IRRN GUIDELINES

The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings. The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria, guidelines, and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briefs on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guidelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will be returned. Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. We Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deep water, tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local terms.

Guidelines for contributors

Criteria for IRRN research reports has international, or pan-national.

has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design
relevance

reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using reaches supportable conclusions
appropriate statistical techniques

and data collection methodology

When reporting soil nutrient studies, be sure to include standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of severity sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per row (g/row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.

Categories of research reported

GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance integrated germplasm improvement seed technology research techniques data management and computer modeling CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems research methodology data management and computer modeling SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT environment production livelihood EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval

CONTENTS
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources 5 Two species of Oryza officinalis complex present in Sri Lanka Genetics 5 Preliminary studies on the relationships between Lu Dao and Yunnan land varieties of Oryza sativa L. 6 Dominance relationship and nature of genetic variances for yield and its components in rice 6 Genetic divergence in upland rice 7 Pollen development and hybridization between indica varieties of rice 8 Cell division in indica rice varieties Breeding methods 8 Transfer eui gene to WA-MS line Zhen-Shan 97A (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) and eliminating its panicle enclosure 9 Performance of hybrid rice in Indonesia 9 Stubble plantingpromising vegetative propagation method for hybrid rice 10 Performance of F 1 hybrids in Jammu and Kashmir Yield potential 11 Varietal response to typhoon injury in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India 11 Time of panicle initiation and flowering in some rice varieties 11 Path analysis of yield components and selected agronomic traits of upland rice breeding lines 12 Relationship between grain yield and light transmission in rice 12 Relationship of rainfall distribution patterns to rice productivity 13 Selecting for photoperiod sensitivity in pedigree nurseries 14 Relationship between grain yield and flag leaf angle in rice Grain quality and nutritional value 14 Grain quality of some promising rice genotypes 15 Modified single grain analysis for gel consistency Disease resistance 15 Relationship between tungro (RTV) and sheath rot (ShR) in three rice cultivars 15 Reaction of some promising rice cultivars to grassy stunt virus (GSV) 16 Virulence of six isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae on rice 16 Field resistance to false smut (FS) and narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) in eastern Uttar Pradesh 17 Sources of resistance to rice yellow dwarf and its vector 17 Technique to preserve conidia of rice blast (Bl) fungus 18 Methods for evaluating resistance to Pyricularia oryzae in rice Insect resistance 19 Effect of rice gall midge (GM) resistance on parasitic behavior of Platygaster oryzae Cameron Drought resistance 20 Screening advanced breeding lines and germplasm for drought resistance under upland conditions Excess water tolerance 20 Promising breeding lines for submergence-prone and medium-deep rainfed lowland conditions Adverse temperature tolerance 21 Screening rice seedlings for cold tolerance Adverse soils tolerance 21 Effect of increased salinity on rice genotypes Integrated germplasm improvement 22 Rajshree, a new rice variety for rainfed lowlands in Bihar, India 22 Evaluation of upland rice lines at Morogoro, Tanzania 23 Yield potential of IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan V at Ndop Plain, Northwest Cameroon 24 ASD 17, a short-duration red rice variety for tail end irrigation areas of Tambiraparani Delta and Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 24 Performance of some improved rice varieties under irrigated and rainfed lowland conditions at Parwanipur, Nepal 25 NAU2159, a high-yielding glutinous rice for East China 26 Performance of some promising rice cultivars for tidal marshy swamps of Andamans 26 Zhongyu 87-1, promising line developed through shuttle breeding Data management and computer modeling 27 Simulation of yield potential in rice cultivars Seed technology 27 Screening rice varieties for grain dormancy

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Crop management 28 Yields of broadcast and transplanted Oryza glaberrima floating rice 29 Varietal differences in milled quality of rice harvested at different maturities 29 Effect on yield of cutting deepwater rice for herbage 30 Improving rice yield using hydrocortisone spray Soil fertility and fertilizer management 30 Using a chlorophyll meter to predict need for topdressed nitrogen 31 Economy in combining fertilizer N with green manure in lowland rice 31 Effect of deep-placed urea supergranules (USG) with limited green manure on transplanted rice yield 32 Integrated nutrient management in irrigated rice 32 Effect on rice yield of N applied during reproductive phase 33 Effect of single superphosphate and granular superphosphate fertilizer on rice yield 33 Performance of Sesbania rostrata in acid soils Disease management 34 Conidia release and dispersal pattern of Pyricularia oryzae under cloudy or rainy conditions 34 Yield loss due to rice blast (Bl) disease at different crop stages 35 Estimating yield loss to rice blast (Bl) disease 35 Reaction of four rice cultivars to grassy stunt virus (GSV) strain 2 under natural conditions 35 Control of blast (Bl) in main field and nursery with some new fungicides Insect management 36 Effect of lunar phase on attraction of rice pests to black light trap 36 Severe outbreak of rice gall midge (GM) in the savannah zone, Nigeria 37 Response of rice pests to mercury vapor light and black light traps 37 Sex and reproductive status of rice stem borers and leafhoppers attracted to black light trap 38 Pentatomid bugs reduce rice grain quality in farmers fields in Orissa Weed management 38 Influence of herbicide carrier and application method on weed control 38 Effect of herbicide mixtures in transplanted rice 39 Effect of time and method of application of herbicides on yield and yield components of rainfed lowland rice Farm machinery 40 Effect of soil moisture content on power requirements Postharvest technology 40 Uric acid content of stored rice Farming systems 41 Establishing wheat with minimal tillage and irrigation after rice 41 A rice-based intercropping sequence for Vindhyan red loam soils of eastern Uttar Pradesh 42 Effect of green manure and inorganic N in rice - rice - pulse - cropping system 43 Residual effect of fertilizer applied to rice in rice - fallow - cotton 43 Effect of source and level of nitrogen on yield of rice and succeeding lentil crop 44 Residual effect on succeeding winter rice of urea applied to summer rice

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Livelihood 44 Energy use in rice - wheat cropping system

ANNOUNCEMENTS
45 45 45 Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa New IRRI publications IPM newsletter discontinued

ERRATUM

GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
Two species of Oryza officinalis complex present in Sri Lanka
D. A. Vaughan, International Rice Germplasm Center, IRRI
Qualitative and quantitative morphological characters of Oryza eichingeri and O. rhizomatis.a

Mean b Oryza eichingeri Rhizomes Panicle branching Habitat Culm length (cm) Flag leaf length (mm) Flag leaf width (mm) Flag leaf ligule length (mm) Panicle length (mm) Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Awn length (mm)
aO.

Oryza rhizomatis Present Wide and spreading Open to partial shade, seasonally dry 135.4 (13.5)** 238.3 (36.3)** 15.3 (1.5)** 1.7 (0.5)** 237.0 (18.2)** 6.0 (0.7)* 2.2 (0.15)** 7.7 (4.0)**

Absent Compact to semiopen Partial shade, moist 100.3 135.2 12.3 0.3 160.8 5.5 1.8 18.2 (9.4)** (19.6)** (1.7)** (0.2)** (28.1)** (0.3)* (0.16)** (3.9)**

We compared Oryza eichingeri (formerly called Oryza collina in its Sri Lankan form) with collections of the Oryza officinalis complex from Sri Lanka in a replicated pot study. Results from this study in combination with field data show two morphologically and ecologically distinct species of the Oryza officinalis complex in Sri Lanka: Oryza eichingeri and a larger rhizomatous species (see table). The rhizomatous species appears morphologically to be more similar to Oryza officinalis than to other species of the complex. However, O. officinalis usually is found in moist habitats, such as beside streams. Though usually rhizomatous, it has smaller spikelets, and has more panicle branches of equivalent length from the lower panicle nodes.

eichingeri 3 accessions; O. rhizomatis, 5 accessions. Each accession was replicated 3 times, and the mean measurement for each quantitative trait was used in the analysis. b Values in parentheses are standard deviation. **, * = significantly different at 1 and 5% levels, LSD test.

The morphological, ecological, and/or geographic distinctiveness of the new taxon from all other species in the genus Oryza warrant its recognition as a new species. The name Oryza rhizomatis Vaughan sp. nov. has been chosen. A brief Latin description is provided here; full taxonomic treatment will be published elsewhere. Oryza rhizomatis Vaughan sp. nov. Herba perennis rhizomate crasso, ca. 1.2-1.5 m alta inflorescentia paniculata, exserta, erecta, laxa 20-28 cm longa

panicularum rami 5-9. Spicula saepe purpureo-viridis, 5.3-7.7 mm longa, 1.92.4 mm lata. Chromosatum numerus 2n = 2x = 12. The type collection was made from Anduorwa, Rahuna National Park, Hambantota, Sri Lanka, by S. Balendira, A. S. U. Liyanage, and D. A. Vaughan. The holotype is deposited at the herbarium Kew, UK. IRGC Accs. 103414, 103417, 103427, 105659, and 105660 (type collection) correspond to O. rhizomatis.

Genetics
Preliminary studies on the relationships between Lu Dao and Yunnan land varieties of Oryza sativa L.
Chen Zengjian and Zhu Lihong, Agronomy Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

Chromosomal behavior of Lu Dao and its hybrids at metaphase I and anaphase I. 1986-87, Nanjing, China. Parents and hybrids Metaphase I and anaphase I Cells observed (no.) 233 166 212 244 150 278 480 194 338 278 323 3 24 c Normal (%) 97.31 98.19 98.11 98.36 98.00 92.81 92.91 90.21 89.05 93.17 94.32 91.36 10+1IV (%) 1.35 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 2.29 1.55 1.47 1.80 1.72 1.54 Univalents a (%) 0.90 0.60 0.47 0.00 1.33 1.80 0.42 2.57 2.66 0.72 0.43 1.85 Laggards (%) 0.45 0.00 0.47 0.41 0.47 1.08 1.46 1.03 0.89 1.08 1.29 1.54 Fragments (%) 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.82 0.00 0.72 1.46 3.61 3.25 2.52 1.29 1.54 Others b

We studied biological and genetic characters of Lu Dao (an indigenous rice germplasm in Jiangsu Province) and four Yunnan land varieties (Banli 1 [japonica], Haoanwen [japonica], Haopi [indica], and Maxiangu [indica]) and

Lu Dao Banli 1 Haoanwen Haopi Maxiangu Banli 1/Lu Dao Haoanwen/Lu Dao Haopi/Lu Dao Maxiangu/Lu Dao Lu Dao/Banli 1 Lu Dao/Haoanwen Lu Dao/Haopi Lu Dao/Maxiangu
a1-4

0.00 0.00 0.94 0.41 0.00 1.44 2.08 1.03 2.66 0.72 0.86 2.16

univalents per cell. b Including 8 II+2IV, early, late and unequal orientations of division and some multivalents at metaphase I and anaphase I. cNo results because of late heading,

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 5

their hybrids 1984-87. Morphological traits of Lu Dao are more similar to the japonica land varieties. Seed set of the hybrids of Lu Dao and the japonicas was higher than that of Lu Dao and the indicas. Lu Daos easy shedding and long blackish awns are dominant in F1 progeny. The F1 plants from Lu Dao and the japonicas showed higher pollen fertility when Lu Dao was used as female parent. Esterase analysis of embryos indicated that the esterase isozyme bands of Lu

Dao were similar to those of the two japonica varieties. One esterase band of Lu Dao, absent in the indica varieties, appeared in all F 1 hybrids tested. Cytogenetic studies showed that chromosomal aberrations such as 10 II + 1IV (1.47-2.51%), univalents (0.422.66%, range 1-4 per cell), laggards and straggling chromosomes (0.89-1.54%), bridges and fragments of chromosomes (0.72-3.61%), and some multivalents were common at metaphase I and

anaphase I in F1 PMCs (see table). Aberrant chromosomal pairing in the F1 of Lu Dao and the japonicas appeared to be somewhat lower than in Lu Dao and the indicas. This might indicate more chromosomal structural differences between Lu Dao and the indica varieties. This analysis suggests that Lu Dao is an intermediate type of rice germplasm, between O. sativa L. ssp. Keng Ting and O. rufipogon Griff.

Dominance relationship and nature of genetic variances for yield and its components in rice
T. Ram, J. Singh, and R. M. Singh, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

We crossed 10 divergent rice cultivars (Mahsuri, Dhaneswar, Pawanpeer, Adamchini, TAU 18, Kanakjeera, IR50, IR52, IET7552, IET4140) in all possible combinations (excluding reciprocal) in 1982. Parents, F1s, and F2 s were raised in a compact family randomized block design with three replications.

