts of
1990, p. 22) by recognition of the entomozoid bed 13, by analogy to its locally (in trench P-I)
splendens Zone in the upper part of underlying iron-stained stylobreccoid bottom part, and con-
unit B (Olempska, 2001). The F/F boundary is ¢rmed by a rapid entry of late Palmatolepis trian-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 10. Geochemical environmental proxies for the F/F transition at Debnik (trench Z-XVII section; see also Fig. 7).
L
gularis. The coquina obviously represents the Signi¢cantly, PIucki is the only section in the
Upper KW Horizon, as shown also by the diverse Holy Cross Mountains where both anoxic Kell-
faunal assemblage with the ammonoid Crickites wasser events are likely recorded in cephalopod
(see Dzik, 2001). A condensation is evident be- facies (Szulczewski, 1989; Dzik, 2001). A compa-
cause the Lower triangularis Zone is c. 0.3 m thick rable succession is described from the Janczyce 1
only, and a mixing of di¡erent-zone faunas is borehole (Matyja and Narkiewicz, 1992, 1995;
likely for the sample Jg-P-II/13b (cf. also Matyja Narkiewicz and Narkiewicz, 1992; also Makow-
and Narkiewicz, 1995). ski, 1991), located 10 km to the east of Jago¤w.
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 11. Geochemical environmental proxies for the F/F transition at SMumbera 1 section; microfacies succession and conodont
datings compiled from Hladil and Kalvoda (1993) and Streitova¤ (1994).
3.3. Debnik near Cracow

L
three distinctive units: (I) thin-bedded fossilifer-
ous black limestones (with brachiopods and ho-
Upper Devonian fossiliferous limestones are moctenids) and marly interbeds (0.65 m visible
very poorly exposed in the Debnik Anticline,
L
thickness), (II) graded calcarenites interrupted by
north of Krzeszowice, 26 km to the west of Cra- marly^nodular level (1.2 m thick), and (III) thin-
cow. Balin¤ski (1995) described mostly platy and bedded, frequently wavy-bedded to almost platy
micritic upper Frasnian and lower Famennian de- micritic limestones, enriched in brachiopods and
posits from temporary exposed pits and trenches crinoid detritus in places. The upper unit certainly
Z-VI and Z-XIV. However, the F/F boundary belongs to the thicker monotonous lower Famen-
interval was exposed for the ¢rst time in a new nian complex (laminated marly mudstones of
supplementary trench Z-XVII, dug together with Narkiewicz, 1988, ¢g. 4; Balin¤ski, 1995).
A. Balin¤ski in 1997 in the forest south of Debnik L
Overall, less reliable dating is available by this
village (Fig. 7; see Balin¤ski, 2002). section, and the linguiformis Zone is recognised
The analysed 7.5-m-thick sequence consists of with question due to the total absence of the in-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

dex species (Appendix C). The F/F boundary is other micropalaeontological data derived mostly
placed within unit II, as guided by occurrence of a from the Kowala reference section.
single Palmatolepis triangularis in sample Dz-12b
(Fig. 7B). Only the entry of Palmatolepis clarki 4.1. Conodont biofacies [H. Matyja and G. Racki]
(jointly with typical Pa. triangularis) enables the
proper recognition of the Middle triangularis Zone In conodont biofacies terms (sensu Sandberg et
(sample Dz-15). In addition, the Upper triangula- al., 1988, 1997, table 2), units H-1 and H-2 at
ris Zone possibly starts in the upper unit III (rec- Kowala are marked by mostly low-abundance
ord of Palmatolepis cf. minuta in sample Dz-18b). palmatolepid biofacies, with a subordinate (10^
30%) contribution of polygnathids, Ozarkodina
3.4. S;umbera in Brno and Pelekysgnathus (Fig. 4). Markedly, the high-
est element abundance (in order of 1000 speci-
The Moravian F/F sequences are interpreted mens per kg) is found in the most clay-rich part
as a shallow carbonate ramp succession (Hladil of unit H-2, 1.5 m below its top. The recorded
et al., 1991). The studied shallow-water, mostly entry of Palmatolepis linguiformis in the upper-
thick-bedded, fore-reef section in Brno area most (more clay-rich) part of unit H-2 is probably
(SMumbera 1 on Hady Hill) is described by Hladil facies-controlled, and results only from Upper
and Kalvoda (1993) and Streitova¤ (1994). Grey KW transgressive pulse (see below). Prominent
stromatoporoid- and coral-bearing bioclastic changes in conodont biofacies, shown in a two-
grainstones to packstones (Macocha Formation) fold icriodontid spike, and the presence of the last
are abruptly replaced at the F/F boundary by ancyrodellids in mixed palmatolepidîcriodontid
brachiopod^cephalopod^crinoid intraclastic brec- biofacies, characterise the F/F transition interval
cias alternating with centimetre-thick wackestone (unit H-3), as well as highly £uctuated abundan-
and/or grainstone partings (L|¤s›en Formation). ces, presence of conodont clusters and invariably
For geochemical purposes 12 samples only were many (up to 50%) small-sized palmatolepid speci-
taken from the narrow (2 m thick) Upper rhenana mens. Intermittent reappearance of more uniform
to Middle triangularis zonal interval (Fig. 11). palmatolepid biofacies is notable in the Middle
The topmost Frasnian blackish sponge-bearing and Upper triangularis zones.
bed 8 is thought to be an equivalent of the Upper A similar biofacies pattern is found in the
KW Horizon, and especially its lower boundary is somewhat di¡erent lithofacies setting at PIucki.
markedly paired with erosion and sedimentation The faunas are distinguished by very high abun-
starvation. dances in the Kellwasser-type limestones (up to
2200 specimens per kg). There, the biofacies
evolution across the F/F boundary (Fig. 6) re-
4. Ecological aspects veals a rapid replacement of sparse palmatole-
pid^polygnathid faunas by rich palmatolepid^pol-
Regional macrofaunal succession in the key ygnathidîcriodontid assemblages, with increasing
KW interval was summarised by Racki (1990). participation of icriodontids until the Middle
Especially common brachiopod faunas were re- triangularis Zone.
¢ned recently by Balin¤ski (1995, 2002), Racki The conodont assemblages at Debnik are far
L
and Balin¤ski (1998) and Sartenaer et al. (1998), more di¡erentiated (Fig. 7B). Topmost Frasnian
and the ostracod associations were described by limestone^marly strata (samples Dz-1 to Dz-7)
Casier et al. (2000, 2001). The succession of other yielded a peculiar polygnathid^pelekysgnathid^
important groups, such as cephalopods and cri- palmatolepid biofacies (with contribution of Pele-
noids, will be presented by Dzik (2001) and GIu- kysgnathus planus up to 45%), but with reduced
chowski (2001), respectively. Thus, only a brief abundances below 10 specimens per kg in the
account is given here, and the main aim is to clay-enriched layers. The appearance of more nu-
document the conodont biofacies patterns and merous icriodontids again characterises the broad
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

F/F passage interval in unit II, where palmatole- sygnathids are rarely noted in other areas (up to
pid-dominated faunas are replaced by polygna- 1.5% in Rhenish faunas; table 1 in Sandberg et
thidîcriodontid biofacies in detrital limestones. al., 1988), occurring mostly in post-extinction Fa-
Higher in the succession, both micritic and detri- mennian assemblages (e.g., Schu«lke, 1995, 1998;
tal lithologies exhibit palmatolepidîcriodontid Morrow, 2000; also in some Holy Cross micro-
biofacies protracted upward in sparse (10^40 spe- faunas, Szulczewski, 1989). The only exception is
cimens per kg) palmatolepid-dominated faunas of the southern Belgian shelf, where peleksygnathids
the Middle to ?Upper triangularis Zone. Com- occur in abundances as great as 16% in the pal-
pared to upper parts, the lower parts of the dis- matolepid^polygnathid biofacies of the Upper
tinctive graded detrital beds 13 and 14 have pro- rhenana Zone (C.A. Sandberg, personal commu-
vided richer faunas (above 650 platform elements nication).
per kg), but they are to some extent impoverished
in palmatolepids. 4.2. Other biota [G. Racki]
Summarising, the biofacies analysis across the
F/F boundary in representative South Polish (also The thinnest-bedded and clay-rich, uppermost
Szulczewski, 1989; Matyja and Narkiewicz, 1992; (c. 1.5 m thick) part of unit H-2 at Kowala is
Dzik, 2002) sequences reveals well-known world- marked by a gradual disappearance of shelly ben-
wide characters. These are manifested primarily in thos (especially low-oxygen-tolerant rhynchonell-
(1) a rather stepwise extinction pattern, accompa- ids; Sartenaer et al., 1998) and exotic, reef-derived
nied by (2) telescoping of palmatolepid (deep) and bioclasts, culminating in the barren topmost shale
icriodontid (shallow) niches, with a maximal icrio- level; this is accompanied by the entry of pelagic
dontid spike just above the F/F boundary (see palmatolepid conodonts, a higher homoctenid
e.g., Sandberg et al., 1988, 1997; Schu«lke, 1995, abundance and a weak entomozoid acme (see
1998; Morrow, 2000). On the other hand, several ¢g. 2 in Vishnevskaya et al., 2001). A far more
presumed signatures are less clearly recorded, be- distinctive biotic shift is approximated with the
cause impoverished basal Famennian survival fau- lithologic change from unit H-2 to H-3. Even if
nas with dwarfed palmatolepids (Renaud and a unique lithistid^dictyid silicisponge assemblage
Girard, 1999) may be questionably only estab- £ourished locally in the late Frasnian, the litho-
lished at Kowala and Debnik; this concerns
L
facies turnover is underlined by the overall switch
rather plenty of juveniles ( 6 0.1 mm; Fig. 4). from mostly calcareous to siliceous biotas (Racki,
However, some frequency characters are probably 1999). As shown by Vishnevskaya et al. (2001),
skewed by the above-noted condensation phe- the moderately diverse spherical entactiniid radio-
nomena and/or subtle hiatuses. larian association, with only sporadic albaillellids
The shallower-water (‘neritic’) Debnik faunas
L
(totalling 31 taxa of 11 genera), continued across
display distinctive features, manifested in surviv- the F/F boundary. This biota thrived during the
ing polygnathidîcriodontid assemblages that con- later Famennian (Z W akowa and Radlicz, 1990).
¢rm the concept of continued regressive setting by Phyllocarid crustaceans, ostracods and ¢shes, in-
Sandberg et al. (1988). A relatively high peleksyg- cluding acanthodians and sharks, were other im-
nathid frequency is well understandable in the in- portant components of the impoverished vagile
ner shelf domain (cf. Sandberg et al., 1997, table benthic and nektonic assemblages that persisted
2), but their peak preceded the highlighted F/F across the F/F boundary (see Fig. 4). These are
icriodontid bloom (Fig. 7B). Signi¢cantly, the co- supplemented by episodic bursts of planktic di-
eval short-lasting peleksygnathid acme occurs in minutive homoctenids and the KW-type pelagic
both hemipelagic successions under study (see fauna with thin-shelled bivalves (mainly Buchiola)
Figs. 4 and 6), and it is described by Matyja and cephalopods. Filipiak (2001) shows an occur-
and Narkiewicz (1992) also from the Janczyce-1 rence of the same leiosphere-dominated phyto-
borehole section. This biofacies aspect seems to be plankton communities (with Leiosphaeridium and
a latest Frasnian regional feature because pelek- Maranhites) around the F/F boundary, whilst
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

maceral abundances suggest an increased bacterial (Racki and Balin¤ski, 1998, p. 296, Sartenaer et
and/or cyanobacterial contribution in the key in- al., 1998). A prominent place in the post-extinc-
terval (Joachimski et al., 2001). Carbonised thalli tion shallow-water shelly^crinoid assemblages was
of large algae with ¢lamentous internal structure, occupied step-by-step by impoverished faunas,
possibly of codiacean a⁄nities, associated with marked by productids, cyrtospiriferids and athyr-
compressed carapaces of a concavicarid arthro- idids (Balin¤ski, 1995; Racki and Balin¤ski, 1998),
pod, phosphatised carapaces and inarticulate jointly with Frasnian survivors well exempli¢ed
shells (Orbiculoidea) are almost the only macro- by a relict crinoid Schyschcatocrinus delicatus^
fossils higher in the H-3 to H-4 sequence (Fig. 3B). Calleocrinus kielcensis fauna (GIuchowski, 2001).
In parallel, infaunal activity possibly diminished,
as judged from the distribution of conodont-ele-
ment clusters (see Fig. 4). Microfacies data are 5. Inorganic geochemistry and mineralogical data
biased by intensive compaction/solution processes [M. Racka]
(see Section 6), but millimetre-sized vertical (?esc-
cape) burrows were observed even in the topmost 5.1. Analytical methods
black shales of unit H-2.
Supplementary data from other sections con- Twenty-nine whole-rock, limestone to marly
¢rm that especially giant prasinophyte algae and shales samples from the Kowala section (Kx;
molluscan blooms were common across the crit- see Fig. 8) were analysed for major elements re-
ical boundary interval (see Matyja and Narkie- ported as oxides and minor elements (Ba, Cr, Cu,
wicz, 1992; Filipiak, 2001), even if the goniatite Ga, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sr, V, Y, Zn, Zr) using
succession (mostly Archoceras, Linguatornoceras, traditional X-ray £uorescence spectrometry tech-
Aulatornoceras and Manticoceras) re£ects only a niques based on the fusion glass disc method for
disappearance from the record during the Upper major elements and pressed powder pellets for
KW interval (Dzik, 2001). At Debnik, only bi-
L
trace elements. The analyses were performed on
valves are established in a few-centimetre-thick an automatic ARL 8420 wavelength dispersive
coquina level below to the F/F boundary (bed spectrometer at the Department of Earth Scien-
8; Fig. 16E); the deeper-ramp facies is character- ces, Keele University, England. Precision (mea-
ised by abundant burrowing infauna and tentacu- sured as percentage coe⁄cient of variation) was
litoids (still present in the lower Famennian). In determined from the analysis of replicate samples
contrast to more localised basins, proli¢c upper- of many International Standards. For major ox-
most Frasnian entomozoid populations occurred ides, the error was generally 1.0^1.5% of the anal-
in the northern hemipelagic sequence at PIucki. ysis value (except 0.5% for SiO2 and Fe2 O3 ),
Substantial two-step losses among entomozoid whereas for most elements, 5% of the determined
lineages occurred within the Upper KW timespan, value was typical, although when the abundance
and, after a barren interval, the planktonic group was 6 10^20 ppm, the error increased to 10%.
reappears high in the Middle triangularis Zone as Detection limits for most commonly determined
new refugia lineages (Olempska, 2001). A match- trace elements were 2^4 ppm, although they were
ing pattern is shown by benthic ostracods: there is higher and more variable for V and Ba. More-
above 70% loss of taxa close to the critical bound- over, 26 trace elements (Ag, As, Au, Br, Co, Cs,
ary, and their recovery appears to be very slow Hf, Hg, Ir, Mo, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Ta, Th, U, W, La,
(Casier et al., 2001). Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu) were determined by
In contrast to reef-related atrypid^gypidulid instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)
brachiopod biofacies, the deeper-water rhynchon- at the Activation Laboratories, Ontario, Canada.
ellid (-inarticulate) biofacies is continuous across The samples were irradiated in a thermal neutron
the F/F boundary, e.g., at PIucki (Fig. 5), £ux of 5U1012 n cm32 s31 and counted on two
and exhibits biogeographic a⁄nities between Ge crystal detectors Ortec and Canberra 7 days
eastern Holy Cross and Cracow^Silesia regions after irradiation.
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Thirty-¢ve samples from the Debnik, 12 sam-

L
samples is less than 25%. The clay mineral assem-
ples from the PIucki, and 13 samples from the blage, consisting of kaolinite and ¢ne-grained
SMumbera sections (mostly limestones ; see Figs. muscovite with a small amount of mica/smectite
9^11) were entirely analysed at the Activation mixed-layer clays, is present in the non-weathered
Laboratories, Ontario, Canada. Major and some (black) part of the section, whereas illite with kao-
trace elements (e.g., Ba, V, Zr) were determined linite admixtures dominates in the bleached F/F
by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrom- lithologies; feldspars occur occasionally as traces.
etry (ICP) following sample fusing with LiBO2 According to the more detailed study of Devlee-
and dissolving in HNO3 . The elements Ag, Bi, schouwer (1999), this clay assemblage is dominat-
Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were also analysed using ed by illite (70^100%) with kaolinite (0^25%); in-
ICP but following sample digestion with HCl^ terstrati¢ed illite^smectite is present in traces
HNO3 ^HClO4 ^HF. Twenty-¢ve other elements (0^15%). A clear di¡erence in the clay minerals
(including As, Co, Cr, Ir, Mo, Sb, U and REEs) exists between Frasnian and Famennian rocks.
were measured by INAA. Precision and accuracy The clay assemblage is relatively diversi¢ed in
of the results obtained at the Activation Labora- the topmost Frasnian : illite is dominant but kao-
tories in Canada were better than \ 5% for the linite and interstrati¢ed clays are also present. The
major elements and \ 10^15% for the minor ele- basal Famennian is composed almost totally of
ments for concentrations at or higher than 10 illite, only one sample yielded kaolinite (15%)
times the detection limits, and poorer at lower and interstrati¢ed illite^smectite (5%).
concentration levels. At PIucki IR contents are higher than 10% only
Total organic carbon (TOC) and S were deter- for two samples. Quartz amounts reach 5%, where-
mined on a Leco Carbon-Sulphur Analyser. Min- as clay minerals and feldspars (present in all sam-
eralogical analyses of acid-insoluble residues (IR) ples) are up to 3% in pure limestones. The clay
were performed at the Department of Earth Sci- mineral assemblage is dominated by illite with il-
ences, Silesian University, by G. Bzowska. IR was lite/smectite mixed-layer clays; kaolinite and smec-
obtained from reaction with 1 N HCl for 24 h at tite are present as small admixtures. IR contents
room temperature. Samples of IR were investi- range from 1% to 19.5% in the Debnik section, but
L
gated by X-ray di¡raction for major mineralogical for most samples are less than 10%. Clay minerals
phases. Relative mineral abundances were deter- and feldspars dominate IR components and reach
mined semi-quantitatively by using the ratios of 16% of total rock content; quartz accounts for up
the peak intensities of major minerals. to 6%. Illite with illite/smectite mixed-layer clays
and/or smectite or kaolinite associations are the
5.2. Mineralogical data most frequent clay minerals, but smectite is abun-
dant in the Frasnian part of the section near the
Chemical composition and mineralogical data F/F boundary. Feldspar (mostly orthoclase) con-
of the studied rocks indicate that quartz or chal- tents are the highest in the Debnik section among
L
cedony, clay minerals, pyrite and feldspars are the all investigated sections. The IR contents are still
main minor phases. Of these, pyrite (up to 1%) is lower (from 0.06% to 1.63%) in the SMumbera lime-
present commonly as disseminated framboids, eu- stones. Muscovite and quartz are present as the
hedral crystals, blocky masses or skeletal fauna main components of IR and dominate in the Fras-
incrustation. More rich organic matter (TOC up nian part of this section whereas quartz dominates
to 3.7%) is present only in the black limestones in the Famennian part of the section.
and marly shales of the Kowala section (up to
5.4% according to Joachimski et al., 2001), and 5.3. Geochemical signatures
ranges from 0.01 to 1.04% in other sites.
The content of IR varies from above 5% (pure Previous geochemical studies on the F/F tran-
limestone varieties) to 85% (in cherty beds) in the sition were focused only on extraterrestrial impact
Kowala succession, but for the two-thirds of the evidence and anoxia markers (e.g., Claeys et al.,
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

1996; Joachimski et al., 2001; see review in 5.4. Discussion

McGhee, 1996). Neither Ir contents (below 5 ppb
in all samples) nor mineralogical proof (microtek- The F/F passage at Kowala invariably lies in a
tites, shocked quartz) for the F/F impact were more or less extensively weathered (bleached) in-
discovered in the Polish successions (Racka, terval, comprising, for example, almost 2.9 m of
1999). Thus, selected geochemical guide data strata in the Kx section (Fig. 8). For this reason,
from the sections studied were used to test for the key interval was omitted by Joachimski et al.
various Earth-bound environmental factors which (2001) whose work was based on a far broader
might have acted during the Late Devonian (see stratigraphic interval (Lower rhenana to Upper
Figs. 8^11). triangularis Zones ; c. 55 m thick) and used less
Many geochemical proxies, known from the lit- close sampling. However, the tentative conclu-
erature, could not be used because several key sions from this reference rhythmic limestone^
elemental concentrations (e.g., Mo, Cd, U) were shaly succession were substantiated overall by re-
too often below the detection limit of analytical ¢ned data from the black KW-type cephalopod
methods. For used elements, half of the detection limestone at PIucki, and the results are thus seen
limit values was taken into consideration in such to be supplementary to those presented in Joa-
rare cases. From many palaeo-oxygenation indi- chimski et al. (2001). In general, the correlative
ces (e.g., Brumsack, 1989; Calvert and Pedersen, geochemical shifts in di¡erent lithologies and dis-
1993; Arthur and Sageman, 1994; Jones and tant sites presented below argue that primary en-
Manning, 1994; Allison et al., 1995; Ho¡man et vironmental signals were not essentially biased in
al., 1998; Bratton et al., 1999; Joachimski et al., the stratigraphic record under study, despite pos-
2001) that were tested by Racka (1999), the V/Cr sible gap e¡ects, varying terrigenous inventory
ratio was chosen as a reliable proxy (Figs. 8A^ and diagenetic overprint.
11A). Thresholds proposed by Ho¡man et al. The oxygenation pattern over the South Polish^
(1998) for the oxic/dysoxic (V/Cr = 1.0) and dys- Moravian epeiric seas seems to di¡er from perma-
oxic/anoxic (V/Cr = 5.0) boundaries in Carbonif- nently stagnant and anoxic, as assumed for the
erous epeiric seas are adopted herein. KW-type regimes (Joachimski et al., 2001). V/Cr
Barium, SiO2 and P2 O5 were jointly used as the ratios from each studied section suggest £uctuat-
biological productivity record (cf. Brasier, 1995; ing bottom-water conditions persisting before the
Figs. 8B^11B). Measured concentrations of SiO2 , F/F boundary, and their deterioration toward hy-
P2 O5 and Ba were normalised according to poxic levels in the early Famennian in deeper
Schmitz et al. (1997), i.e., recalculated to the water settings, with anoxia proved at PIucki
Al2 O3 content of average continental crust (15%) only. The reconstructed oxygenation regimes are
for Ba and P2 O5 (e.g., Ba* = Ba/Al2 O3 U15%), more or less ¢rmly supported by other signatures
whilst the SiO2 * excess values represent the total (V/(V+Ni), Al-normalised Mn/Fe and contents of
SiO2 content from which an assumed average chalcophiles).
SiO2 content of the aluminosilicate fraction The normalised SiO2 * excess values, approxi-
(45%) was subtracted. Mineralogical composition mately re£ecting opaline silica content, as well
of IR as well as Zr/Al2 O3 (Figs. 8C^11C) and as normalised P2 O5 * and the Ba* concentrations
TiO2 /Al2 O3 ratios were considered to re£ect vol- increase close to the F/F boundary in each studied
canic signals (Suzuki et al., 1998) in the context of section, although the scale of these enrichments is
concurrent F/F tectono-magmatic activation very diverse. The highest content of opaline silica
(Racki, 1998). As hydrothermal deposits have is observed in the Kowala section where is is re-
Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) values less than 0.35 and Fe/Ti corded as biogenic cherts, occurring below and
ratios higher than 20 (Bostro«m, 1983; see also within the F/F boundary layer (bed 12 in Fig.
Bonatti, 1983) these relations were employed as 8). The percentage of visible chert in outcrops is
crude proxies of hydrothermal supply; only the thought by Bartolini et al. (1999) to be an indica-
¢rst tracer is shown in Figs. 8D^11D. tor of productivity levels (see summary in Brasier,
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