Plot size for parents and F1 was one row; for F2 , six rows of 20 plants each at 20- 15-cm spacing. Data were collected on days to panicle emergence, plant height, panicle length, effective tillers/ plant, grains/ panicle, chaff seeds/panicle, 100-grain weight, and grain yield/plant. Means for 15 plants of parents and F1 and 50 plants of F2 per replication were subjected to graphical analysis, component analysis, and combining ability analysis of diallel crosses (see table). Mean dominance degrees estimated through graphical, genetic component, and combining ability analyses differ in

some characters. Combining ability analysis is the most reliable; results of graphical and component analyses may be seriously affected by correlated gene distribution and/ or presence of epistasis.

Genetic divergence in upland rice

C. R. Anandakumar and M. Subramanian, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Mudurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Dominance relationship and nature of genetic variance for yield and yield components. Degree of dominance Character Generation Graphical analysis Component analysis (H1 /D)1/2 Combining ability analysis (2 s 2 g/ s 2 s) Additive Additive Additive Additive Nonadditive Nonadditive Nonadditive Nonadditive Additive Additive Nonadditive Nonadditive Additive Additive Nonadditive Nonadditive

Days to panicle emergence Plant height Panicle length Effective tillers/plant Grains/panicle Chaff seeds/panicle 100-grain weight Grain yield/plant

F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2 F1 F2

Overdominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Complete dominance Partial dominance Complete dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Complete dominance

Overdominance Complete dominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Overdominance Overdominance Overdominance Overdominance Complete dominance Complete dominance Overdominance Overdominance Partial dominance Partial dominance Overdominance Overdominance

We evaluated 23 drought-resistant cultures from Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India, and IRRI during 1987 wet season for their genetic diversity, using Mahalanobis D 2 analysis. The varieties were sown in a randomized block design with three replications. At harvest, 15 plants were selected at random from each plot to measure plant height, productive tillers, boot leaf length and breadth, and yield. Using Tochers clustering technique, the genotypes were grouped into six clusters (Table 1). Seven of eight genotypes in cluster I (from IRRI) showed much less variability in their genetic architecture. Cluster III includes types from different geographical regions. The clustering pattern failed to indicate any relationship between geographic divergence and genetic variability. The genotypes from Tamil Nadu fell into different clusters. The

6 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Table 1. Composition of D2 clusters showing genetic diversity. Cluster I Genotype Brown gora (IRRI), BR319-1 (IRRI), OS4 (IRRI), IR12979-24 (IRRI), C22 (IRRI), UPLRi-7 (IRRI), Kalakeri (IRRI), PM1128 (Paramakudi) 20A (IRRI), OS6 (IRRI), UPLRi-5 (IRRI), N22 (IRRI), Charupuncha (Kerala), PMKl (Paramakudi), Arurakhari (Kerala), PM1381 (Paramakudi Azucena (IRRI), Kattanur (Ramnad), Norungan (Ramnad), MDU1 (Madurai) E45 (IRRI) IR9575 Sel (IRRI) Moongil Samba (Kerala)

Pollen germination and pollen tube growth 60 min after pollination and seed set in crosses of different rice varieties. a Pantnagu, India. Cross IR36/IR36 Pant Dhan 4/Pant Dhan 4 Rasi/Rasi IET7301/IET7301 IR36/Pant Dhan 4 Pant Dhan 4/IR36 IR36/Rasi Rasi/IR36 IR36/IET7301 IET7301/IR36 Pant Dhan 4/Rasi Rasi/Pant Dhan 4 Pant Dhan 4/IET7301 IET7301/Pant Dhan 4 Rasi/IET7301 IET7301/Rasi
a

Pollen germination (%) 61.00 72.00 85.00 70.00 55.50 19.00 25.00 51.00 37.00 37.00 53.00 37.00 34.00 46.90 60.00 44.40 (4) (2) (1) (3) (6) (14) (13) (8) (11b) (11a) (7) (11c) (12) (9) (5) (10)

Pollen tube growth () 602.0 532.0 591.2 502.0 546.4 505.0 556.4 405.0 542.0 430.0 495.0 362.0 398.0 996.0 493.0 320.0 (2) (7) (3) (9) (5) (8) (4) (13) (6) (12) (10) (15) (14) (1) (11) (16)

Seed set (%) 29.8 35.2 34.8 35.7 17.2 02.6 04.6 24.7 07.8 08.9 25.4 08.3 08.5 03.3 29.2 10.2 (4) (2) (3) (1) (8) (16) (14) (7) (13) (10) (6) (12) (11) (15) (5) (9)

II

III IV V VI

Numbers in parentheses = descending order of values for each character.

Table 2. Intercluster and intracluster genetic distances. Cluster 1 II III IV V VI I II III IV V VI

90.52 37.92 65.21 37.68 92.61 44.38 43.24 47.38 79.12

47.70 165.67 39.98 122.32 38.96 65.50 85.84 190.89 97.31

wide genetic variability of genotypes of the same origin might be due to varied phenological conditions. On the basis of intercluster D2 distance, clusters I, II, IV, and VI were highly divergent (Table 2). Use of the genotypes in these clusters, particularly E45, IR9575 sel, and Moongil Samba, in breeding programs could result in high heterosis for qualitative and quantitative characters.

Pollen development and hybridization between indica varieties of rice

M. Selvanathan and V. K. Khanna, Plant Breeding Department, Pantnagar, India

We crossed four indica ricesIR36, Pant Dhan 4, Rasi, and IET7301in all possible combinations. Pistils hand pollinated with pollen from dehiscing

anthers of male parents were collected 60 min after pollination. Pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth were studied with normal microscopy of squash preparations of pistils in aniline blue. Onset of pollen germination was variable in all individual crosses, but was similar in all selfings (see table). Maximum pollen germination was obtained with selfing. Pollen germination in all reciprocal crosses except IR36/IET7301 differed considerably. Pollen fall on stigmas of each individual floret varied. In some crosses, 20-30 pollen grains could be seen on the stigma; in others, only 5-6. Emergence of pollen tubes on the bifurcated hairy stigma occurred immediately after pollen grains had landed on the stigma. After penetrating the papillated stigma hairs, the tubes grew through these hairs into the style (see figure). Styles were quite long and the pollen tubes could not be traced up to the base (staining became faint as pollen tubes worked their way toward the ovary). Pollen tube growth differed considerably in the reciprocal crosses. There was no abnormal pollen tube growth and no evidence of pollen tube and maternal tissue interaction hindering growth. Overall, seed set was quite poor. Maximum seed set was with selfing.

Normal pollen tube growth of IET7301/Pant Dhan 4 10 min after pollination. Pantnagar, India.

Pollen germination was correlated more directly with seed set and was not affected by the rate of pollen tube growth (see table). Seed set was highest in IET7301/IET7301: that cross had the third highest pollen germination and ninth longest pollen tubes. The reciprocal crosses confirmed that correlation. When IR36 was crossed with Pant Dhan 4, pollen germination was 55.5% and seed set was 17.2%; in the reciprocal cross, pollen germination was 19% and seed set, 2.6%.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 7

This suggests that chromosomal abnormalities are not the cause of low seed set in intraracial crosses of rice. Inadequate pollination or low pollen germination seemed to be the causes. Rate of pollen tube growth and length of pollen tube seem to have no relationship to seed set.

Cell division in indica rice varieties

M. Selvanathan and V. K. Khanna, Plant Breeding Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India

At zygotene, chromosomes were in pairs but could not be counted. At diplotene, budding of the nucleoli with a few twisted bivalents could be seen. At diakinesis, the chromosomes were condensed further, some ring chromosomes could be seen, and the nucleolus gradually decreased in size before it disappeared. Several small nucleolar bodies known as supernumerary nucleoli were found, usually 2-6 per cell, but up to 18 in some cases. At metaphase I, anaphase, and

telophase, chromosomal behavior was normal. Though no chromosomal aberrations were found, pollen sterility (highest in Rasi and lowest in IR36) may be attributable to genic causes. Seed set was lowest in IR36. Pollen sterility showed no correlation with seed set. It appears highly improbable that chromosomal irregularities cause low seed set in rice. Inadequate pollination or low pollen germination could be the problem.

Breeding methods
Transfer eui gene to WA-MS line Zhen-Shan 97A (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) and eliminating its panicle enclosure
Shen Zongtan and He Zuhua, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, China

We studied the relationship between chromosomal behavior, pollen development, and seed set in four indica rices: IR36, Pant Dhan 4, Rasi, and IET7301. The mitotic index was very poor, indicating a slow rate of cell division (see table). Mitotic cells revealed a single nucleolus. Chromosomes were extremely small. Cells were few at metaphase, anaphase, and telophase and plentiful at interphase and prophase stages. Cell division was normal. Chromosome behavior was normal at prophase, without heteromorphic bivalents, bivalents with a terminal fold, rod bivalents, univalents, quadrivalents, stretched chromosomes, etc. Loose pairing was not discernible. Successive stages of synizesis, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and early diakinesis showed the budding of the nucleolus. As the secondary nucleolus became larger, the primary nucleolus became smaller. Leptotene stages showed beaded threads. Usually two threads were attached to the nucleolus.
Mitotic index, pollen sterility, and seed set in different rice cultivars. Cultivar Mitotic index 1.00 1.52 2.51 0.57 Pollen sterility (%) 15.33 20.00 21.00 16.00 6.50 2.64 3.00 4.35 Seed set (%) 29.8 35.2 34.8 35.7

We studied the interaction between the eui gene of uppermost internode stock and cytoplasm of wild abortive male

sterile (WA-MS) line Zhen-Shan 97A in order to eliminate panicle enclosure of the A line. The eui gene was transferred to ZhenShan 97A and B lines by backcross breeding (see figure). Three new semidwarf MS Zhen-Shan 97-eui A and B lines (610A and 610B, 612A and 612B, 618A and 618B) have been bred (see table). Compared with the parents Zhen-Shan 97A and B, mean panicle exsertion (PE) of new lines A and B is longer, exserted stigma percentage is higher, and plants are taller.

IR36 4.00 Pant Dhan 4 4.33 4.34 Rasi IET7301 3.66

Breeding procedures for sterile lines 610A and 612A with exserted panicles and their maintainers (breeding lines 618A and B).

8 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

The new A lines are shorter than B and restorer, which would help pollen dispersal on A plants in seed production. The correlation between PE and uppermost internode length was positive (r = 0.9655**) and plant height ( r = 0.4474**) in the eui plant. The study also showed that some minor genes modified the eui gene. That facilitated selecting eui A and B lines with suitable PE. Gibberellic acid would not be needed in seed production of the new A lines, significantly reducing seed production costs.

Some characters of new MS lines and maintainers. Guangzhou, China, 1988. Line 610A 610B 612A 612B 618A 618B Zhen-Shan 97A (CK1) Zhen-Shan 97B (CK2) eui stock (CK3)
a

Genotype CMS ( eui eui ) F ( eui eui ) CMS (eui eui ) F (eui eui ) CMS (eui eui ) F (eui eui ) CMS (Eui Eui) F (Eui Eui) F (eui eui )

PE a (cm) 4.2 1.7 5.3 1.9 1.8 2.2 6.6 1.4 3.4 2.1 5.7 1.7 9.5 3.5 1.1 2.1 25.9 4.4

Plant height (cm) 72.9 80.0 74.9 84.8 72.4 79.0 60.7 72.8 136.3

Exserted stigma (%) >90 >90 >90 30-50

Mean PE of all tillers of a single plant.

Performance of hybrid rice in Indonesia

O. Suherman, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Grain yield, yield components, and agronomic traits of 4 hybrid rices and 2 high-yielding rice varieties. Maros, Indonesia, 1987 dry season. Grain yield (t/ha at 14% moisture) 6.7 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.3 1.5 2.0 23.5 Panicles (no./m 2 ) 1000grain wt (g) 24.2 24.8 24.3 24.9 26.3 20.4 2.6 3.5 8.9 Unfilled grains/ (%) 19.2 12.8 15.8 14.9 18.7 20.1 5.2 7.0 25.8 Grains/ panicle (no.) 140 131 124 116 129 134 22 30 14 Plant height (cm) 87 81 78 91 83 76 8 11 8 Duration (d) 110 95 100 105 115 115

Entry

We compared yields of hybrid rices and high-yielding conventional varieties in Jul-Oct 1987. Trial entries were hybrid rices 11-32A/Ce64, L301A/ R29, V20A/ IR54, and V20A/ Sadang, and popular high-yielding varieties IR36 and IR64. The trial was in a randomized complete block design with six replications. The crop was intensively managed: hand weeding, optimum water, and complete pest and disease protection. Fertilizer was 120 kg N as urea and ammonium sulfate, 45 kg P, and 45 kg K/ ha. N was applied 1/3 at planting,

II-32A/Ce64 L301A/R29 V20A/IR54 IR64 V20A/Sadang IR36 LSD (0.05) (0.01) CV (%)

308 272 308 313 296 396 68 92 18

2/3 at 30 d after planting. Only hybrid II-32A/ Ce64 produced significantly higher grain yield than IR36 (see table). The hybrids had fewer panicles/m2 but heavier grains. Spikelet

numbers tended to be high. Unfilled grain percentage was not significantly different from that of IR36. II-32A/Ce64 is 10 cm taller and matured 5 d earlier than IR36.