1995), and the high amount of SiO2 at Kowala the Holy Cross Mountains was restricted to fore-
re£ects certainly a bloom of siliceous biota such slope- and/or reef-related sections (Casier et al.,
as radiolarians and sponges (Racki, 1999). The 2000, 2001). The F/F deposits under study herein,
highest rate of biological productivity close to corresponding to overall deeper water settings, are
the F/F boundary is presumed for both sections less di¡erentiated. Constituent grains as well as
from the Holy Cross Mountains, and is notably rock fabrics allow tentative recognition of ¢ve
placed within a broad positive shift of carbon major microfacies (MF1^MF5 ; Figs. 12^17),
isotopes and TOC maximum (Fig. 5 and 8C; Joa- summarised in Table 1 and Figs. 12^17. Only dis-
chimski et al., 2001) but prior to the onset of tinctive characters of the F/F boundary beds at
oxygen-depleted conditions. Also in the shallow Kowala are emphasised below.
ramp succession at SMumbera, values of the pro- The H-3 unit deposits at Kowala are composed
ductivity proxies increase just above the F/F of variably alternating radiolarian^spicule micritic
boundary. On the other hand, the markers predict partings (Racki, 1999, ¢g. 2C therein), and neo-
pulsatory water mass fertility in the Debnik sea,
L
morphosed crystalline carbonate and pressure-
although isotopic data also reveal an abrupt rise welded (stylolaminite) argillaceous bands, result-
in the N13 C value of about 2x above the F/F ing in crudely laminated to ribbon-like appear-
boundary (Fig. 9C; see also HaIas et al., 1992). ance. In extreme cases, the whole limestone bed
Among geochemical indices of volcanic input, exhibits a grained, partly marble-like appearance,
the best results are given by the Zr/Al2 O3 ratio. In with obliterated primary fabrics (sparstone sensu
each studied section, increased values of this ratio Wright, 1992; Fig. 12D). Chert bands and lenses
can be observed near the F/F boundary, suggest- comprise cryptocrystalline silica groundmass
ing enhanced aeolian input of ¢ne-grained pyro- grading into microcrystalline chalcedony with
clastic material. The mineralogical composition of scattered spherulites and quartz mosaic con¢ned
IR, especially in more southerly sections (feld- to replaced bioclasts (Fig. 12C). Calci¢ed radio-
spars, micas), seems to con¢rm this conclusion. larian steinkerns are very abundant, forming up
In addition, such evidence of Late Devonian vol- to 70% of total rock volume. A typical spiculitic
canic activity is also known from the Kowala variety can be sporadically recognised at PIucki
1 borehole (ZWakowa and Radlicz, 1990) and from and Kowala (linked with MF3), but presence of
the KW-like deposits in Moravia (including acid sponge relics with connected spicules is rarely ob-
tu¢tes ; Dvora¤k et al., 1988; also Hladil, 2001). served. Essentially non-laminated (mini)peloidal^
Geochemical evidence of hydrothermal signals fenestral fabrics are recognisable in some homo-
is more uncertain, but may support episodes of geneous limestone beds (Fig. 13D),
this activity near the F/F boundary in this part Notably, pervasive diagenetic e¡ects, which are
of the Laurussian shelf. This record is the negli- ubiquitous in Palaeozoic pelagic limestones
gible in the PIucki section, whereas at Kowala it is (Tucker, 1974; Warnke, 1997), are found in
coeval with the peak of F/F siliceous productivity most of the limestone^shale, largely decimetre-
(bed 12 in Fig. 8). A sedimentaryêarly diagenetic scale couplets, especially at Kowala. The probably
model, involving multiphase ‘white’ smoker activ- early diagenetic property is tentatively explained
ity in a rifting setting, is postulated by Migaszew- by £uctuations in pH related to the oxidation of
ski et al. (1999) from an oxygen isotope study of organic matter that caused carbonate pressure
Devonian and Carboniferous cherty rocks in the dissolution and coeval reprecipitation (cf. Coni-
region. glio, 1989). Likewise, variable development of
nodular fabric, typical of the Kowala and Debnik
L
sections, is probably related to selective early ce-

6. Microfacies account [G. Racki] mentation and/or synsedimentary folding and
slumping (Z W akowa and Radlicz, 1990; Narkiewicz
Previous high-resolution microfacies study in and Narkiewicz, 1992).
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 12. Photomicrographs of upper Frasnian microfacies from PIucki, unit B-2, sample Jg-P-I/18 (thin section; A,B), and Kowa-
la, unit H-2 (E), and lower Famennian MF1^MF2 (C,D) from Kowala, unit H-3. (A) Laminated argillaceous marly mudstone
with scattered entomozoids (see also Matyja and Narkiewicz, 1992, plates 5:1 and 3). (B) Close-up of the entomozoid-enriched
mudshale parting (MF2). (C) Radiolarian^spiculite packstone (MF2), showing compactional fabric, in sharp contact with cherti-
¢ed parting (see Racki, 1999, ¢g. 2); sample Kw-149 (thin section). (D) Aggraded marly mudstone matrix (MF1), marked by
coarse neospar (compare with Coniglio, 1989); sample Ko-40 (peel). (E) Mudstone with nested gastropods (arrowed) in erosional
contact with graded laminated grainstone rich in homoctenids (MF4); sample Ko-8 (peel).
6.1. Environmental interpretation wicz, 1992; Pre¤at et al., 1998; Whalen et al.,
2000; Chen et al., 2001; Devleeschouwer et al.,
A prevalence of open-marine environments be- 2001). Even if the three main sequences under
low the storm wave base could explain the relative study represent somewhat di¡erent facies settings,
homogeneity of the microfacies, because sea-level there are obvious similarities in the overall mi-
changes did not greatly in£uence the depositional crofacies succession across the critical F/F stage
regimes. Nevertheless, the principal microfacies boundary. The most lime-rich lithologies, with a
succession (from MF1 to MF5) records an overall various record of synsedimentary reworking and
shallowing trend from quiet, poorly oxygenated redeposition, are limited regularly to the F/F pas-
habitats below storm activity level to at least epi- sage beds. Hence, the microfacies and biotic se-
sodically agitated environments above this level. quential pattern is described in three-step chrono-
The stratigraphic links of microfacies, and espe- logical developmental phases.
cially their palaeontological characters (from pe-
lagic biota to reworked algal-dominated assem- 6.1.1. Latest Frasnian
blages) allow the establishment of a distal^ The uppermost part of Frasnian successions
proximal gradient determined mainly by storm studied is characterised by generally monotonous,
action (Table 1; see also Narkiewicz and Narkie- rhythmic lime^marly deposition (MF1^MF2) be-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 13. Thin-section photomicrographs of upper Frasnian^lower Famennian microfacies from Kowala, unit H-3 (A,C,D), and
PIucki, unit C-1 (B). (A) Brachiopod intercalation (MF4) within pressure-welded radiolarian^spiculite packstone (MF2); sample
Kw-154. (B) Shelly wackestone (W; MF2) erosionally covered by pyrite-rich burrowed(?) molluscan packstone (P) with ¢ne intra-
clasts admixture, mostly at the bottom (MF4); sample Jg-P-II/5. (C) Initially brecciated peloidal ostracod- and spicule-bearing
packstone at the bed bottom (MF2; see D), with ¢ssures (F) ¢lled with injected, partly silici¢ed brachiopod^crinoid grainstone
(MF4), developed over stylolaminited homoctenid^radiolarian packstone (MF2); sample Ke-94a. (D) Close-up of vague peloidal^
fenestral fabric; sample Ke-94b.
low storm wave or current activity (?occasionally basins overprinted by £uctuating pelagic biopro-
below 100 m; see Narkiewicz and Narkiewicz, ductivity, mostly of phytoplankton and homocte-
1992; Pre¤at et al., 1998). Despite some regional nid communities. Benthic fauna in the oxygen-de-
di¡erentiation, the micritic microfacies generally pleted habitats is probably limited to rare sponges
record quiet muddy sedimentation in intrashelf and lingulids, but ‘euryoxic’ rhynchonellids epi-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Table 1
Summary of microfacies characters for studied successions of the Polish^Moravian shelf
Microfacies Components and matrix Depositional features Occurrence Environment of
(units) [Figures] deposition
MF1: marly Lime mud (frequently pyrite-bearing and Laminations (also wavy to PIucki (A, B-2, B: stagnant,
mudstones slightly recrystallised), clay; barren or rare distorted), cm^dm bedding, C-2, D); Kowala quiet water
and mud- thin-walled bivalves, homoctenids, sometimes nodules, in places (H-2, H-4); distal slope and
shales to mi- ostracods, sponge spicules, phosphatic bioturbated and occasionally Debnik (mostly
L
basin
crobioclastic fossils, ?radiolarians; enrichment in ¢ne homogenised, indistinct burrows I) [Figs.
wackestones bioclastic ooze (calcisiltite); peloids 12A,D,E; 14A]
(including faecal pellets)
MF2: homo- Lime mud matrix (peloidal^fenestral Cm^dcm bedding, planar to Kowala (H-3; in B: quiet water
ctenid and ra- varieties; Fig. 12D), rarely peloids and wavy lamination, including mm- places H-2 and to sporadically
diolarian^spi- micritic intraclasts (up to 5 mm); three thick bioclast and ¢ne peloid^ H-4); PIucki (A, agitated, distal
culitic wacke- faunal varieties: homoctenid, radiolarian/ intraclast, occasionally sparry- B-2); Debnik
L
slope and basin
stones to spiculite and entomozoid, also: bivalves, rich laminae and lenticles (rarely IÎI)
packstones gastropods, brachiopods, echinoderm showing erosive bases and [Figs. 12B,C, 13
elements, ostracods, phosphatic fossils micrograding; bioturbation A,C,D, 14B,
(including lingulids) leading to homogenisation 16C, 17C]
MF3: bra- Sand to cobble size diverse bioclasts in Cm^dcm wavy bedding, mm^ Debnik
L
B (rarely R):
chiopod^crin- muddy matrix; largely disarticulated cm, tubular or lenticular, (commonly I episodically
oid biotur- brachiopod shells and/or crinoid ossicles; normally or reversed graded and III, rarely agitated to quiet
bated wacke- also: frequent molluscan shells (gastropod bedding into MF2, nodules, in II), infrequently water; distal
stones to variety) and ostracod valves; peloids places peloidal fabrics; Kowala (H-2) slope
packstones (mostly faecal pellets) bioturbation common, spar- and PIucki (A-2)
¢lled subvertical burrows; iron- [Figs. 14C, 15A]
encrusted hardground (Fig.
15A)
MF4: mollus- Mostly cobble size bioclasts, largely Cm^dcm, mostly lenticular(?), Kowala (lenses R(?):
can^homocte- muddy matrix (usually neomorphosed, crudely graded bedding into in H-3); PIucki intermittently
nid and bra- peloidal in places); at most weakly MF2; shelter pores and spar- (C-1); Debnik L
agitated,
chiopod^cri- micritised brachiopod and/or crinoid ¢lled irregular burrows, rarely (occasionally II), localised
noid pack- skeletal material, or gradation from iron-stained hardgrounds and/or SMumbera [Figs. intrabasin ridges
stones to homoctenid-dominated to cephalopod^ stylobreccoid partings; graded 13B, 15B,C, to platforms or
grainstones bivalve faunas; mostly ¢ne intraclastic into bioclastic £at-pebble 16BÊ] largely proximal
admixture in basal parts, phosphate grains conglomerates (see Biernat and slope
and concretions, goniatite faecal Szulczewski, 1993)
aggregates (Fig. 16D)
MF5: well to Abundant sand-size bioclasts: Lamination, mm^cm, mostly PIucki (rarely in R: agitated,
poorly sorted calcispheroids and algae (kamaenids, tubular and normally graded A), Debnik (II),
L
episodic
algal^calci- Issinella, Jansaella), renalcids, ostracods, bedding into MF2, shelter SMumbera; moderate to
spheroid lami- foraminifers, also fragmented micritised pores, locally chaotic clasts common in strong
nated grain- molluscs, brachiopods and echinoderms; (SMumbera) other Holy turbulence;
stones peloids, algal lumps, coated grains; locally Cross sections proximal slope
intraclasts ( s 1 cm) or ooids [Figs. 15A, 16A, into shoal and
17] fore-reef
B-background deposits, R-redeposited deposits; see, e.g., Whalen et al., 2000, table 1, and Chen et al., 2001, table 1.
Fig. 14. Thin-section photomicrographs of upper Frasnian^lower Famennian microfacies at Debnik. (A,B) Burrowed mudstone
L
exhibiting well-developed nodular fabrics (MF1), with nodules partly exhumed along the erosional contact with ¢ne intraclastic
grainstone (G) and burrowed brachiopod packstone^wackestone (MF3), passing in the topmost part into microintraclastic^homo-
ctenid packstone (MF2; close-up in B); geopetally ¢lled burrows are arrowed; unit I, sample Dz-2. (C) Bioturbated crinoid^bra-
chiopod wackestone with pyrite-enriched bioclast cluster; sample Dz-12b/3, unit II.
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

est-water sediments. Thus, changing bottom

oxygenation may be inferred from anaerobic to
dysaerobic and exaerobic conditions. Microbio-
clastic packstone (MF4) partings are occasionally
interstrati¢ed in the sediments and related to dis-
tal turbiditic or stormy currents transporting ¢ne
debris (also amphiporid sticks) and bioclastic
ooze from nearby reef ridges (Szulczewski, 1971,
1996, p. 29; Racki, 1993).
6.1.2. F/F transition

The F/F transition interval (i.e., latest linguifor-
mis to Early triangularis Zones) is invariably dis-
tinguished by an onset of higher-energy carbonate
regimes (microfacies MF4 and MF5), disrupting
the (hemi)pelagic background sedimentation. As
underlined above, the lithofacies change from
unit H-2 to unit H-3 at Kowala is accompanied
by a corresponding biotic switch from mostly cal-
careous benthos and plankton to silicisponges and
radiolarians. This distinctive F/F character is rec-
ognisable in the Czech sections as well, where ra-
diolarians were noted by Hladil et al. (1991), and
sponges by Hladil and Kalvoda (1993). On the
other hand, by analogy to the Carboniferous cre-
nistria Limestone, the obscured clotted(^fenestral)
fabric was at least partly produced microbially in
starved(?) conditions during decomposition of
soft tissue of the radiolarians and sponges (cf.
Warnke, 1997; see also Kaz¤mierczak et al., 1996).
Nevertheless, episodic periplatform ooze/debris
input (mostly as dilute turbidity currents; Szulc-
zewski, 1996) from the nearby drowned reef ridge
was probably a far more important depositional
process, and obscurely preserved only in ribbon-
Fig. 15. Thin-section photomicrographs of lower Famennian laminated fabrics and diagenetically enhanced
microfacies at Debnik, unit II (A), and topmost Frasnian
L
rhythmic bedding. High-turbulence episodes are
MF4 at Kowala, unit H-3 (B,C). (A) Pyrite-encrusted hard- variably shown in at least four discontinuous cen-
ground developed on contact between packstone with lum- timetre-thick cephalopod or brachiopod^crinoid
py^micritic grains and peloids (MF5) and bioturbated wacke-
(MF4) accumulations in more shallow-water east-
stone with scattered shelly material (MF3); sample Dz-14B.
(B,C) Phosphatic concretions in poorly washed pyrite-rich ern Kowala sequences, replaced westward by
brachiopod^crinoid grainstone (B; sample Kw-149) and go- millimetre-thick biointraclastic packstone interca-
niatite packstone (C; sample Ke-96, see Fig. 16C). lations. Growth of storm-a¡ected, crinoid^bra-
chiopod banks, microbial buildups and localised
sodically colonised the muddy bottoms as well algal thickets/oolitic bars is evidenced for post-
(Sartenaer et al., 1998). Furthermore, the com- reef swells in the western Holy Cross area (Szulc-
mon presence of soft-bodied infauna is also indi- zewski, 1971, 1995; Racki, 1990; Biernat and
cated by bioturbation, even in presumably deep- Szulczewski, 1993; Casier et al., 2000, 2001), in-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 16. Thin-section photomicrographs of upper Frasnian cephalopod^bivalve microfacies. (A) Laminated, graded grainstone
(MF5) with cephalopod-bearing parting at the middle, erosionally overlying mudstone (MF1); PIucki, unit A-1, sample Jg-W-I/
1a. (B) Molluscan^homoctenid, cephalopod-rich packstone (MF4), PIucki unit C-1, sample Jg-P-I/126b. (C,D) Poorly washed
cephalopod grainstone to packstone (MF4) developed above ribbon stylolaminited spiculite^radiolarian wackestone to packstone
(MF2; C), containing ‘algal’ Rectangulina aggregate, reinterpreted as faeces of goniatite faecal (Warnke, 1997); Kowala, unit
H-3, sample Ke-96. (E) Fine intraclastic^peloidal bivalve grainstone (MF4) marked by spar-¢lled irregular shelter cavities and
burrows (cf. Tucker, 1974); Debnik, unit II, sample Dz-8.
L
cluding oolite deposition on the past Dyminy ments were developed on the shallowing Kosto-
Reef shoal (see the Dalnia section in Fig. 2A; mIoty high (Casier et al., 2000).
Szulczewski, 1971, plate 29:1). Semi-restricted ti- Furthermore, the topmost Frasnian peloidal
dal £ats and pre-evaporitic supratidal environ- (?microbial-sponge) packstone bed (Fig. 13C), in-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 17. Thin-section photomicrographs of lower Famennian detrital algal^calcispheroid microfacies MF5. (A) Poorly preserved
cylindrical algae (?Issinella, ?Jansaella; arrowed), calcispheroids and lumpy^micritic grains and peloids in laminated grainstone
(see C); Debnik, unit II, sample Dz-11. (B) Crustose Sphaerocodium overgrowth on brachiopod valve (lower part) and renalcid
L
clumps (upper part) in unsorted shelly grainstone; SMumbera 1, sample Su-9c. (C) Laminated grainstone (MF5) grading from
poorly sorted to well-sorted and laminated microclastic varieties, and ¢nally into homoctenid wackestone (MF2); Debnik, unit
L
II, sample Dz-11. (D) Unsorted crinoid^brachiopod intraclastic grainstone showing pervasive micritisation of bioclasts (M), algal
lumps and a variety of non-skeletal grains, ooids (O) including (see plate 6:1 in Casier et al., 2000); KostomIoty.
cipiently brecciated at the bottom, is also found. and seismically triggered, downslope transport
Fissure ¢lling with coarse clasts suggests a link processes (see summary in Skompski and Szulc-
with disruption of di¡erently lithi¢ed deposits, zewski, 2000), recorded spectacularly in 2-m-thick
possibly promoted by seismic shocks (see discus- £at-pebble conglomerates at SŁluchowice (Fig. 2A;
sion for origin of similar breccia from the Stein- Szulczewski, 1989, ¢gs. 2 and 4). Di¡erentiation
bruch Schmidt pro¢le in Sandberg et al., 1988; into fault-controlled localised submarine swells,
Schindler, 1993; Devleeschouwer et al., 2001). typi¢ed mainly by cephalopod coquinas, and
In general, the broad F/F timespan is marked neighbouring troughs determined by entomozoid
by synsedimentary tectonic/seismic disturbances, clayey facies and locally turbidites (cf. Tucker,
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