Stubble planting - promising vegetative propagation method for hybrid rice

M. Mahadevappa, Vishakantha, N. D. R. K. Sarma, and K. G. Govindaraj, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India

A major constraint in commercializing rice hybrids has been seed production (A line and hybrid). Seed set of 25-30% on the female line results in poor hybrid seed yields. We studied the feasibility of vegetative propagation as an economical seed

production method. The advantages of vegetative propagation are that 1) need for fresh hybrid seed is reduced; 2) duration of a vegetatively propagated crop usually is less than that of a main crop; and 3) crop establishment savings are realized. Vegetative propagation methods include ratooning, stubble planting, and tiller separation and planting. Stubble planting appears to be most promising. During 1987 wet season, we studied 190 genotypes response to ratooning, stubble planting, and tiller separation and planting. There was considerable genotypic variation. In 1988 dry season,

we evaluated 17 experimental hybrids in a multilocation trial. Thirteen showed good regeneration. Two of three replications were used to evaluate ratoonability and one to evaluate stubble planting. The sprouted stubbles of 10 of the 13 hybrids that showed better regeneration were uprooted, cut back to 10-12 cm height, and planted individually. A transplanted crop of Mangala (a short-duration variety) was used as check. Mangala seedlings were raised so that the transplanting coincided with stubble planting. The 11 treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with four

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 9

Performance of rice hybrids in main, ratoon, and stubble planting. Bangalore, India. Days to 50% flowering Hybrid Main crop 107 105 111 94 107 118 102 111 115 113 120 104 98 98 110 94 98 113 94 102 Ratoon crop 94 94 96 94 96 90 98 90 90 90 94 86 96 Stubble crop 118 121 121 122 109 116 119 119 121 120 Main crop 9.8 8.8 8.3 8.2 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.1 6.7 6.6 6.2 6.1 5.1 3.2 6.7 6.6 5.7 Yield (t/ha) Ratoon crop 3.4 2.1 3.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 2.6 2.6 1.3 1.0 0.8 4.1 Stubble crop 4.8 3.6 6.8 3.4 2.1 4.4 2.7 2.2 2.9 6.9 4.3 (seedling planted)

IR54752A/IR46R IR54752A/IR28178 IR54752A/IR54 IR6830A/IR9761 IR6830A/IR21916 IR6830A/IR29723 IR6830A/IR19058 IR6830A/IR13419 IR6830A/IR29512 IR6830A/IR25912 IR6830A/IR19392 IR6830A/IR64R Madhu WA/Mily 54 IR46828A/IR2863 IR54752A/ARC11353 IR46828A/ARC11353 Madhu WA/IR28210 Check Jaya Mangala Pushpa
a At

replications. The test plots were topdressed with 50 kg N/ha 35 d after planting. Hybrid IR54752A/ARC11353 had highest yield (6.92 t/ha), closely followed by IR54752A/ IR54R (6.82 t/ha) (see table). The increased yield is due mainly to higher total and filled spikelets and, to some extent, more panicles per unit land area. Further research is needed to establish the best maturity stage for harvesting the main crop and the age of stubble at planting to get better stubble regeneration and stubble crop performance.

planting, stubbles were 40-45 d old. Hence, days to 50% flowering are more in the stubble crop. Since the stubbles were cut back to 10-12 cm height at planting, actual growth duration of the stubble crop (from planting to harvesting) is less than that of the main crop.

The International Rice Research Newsletter is mailed free to individuals and institutions engaged in rice research and training. For further information, write IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.

Performance of F1 hybrids in Jammu and Kashmir

J. S. Bijral, T. R. Sharma, B. Singh, B. B. Gupta, and K. S. Kanwal, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), R.S. Pura 181102, India

We evaluated the yield potential of nine F1 hybrids in 1988 wet season. Seedlings (30-d-old) were transplanted in 4.32-m2

plots at 30- 20-cm spacing in a randomized block design with three replications. All plots were fertilized at 100-60-30 kg NPK/ha. The F1 hybrids were compared with the best commercial check, Jaya. Data on grain yield, primary yield components, and related attributes were recorded and standard heterosis calculated. Net plot size 2.40-m2 was used to estimate grain yield. Positive

standard heterosis in yield ranged from 4.96 to 109.9%. Only three hybrids (RHR1, RHR2, and RHR6) yielded significantly higher than Jaya (see table). The increase in yield was due mainly to positive standard heterosis in panicle number/m2 , total biomass, harvest index, and grain weight. All hybrids except RHR9 showed significant negative standard heterosis in spikelet fertility.

Standard heterosis for yield and yield components of F1 hybrids at RARS, R. S. Pura (J&K), India. Hybrida Cross combination Grain yield (t/ha) Standard heterosis b (%) Yield Panicles/m 2 Spikelets/ panicle 11.24 2.46 38.81* 40.40* 34.54* 6.79 28.80* 6.56 30.44* 26.32 Spikelet fertility 9.75* 12.71* 7.81* 17.99* 12.97* 13.88* 15.71* 5.91* 0.54 3.73 1000grain weight 4.80 16.16* 0.44 10.04 10.92* 22.27* 14.85* 6.55 6.55 1.52 Total biomass 19.14* 21.80* 2.27 2.66 19.90* 76.66* 0.34 12.7 2 2.34 12.29 Harvest index 18.55* 20.84* 14.10* 15.08* 20.54* 18.86* 27.03* 2.57 2.68 4.54

RHR1 RHR2 RHR3 RHR4 RHR5 RHR6 RHR7 RHR8 RHR9 Jaya
aRHR

Zhen Shan 97A/IR31868 V20A/IR31802 Zhen Shan 97A/IET8585 Zhen Shan 97A/IR31802 Zhen Shan 97A/IET1410 Zhen Shan 97A/VL 15 V20A/IR31851 IR48483 A/IR83619 IR46830 A/IR36 (check) LSD (0.05) = Ranbir Hybrid Rice.
b*

7.7 8.0 6.4 3.4 5.2 11.4 6.9 6.3 5.7 5.4 1.5

41.36* 47.06* 16.73 36.58* 3.49 109.90* 26.65 15.63 4.96

12.50* 30.36* 29.46* 9.82 9.82 38.39* 11.61* 3.57 37.50* 20.67

= significant at 5% level.

10 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Yield potential
Varietal response to typhoon injury in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
G. V. Reddy, V. D. Naidu and P. S. Reddy, Andhra Pradesh (AP) Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Station, Nellore 524004, AP, India

Damage varied among varieties. Some showed severe damage, with the leaf blade shredded lengthwise, starting from tip down, combined with necrotic streaks. (The damage resembled that of

bacterial leaf streak.) Local predominant variety NLR9672 suffered nearly 20% leaf damage. Only a few of 90 varieties showed resistance to wind damage (see table).

Time of panicle initiation and flowering in some rice varieties

C. Kundu, B. K. Mandal, and A. Ghosh, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah 712102, India

Nellore district commonly experiences typhoons in Oct-Nov, when the rice crop is in maximum tillering to panicle initiation. In Nov 1984 wet season, gales with winds of 100-120 km/ h lashed coastal parts of Nellore district for nearly 60 h, severely damaging rice foliage.
Entries showing resistant reaction to wind damage. Nellore, AP, India, 1984. Entry NLR9672 GEB 24 NLRT105 MTU7029 BCP3 BCP4 BCP5 Mahsuri NLR26706 NLRT62 NLRT71 NLRT76 NLRT78 NLR3079 NLRT80 NLRT87 NLRT85 NLRT88 NLRT91 NLRT97 NLRT99 NLRT98 NLRTl00 NLRT103 NLR28545 MTU6861 IRl554-239-3-3 IR19660-274 IR40 IR32 ET5656 IR38 Sudwee Tetep Tadukan
a0

To help schedule N fertilizer topdressing, we studied panicle initiation in wet and dry seasons in 19 recommended semidwarf and tall indica rices of different durations. Starting from 30 d before estimated heading date, a large number of healthy tillers

from about five good hills were cut at the plant base every other day. The tillers were dissected for panicle initiation. The panicle initiation and flowering interval appears to be a varietal characteristic dependent on duration and season (see table). Because of that, determination of panicle initiation for topdressing N should be based on actual plant dissection. Sampling dates should be calculated from estimated heading date, generally 30-35 d after panicle emergence in the tropics.

Wind damage (%) 20 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 2 5 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 2 2 5 5 5

Damage score a (0-9 scale) 5 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Panicle initiation and flowering in 19 rice varieties. Chinsurah, India. Duration and photoperiodism Panicle initiation (d after seeding) Wet CR237-1 CNM25 CR126-42-1 IET1444 Cauvery IR50 IET4094 Ratna IR36 IET2254 IET2815 IET5656 Pankaj Latisal Kalma 222 Kumargore NC3 24 Radhunipagal NC6 78 Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Medium Medium Long Long Photoperiod Photoperiod Photoperiod Photoperiod Photoperiod Photoperiod 46 57 59 57 60 63 65 65 70 75 69 96 96 96 98 97 96 95 99 Dry 97 111 111 110 108 114 116 118 117 124 118 122 129 116 120 120 114 117 119 Flowering (d after seeding) Wet 60 72 75 73 76 80 82 83 88 93 86 116 117 119 120 118 117 117 121 Dry 111 127 131 131 127 133 137 138 138 143 137 142 151 134 137 138 133 136 138 Panicle initiation to flowering (d) Wet 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 17 20 21 23 22 21 21 22 22 Dry 14 16 20 21 19 19 21 20 21 19 19 20 22 18 17 18 19 19 19

Variety

sensitive sensitive sensitive sensitive sensitive sensitive

Path analysis of yield components and selected agronomic traits of upland rice breeding lines
S. O. W. M. Reuben and S. D. Katuli, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3005 Morogoro, Tanzania

= no injury, 1 = less than 1%, 3 = 2-5%, 5 = 6-25%, 7 = 26-50%, and 9 = 51-100%.

We examined direct and indirect associations between selected variables in 11 advanced upland rice breeding lines (Farox 229, IRAT104, IRAT156, IRAT161, IRAT170, ISA6, ITA128, ITA235, ITA305, ITA315, OS6) and local check Supa. The trial was laid out during the 1987 cropping season in a

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 11

Path coefficient analysis of phenotypic correlations on the direct (diagonal) and indirect (off diagonal) effects of the components of yield on grain yield of upland rice lines.a Morogoro, Tanzania, 1987. Days to maturity 0.154 0.095 0.079 0.068 0.004 0.004 0.077 0.030 0.043 Plant height 0.471 0.770 0.347 0.130 0.030 0.117 0.210 0.133 0.287 Indirect via Panicle length 0.451 0.396 0.878 0.222 0.229 0.357 0.206 0.617 0.264 Tillers/ plant 0.189 0.072 0.108 0.427 0.04 1 0.053 0.268 0.158 0.258 Panicle weight 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.010 0.009 0.001 0.003 0.001 % filled grains/ panicle 0.025 0.159 0.425 0.129 0.911 1.045 0.038 0.375 0.243 Panicles/ m2 0.228 0.125 0.107 0.287 0.051 0.016 0.457 0.090 0.330 1000-grain weight 0.023 0.021 0.084 0.045 0.033 0.043 0.024 0.120 0.017 Plants/ m2 0.136 0.181 0.146 0.294 0.043 0.113 0.351 0.068 0.486 Total correlation, rp, with yield 0.099 0.029 0.125 0.097 0.808** 0.672* 0.163 0.126 0.131

Variable

Days to maturity Plant height Panicle length Tillers/plant Panicle weight % filled grains/panicle Panicles/m2 1000-grain weight Plants/m2
aResidual

effect = 0.200. *, ** denote significance at P < 0.05, 0.01, respectively. Underlined figures indicate direct effects.

randomized complete block design with three replications. Filled grains/panicle and plant height had high positive direct effects on grain yield (see table). The independent effect of panicle length on yield was strong and negative. Plant density and tillers/plant, had moderate positive direct

effects on grain yield; the effect of panicles/m 2 was moderately negative. High correlations of panicle weight and yield were predominantly through filled grains/panicle. The path analysis suggests the importance, in order, of filled grains/panicle, plant height, plant

density, and tillers/plant in grain yield of the upland rice lines. Relationships between filled grains/ panicle and plant height and plant height and plants/m 2 and tillers per plant were negative, suggesting a compromise in selecting for the optimum combination of these characters.

Relationship between grain yield and light transmission in rice

R. Sadasivam, A. Arjunan, S. Mohandass, and M. Nagarajan, Crop Physiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 3, Tamil Nadu, India

using Line Quantum Sensor. A highly significant negative correlation was found between light transmission and grain yield (see figure). Ten percent light

transmission at flowering was optimum. Light transmission ratio can be used as one criterion for selecting high-yielding rice cultivars.

We transplanted 25-d-old seedlings of 15 short-duration rice varieties 6 Jul 1988 at 20- 10-cm spacing. Data on light intensity at the top and bottom of the canopy were collected at flowering,

Relationship of rainfall distribution patterns to rice productivity

R. Srivastava, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, M.S., India; and O. Prakash, Soil Science Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.P., India

The season also was broadly divided into five distinct physiological growth stages: nursery and transplanting 21 May-24 Jun, active vegetative growth 25 Jun-5 Aug, lag vegetative growth 6 Aug2 Sep, reproductive stage 3-30 Sep, and ripening 1 Oct-4 Nov. The second degree multiple regression equation between rice yield and weekly total rainfall was

Relationship of light transmission to grain yield in 15 short-duration rice cultivars. Coimbatore, India, 1988 wet season.

We studied the effect of rainfall distribution patterns on rice yields using second degree multiple regression equation. Average yields 1970-84 (15 yr) at Pantnagar Rice Growing Farms and weekly data on rainfall during the ricegrowing season collected from Meteorological Observatory, Pantnagar, were used. The rice-growing season, covering approximate1y 168 d from 21 May to 4 Nov, was divided into 24 7-d periods.

Where Z = rice yield in quintals/ ha (1 quintal = 0.1 ton; t i = a 7-d period (1 for the week 21-27 May and 24 for the week 29 Oct-4 Nov); x i = total rainfall within any given 7-d period; T= year (1 in 1970 and 15 in 1984). T was included to correct for long-term trend in yield.

12 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

2. Actual and predicted rice yields for different years using the rainfall equation.

1. Effect of 1-mm rainfall above average weekly total rainfall on rice yield for each 7d period, 21 May-4 Nov.

Rainfall 1 mm above the average weekly total during active and lag vegetative growth stages had a positive effect on yield; during the other stages, its effect was negative (Fig. 1). The adverse effect of above average rainfall was more pronounced late in the ripening stage, when it reduced yield 10-

12 kg/ha. Predicted yields for different years, using weekly total rainfall data, were compared with actual yields (Fig. 2). The coefficient of correlation between actual yield and predicted yield was 0.758, significant at the 0.01 level.

Selecting for photoperiod sensitivity in pedigree nurseries

A. M. Pamplona and D. J. Mackill, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI

Photoperiod sensitivity is an important character in many rainfed lowland ricegrowing areas, particularly where the rainfall pattern is erratic. But a problem in breeding photoperiod-sensitive cultivars is that often only one generation can be grown a year, doubling the time needed to develop advanced lines. We seeded breeding lines in the pedigree nursery in the first week of Jun in wet season (F5) and in mid-Dec in dry season (F6). Strongly photoperiodsensitive F6 lines were identified as those that did not flower within 5 mo when seeded in a special mid-Feb nursery. At Los Baos, Philippines (14 N), photoperiod-sensitive lines seeded in Feb will not flower until the following wet

1. Relationship between flowering days of F5 lines grown in wet season (WS) (seeded 5 Jun 1986) and the resulting F6 lines grown in dry season (DS) seeded 17 Dec 1986. Photoperiodsensitive lines are those that did not flower when seeded in February.

season (Sep or later), when daylengths shorten. Most of the photoperiod-sensitive F5

lines seeded in Jun flowered late. When the resulting F6 lines were seeded in Dec, they flowered early (Fig. 1). The

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 13

photoperiod-sensitive lines can therefore be identified in segregating generations by a large difference in flowering duration between seasons. Insensitive lines have similar growth durations in different seasons. Most of the improved photoperiodsensitive lines selected in the pedigree nursery seeded 5 Jun (wet season) flowered in mid-Oct (Fig. 2). This flowering period should be suitable for large areas of rainfed lowland rice.
Relationship between flag leaf angle and grain yield in 15 rice cultivars. Coimbatore, India, 1988 wet season.

leaf angle at panicle emergence could be an alternate selection index for higher yield potential.

The International Azolla Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and application of azolla in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. I. Watanabe, Azolla Newsletter editor, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.

Grain quality and nutritional value

Grain quality of some promising rice genotypes
S. S. Malik, Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Uchani, Karnal, India

In 1985, we tested 25 promising rice varieties and strains for hulling, milling, and head rice recovery; grain length, breadth, and L/ B ratio; alkali value (09); and elongation ratio. The alkali digestion test was done with 10 grains of

Grain and quality characteristics of some promising rice genotypes. Karnal, India, 1985. Genotype
2. Distribution of flowering dates of photoperiodsensitive pedigree lines (F5 -F6 ) seeded on 5 Jun 1986.

Brown rice (%) 77.2 77.7 80.0 77.7 71.5 74.0 85.0 80.1 77.0 79.7 80.6 85.2 78.8 79.0 82.4 78.4 81.4 82.0 81.4 81.0 84.5 77.0 83.7 81.2 80.8 79.9 5.2

Milled rice (%) 68.7 68.5 68.3 63.3 65.3 60.5 63.8 69.2 68.5 69.6 69.6 75.4 68.4 67.2 72.4 68.2 70.2 70.0 67.2 66.4 70.3 66.4 69.8 66.0 66.6 68.0 7.4

Head rice recovery (%) 53.2 53.1 44.4 40.0 40.8 34.8 47.5 50.2 51.4 47.0 47.3 54.7 54.8 60.7 58.2 51.2 55.6 64.8 62.2 45.8 42.2 39.8 52.5 52.1 52.6 50.3 8.5

Milled grain Length (mm) 6.7 7.0 6.7 6.3 7.0 7.1 6.0 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.1 5.8 5.8 6.2 6.7 6.8 5.2 5.7 5.6 6.3 7.0 6.8 6.0 6.2 6.3 2.3 Breadth (mm) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.1 L/B ratio 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.8 3.9 3.3 3.1 3.4 Alkali value 2 3 6 6 4 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 5 7 7 4 4 5 4 Elongation ratio 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5

Relationship between grain yield and flag leaf angle in rice

R. Sadasivam, A. Arjunan, S. Mohandass, and M. Nagarajan, Crop Physiology Department, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

We grew 15 short-duration rice cultivars during 1988 wet season, in a randomized block design with three replications. Seedlings (25-d-old) were transplanted 6 Jul at 20- 10-cm spacing. The flag leaf angle was measured at panicle emergence. There was a highly significant negative correlation between flag leaf angle and grain yield (see figure). Flag

Basmati 370 Pakistani Basmati Punjab Basmati Pusa 150 HKR221 Sonalee T 3 dwarf mutant HKR222 Ratna IR36 Palan 579 Prasad IET4141 PR106 PR107 IR8 Jaya Pusa 2-21 Jhona 349 HKR1 HKR101 HKR207 HAU10-221-1-5 HAUK12-20-4-2 IR5853-118-5 Mean CV (%)

14 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

each strain in 10 ml (l.7%) KOH solution for 23 h. Prasad had the highest brown rice and total milled rice yields (see table). Pusa 2-21 had the highest head rice recovery and lowest L/B ratio. Sonalee

had the lowest head rice recovery and the highest L/B ratio. Although L/B ratio was inversely associated with head rice recovery, there seems to be no association between L/B

ratio and elongation ratio. Pakistani Basmati had the highest elongation ratio, followed by Basmati 370. The lowest alkali spreading value was in Basmati 370.

Modified single grain analysis for gel consistency

S. X. Tang, G. S. Khush, and B. O. Juliano, IRRI

Gel consistency is a good index of cooked rice texture, especially in highamylose rices. We modified Cagampangs method and Zamans single grain procedure to develop a reliable single grain analysis for gel consistency. Analysis of the gel consistency of nine rices with hard (2740 mm), medium (41-60 mm), and soft (61-100 mm) gel consistency showed that modified single grain analysis is a reliable procedure (see table). These are the major steps in the procedure: The embryo is carefully removed from milled kernel with a blade and the single grain ground to a fine powder (100 mesh) in a Wig-L-Bug amalgamator using plastic tube for 15 s. A 10-mg sample of powder is put into a 10- 75-mm test tube and 3
Comparison of gel length using bulk seed method (100 mg rice powder, 13 100 mm test tube) and modified single grain analysis (10 mg rice powder, 10 75 mm test tube). Genotype Hard gel IR58 IR37865-29 IR42 Medium gel IR28224-3 IR48 Soft gel IR13754-5 IR29723-143 IR33043-46 IR32
aMean

drops (0.026 ml) of 95% ethanol containing 0.025% thymol blue are added. The contents are mixed well by stirring in a Vortex Genie. 0.26 ml of 0.2 N KOH is added immediately and the content stirred well again. The test tube is covered with glass marble and placed over a boiling water bath for 6 min (tube contents should reach 1/2-2/3 the height of the tube).

The test tube is cooled at room temperature for 5 min, then transferred to an ice-water bath for 15 min. The chilled test tube is placed horizontally on a table for 30 min. Total length of gel flow is measured in mm from the bottom of the tube to the end of the gel. Gel is classified as hard (16-23 mm long), medium (24-36 mm), and soft (3760 mm).

Disease resistance
Relationship between tungro (RTV) and sheath rot (ShR) in three rice cultivars
V. D. Naidu and P. S. Reddy, Andhra Prodesh (AP) Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Nellore 524004, A P, India

ShR incidence in plants with and without RTV infection symptoms. ARS, Nellore, India, 1985. Cultivar Srinivas Srinivas NLR13969 NLR13969 Rasi Rasi LSD (0.05) RTV symptoms Without With Without With Without With ShR (%) 8 30 6 36 5 17 4

Gel length a (mm) Bulk seed 31.1 0.6 31.4 0.7 31.2 0.3 42.0 1.8 50.8 1.4 74.4 95.5 91.9 100.0 2.3 1.8 1.8 0.0 Single grain 18.8 0.4 19.1 0.3 19.3 0.3 25.8 0.7 31.3 1.2 46.3 55.1 54.2 59.0 1.7 1.2 1.3 0.9

of ten replications standard error.

In summer 1985, we observed a close relationship between RTV and ShR incidence in rice cultivars Srinivas (IET2508), NLR13969, and Rasi. Dwarfing symptoms with yellowing was observed in all the cultivars. RTV symptoms were moderate on Srinivas and NLR13969 and light on Rasi. RTV-affected plants in all three cultivars showed severe ShR incidence at maturity. In cultivars free of RTV, ShR incidence was only 5-8% (see table). The difference in ShR incidence on plants with and without RTV symptoms was significant. Higher incidence of ShR in RTV-affected plants could be due to easy entrance of the ShR pathogen into physically weak hosts.

Reaction of some promising rice cultivars to grassy stunt virus (GSV)

N. R. Bai, R. Devika, S. Leenakumary, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Moncompu, Kerala, India

GSV caused severe damage to rice during 1988 wet season (Jun-Jul to OctNov) in Kuttanad. The virus also was reported in India in 1969, 1973-74, and 1984. We evaluated 49 promising rice cultivars in the Preliminary Variety Trial (All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project) planted at the

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 15

Moncompu Rice Research Station. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with two replications. Seedlings were planted at 20- 15-cm spacing and the plot fertilized with 70-35-35 kg NPK/ha in three splits. Cultivars were affected by GSV at maximum tillering. Incidence was heavy, in some plots all plants died.
Susceptibility of promising rice cultivars to GSV. Moncompu, India, 1988 wet season. Cross IET10512 IET10513 IET11057 IET11058 IET11060 IET11062 IET11063 IET11064 IET11066 IET11067 IET11068 IET11069 IET11070 IET11071 IET11072 IET11073 IET11074 IET11075 IET11076 IET11077 IET9381 IET11579 IET11580 IET11581 IET11582 IET11583 IET11584 IET11585 IET11586 IET11587 IET11588 IET11101 IET11589 IET11590 IET11591 IET11592 IET11593 IET11594 IET11595 IET11596 IET11597 IET11598 IET11599 IET11600 IET11601 IET11602 IET11603 IET2815/Khonorollo RP79-9/Salumpikit Rasi/IET7332 Rajendra/IR30 Mashuri/Jaya B 29826/SR 62-31-4 IR30/Babawa// IR2071-625-1-25-2 TKM6/IET1444 Phalguna/TKM6 Sabarmati/Sona CR44-35/W12708 IR8/IET4141 Pusa 2-21/WGL 28171 Jaya/IET4146 IET4107/WGL22245 IR8/Surekha IR8/Surekha IR8/Surekha IR8/Surekha Rasi/Gampai IR1561/Ptb 33 Co 13/IR26 ADT32/ADT29 Rajendra/IR30 IR36/MTU4569 BAM3/TN1 OR5461/RNR32341 WGL 27120/MTU// W17620/Surekha Ratna/ARC5981 Sona/K118 Mutant of Luchai - 12 A23/TR17 IET4699/RP193-1 IET4699/RP193-1 IET4699/RP193-1 Jaya/Gampai IET7302/IET7575 Sona/ARC14529 Ratna/Ptb 33 Rasi/Gampai IET2815/Latisail Sona/ARC5981 IET7302/IET7575 Ratna/ARC5981 Swarnadhan/Benong Swarnadhan/Tamiang Swarnadhan/Salamat Jaya (check) Local (check) Disease score (0-9) 3 2 3 8 3 2 5 8 5 8 5 5 8 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 5 7 7 4 7 3 9 3 9 4 4 9 4 4 8 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 5 7 4 4 8 4

None of the 49 cultivars in the test showed resistance to GSV (see table). Seven showed moderate resistance, 14

were moderately susceptible, 4 were susceptible, and 24 were highly susceptible.