1974) may be hypothesised for the KostomIoty^ theless, ooze export was signi¢cant at the begin-
Jysogo¤ry basin (Racki, 1993, p. 157). Rapid lat- ning, as shown by relatively lime-rich sediments in
eral thickness changes, discontinuities and split- all sites. The pelagic fauna is essentially limited to
ting into separate thinner layers are predicted radiolarians and thin-walled bivalves (ZWakowa
for at least cephalopod-rich shelly beds, as shown and Radlicz, 1990). At Debnik, brachiopod^cri-
L
by Makowski (1991). The pelagic-type coquinas noid assemblages commonly repopulated exaerobic
are mostly allochthonous (see Walliser and Reit- deep-ramp habitats, and the skeletal pavements
ner, 1999), but their channelised aspect is proved were strongly reworked by bioturbators.
only in upper slope to platform sites (Szulczewski,
1971, p. 66; Racki, 1990).
Intermittent agitation is also manifested in the 7. Magnetic susceptibility curve of the Kowala
distinctive molluscan, mostly cephalopod coquina section [X. Devleeschouwer]
(MF4) at PIucki, and graded, laminated intrabio-
clastic grainstones (MF5) at Debnik, where bra-
L
For the magnetic susceptibility (MS) measure-
chiopod^crinoid and bivalve bioclastic accumula- ments, samples were weighed with a precision of
tions predominated. Bioclast and ooze supply 0.01 g from rock chips. The MS used here thus
from extremely shallow-water, partly restricted corresponds to that calculated on the basis of the
environments is shown by co-occurrence of calci- sample mass. The massic low-¢eld MS was mea-
spheroids and algae, and clasts from eroded mi- sured on small rock samples using a Kappabridge
crobial mounds and tidal £ats developed south- KLY-2 (applied ¢eld of 0.4 mT) composed of a
wards over the sub-Carpathian platform (cf. unit pick-up unit and a measuring unit. The MS quan-
F in the Lachowice 7 well; Narkiewicz, 1996). A ti¢es the ability of rock or sediment to be magne-
record of similar erosive and intraformational re- tised by a weak magnetic ¢eld according to the
working episodes, including basal Famennian dia-, para- and ferromagnetic behaviour of the
chaotic breccia delineated as a tsunami deposit, constituent minerals, their concentration and
is known in Moravian successions as well (Hladil grain size (Robinson, 1993).
and Kalvoda, 1993). In addition, detrital F/F de- The Kowala section (Kx) was sampled for mag-
posits were described by Matyja and Narkiewicz netic analyses in a 6.5-m-thick interval spanning
(1992) from boreholes: Janczyce I (tentaculitoid the F/F boundary (Fig. 18). MS measurements
microcoquina; plate 5:2 therein) and BK-70 were made on 54 samples. The lowest MS value
(1.5-m-thick skeletal grainstone with foraminifers, of the Kowala section corresponds to
ostracods and micritic intraclasts ; plate 5:5^6 32.94U10310 m3 kg31 . This value is present at
therein). To summarise, sudden insertion of shal- the top of bed number 10, just below the F/F
low-water carbonate material is clearly con¢rmed boundary. The highest MS was recorded in bed
for this part of the Laurussian shelf on the sed- number 22, in the basal Famennian, with a value
imentological evidence. of 308U10310 m3 kg31 .
The magnetic susceptibility curve (MSC) shows
6.1.3. Early Famennian two broad MS evolutions (1 and 2) along the
The early Famennian (Middle to Late triangu- Kowala section (Fig. 18). Note that these evolu-
laris Zone) time is marked by a gradual return of tions are characterised by a succession of positive
background lime^clayey deposition (MF1^MF2), and negative peaks. A decreasing trend of MS
associated with ephemeral bottom colonisation by values starts with MS values higher than
specialised benthic biotas (silicisponges, rhyncho- 200U10310 m3 kg31 at the base, up to the top
nellids, inarticulates). This quiet rhythmic sedi- of the Frasnian with the lowest MS value of
mentation was only sporadically interrupted by 32.94U10310 m3 kg31 close to the F/F boundary.
intraformational reworking episodes and shoal- Contrary to this ¢rst trend, MS values increase
derived coarser clast input, also as cohesive debris during the Famennian part of the section.
£ows (see Biernat and Szulczewski, 1993). Never- The evolution of the MS signatures is inter-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 18. MS curve for the F/F transition at Kowala (section Kx); for explanation and details see Fig. 8.
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

preted in the following ways: increases in MS pod biotas were widespread in slope and fore-reef
magnitude correspond to a drop in sea level (re- settings, but on pelagic platforms they colonised
gression) and decreasing magnitudes indicate a the £at-top habitats, jointly with cephalopod, go-
rise of sea level (transgression) (Ellwood et al., niatite^nautiloid communities (see Szulczewski,
1999; Devleeschouwer, 1999). On the basis of 1971; Wendt and Aigner, 1985; Biernat and
these interpretations, the MSC of the Kowala sec- Szulczewski, 1993). Because the F/F interval cor-
tion indicates a transgressive trend (evolution 1) responded to a post-reef phase (Narkiewicz and
at the end of the Frasnian followed by a regres- Ho¡man, 1989; Racki, 1990), the compositional
sive evolution (evolution 2) during the earliest Fa- signal from debris £ows is in agreement with the
mennian (Fig. 18). A similar pattern is established lowstand criterion of Whalen et al. (2000).
in more shallow-water sections (KostomIoty, Psie (2) Composition of non-skeletal grains. Mi-
Go¤rki; Devleeschouwer, 1999). critic^cryptalgal grains or clasts are abundant
not only in the Debnik graded grainstone beds,
L
but also in the F/F sediments at Psie Go¤rki

8. Remarks on sequence stratigraphy [G. Racki (Racki, 1990; algal microbreccias of Casier et
and X. Devleeschouwer] al., 2001) and KostomIoty (Casier et al., 2000).
Most of them were derived from shallow-water
8.1. Highstand versus lowstand shedding microbial buildups and restricted lagoons, and
are sometimes associated with microbreccias and
Whalen et al. (2000) broadly discussed the se- ooids. Altogether, this also points to a predomi-
quence stratigraphy questions for the Late Dev- nance of platform-derived clasts. In addition, me-
onian carbonate-platform systems, and concluded teoric water invasion accompanying the sea-level
that usually (1) highstand facies consists of car- drop and erosional discontinuities are evidenced
bonate-rich background sediments interrupted by for the F/F boundary interval at Psie Go¤rki (Ca-
sheet-like debris £ows and turbidites rich in slope sier et al., 2001). Intraformational conglomerates,
clasts, and (2) lowstand, carbonate-poor back- described by Matyja and Narkiewicz (1992) from
ground sediments accompanied by sheet-like and Pomerania, were similarly thought to record peri-
channelised debris £ows and turbidites with abun- tidal platform-edge collapse during sea-level fall.
dant platform-derived clasts. A continuous F/F (3) Climatic setting. If the oxygen isotopic re-
sea-level rise was postulated by Hallam and sults of Joachimski and Buggisch (2000) have
Wignall (1999), with reference to the South Polish broader implications, then both KW anoxic
bathymetric curve by Narkiewicz and Ho¡man pulses correspond to cooling episodes. If so, a
(1989): multiple, high-frequency eustatic move- decrease of marine cementation and reduced re-
ments reported usually for this crisis have little sistance against lowstand erosion are expected,
support from sequence stratigraphic analyses, especially when paired with the low content of
which reveal the key timespan to be one of high- metastable carbonates (Schlager, 1992, p. 45).
stand. Can the Polish F/F carbonate-enriched sets As shown by Wilson and Roberts (1992), rapid
be easily interpreted as extensive highstand rates of deposition in Bahama bank and Florida
wedges ? shelf periplatform environments are achieved by
In this context, however, it should be noted accelerated o¡-bank £ows of mud-charged super-
that the above scenario of a transgressive F/F dense waters under cold-front storm conditions.
transition in Polish successions was referred to In summary, the F/F transition is regarded as
the previous F/F boundary de¢nition at the Low- an overall regressive timespan on the South Polish
er^Middle triangularis Zone boundary. In con- shelf, probably accompanied by extensive tectonic
trast, the following sedimentological arguments control in extensional regimes (see Matyja and
are suggestive of an over-regional F/F shallowing Narkiewicz, 1992; Racki, 1998; Racki and Nar-
pulse in this Laurussian shelf: kiewicz, 2000; Fig. 19). After collapse of reef ac-
(1) Composition of bioclasts. Crinoid^brachio- cretion during the late Frasnian deepening
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Fig. 19. The late Frasnian to early Famennian event stratigraphy scheme in the western Holy Cross Mountains (based on Kad-
zielnia, GaIezice, SŁluchowice and Kowala sections, Fig. 2; modi¢ed after Racki, 1998, ¢g. 6, and references cited).
L
pulse(s) (Narkiewicz and Ho¡man, 1989; Racki photic zone. This permitted the gradual renewal
and Balin¤ski, 1998), this shallowing was obviously of the carbonate factory over the isolated plat-
not related to large-scale exposure of platforms, forms from production crisis and promoted volu-
but rather to their position within a shallow minous o¡-shoal transport of ¢ne-grained carbon-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