Virulence of six isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae on rice

Y. Suryadi and T. Tjubarjat, Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops, Subang, West Java, Indonesia

We studied the virulence of six isolates of X. campestris pv. oryzae, the causal organism of rice bacterial blight (BB), on four improved rice cultivars in the screenhouse 1987 and 1988 wet seasons. Cultivars were inoculated 45 d after

transplanting by pricking the uppermost fully extended leaves with a bacterial suspension of each isolate adjusted to 109 CFU/ml. Length of lesion on inoculated leaves was measured 21 d after inoculation. Lesion length indicated that isolates differed significantly in pathogenicity and cultivars showed different susceptibilities (see table). Isolate Si 8524, representing Indonesian group IV, was the most virulent. IR64 and Dodokan (released in 1987) showed good resistance against BB isolates.

BB lesion length on 4 rice cultivars at 21 d after inoculation. Sukamandi, 1987 and 1988 wet seasons. Isolate Lesion lengtha (cm) IR64 36.67 49.57 35.80 34.03 41.00 33.63 38.45 37.80 50.53 23.37 44.73 43.23 38.03 39.61 bc b IR48 47.23 49.32 23.47 55.77 45.87 35.87 42.92 45.07 58.60 36.29 29.39 50.53 48.90 45.13 b b 1987 Dodokan 45.62 50.23 33.67 43.57 24.07 31.13 38.21 45.96 52.53 20.96 29.17 40.15 29.50 36.38 c b TN1 55.47 66.23 54.17 48.27 55.55 40.07 53.29 a 50.41 61.3 47.59 58.77 56.83 51.27 54.36 a 45.31 b 55.74 a 32.05 c 40.51 bc 47.68 ab 41.92 b Meanb 46.49 ab 53.84 a 36.78 b 45.41 ab 41.62 b 35.17 b

Si8505 Si8524 Si8401 Si8501 Si8603 Si8506 Mean Si8505 Si8524 Si8401 Si8501 Si8603 Si8506 Meanb
aAv

1988

of 10 leaves inoculated. b Overall means for isolates and cultivars followed by the same letter do not differ significantly by DMRT (P=0.05).

Field resistance to false smut (FS) and narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) in eastern Uttar Pradesh
R. N. Singh and A. T. Khan, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Dabha Semar, District Faizabad 224133, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India

FS caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Takahashi and NBLS caused by

Cercospora oryzae Miyake are important diseases in eastern UP. We tested 231 rice genotypes for resistance during 1986-87 and 1987-88 hot wet seasons (1 Jun-30 Nov). Natural disease pressure was high in both years. All trial plots were irrigated and fertilized with 120-60-60 kg NPK/ha. Disease was rated by the Standard evaluation system for rice, at the dough stage for NBLS and at the hard dough to maturity stage for FS.

16 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Resistance to 2 diseases in Faizabad, UP, India. Disease Entriesa Resistantb 42.99 65.67 Moderately susceptible 23.98 3.43 (%) Susceptible 6.79 13.74 Probable escapes 26.24 17.16

False smut Narrow brown leaf spot

a

Based on 221 genotypes tested against FS, 231 tested against NBLS. bReaction: 0 = probable escape, 1-3 = resistant, 4-6 = moderately susceptible, 7-9 = susceptible.

Entries maturing in Sep generally escaped FS and those in Oct, NBLS: 37 genotypes escaped both diseases and 71 showed resistance to both (see table). FS pressure starts building in Oct and is highest in varieties that mature in Nov. NBLS pressure starts building in Nov and is highest in varieties that mature in late Nov and Dec.

Sources of resistance to rice yellow dwarf and its vector

G. N. Rao and P. Narayanasamy, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India

We tested 24 rice genotypes for resistance to rice yellow dwarf (RYD) and its green leafhopper (GLH) vector (Nephotettix virescens Distant). First- and second-instar GLH nymphs were allowed 48 h acquisition feeding on
Sources of resistance to RYD and GLH. RYD infection (%) 5.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 70.0 85.0 Reaction a

RYD source plants and confined on healthy rice plants for 30 d to complete the latent period. Twenty 7-d-old test seedlings of each genotype were placed individually in test tubes, and inoculated with 2 GLH/tube for 24 h. Inoculated seedlings were planted in earthen pots and disease symptoms monitored. The genotypes also were tested for reaction to GLH (TN1 and PTB33 were susceptible and resistant checks) using 15 seedlings/ variety in seedbox screening (4-5 second- and third-instar nymphs/seedling).

Resistance (infection range 5-30%) showed in 18 genotypes: IR64, IET7492, and IR62 recorded very low infection (see table). Incubation period was longest in IR64, followed by IR62 and IET7492. Twenty genotypes were moderately resistant or resistant to vector GLH. IR62, IR64, and IET7492, with resistance to both RYD and GLH and with long incubation periods, are good donors for developing RYD-resistant cultivars.

Genotype

Mean incubation period (d) 40.0 39.0 39.5 35.0 34.7 34.0 33.7 33.3 33.3 33.5 33.0 32.5 32.0 33.0 32.4 31.6 31.5 31.5 31.3 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.0 28.9 27.9 0.6

Increase over (%) susceptib1e check 43.4 39.8 41.6 25.4 23.4 21.9 20.8 19.4 19.4 20.1 18.3 16.5 14.7 18.3 16.1 13.3 12.9 12.9 12.2 9.3 9.3 9.3 7.5 3.6

GLH Grade 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 9 1 Reactionb R R R R R R R R MR R MR MR MR MR R R MR MR MR MR S S S S HS HR

Technique to preserve conidia of rice blast (Bl) fungus

Sun Guochang and Sun Shuyuan, Plant Protection Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou; and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, China

IR64 IET7492 IR6 2 TNAU 80030 Tadukan TNAU 831520 IR58 IR30 IR8 RP1931-54 IR26 IR5 TNAU 831521 NLR 139-69 IR24 TNAU 80058 ADT 31 TKM 9 AD 85002 TNAU 80042 CO 43 Ponni White Ponni IR20 TN1 (susceptible check) PTB33 (resistant check) LSD (P=0.05)
a

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R I I I I I S S
b

R = 0.30, I = 31-60%, S = 60% infection. HR = highly resistant, R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible.

We studied the effect of preservation conditions on viability and pathogenicity of conidia of four rice Bl fungus Pyricularia oryzae Cav. races. Freshly produced conidia were washed from barley grains with distilled water. The spore suspension was passed through a general filter paper (f 12 cm) in a funnel, dried at 30-35 C, and stored in an aluminum box (f 10 H15 cm) at ambient temperature (4-35 C) and in a desiccator at three temperatures: ambient, 4 C, and -20 C. Conidia viability was evaluated every 3-4 mo in a drop of distilled water on a concave slide incubated at 28 C for 24 h. Pathogenicity was tested by

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 17

inoculating 11 indica and japonica rice varieties. Conidia stored for 4 mo in an aluminum box at ambient temperature died. Conidia stored for 4 mo in a desiccator retained their original level of viability; viability did not differ significantly with temperature. Viability of conidia stored in a desiccator for 9.5 mo varied significantly with temperature and fungal race (see figure). Except that fungal race ZA 63 changed to race ZA 61 after 9.5 mo, conidia retained their original level of pathogenicity. When spores are stored in a desiccator at -20 C, it is not necessary to synchronize fungus sporulation with seedling growth for artificial inoculation.

Effect of preservation conditions on Pyricularia oryzae conidia viability, Hangzhou, China, 1986-88. (1) Stored in aluminum box at ambient temperature, (2) stored in a desiccator at ambient temperature, (3) stored in a desiccator at 4 C, (4) stored in a desiccator at 20 C.

The International Hybrid Rice Newsletter is published for researchers in hybrid rice development and technology. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. S. S. Virmani. Hybrid Rice Newsletter editor, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.

Methods for evaluating resistance to Pyricularia oryzae in rice

A. S. Prabhu, National Research Center for Rice and Beans (EMBRAPA-CNPAF), Caixa Postal 179, 74000 Goinia-GO, Brazil

We tested three methods for assessing partial resistance to blast (Bl) in rice. Partial resistance is used to mean incomplete or intermediate resistance, without any genetic connotation. Seven Brazilian land races and one exotic cultivar were evaluated. Widely grown commercial IAC47 and introduced IRAT13 were included as susceptible and resistant checks. Disease severities obtained through artificial inoculation with a race virulent

on all genotypes were compared with mobile nursery tests and the uniform Bl nursery (UBN). For the inoculation test and the mobile nursery test, entries were sown in plastic trays (22 33 12 cm) containing soil fertilized with NPK + Zn and raised in the glasshouse. Each tray contained 10 randomly distributed genotypes sown one row each and thinned to 10 plants/row. Each method had three replications. For the inoculation test, seedlings were inoculated at the fourth leaf stage with an aqueous spore suspension (2.5 10 5 spores/ml) of race IB-1, using De Vilbiss nozzle no. 15 attached to an air compressor. Inoculated seedlings were incubated at 100% relative humidity for 24 h and then transferred to the

glasshouse. For the mobile nursery test, healthy seedlings at the fourth-leaf stage were exposed to natural inoculum by placing the trays adjacent to the heavily infected UBN for 48 h. They were incubated 24 h in moist chamber then transferred to the glasshouse. The mobile nursery test was conducted when leaf Bl reached maximum severity in the genotypes being tested in the UBN. Average night/day temperatures during the experimental period were 21 / 29 C 2 C. Plants in the inoculation test and mobile nursery were assessed separately and rated 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 for disease severity and color and type of susceptible lesion. Disease severities

18 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

were based on 10 plants/genotype. Overall disease severities were considered to sum the effect of partial resistance components. In the UBN, one row of each genotype was sown, with three replications. Disease severities were measured by using 0-9 scale ( Standard evaluation system for rice ). The disease severities in the artificial inoculation test and the mobile nursery method indicated differences in partial resistance (see table). Because of high disease pressure in the UBN, fewer differences were found among the test genotypes. The mobile nursery method could be used to identify levels of partial resistance to P. oryzae in advanced breeding lines.

Leaf Bl severity differences in 3 methods of screening. a Goinia, Brazil. Genotype Ferrinho Oitento Cam Roxa Pedregulho Paga Divida IAC 47 IRAT104 Chato Arroz de Guerra IRAT13
a

Inoculation with virulent race IB-1 (MDS) b 0.78 0.71 0.67 0.63 0.62 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.33 0.31 a a a ab ab bc c c c

Mobile nursery (MDS) 0.74 0.85 0.57 0.61 0.71 0.43 0.12 0.37 0 0.31 0.36 ab a bcd abc ab cde

Uniform blast nursery (av. score) c 8.3 6.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.6 7.6 7.3 a bc bc d d d

f de ef de

ab bc

d cd

In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by Tukey test. b Mean disease severity, av of 3 replications. 0 = highly resistant, 1 = highly susceptible. Severity values grouped into 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0. Two types of susceptible lesions, type I and type II, were scored 0.25 and 1.0, respectively. Type I = restricted isolated susceptible lesion types with reddish brown margin, rarely coalesce. Type II = lesions with water soaked appearance, color ranging from white to grey, spindle shaped to irregular, rapidly coalesce. The infection coefficient multiplied with disease score for lesion type with severity values will give a maximum disease rating of 0.25 to lesion type I. c Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale, av of 3 replications.

Insect resistance
Effect of rice gall midge (GM) resistance on parasitic behavior of Platygaster oryzae Cameron
M. Muthuswami and K. Gunathilagaraj, Agricultural Entomology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India

Correlationa between GM and its parasite in rices with different resistance levels. Accession RP1579-4-6-1 RP2362-110-40-1 IET9556 RP2432-105-7-1 IET9690 RP2199-41-25-34-55 IET9700 RP2199-3-3-1-1 RP2431-11-14-3 RP2311-276-71 TKM4 CO 27 CO 12 ASD9 TKM1 IR60 TNAU831520 CO 35 IR20 IR30
ar

GM incidence (%) 1.81 3.63 3.63 3.63 5.35 5.55 8.77 9.09 14.81 14.81 18.18 27.27 30.90 38.18 48.21 63.63 81.48 94.54 96.42 98.18

Damage score 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9

Parasitization (%) 100.00 50.00 50.00 66.66 25.00 40.00 66.66 40.00 37.50 50.00 22.22 40.00 32.00 45.76 33.82 32.43 9.04 26.79 10.00 28.71

Adults that emerged (no.) 17 26 16 25 31 30 42 42 39 42 41 46 44 43 46 49 45 47 44 45

We studied the influence of GM resistance in rice on the parasitic activity of the GM parasite Platygaster oryzae Cameron during Oct 1987. Twenty rice accessions with different levels of GM resistance were raised in the field in 1-m rows, spaced 15 cm between hills and 20 cm between rows. GM incidence was recorded 30 and 50 d after transplanting. Parasitization was taken as the percentage of parasitized galls in each accession. Five parasitized and five unemerged galls from each accession were collected and held in test tubes with water. Emerging adults were counted. Parasitization of rice GM ranged from 9.04 to 100%. The correlation between incidence of rice GM and its parasite

= (-0.627)**, Y = 52.923 + (-0.377) X.

was negative. Resistant accession RP1579-4-6-1 had 1.81% GM incidence and 100% parasitization. TNAU831520 had 81.5% GM incidence and only 9.04% parasitization (see table). Adult parasites emerging from a single gall ranged from 16 to 47. In general, adult emergence was low from resistant rice accessions.

For information on ordering IRRI publications, write Communication and Publications Dept., Div. R, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 19

Drought resistance
Screening advanced breeding lines and germplasm for drought resistance under upland conditions
S. Pramanik and S. Gupta, Zonal Adaptive Research Station, Krishnagar, Nadia (W.B.), India

Some characteristics of 11 entries screened under upland direct seeded situations. Krishnagar, India. Height (cm) 94 93 91 101 107 104 79 110 99 93 92 Days to 50% flowering 75 73 67 72 76 68 71 67 67 75 73 Panicle length (cm) Mean 20.0 24.6 15.0 18.5 21.0 20.5 22.2 23.0 19.5 23.0 20.5 SD 1.36 2.16 1.25 1.26 (0.16) 1.32 1.96 1.21 2.31 1.27 1.81 Grain typea MS MS SB LS MS LS LB LS MS MS LB Wt of single panicle (g) 2.5 2.8 3.3 3.7 3.7 2.8 1.8 4.2 2.8 4.2 3.0 Sheath blight score 0 0 3 5 0 5 5 1 7 1 6

Designation

We screened 180 germplasm and advanced breeding lines involving parents of indica-japonica types under direct-seeded upland conditions at Krishnagar (gangetic alluvial zone) during the summer season (May-Jun). Short-duration lines are preferred for this season, since the monsoon generally appears about the third week of Jun. Short duration also gives room for the subsequent wet season crop. Soil of the experimental plot had light medium texture with moderate sloping (susceptible to erosion). Soil had pH 7.2

IR47701-79-B-14 IR47701-79-B-1 Milyang CNA4196 IAC165 CNA4746 CNA4125 GS529 Dular (check) IET2223 (check) Rasi (check)
a MS

= medium slender, SB = short bold, LS = long slender, LB = long bold.

and is deficient in N, organic matter, and phosphate. The crop was subjected to moisture stress at different growth stages, particularly during the seedling stage. The experiment was laid out as a simple observational plot, with two 2-m rows/line (direct seeded), with 20 cm between rows. Eight promising lines were identified

(see table). GS529 and Milyang have the same number of days to flowering as Dular, but GS529 has longer panicles and long slender grains, and is resistant to sheath blight. Panicle weight is high. Advanced breeding line RP47701-79-B1, with 73 d to flowering and high resistance to sheath blight, is considered promising.

Excess water tolerance

Promising breeding lines for submergence-prone and medium-deep rainfed lowland conditions
S. K. Sinha, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, Hooghly, West Bengal, India; and D. J. Mackill, B. N. Singh, and M. M. Amante, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI

cm at 50 DAS, water depth was maintained for 8 d, then brought down to less than 10 cm. Plant height before and after flooding were measured (tip of the longest leaf)

and percent survival calculated. Elongation was calculated as the difference in height before and after flooding. Survival was 24.9% for trial 1 and 36.7% for trial 2. In trial 1, the correlation between survival and initial plant height was low, but significant ( r

Entries with the highest survival in 2 field tests of performancea under submergence. IRRI, 1988 wet season. Breeding line Survival (%) Trial 1 65 70 85 59 58 54 11 55 0 Trial 2 75 68 58 68 65 58 89 43 0 Elongation (cm) Trial 1 29 12 25 17 27 Trial 2 19 15 5 19 20 Submergence tolerance b 3.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 1.0 3.0 6.6 8.2 8.5 Mature heightc (cm) 130 140 120 140 140 115 105 140 105 Days to maturitya 140 135 SEN 130 130 130 120 SEN 135

We evaluated 209 rice breeding lines and local and improved cultivars under two water regimes in the field at IRRI. Cultivars for both trials were sown 27 Jun and transplanted 27 Jul 1988. In trial 1, entries were submerged gradually to a 60-cm water level 45 d after sowing (DAS). Water depth was maintained for 12 d, then gradually brought down to 25 cm for the remainder of the season. In trial 2, entries were submerged suddenly to 60

IR49830-26-1-2-1 IR51052-2-3-1-6 IR6370-K23-1 IR51053-10-2-3-2 IR49830-29-1-3-3-2 IR43470-7-3-5-1 BKNFR76106-16 (R ck) IR43522-37-3-3-3 IR42 (susceptible check)
a Trial

1 = slow submergence, trial 2 = rapid submergence. b Average scores from screenhouse screening in tanks, compared with tolerant check FR13A. cAverage of field data. d SEN = photoperiod sensitive.

20 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

= 0.30); the correlation of survival and elongation was highly significant ( = r 0.71). Many tall plant types were able to escape flood through elongation. In trial 2, the correlation of survival and initial plant height also was low ( r = 0.31); survival was not correlated significantly with elongation ( r = -0.20). Because tall types lack submergence

tolerance, they were unable to survive sudden inundation. Many entries that performed well in one trial did poorly in the other (see table). Most of the entries with the best overall survival have shorter plant height, indicating that they survive from tolerance for submergence, not from

escape. IR43470-7, IR49830-26, and IR4983029 derive their submergence tolerance from the traditional cultivar FR13A. They have shown very high submergence tolerance in greenhouse screening at IRRI and have a very good plant type.

Adverse temperature tolerance

Screening rice seedlings for cold tolerance
M. Maheswaran and M. Subramanian, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Cold tolerance at early seedling stage of IET entries, based on seedling survival and seedling height. Tamil Nadu, India. Entry IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET IET 6786 7261 7589 7946 7988 7989 8024 8101 8626 8866 9202 9315 9797 9802 9815 Seedling survival (%) 54 76 56 78 50 50 76 78 58 81 79 62 57 58 64 56 70 69 60 66 Seedling height (m) 8.0 10.2 13.3 10.3 13.1 14.3 13.8 12.0 8.9 11.4 13.2 12.3 9.3 12.8 11.0 12.7 12.7 12.7 11.7 8.0 Shoot/ root ratio 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.5 Cold tolerance score b 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3

We screened 20 elite rice cultivars for cold tolerance at the seedling stage during 1988-89. Uniform seeds, 50/entry with 2 replications, were soaked in water 24 h, washed repeatedly in distilled water, covered with moist tissue paper, and incubated at room temperature. After 3 d incubation, the seeds were transferred to glass containers with 3 cm water and kept at 4 C. After 10 d of low temperature treatment, the containers were transferred to room temperature for 1 d. Differences in seedling survival at low temperature were not significant. Based on seedling height, 16 entries showed tolerance for cold stress (see table).

IET 10358 IET 10385 IET 10505 IR46 MDU2 (control)

a 1 = all seedlings with green leaves, 3 = less than 30% of seedlings dead, 5 = 30-50% of seedlings dead, 7 = more than 50% seedlings dead, 9 = all seedlings dead. b 1 = seedling height more than 10 cm, 3 = seedling height 8-10 cm, 5 = seedling height 5-7 cm, 7 = seedling height 3-4 cm, 9 = seedling height less than 1 cm.

Adverse soils tolerance

Effect of increased salinity on rice genotypes
Z. Aslam, M. S. Sajjad, M. Mujtaba, M. A. Awan, and K. A. Malik, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan

We compared the salt tolerance of hybrid NIAB-Rice-1 and mutants NIAB-Rice-3, RST-24, and BSRS-l-85 (derivatives of Basmati 370) with that of their parents Jhona 349 and Basmati 370.

Seedlings grown on a nonsaline field were transplanted at 45 d after sowing in concrete tanks (254 82 23 cm) filled with quartz gravel saturated with Hoagland nutrient solution. One seedling/ hill per genotype was transplanted at 30- 30-cm spacing. The experiment was in a randomized block design with six replications. Root zone EC levels of 2.4, 5.0, and 10.0

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 21

Influence of increased salinity on yield per plant of rice genotypes. Faisalabad, Pakistan. Name of mutant or hybrid NIAB-Rice-1 Jhona 349 NIAB-Rice-3 (RST-24) BSRS-1-85 Basmati 370 Yield (g/plant) 2.4 dS/m 5.0 dS/m 45.5 44.8 26.3 24.0 23.7 36.5 30.2 23.5 20.8 15.7 10.0 dS/m 22.0 16.5 6.0 5.3 3.9 Regression equation Y = 52.4515-3.0164 X Y = 51.3326-3.5918 X Y = 34.7366-2.7822 X Y = 31.4682-2.5462 X Y = 29.3532-2.5724 X LD50 (EC associated with 50% reduction over minimum salinity) 9.7 8.1 7.7 7.7 6.8

dS/m were imposed 1 wk after transplanting, using NaCl in ratio of 4:10:5:1. EC levels were checked daily and maintained at desired levels. Salt tolerance was estimated as LD50 from the regression equation between salinity level and yield/plant. NIAB-Rice-1 was the most salt tolerant (see table).

Integrated germplasm improvement

Rajshree, a new rice variety for rainfed lowlands in Bihar, India
B. N. Singh, S. P. Sahu, R. Thakur, and Y. Prasad, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa 848125; and S. Saran, Agricultural Research Institute, Mithapur, Patna 800001, India

TCA80-4 (1ET7970) has been released as Rajshree for cultivation in rainfed lowland areas of Bihar. The photoperiod-insensitive mutant from a land race collection from Bhagalpur District will substitute for Mahsuri,

BR8, and other local varieties suitable for up to 25-cm water depth. When transplanted early, Rajshree can tolerate deeper water. Rajshree yielded higher than checks at Pusa and Patna (Table 1). It has intermediate height (130 cm) and matures in 145 d. It is resistant to bacterial blight, brown spot, sheath rot, false smut, and rice tungro virus (Table 2). It showed relatively better tolerance for drought at vegetative and reproductive stages than Mahsuri in farmers field trials. With late sowing, it yields better than Mahsuri and has less yield reduction when 60-d-old seedlings

are transplanted. Grain is medium slender (length 5.8 mm, breadth 2.0 mm, L/ B ratio 2.9); 1,000-grain weight is 19 g. Its husk is straw colored and grains are nonchalky. Head rice recovery and cooking and eating quality are better than those of Mahsuri. In 553 minikit tests in Bihar State 1984-86, average yield was 2.38 t/ha; maximum yield was 4.4 t/ ha in Patna District and 5.8 t/ ha in a farmers field in West Champaran District during 1986 wet season.