ates. Peritidal sandy shoals over ramps rimmed a discontinuity surface with pyritic encrustation
the Sub-Carpathian Arch intermittently pro- and two in situ brecciated pyritised layers and
graded, as established in the Debnik^Zawiercie
L
lenses of lime mudstone in a black marly bone-
basin (Narkiewicz, 1988; Matyja and Narkiewicz, bearing matrix (Matyja and Narkiewicz, 1992).
1992). Notably, the peculiar characters also occur below
the F/F boundary, and below the characteristic
8.2. Major sequence boundary tentaculitoid microcoquina. Thus, their proximal
equivalents are a bottom surface stained with oxi-
Recognition of system tracts and sequence dised iron minerals accompanied by nodular/brec-
boundaries may be di⁄cult in the Upper Devon- ciated(?) fabrics at the base of molluscan^tenta-
ian deeper-water successions on drowned carbon- culitoid coquina (C-1 ; Fig. 6) and cryptic
ate shelves. The basinal to downslope facies under erosional surface(s) within this composite bed at
study generally record an interplay between back- the nearby PIucki site.
ground, mostly hemipelagic sedimentation and At Debnik, a rapid cyclic progradation of de-
L
gravity/debris £ow events. Variations in organic trital deposits coincided exactly with the F/F pas-
versus carbonate content and the lithological sage, but apparent erosional phenomena at the
make-up of coarse-grained varieties are seen as bottom of unit II are of unknown range due to
having diagnostic signi¢cance (Whalen et al., limited outcrop. So, removal of the underlying
2000). For example, Hou et al. (1996), Joachimski condensed(?) deposits is quite probable (as well
and Buggisch (1996, 2000) and Devleeschouwer et in Czech successions; Hladil and Kalvoda,
al. (2001) have interpreted black (including KW) 1993), as guided by a Frasnian conodont admix-
shales as a record of late Frasnian highstand sea ture in basal Famennian grainstones.
levels (cf. Sandberg et al., 1988). Conversely, An unclear sequential pattern exists at the ba-
Whalen et al. (2000) claimed that the most car- sinal Kowala succession. The organic-rich rhyth-
bonate-starved, organic-rich background sedi- mic background deposition exempli¢ed by unit
ments were linked with lowstand and early £ood- H-2 at Kowala is open to re¢ned interpretation as
ing as a record of minimal carbonate production well as the recognition of the Lower KW Horizon
and o¡-shoal ooze input. In condensed sediments, (see Devleeschouwer, 1999). The beginning of rap-
the sequence boundaries are correlated with ero- id sea-level rise (Upper KW Event) is predicted
sional submarine surfaces, mostly recorded as for the more clayey and macrofossil-impoverished
marker Fe^Mn hardgrounds; the stratigraphic deposits; the strata are abruptly succeeded in the
gaps are ascribed to the accentuation of ocean succession by carbonate-rich unit H-3. As dis-
circulation induced by sea-level falls (see discus- cussed above, the sudden onset of the mostly tur-
sion in Devleeschouwer et al., 2001). The key sig- biditic deposition may be taken as the initial low-
ni¢cance for the F/F sequence stratigraphic anal- stand record (e.g., Racki and Balin¤ski, 1998), but
ysis is attributed to the genetic understanding of the magnetic susceptibility trend suggests that the
carbonate-rich, partially bioclastic/resedimented sea-level drop postdated the F/F boundary level
lithofacies. (Fig. 18). From this viewpoint, renewed carbonate
The F/F interval is recorded in a sedimentary factory on post-reef shoals might correspond
hiatus and/or extremely condensed facies on top rather to a rapid transition from late highstand
of the drowned Dyminy reef (e.g., Szulczewski, (i.e., very end of the transgression) to lowstand
1971; Racki, 1990; Szulczewski et al., 1996; see systems tract. The microfacies at Kowala reveals
also Figs. 2A and 19). The erosional omission neither a clear regressive or transgressive trend
surface is found in the uppermost linguiformis close to the F/F boundary nor a sedimentary dis-
Zone at the upslope Psie Go¤rki section (Racki, continuity, but this may be obscured by diagenetic
1990; Casier et al., 2001). As another record of overprint (see above). The decreasing carbonate
the carbonate crisis, marked lithological F/F supply to all drowned parts of the South Polish
anomalies at Janczyce I borehole section comprise shelf, recorded later in the triangularis Zone, may
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Table 2
Event scenario for the KW crisis and the stratigraphic record on the Polish^Moravian shelf against the global event scheme
TIME) GLOBAL EVENTS RECORD ON SOUTH POLISH^
MORAVIAN SHELF
(Sandberg and Ziegler, 1996; but see (compiled mainly from Sandberg et al., 1988, (see also Narkiewicz and Ho¡man,
Tucker et al., 1998) 2001; Schindler, 1993; Racki, 1998, 1999; 1989; Racki, 1990; Racki and Balin¤ski,
Streel et al., 2000) 1998)
Middle triangularis Zone GRADUAL RECOVERY OF MARINE BIOTA ^ initiation of Famennian-type faunas
V364.5 Myr TRANSGRESSION
Early triangularis Zone END OF KW BIOCRISIS ^ relic communities (growth of
microbial mounds)
V364 Myr SURVIVAL PHASE ^ extinctions of homoctenids
?IMPACTS ^ high-energy events
?and TSUNAMIS ^ episodic anoxic conditions
^ hiatuses and condensation
FAMENNIAN CARBONATE CRISIS
FRASNIAN EXTINCTION ACME (?in pelagic realm) ^ conodont collapse
SEVERE STORMS ^ bioproductivity pulse(s) (siliceous
biota, cephalopods)
Late linguiformis Zone ?OCEANIC OVERTURN and ^ volcanic and ?hydrothermal episodes
EUTROPHICATION
V364.1 Myr ?TECTONIC^VOLCANIC OUTBURST ^ erosion on shallowed areas/calcareous
turbidite deposition and high-energy
events
?COOLING PULSE
START OF REGRESSION ^ ?recovered benthic oxygenation
Middle linguiformis Zone SECOND PHASE OF KW BIOCRISIS ^ episodic anoxic conditions
V364.2 Myr TRANSGRESSIVEÂNOXIC EVENT ^ immigration of pelagic faunas
(UPPER KW)
^ ?¢nal demise of organic buildups and
related benthic biotas
Early linguiformis Zone REGRESSION ^ reef-cap stage
V364.3 Myr PARTIAL RECOVERY OF ORGANIC
BUILDUPS
Late rhenana Zone TRANSGRESSIVEÂNOXIC EVENT ^ drowning of reef complexes
(LOWER KW)
V365 Myr ^ deepening and ?onset of anoxia
FIRST PHASE OF KW BIOCRISIS
Early rhenana Zone s RIFTING PULSE? ^ widespread shallowing and
progressive block disintegration of
carbonate platforms
V365.7 Myr REGRESSION
ONSET OF THE KW BIOCRISIS IN
PELAGIC REALM
be the result of backstepping platforms in the occurrence of several similar-scale erosional sur-
overall transgressive system tract. faces makes equivocal the above interpretation on
In summary, a major sequence boundary in the the broader geographical scale. In fact, Casier et
western Holy Cross area is surely present very al. (2000) supposed the location of the third-order
close to the F/F boundary in some sections, still sequence boundary to be above the F/F boundary
in the topmost part of the linguiformis Zone. The in a conglomerate-bearing interval of the Kosto-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

mIoty shoal succession. Altogether this addition- recorded within the hemipelagic oxygen-de¢cient
ally suggests that local tectonic overprints could Checiny^Zbrza basin (see Joachimski et al., 2001),
L
totally mask eustatic signals (see the Chinese ex- as well as in other basins under study. However,
ample ; Chen et al., 2001). That might also explain the clay-rich uppermost part of unit H-2 is
a discrepancy between sedimentology and cono- marked by disappearance of shelly benthos and
dont biofacies (shallowing trend) and MS (trans- the immigration of rapidly £ourishing pelagic bio-
gressive trend; Devleeschouwer, 1999) for the tas. A weak abundance peak (above 40 per kg;
very latest Frasnian timespan. On the other Fig. 4) of phosphatic microspherules (‘conodont
hand, re¢ned MS results (in centimetre-scale) of pearls’) is notable for this level; this may be ten-
the key F/F interval for their solution in climatic tatively taken (see below) as a record of an in-
and productivity terms (Hartl et al., 1995), or, creased secretion by ¢shes under conditions of
alternatively, a missing record, are needed in the excess dissolved reactive phosphorus in the up-
light of the high-resolution standard magnetozo- welling-a¡ected or seasonally anoxic basin (see
nation proposed by Crick et al. (2001). Murphy et al., 2000; Giles et al., 2001). In addi-
tion, the start of the positive carbon and sulphur
isotope excursions roughly corresponds to this in-
9. Regional versus global event record ^ discussion terval (Joachimski et al., 2001, ¢g. 8); from this
viewpoint, it was a timespan of increasing envi-
There is an overall accordance of the recognised ronmental stress and concomitant prominent ex-
events over the South Polish shelf (Table 2; Fig. tinction steps in a global scale (cf. Harries and
19) with the Euramerican T^R cyclicity of John- Little, 1999). Further geochemical evidence is re-
son et al. (1985) and the detailed F/F sea-level quired, however, especially because of relatively
changes by Sandberg et al. (1988, 1992, 2001). low organic content in the H-2 to H-3 unit tran-
In general, the catastrophic e¡ects on stromatop- sition (Joachimski et al., 2001, ¢g. 2).
oroid^coral reef growth, combined with the wide- An inter-regional shallowing pulse on the Lau-
spread onset of anoxic regimes, mark the carbon- russian shelf seems to be obviously correlated with
ate platform decline and beginning of late the latest Frasnian eustatic sea-level fall, empha-
Frasnian hemipelagic basinal sedimentation, sised by Sandberg et al. (1988, 1992). Thus, in
widespread ¢nally during a sustained early Fa- contrast to the conclusion by Hallam and Wignall
mennian rise (Narkiewicz and Ho¡man, 1989; (1999), a regressive setting for the F/F boundary
Narkiewicz and Narkiewicz, 1992; Racki, 1993; mass extinction horizon (only !) is favoured once
see also Dzik, 2001). The Lower KW Event is more (see also discussions in House et al., 2000b,
di⁄cult to recognise in the basinal succession Streel et al., 2000 and Sandberg et al., 2001).
strictly on the basis of lithology. According to The sudden establishment of bioclastic calcareous-
TOC and carbon isotope data, this event is re- (^biosiliceous) deposition might have been enhan-
corded in the middle segment of unit H-2 (Joa- ced also by local block uplifts and/or oceanic
chimski et al., 2001). A permanent and even in- overturn. Thus, a link with correlative event C-2
creasing shedding from adjoining organic shoals, of Schindler (1993) seems to be evident, and other
including amphiporid biostromes, is still evident biotic changes predicted from the Rhenish area,
within upper unit H-2. The Lofer-type, irregular especially displacements in pelagic communities
cyclothemic intervals in an interior part of the (homoctenids, entomozoids), are partly recognis-
isolated Dyminy reef correlate with syndeposi- able in the South Polish shelf (e.g., Olempska,
tional block-faulting and associated seismic 2002). Moreover, a proliferation of epifaunal
shock-induced features, and the most appropriate and/or pseudoplanktonic bivalves is a common
explanation of this cyclicity is stick-slip faulting fabric character of biotic events forced by anoxia
(Skompski and Szulczewski, 2000). (Harries and Little, 1999). However, a biogeo-
An onset of the main anoxic KW turning point graphical property is clearly shown as well, for
in the linguiformis Zone is similarly cryptically example, among conodonts by the early Upper
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

KW pelekysgnathid peak. Likewise, the high- oxygenation during the key phase of the KW Cri-
lighted chitinozoan F/F bloom on the Gond- sis.
wanan shelf (Paris et al., 1996) is merely marked On the other hand, isorenieratane and related
incipiently at PIucki (Filipiak, 2001). organic compounds, diagnostic for green sulphur
bacteria, are abundant in the Kowala section, and
9.1. Permanent anoxia versus £uctuating indicate at least episodic photic zone euxinia also
oxygenation close to the F/F boundary (Joachimski et al.,
2001). This seems to be in contradiction to the
Trace metal data for the Kowala section may above geochemical data on recovering bottom-
be questioned because of super¢cial weathering level oxygenation, supported additionally by tem-
changes of the F/F transition beds; in addition, poral persistence of silicisponge(^lingulid) com-
an in£uence of the early sulphurisation of organic munities (Vishnevskaya et al., 2001). Thus, a mi-
matter on V/Cr ratios, which reduced the avail- grating oxygen-minimum zone, tied to seasonal
able reactive sites for vanadium incorporation, eutrophication due to e¡ective benthic regenera-
was likely to be e¡ective near the F/F boundary tion of biolimiting nutrients, may be presumed
(Joachimski et al., 2001, p. 119). However, the after Murphy et al. (2000). As shown also for
redox state variations inferred are in good agree- Jurassic Posidonia Shale, oxygen availability in
ment with the modelled Ce anomalies found in epeiric basins was variable and ranged from short
conodonts from this locality by Girard and Le¤- oxygenated periods to longer-term anoxia con-
cuyer (2001). The comparative examination of trolled by sea level and climate (Ro«hl et al., 2001).
both secular trends indicates improving oxic con- On the other hand, Schieber (2001) emphasized
ditions before the F/F boundary, followed by that storm wave reworking and syndepositional
their rapid transition to oxygen-depleted settings benthic life (pervasive bioturbation) were much
in the earliest Famennian. This environmental more widespread in the Late Devonian black
shift is correlated with a peak of the positive car- shales than commonly believed. These data sug-
bon isotope anomaly (¢g. 8 in Joachimski et al., gest that anoxia were not a major control in the
2001), and was preceded by a rapid positive ex- mass accumulation of the organic-rich muds, as
cursion of productivity proxies exactly at the F/F well as that geochemical proxies may be some-
boundary level (see Fig. 8). The geochemical sig- times confusing. As shown by Namero¡ et al.
nals suggest a highly disrupted environmental (2002), some redox-sensitive elements, including
setting corresponding to an extinction^survival uranium, do not lead to consistent conclusions
transition (cf. Harries and Little, 1999). As em- in settings characterized by suboxic conditions
phasised above, such a succession of ‘chemostrati- (in oxygen minimum zone).
graphic events’ appears to be at least a regional Stable anoxic conditions, induced by maximum
property recorded in both the southern and formation of warm saline deep waters on subtrop-
northern Holy Cross intrashelf basins. ical shelves, are usually postulated for KW events
Th/U ratios derived from gamma ray spectom- (see e.g., Claeys et al., 1996; Joachimski and Bug-
etry, and pyrite framboid analysis were recently gisch, 1996, 2000; Hallam and Wignall, 1997). In
conducted throughout by the Kowala F/F se- the light of the recentmost interpretations, how-
quence (Bond and Zaton¤, in preparation), and ever, the term ‘anoxic event’ should be replaced
provide additional indicators for oceanic oxygen- rather by ‘intermittent (seasonal) anoxic event’
ation states in this oxygen-de¢cient intrashelf ba- (Murphy et al., 2000; Hudson, 2001). Such highly
sin. The both Kellwasser Events have been iden- unsteady redox states are also con¢rmed palaeo-
ti¢ed as true hypoxic (lower dysaerobic) intervals. ecologically by rich benthic ostracod faunas in the
Some beds near the F/F boundary exhibit an in- Rheinish basin where benthic anoxia exterminated
crease in the Th/U ratio to more normal values, the microfaunas only near the F/F boundary
and also a lack of pyrite framboids at this level. (Casier and Lethiers, 1998). Furthermore, Schind-
This pattern con¢rms a concept of temporary re- ler (1993) postulated oceanic overturn as a trigger
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