Evaluation of upland rice lines at Morogoro, Tanzania

S. O. W. M. Reuben and S. D. Katuli, Crop Science Department, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania

Table 1. Yield of Rajshree (TCA80-4) in trials at Pusa and Patna, India. Yield (t/ha) Variety 1981 Pusa TCA80-4 BR8 Mahsuri LSD 0.05 CV (%)
a Water

1982 Pusa 2.4 2.5 2.3 0.9 19.8 Patna 3.1 2.9 2.8 1.5 27.2

1983 Pusa 3.5 2.5 3.2 0.6 15.0 Patna 3.4 2.9 3.8 0.7 12.0

1984 Pusa 2.4 2.9 2.3 0.3 6.9 Patna 2.2 2.7 2.2 0.7 17.2 Pusa 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.1 44.9

1985 a Patnab 3.0 2.7 2.4 0.2 4.0 Patnac 3.1 2.6 2.8 0.2 8.4

Mean

2.7 1.6 na 0.7 22.9

2.7 2.4 2.5

depth was 80 cm in Pusa, and 50 cm in Patna. b Belkunda Chaur. c Mikki Chaur.

Table 2. Reaction of Rajshree (TCA80-4) to rice diseases. SESa score (0-9 scale) Variety Tungrob 3 7 9 Brown spot 3 5 5 Bacterial blight 3 7 7 Sheath rot 3 3 5 False smut 3 5 7

TCA80-4 BR8 Mahsuri

a Standard

evaluation system for rice. b Based on natural incidence in 1980 wet season at Pusa.

We evaluated 12 upland rice lines from various research centers. Each line was direct sown at 20- 20-cm spacing in the field under rainfed conditions during the 1987 cropping season, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil was sandy, with pH 6.4, 2.6% organic matter, and 0.16% total N. Particle size distribution was 90% sand. 8% silt, and 2% clay. Fertilizer was 6060 PK/ha at planting and 100 kg N/ha, half at tillering and half at panicle initiation. Overall, yields were poor, from 1.8 t/ha for IRAT104 to 0.3 t/ha for OS6 (Table 1). IRAT104 and IRAT161 significantly outyielded local check

22 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Table 1. Means for the variables studied and total rainfall for each rice line during the 1987 cropping season at Morogoro, Tanzania. a Cultivar Farox 229 IRAT104 IRAT156 IRAT161 IRAT170 ISA6 ITA128 ITA235 ITA305 ITA315 OS6 Supa X SX CV (%)
aIn

Total rainfall (mm) 297.4 297.1 297.4 297.1 293.8 297.4 297.1 293.8 298.3 293.8 297.1 297.8

Duration (d) 140.0 abc 135.0 d 139.3 bc 129.3 e 126.7 f 138.7 c 135.0 d 124.0 f 125.3 f 122.3 g 138.0 c 146.7 a 133.4 0.7 0.9

Yield (t/ha) 0.9 bc 1.8 a 0.8 bc 1.3 b 0.4 cd 0.9 bc 0.8 bc 0.7 bc 0.8 bc 0.4 cd 0.3 d 0.4 cd 0.80 0.18 38.5

Plant height (cm) 73.0 78.3 76.0 78.3 66.3 70.0 68.0 76.0 58.0 68.3 84.7 93.3 74.2 3.4 7.7 cd bc bcd bc de cd cde bcd e cde ab a

Mean panicle length (cm) 15.1 17.8 18.4 16.8 15.7 19.3 17.2 18.6 15.5 16.9 16.7 18.6 17.2 0.6 6.1 d ab ab bcd cd a bc ab cd bcd bcd ab

Tillers/ plant (no.) 5.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 7.0 6.7 7.3 8.0 6.7 8.3 5.3 7.0 6.8 0.7 17.9 b ab ab a ab ab ab a ab a b ab

Harvest index (%) 26.0 ab 46.0 a 48.0 a 31.0 ab 31.0 ab 31.0 ab 26.0 ab 28.0 ab 43.0 ab 17.0 b 26.0 ab 19.0 b 31.0 8.0 17.7

Filled grains/ panicle (%) 44.0 b 65.0 ab 89.0 a 63.0 ab 50.0 ab 60.0 ab 51.0 ab 56.0 ab 53.0 ab 51.0 ab 46.0 ab 41.0 b 56.0 7.3 23.2

Drought effect score (0-7) 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.7 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.7 2.1 0.2 16.8 b b b b a b ab b ab b ab a

a column, mean values followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P<0.05) by DMRT.

Table 2. Simple correlation coefficients between the variables studied in the upland rice lines at Morogoto, Tanzania, 1987 season. a Variable 1. Drought effect 2. Days to maturity 3. Plant height 4. Panicle length 5. Tillers/plant 6. Panicle weight 7. Filled grains/ panicle (%) 8. Harvest index 9. Panicles/m 2 10. 1000-grain weight 11. Plants/m 2 12. Grain yield Significance of regression on yield b
a*,

1 0.127 0.176 0.169 0.067 0.570* 0.637 0.406 0.238 0.243 0.228 0.608* (-ve)*

2 0.612* 0.514 0.444 0.029 0.024 0.015 0.498 0.192 0.280 0.099

10

11

12

0.451 0.169 0.039 0.152 0.274 0.273 0.173 0.373 0.029

0.253 0.261 0.407 0.036 0.235 0.703* 0.301 0.125

0.095 0.123 0.352 0.629* 0.371 0.604* 0.097

0.872** 0.669* 0.111 0.274 0.088 0.808** (+ve)*

0.745** 0.036 0.359 0.233 0.672* 0.277 0.075 0.004 0.599* (+ve)* 0.198 0.722** 0.163

0.139 0.126

0.131

** denote significance at P<0.05 and 0.01, respectively. b Multiple regression when all the variables were included in the equation.

Supa. The low yields were attributed to drought, particularly during the reproductive stage, between booting and grain filling. After two rainless weeks

then, we provided two supplemental furrow irrigations a week. Panicle weight and harvest index had positive effects on seed yield (Table 2).

Panicle weight, filled grains/panicle, harvest index, and yield were positively associated.

Yield potential of IR7167-332-3 and Tainan V at Ndop Plain, Northwest Cameroon

M. P. Jones, D. Janakiram, A. C. Roy, and F. Jeutong, IRA/NCRE/USAID/IITA rice project, Dschang, Cameroon; and S. B. C. Wanki, UNVDA, Ndop, Northwest Province, Cameroon

Rice, a relatively new crop in Cameroon, is grown on about 20,000 ha

of irrigated lands. Ndop Plain at an altitude of 1,200 m above sea level in the Northwest Province is one of the three major rice production areas. The primary constraints to increased productivity are low temperature and associated severity of sheath rot (ShR) and grain discoloration (GlD). Tainan V, a popular traditional variety, has bold, short, chalky grains and poor keeping quality. IR7167-33-2-3 was released for general cultivation in

1987. It has medium-long, less chalky grains, and fair keeping quality. It yields higher than Tainan V, is low temperature tolerant, and resistant to ShR and G1D. It is also 8 d shorter in duration. We examined the yield potential of the two varieties over several seasons from on-station and farmers' field trials. The on-station yield trials used early transplanting at 25- 20-cm spacing, 23 seedlings/hill, and 60-40-40 kg

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 23

Table 1. Performance of IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan V in research station observational yield trials. Cameroon, 1987 and 1988. Grain yielda Variety or line (t/ha) 1987 Tainan V IR7167-33-2-3
a

Table 2. Yields of IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan V in farmers fields at Ndop Plain, Cameroon. Variety or line Tainan V IR7167-33-2-3
a

1988 3.3 4.4

Duration (d) 150 142

Reaction b to Sheath rot 5 3 Grain discoloration 5 3

Panicle exsertionb 3 3

Grain yielda (t/ha) 1987 3.4 4.9 1988 3.2 4.5

4.3 5.5

Mean of 6 trials/year. bStandard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale.

Mean of 6 farms sampled/year.

NPK/ha. The farmers field trials were conducted according to normal farmer practices. IR7167-33-2-3 outyielded Tainan V in 1987 and 1988 trials at the Bamunka research site (Table 1). In 1988 on-

station trials, IR7167-33-2-3 outyielded Tainan V by an average 36%. IR716733-2-3 also showed greater resistance to ShR and GlD. In farmers fields in the Bamunka area, IR7167-33-2-3 outyielded Tainan

V on all six farms sampled in 1987 (Table 2). Yield trends were similar in 1988. IR7167-33-2-3 has an average yield advantage over Tainan V of 32% on station and 45% in farmers fields.

ASD17, a short-duration red rice variety for tail end irrigation areas of Tambiraparani Delta and Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
M. Rangaswamy, K. Mohanasundaram, P. Shanmugasundaram, M. Subramanian, S. Palanisamy, W. W. Manuel, T. Sundaram, S. Vairavan, K. Ganesan, and A. Ithayarajan, Rice Research Station, Ambasamudram, Tamil Nadu, India

Short-duration red rice culture AS688, isolated from the double cross derivative of ADT31/Ratna//ASD8/IR8, has been released as rice variety ASD17 for
Performance of ASD17 in Tamil Nadu. Trial Trials (no.) Rice Research Station, Ambasamudram, 1979-88 Adaptive Research Trials, Kanyakumari District, 1981 wet season 1981 semidry season 1984 and 1987 1988 Adaptive Research Trials, Tirunelveli District, 1987 and 1988 All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, 1981 direct seeded rainfed All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, 1981 direct seeded irrigated All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, 1981 transplanted 27 10 7 15 20 34 9 2 9

cultivation in tail end irrigation areas of Tambiraparani tract and Kanyakumari District. It is suitable for cultivation during kannipoo season (Apr-Jul) in Kanyakumari and kar season (Jun-Sep) and late pishanam season (Nov-Feb) in Nellai Kattabomman District. ASD17 can replace local varieties Kuruvai, Arupatham kuruvai, and Annapoorna in Kanyakumari and Thuyamalli in Nellai Kattabomman. ASD17 is 96 cm tall and matures in 100 d. Mean grain yield was 5.4 t/ha over 10 yr in 27 different trials (see table). Mean straw yield was 9.0 t/ha. Early senescence is its distinguishing character. The variety produces its maximum grain yield when younger

seedlings (18-20 d) are transplanted. Grain is short and bold red rice, with high consumer preference. ASD17 has field tolerance for tungro and blast and moderate resistance to brown planthopper and sheath rot.

Performance of some improved rice varieties under irrigated and rainfed lowland conditions at Parwanipur, Nepal
M. N. Paudel, National Rice Improvement Program (NRIP), Parwanipur, Nepal

% increase TKM9 6.8 2.6 6.1 ASD8 37.3 Cauvery 7.7 1.7 10.1 Arupatham kuruvai 1.8 Annapoorna 7.4

We studied yield and yield attributes and some agronomic traits of 10 released and 1 prerelease variety under irrigated and rainfed lowland conditions in 1988 wet season (May-Oct). The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seeds were sown on dry seedbed on 26 May for irrigated rice and 7 Jun for rainfed lowland. Seedlings were transplanted at 1 seedling/hill, 25 25cm row spacing, 30 d after sowing. Fertilizer was applied at 80-20-20 kg NPK/ha. Plots were protected against weeds, insect pests, and diseases. Net area harvested was 5.0 m 2/plot. Filled grains were separated from unfilled grains using Dockaging

24 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Table 1. Pooled analysis of yield components of 11 rice varieties under irrigated (I) and rainfed lowland (R) conditions at Parwanipur, Nepal, 1988 wet season. Productive tillers at harvest (no.) I 31.3 47.7 39.0 48.0 45.0 46.0 35.0 41.3 55.3 42.7 32.0 42.1 ** 15.1 4.4 R 38.4 66.7 52.7 65.0 57.0 62.0 55.3 51.7 51.3 54.7 47.4 54.7 * 14.1 5.3 Mean 34.9 57.2 45.8 55.5 51.0 54.0 45.2 46.5 53.3 48.7 39.7 48.0 ** 14.6 2.4 ns Filled grains/panicle (no.) I 247.27 73.0 119.54 104.07 120.34 95.07 123.34 97.17 60.87 140.47 87.07 115.28 ** 21.11 16.91 R 258.6 62.6 124.6 119.0 125.2 120.4 141.0 110.6 88.4 176.8 143.0 133.69 ** 14.07 13.07 Mean 252.93 67.8 122.07 115.53 122.77 107.33 132.17 103.87 74.63 158.63 115.0 124.0 ** 17.39 7.5 ns I 11.04 4.68 8.58 9.26 7.97 15.05 18.28 9.71 21.89 9.23 8.37 (3.28) (2.27) (3.01) (3.03) (2.89) (3.91) (4.32) (3.16) (4.57) (3.04) (2.92) % unfilled grains/panicle a R 6.59 7.31 7.22 5.88 8.63 5.9 6.04 4.3 11.25 5.71 6.9 (2.65) (2.78) (2.76) (2.51) (3.01) (2.51) (2.51) (2.17) (3.38) (2.48) (2.69) Mean 8.81 5.99 7.9 7.57 8.3 10.47 12.16 7.0 16.57 7.47 7.63 (2.96) (2.52) (2.92) (2.72) (2.95) (3.21) (3.46) (2.66) (3.97) (2.76) (2.8) 100-grain weight (g) I 1.95 2.46 2.52 1.77 2.07 1.95 2.0 2.23 2.32 1.55 2.52 2.12 ** 5.78 0.08 R 1.92 2.57 2.59 1.96 1.97 1.95 2.1 2.34 2.32 1.64 2.65 2.18 ** 6.15 0.08 Mean 1.93 2.51 2.55 1.86 2.02 1.95 2.05 2.28 2.32 1.59 2.58 2.14 ** 5.88 0.27 ns

Variety NR15016-2-4-1-3 CH45 Makawapur 1 Barkhe 2 Sabitri Bindeswari Mallika Ghaiya 2 Chaite 4 Masuli Janaki Mean F testb CV (%) LSD (0.05) Cultural type genotype
a Figures

11.28 (3.31) ns 23.69

6.88 (2.68) * 12.34 0.22

9.08 (2.99) * 20.12 0.2 ns

in parentheses are X + 0.5 transformed values and LSD values refer to them. b** = significant at 0.01 probability, * = significant at 0.05 probability, ns = not significant.