for improved benthic oxygenation in the latest Lyashkevich, 1996; Racki, 1998) and/or opening
Frasnian, recorded in blooms of large-shelled of major back-arc basins (Sengo«r et al., 1998), is
benthic bivalves in this domain (see also Schu«lke, at least partly con¢rmed in the distant epeiric set-
1995). A similar pattern is evidenced geochemi- tings under study. The ascertained volcanogenic
cally, e.g., from the Western US region (Bratton signature suggests aeolian input from mostly
et al., 1999; see also Girard and Le¤cuyer, 2001). southeasterly areas, in accordance with recon-
structed atmospheric circulation (Ormiston and
9.2. Signi¢cance of tectono-volcanic phenomena Oglesby, 1995; see also Hladil, 2001). In fact,
early Variscan magmatic activity in the Holy
The eustatic movement signature in the F/F Cross region may also have started in the critical
passage interval on the Holy Cross shelf is timespan, as indicated by recent radiometric dates
strongly biased by synsedimentary tectonics, also on lamprophyre dykes (374.4 \ 15 Myr; see Mi-
in block tilting and emersion (e.g., Szulczewski, gaszewski et al., 1999). In particular, silicic exha-
1971, 1989; Szulczewski et al., 1996; Racki and lative volcanism in zones of reactivated deep-
Narkiewicz, 2000; Skompski and Szulczewski, seated faults may contributed to siliceous biota
2000). From a purely structural viewpoint, a blooms in shelf seas (Migaszewski et al., 1999;
pre-Variscan phase of brittle deformation as a Racki, 1999).
result of NW^SE compression is recognisable in High biosiliceous productivity and preservation
the Upper Devonian Holy Cross sequences (La- appear invariably to coincide with positive a«13 C
marche et al., 1999), and the presumably coeval anomalies, mostly when the carbonate periplat-
vertical-block instability occurred also in the Sile- form ooze input was reduced (e.g., Bellanca et
sian region (ZWaba, 1999). This tectonic rejuvena- al., 1996; Bartolini et al., 1999). The main control
tion might be an echo of the worldwide processes was related to fertility levels: siliceous biotas
that played an important role as a prime cause of adapted to a richer nutrient inventory appear to
the F/F ecosystem collapse ; at least two epeiro- have thrived in stressed habitats (Brasier, 1995).
genic episodes, correlated with spasmodic initia- In fact, the biosiliceous acmes, as well as phos-
tion of the Pripyat^Dnieper^Donets rifting, are phatic concretion occurrences (Fig. 15B,C ; cf.
hypothesised for the overall tectonically calm also ZW akowa and Radlicz, 1990) are perfectly re-
South Polish segment of the Laurussian shelf corded only in the localised, probably embay-
(Racki, 1998). Famennian tectonic rifting began ment-type and/or silled Checiny^Zbrza basin
L
around the F/F boundary, accompanied by dis- (see Fig. 1A); the area could be more strongly
tinctive volcanism and speci¢c metallogenesis, in£uenced by synsedimentary faulting activity
for example, in the Urals and some regions of and turbidite currents, stimulating concurrent hy-
the East European Craton (e.g., Wilson and drochemical/oxygenation shifts (see e.g., data
Lyashkevich, 1996; Veimarn et al., 1997). from the Cariaco Basin; Scranton et al., 2001).
According to Yudina et al. (2002), the Subpolar In the larger open-marine KostomIoty^Jysogo¤ry
Urals deep-shelf sequence reveals surprisingly domain, the presumed fertilisation pulses were re-
many analogies to the Kowala succession. This corded mostly in cephalopod and homoctenidên-
is visible in correlative lithological, geochemical tomozoid population bursts. In parallel, localised
and ecological F/F shifts, although more unsteady profusion of big megalodontid bivalves and a gen-
redox and eutrophication/productivity regimes eral shift from metazoan to microbial accretion
were typical of the Polish basin. The similarities (see Kaz¤mierczak, 1971; Racki, 1990, 1993) are
possibly re£ect a comparable in£uence by syn- indications of coeval nutrient poisoning in Dy-
sedimentary tectonism and hydrovolcanic activity miny cap-reef habitats, as shown by Eliuk
in these well-separated Laurussian shelf regions. (1998) for Canadian reefs (see also discussion on
This underestimated role of early Variscan tec- ‘injection events’in Racki, 1998). Peterhansel and
tono-magmatic processes, possibly attributed to Pratt (2001) indicated that accelerated nutrient
episodic mantle plume activity (Wilson and supply from continental runo¡, and resulted in-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

tensive nutrient-triggered bioerosion on the ear- tectonic settings (Racki, 1998, 1999; Joachimski
liest Famennian carbonate platform, were prob- et al., 2001). The study reveals a regional record
ably stimulated by the developing Ellesmerian of several more or less known global events
orogen in the Canadian Arctic. (Table 2), and long-term facies changes were de-
The ecological shift in many widespread regions termined by a conspicuous break in carbonate
of the World toward the biosiliceous biotas (see production accompanied by a replacement of ma-
summary in Racki, 1999) has been hitherto ture stromatoporoid^coral reefs by pioneer
thought of as proof of oceanic cooling, a main shelly^crinoid banks and microbial mounds
factor leading to collapse of reef growth (e.g., (Fig. 19). The key F/F passage interval was
McGhee, 1996; Copper, 1998; Streel et al., marked by intermittent but generally accelerated
2000), and biotic turnovers in pelagic realm periplatform ooze/debris input and severe storms,
(Dzik, 2001). Not excluding the autocyclic climate as well as by probably £uctuating redox states
productivity and other complex feedbacks (see and biological overproduction, best manifested
Joachimski and Buggisch, 1996, 2000; Murphy in a radiolarian^silicisponge acme in a moderately
et al., 2000), tectono-magmatic spasms might eutrophicated regime (Racki, 1999).
also have climaxed in a variety of additional ther- (2) Eutrophication/productivity pulses could be
mal and nutri¢cation stresses, e.g., owing to in- one of the major biogeochemical processes during
creased volcanic degassing of CO2 (Wilson and the Late Devonian biotic crisis (House et al.,
Lyashkevich, 1996, p. 80; Gharaie et al., 2001) 2000b; Murphy et al., 2000). Implied changes in
and very high fertilisation potential of newly the oxygenation through the KW timespan were
erupted volcanic ash (cf. Frogner et al., 2001). probably in highly variable temporal scales (Brat-
These and other causal agents might have induced ton et al., 1999), and both KW Events can be
the stepdown destabilisation of the greenhouse indeed somewhat variously positioned within the
oceanâtmosphere system presumed for the F/F MS zonation and biozonation (e.g., Crick et al.,
biocrisis, together with expanding anoxia and re- 2001; Over, 2001). This is in agreement with other
gional cooling episodes due to volcanic winters recent studies that emphasise a recovering oxygen-
(see e.g., Zimmerle, 1985; Racki, 1998; Suzuki ation during the Upper KW Event just below the
et al., 1998; Streel et al., 2000; Wignall, 2001). F/F boundary. Thus, regardless of probably geo-
The oceanic overturn, hypothesised by Schindler graphically changeable causal mechanisms and
(1993), or di¡erent-scale upwellings might have feedbacks (see di¡erent concepts in HaIas et al.,
been attributed to the geographically changing 1992; Racki, 1999; Murphy et al., 2000; Joachim-
climatic or/and volcanogenic triggers (see further ski et al., 2001; Ma and Bai, 2002), the onset of
discussion in Racki, 1999 and House et al., 2000b). photic-zone hypoxia (euxinia?) at the F/F bound-
ary interval strongly disturbed the marine food
chains. This apparently led, among other things,
10. Conclusions and ¢nal remarks to the highlighted conodont ‘near-extinction’ and
pelagic biovolume loss (Sandberg et al., 1988;
(1) Conclusive evidence of an extraterrestrial Ziegler and Sandberg, 1990). A model of unusu-
impact has not been found in South Polish suc- ally destabilised holoplanktonic, cold- and deep-
cessions, but, as indicated by the Chinese record water niches seems applicable for the F/F bound-
(Ma and Bai, 2001), sub-critical cometary strike(s) ary turnover, because conodonts inhabiting the
might have participated in this prolonged multi- lower water column were otherwise well adapted
causal environmental stress (see Sandberg et al., for ’normal’ hypoxic settings, possibly even to an-
1997, 2001). Among terrestrial factors, the main oxitropic niches (see Schu«lke, 1995, 1998; Racki,
devastating role in the Laurussian shelf habitats 1999; Dzik, 2001; Girard and Le¤cuyer, 2001).
under study is ascribed to £uctuating anoxia and/ (3) A remarkable scenario of productivity crash,
or unbalanced nutrient dynamics in punctuated and following recovery and primitive plankton
greenhouse climatic and active synsedimentary bursts due to benthic buildup of phosphorus, re-
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

lated to global incipience of oceanic anoxia, is pre- b Changing character of the increasing fertilisa-
sented for the end-Permian ecosystem collapse tion during the Upper KW timespan, preliminarily
(e.g., Hallam and Wignall, 1997). Such factors predicted from ecological and geochemical prox-
could indeed have been operative at the beginning ies in the Zbrza^Checiny basin. More comprehen-
L
of the Upper KW Event (see Murphy et al., 2000; sive studies of phosphatic microspherules, with
Peterhansel and Pratt, 2001). Hydrochemically un- reference to conclusions by Giles et al. (2001),
stable (e.g., phosphorus- and/or silica-overloaded) are required, as well as understanding of lateral
eutrophicated ecosystems during this crisis interval shifts in proli¢c pelagic faunas (from radiolarian
could be assumed, especially where at least locally to homoctenidêntomozoid to cephalopod com-
strengthened by various volcanic phenomena (see munities) and depositional meaning of basinal mi-
review in Racki, 1999), as seen close to the fatal crobial-sponge biotas (Kaz¤mierczak et al., 1996;
F/F boundary in the Polish^Moravian successions Warnke, 1997). The cryptic contribution of poten-
(see also other examples in Racki, 1998; Ma and tially tremendous diatom productivity and its im-
Bai, 2001; Gharaie et al., 2001; Over, 2001). plications for the F/F silica cycling are also puz-
(4) From the Polish^Moravian perspective, sev- zling (Schieber et al., 2000).
eral matters related principally to interpretations b The peculiarity of the survival-zone habitats
of the F/F biocrisis need to be further clari¢ed or and communities, well exempli¢ed by the short-
at least con¢rmed on broader stratigraphic and lived repopulation of the strati¢ed Checiny^Zbrza
L
geographical scales: basin by large benthic algae and concavicarid ar-

b Reliable oxygen isotopic evidence for KW cool- thropods.
ing events, as shown by preliminary biogenic b Alleged catastrophic collapse of primary pro-
phosphate-derived results by Joachimski and Bug- duction, an expected clue of large-scale ecosystem
gisch (2000; but see opposite conclusion in disruption (e.g., McGhee, 1996). In fact, the ma-
Wright, 1988). The Polish carbonate record sug- jor biotic crisis apparently had no impact on the
gests either a broad F/F warming evolution (Deb- L
biomarker distribution (Marynowski et al., 2000)
nik) or latest Frasnian cooling pulse (Kowala) (cf. and palynofacies (Filipiak, 2001) in the Holy
HaIas et al., 1992; Devleeschouwer, 1999; Racka, Cross shelf^basinal system. As concluded by
1999; see also Moravian data in Hladil, 2001), Streel et al. (2000), the climatic contrast from
whilst e.g., Dubotalov and Krasnov (2000) under- the KW event to the post-event did not particu-
lined a transition toward a more arid mode. Ad- larly a¡ect the phytoplankton. Furthermore, a
vanced geochemical and mineralogical search for signi¢cant unbalanced excess of bacterially con-
evolving weathering regimes and terrigenous trolled productivity (cf. Joachimski et al., 2001),
£uxes, manifested in the degree of chemical endu- coupled with suppression of major pelagic con-
ration and maturity of sediments should be intro- sumers (conodonts, ammonoids, sharks), is a re-
duced as well (e.g., Gharaie et al., 2001; Devlee- markable crisis feature (see Sandberg et al., 1988;
schouwer et al., 2001; Hladil, 2001). Schindler, 1993; Paris et al., 1996; Dzik, 2002;
b Geochronological, geochemical and mineralog- Ginter, 2002); this is revealed by the disorganised
ical evaluation of volcanism and induced hydrother- biological pump after end-Cretaceous mass ex-
mal activity linked with major geodynamic turn- tinction (D’Hondt et al., 1998). Thus, a major
ing points. The volcanogenic deposits are disturbance episode of the trophic web in the
ambiguously recorded particularly in the Palaeo- photic zone of high-productive ecosystems, due
zoic organic- and clay-rich successions (see Zim- to large-scale destabilisation events in hydrologi-
merle, 1985, for summary), as discussed for Chi- cal structure (see discussion of ecological e¡ects in
nese F/F sites by Hou et al. (1996). Beznosov, 2000), awaits more serious survey.
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

290
Appendix A
Distribution of conodont platform elements at Kowala (section Ko; see Fig. 4)

Conodont zone ?Upper rhenana linguiformis triangularis
Lower Middle Upper
Sample number 1 2 4 5 7 8 10 11 13 15 16 17 18 19 22 23a 23b 24b 26a 28 31 34 35a 35b 36c 37 38 38 44 47
G. Racki et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181 (2002) 251^297

a1 a2
Palmatolepis minuta minuta 4 1
Palmatolepis triangularisCquadrantinodosalobata 5 6
Icriodus cornutus 3 6
Icriodus iowanensis iowanensis 1 1 1
Polygnatus brevilaminus 2 24 7 2 2 1
Polygnathus procerus 4 1 2
Palmatolepis clarki 23 13 7 2 13
Palmatolepis delicatula delicatula 6 2 3
Palmatolepis delicatula platys 3
Palmatolepis praetriangularis 6 47 19 31 1
Palmatolepis cf. praetriangularis 2
Palmatolepis praetriangularisCtriangularis 45
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02
Palmatolepis protorhomboidea 4 12
Palmatolepis triangularis 2 40 4 1 2 2 3 2
Palmatolepis triangularisCclarki 4 5
Polygnathus ?aequalis 3 5
Polygnathus alatus 4
Polygnathus decorosus 1
Polygnathus paci¢cus 1
Polygnathus cf. webbi 2 1 4 2
Palmatolepis cf. ederi 2
Palmatolepis linguiformis 1 1 4 1
Icriodus alternatus 1 2 1 1 6 2 8 6 2 1 8 1 4 3 1
Icriodus alternatus alternatus 2 10 2 2 2 23 4 55 5 1 12 30 1 2
Icriodus alternatus helmsi 1 4 1 7 1 30 18 2 6 1
Pelekysgnathus planus 4 13 7 10 1 1 5 4 12 9 1
Ancyrodella curvata 1 1
Ancyrodella cf. gigas 1
Polygnathus cf. brevilaminus 1 1
Polygnathus webbi 8 8 3 11 8 23
Polygnathus spp. 1 13 6 7 2 1 1 11 2 2
Palmatolepis gigas extensa 3 3 1 1
Palmatolepis hassi 6 5 1
Palmatolepis rhenana 1
Palmatolepis rhenana rhenana 2
Palmatolepis rhenana nasuta 21 2 1 1 3 1 7 4
Palmatolepis rotunda 1 1
Palmatolepis cf. rotunda 1
Palmatolepis subrecta 19 11 1 1 1 14 4 1 9 6 2 4 29
Palmatolepis cf. subrecta 1
Palmatolepis spp. 19 24 16 11 10 18 21 3 5 2 16 6 14 12 3 13 2 4 2 4 7
Total elements 85 3 74 26 19 15 42 5 60 23 15 9 73 36 15 10 68 70 8 283 61 4 4 83 53 25 16 9 14 30
Appendix B
Distribution of conodont platform elements at PIucki (trench P-II section ; see Fig. 6)
Conodont zone linguiformis- linguiformis triangularis
Upper rhenana
Lower Middle
[?partly reworked (*) fauna]
Bed/sample number [Jg-P-II] 9 10 11 12 13a 13b 14 15 16
Conodonts
Palmatolepis clarki 13
Palmatolepis protorhomboidea 1
Palmatolepis triangularisC 19
Palmatolepis clarki
Polygnathus praecursor 27
Alternognathus sp. 4 1 5
Icriodus alternatus 11 13
Palmatolepis delicatula delicatula 2 2
Palmatolepis praetriangularis 130 101 36 167
Palmatolepis triangularis (early forms) 18 21 35
Palmatolepis triangularis (typical, late forms) 2 2 4 63
Polygnathus brevilaminus 6 3 1 45
Polygnathus procerus 3 7
Ancyrodella curvata 7 10 4*
Ancyroides leonis 1 2*
Icriodus alternatus alternatus 6 59 115 33 16 321
Icriodus alternatus helmsi 1 4 62 10 5 81
Palmatolepis gigas extensa 14 6 2*
Palmatolepis gigas gigas 3 8*
Palmatolepis hassi 7 5 19*
Palmatolepis linguiformis 1 2 12
Palmatolepis rhenana nasuta 8 2
Palmatolepis subrecta 2 9 8 16 86 8*
Palmatolepis spp. 68
Pelekysgnathus planus 25
Polygnathus aequalis 25 23*
Polygnathus webbi 2 7 20 2
Polygnathus spp. 3 31 18
Total elements 5 11 16 206 214 432 188 70 779
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

Appendix C
Distribution of conodont platform elements at Debnik (trench Z-XVII section ; see Fig. 7)
L
Conodont zone ?linguiformis triangularis

Lower [ ?partly reworked Middle Upper(?)
(*) fauna]
Bed/sample number [Dz] 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9a 9b 10 11 12b 13a 13b 14a 14b 15 16b 17a 17b 18a 18b 19 20a
Palmatolepis cf. minuta minuta 3
Palmatolepis clarki 1
Palmatolepis delicatula delicatula 2 3 2
Palmatolepis triangularis 6 4 3 1
(typical, late forms)
Alternognathus sp. 14
Icriodus iowanensis iowanensis 4
Mehlina sp. 5
Polygnathus brevilaminus 23 6 2 5 10 2 1
Polygnathus cf. procerus 1 4 17
Polygnathus praecursor 17 2 1
Palmatolepis triangularis 1 5 2 2 10
(early forms)
Palmatolepis praetriangularis 1 2 16 123 20 33 24 171 22 14 23 5 2 3 3
Palmatolepis werneri
Ancyrodella curvata 1 6 3 3 1 1*
Ancyrodella sp. 1 1* 1*
Ancyroides leonis 1*
Icriodus alternatus 10 6 1 6 2
Icriodus alternatus alternatus 2 19 6 5 96 19 15 5 40 8 7 6 3
Icriodus alternatus helmsi 1 1 2 12 2 3 1 11 1 2
Palmatolepis hassi 2 1 1 1 1*
Palmatolepis rhenana nasuta 1 2* 1*
Palmatolepis rhenana rhenana 2
Palmatolepis rotunda 1* 1*
Palmatolepis subrecta 3 1 14 1 1 10 2 4* 2*
Palmatolepis spp. 8 16 6 1 1 8 2 3
Pelekysgnathus planus 17 30 1 1 5 1 13 2 1
Polygnathus politus 39 10
Polygnathus webbi 6 5 11 1 12 2
Polygnathus spp. 6 30 3 1 4 7 7
Total elements 38 94 9 2 6 6 48 25 13 95 25 30 300 48 65 35 259 48 39 35 11 5 3 6
PALAEO 2833 29-5-02

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Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181 (2002) 251^297

The Frasnian/Famennian boundary interval in the

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1. Introduction rifting^magmatic events on the nearby East

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The best studied Zawiercie^Debnik cross-section

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3.3. Debnik near Cracow

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Thirty-¢ve samples from the Debnik, 12 sam-

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1996; Joachimski et al., 2001; see review in 5.4. Discussion

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sections, is probably related to selective early ce-

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est-water sediments. Thus, changing bottom

6.1.2. F/F transition

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but also in the F/F sediments at Psie Go¤rki

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geographical scales: basin by large benthic algae and concavicarid ar-

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Distribution of conodont platform elements at Kowala (section Ko; see Fig. 4)

G. Racki et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 181 (2002) 251^297

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Conodont zone ?linguiformis triangularis

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Acknowledgements hydrological structure of oceans, biotic crises, and corre-

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