Table 2. Pooled analysis of some agronomic traits of 11 rice varieties under irrigated (I) and rainfed lowland (R) conditions at Puwanipur, Nepal, 1988 wet season. Variety NR15016-24-1-3 CH45 Makawanpur 1 Barkhe 2 Sabitri Bindeswari Mallika Ghaiya 2 Chaite 4 Masuli Janaki Plant height (cm) I 141.8 124.73 113.2 100.53 100.26 104.13 125.2 91.93 96.4 134.2 104.06 R 142.4 110.6 108.26 88.8 103.4 104.0 120.1 89.9 94.4 127.9 105.0 108.6 ** 9.65 7.13 Mean 142.2 117.66 106.7 94.66 101.83 104.04 122.65 90.91 95.4 131.05 104.53 110.00 ** 7.17 2.73 ns Flowering (d after sowing) I 120.33 88.0 126.33 126.33 121.0 96.0 90.33 84.33 88.66 122.0 105.33 106.24 ** 2.72 2.00 R 119.0 81.3 122.0 126.3 116.6 94.0 93.0 89.0 85.6 125.3 106.3 105.4 ** 3.5 2.5 Mean 119.66 84.65 124.16 126.31 118.8 95.0 91.66 86.66 87.13 123.65 105.81 213.57 ** 3.12 1.14 ns Grain yield (t/ha) I 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.2 * 14.6 0.2 R 3.6 2.7 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.6 2.8 3.0 * 11.9 0.2 Mean 3.2 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 3.0 2.3 2.6 ** 13.2 0.08 ns

Machine. Yield attributes are presented in Table 1 and agronomic attributes in Table 2. Yield and agronomic components are relatively better under rainfed lowland condition than under irrigated. That may be partly because of monocropping in rainfed lowland, with greater availability of micronutrients. This indicates that identification of improved varieties suitable for broad adaptability is possible.

Mean 112.4 ** F test a 3.45 CV (%) 2.96 LSD (0.05) Cultural type genotype
a **

= significant at 0.01 probability, * = significant at 0.05 probability, ns = not significant. Correlation between number of filled grains/panicle and no. of productive tillers at harvest (r = 0.749**) (n = 11). Correlation between no. of filled grains/panicle and yield (r = 0.744**) (n = 11). Correlation between plant height and yield ( r = 0.792**) (n = 11).

The International Rice Research Newsletter is mailed free to individuals and institutions engaged in rice research and training. For further information, write IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.

MAU2159, a high-yielding glutinous rice for East China

L. H. Zhu and L. Y. Ding, Agronomy Department, Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Nanjing, China

Comparison of some traits of NAU2159 and its parents (1986). Cultivar Nanjing 11 NAU2159 IR29
a From

Days Plant Panicle Spikelets/ to height length panicle heading (cm) (cm) (no.) 92 96 96 98.1 101.3 87.4 24.0 24.0 18.9 152.6 166.3 77.8

Seed 1000- Protein Amylose Alkali Gel conset grain content content spreading sistency (%) wt (g) (%) (%) value (mm) 79.8 82.1 89.2 26.7 27.4 22.8 13.00 a 9.41 c 8.00 b 27.8a 2.4c 0.0b 6.2a 6.0c 6.2b 30 a 103.5c 99.0 b

NAU2159, released in 1985, has proven to fit farmer demands for a high-yielding

IRRI, 1982. b From IRRI, 1980. c From Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, 1986.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 25

cultivar with excellent palatability and resistance to bacterial blight and blast. NAU2159 was developed from a cross between Nanjing 11, a popular local variety, in Jiangsu Province, and IR29, a donor of disease resistance and waxy endosperm. In 4 yr demonstration (1985-88) along

the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River Valley, yields were 7-9 t/ha, 7.5 t/ha average. NAU2159 matures early (duration 130-135 d) and is adapted to the areas flanked by 2934N latitude, where a traditional rice wheat cropping system prevails. Its

better performance results from the unique combination of traits inherited from both parents (see table). It is acceptable to farmers in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Guizhao Provinces, with more than 50,000 ha planted.

Performance of some promising rice cultivars for tidal marshy swamps of Andamans
A. B. Mandal, N. D. Majumder, and A. K. Bandyopadhyay, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andamans 744101, India

We screened 330 cultivars during 1988 to identify a suitable rice variety for the low-lying marshy areas along the tidal creeks of Andamans. Cultures included

advanced bulk populations, elite lines, and F 1 anther culture derivatives from IRRI. Seedlings (21-d-old) were transplanted in a field with normal soil and in a screening plot close to the sea (soil EC 6.5 dS/m and pH 4.2). The screening plot was allowed to be fully inundated by 50-60 cm seawater 7 d after transplanting. That water was maintained through the cropping period by bunding the experimental plot. Rainfall totaled 2,930 mm during 1988 cropping season. EC varied from 2 to

6.5 dS/m and pH, from 3.9 to 4.6. In the screening plot, all but 18 advanced bulk populations from IRRI, 6 elite lines from India, and the local check died. The surviving 25 lines are of long duration and short-statured (see table). Local variety C-14-8, culture 88-038, and culture 88-121 are found to be promising.

Agronomic traits related to tolerance for salinity of some promising rice cultures in the marshy swamps of Andamans. a Phenotypic index (0-9) 6 9 5 3 4 4 4 7 7 7 5 4 5 5 6 6 3 9 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 Days to 50% flowering b 155 na 153 153 130 148 150 135 na 160 140 155 121 145 na na 147 120 129 137 140 153 138 129 155 PaniclePlant height bearing (cm) tillers (no.) (a) 51.0 55.5 41.8 49.0 51.6 58.8 61.4 62.2 51.4 48.0 59.5 42.3 44.7 72.0 48.9 46.3 79.0 52.5 95.6 55.8 52.6 51.8 59.8 58.5 142.4 (r) 47.4 58.2 45.5 54.8 57.2 64.1 67.3 70.7 60.7 51.7 73.5 54.4 62.1 81.6 53.6 52.4 74.8 56.0 93.3 66.1 87.1 68.6 68.7 68.3 87.4 (a) 6.0 3.4 7.0 6.0 4.3 5.0 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.3 5.0 4.5 3.0 4.0 4.5 4.0 6.0 3.2 3.0 4.0 3.8 2.2 3.5 5.0 5.4 (r) 83.3 68.0 74.5 76.9 69.4 62.5 77.3 77.3 76.0 37.5 89.3 88.9 50.0 64.5 62.5 71.4 51.7 84.2 83.3 76.9 95.0 47.8 83.3 84.0 58.6 Panicle length (cm) (a) 12.6 16.5 18.3 17.4 18.6 19.5 19.6 21.3 12.6 14.3 15.1 18.3 9.9 16.2 17.5 13.7 18.8 16.2 11.6 14.8 15.4 15.3 14.3 12.6 20.6 (r) 54.3 68.5 72.7 83.3 78.8 95.6 86.7 99.1 64.3 74.5 83.9 80.3 57.6 70.7 81.4 59.6 88.3 69.2 56.9 67.9 92.2 86.0 69.8 68.9 86.9 Seed yield/ plant (g) (a) 6.0 6.8 7.0 8.4 11.2 14.0 3.4 7.5 7.6 6.9 15.0 4.0 3.0 4.4 9.0 4.0 8.4 3.2 3.0 4.0 5.7 4.0 2.7 4.2 11.6 (r) 27.8 52.3 23.3 44.9 82.4 35.0 38.6 56.8 25.3 19.6 53.6 49.4 25.0 29.5 57.0 39.6 18.1 28.1 38.0 29.6 47.5 43.5 29.3 84.0 50.4

Zhongyu 87-1, promising line developed through shuttle breeding

Min Shao Kai and Lu Ze Tung, China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang; G. S. Khush and A. Evangelista, IRRI; and Tang Shaoqing, CNRRI, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

Designation

Source

88-027 88-048 88-092 88-127 88-091 88-121 88-106 88-104 88-097 88-088 88-038 88-063 88-006 88-126 88-012 88-080 88-032 88-071 SR26-B CO 43 CST100-1 CSR3 316 F35 C-14-8
a (a)

IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI India India India India India India India

(r) = relative value =

bna

= actual value under saline condition. performance under saline condition performance under normal condition

l00

= not available.

Zhongyu 87-1a high-yielding, medium-duration, multiple-resistance, and wide-adaptability variety developed from the cross Kwangluai 4/IR64 through the IRRI-CNRRI Shuttle Breeding projectcan be grown in middle season or late season. It is resistant to blast and whitebacked planthopper and moderately resistant to bacterial blight and brown planthopper. In a late season 1988 hybrid rice demonstration test in Zhejiang Province, it yielded higher than Shanyou 6 (hybrid check) in five of six sites (Table 1). In farmers' fields in Zhejiang, it averaged 7.5 t/ha, 7.26% higher than Shanyou 6. In preliminary regional adaptability tests in Hubei Province in middle season 1988, its yield was significantly higher than that of check variety Quichao 2 in three locations (Table 2). Zhongyu 87-1 has medium height (90100 cm), compact plant type, and

26 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Table 1. Performance of Zhongyu 87-1 in late season hybrid rice demonstration test. a Zhejiang, China, 1988. Location Quxian Huangyan Fuying Shuichang Wenlin Lequing
a

Height (m) 78.7 81.0 83.8 75.1

Panicles /hill (no.) 9.7 10.3 10.4 10.9 11.3 12.0

Grains/ panicle (no.) 99.3 105.7 112.6 91.9 116.1 111.6

Sterility (%) 10.6 13.6 12.0 23.1 9.7 15.4

1000grain wt (g) 29.4 30.8 27.8 26.9 26.1 27.5

Yield (t/ha) 7.1 7.5 8.8 5.1 8.3 7.4

Increase over Shanyou 6 (%) 14.8 5.0 42.0 -3.5 14.3 2.2

Table 2. Yield of Zhongyu 87-1 in midseason rice preliminary regional adaptability tests. Hubei, China, 1988. Location Wuhan Dongxihu Jinzhou
aOf

Yielda (t/ha) 7.1** 9.6** 8.5**

Increase over Quichao 2 (%) 16.5 11.6 17.3

Rank in test b 1 2 1

11 varieties. ** = significant at P = 0.01.

Plot size = 133 m 2 .

lodging resistance. Panicles are large (106-110 grains/panicle) and grain-filling rate high (85%), with 27-29 g/1,000 grains and 22-23% amylose content. In 1989, Zhongyu 87-1 was promoted to regional adaptability tests in Hubei and Zhejiang.

The International Rice Research Newsletter is published to expedite communication among scientists concerned with rice research and the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based farming systems. Readers are encouraged to write authors at their published addresses to discuss the research and obtain more details.

Data management and computer modeling

Simulation of yield potential in rice cultivars
R. Sadasivam, S. Mohandass, and A. Arjunan, Crop Physiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore; and S. Palanisamy and N. Raju, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India

We raised six lowland rice cultivars available from the gene bank of the Paddy Breeding Station, TNAU, Coimbatore, during 1988 wet season and conducted productivity studies. Yield potentials were computer simulated using the MACROS. L1D simulation model developed by IRRI.
Calculated and measured main yield of rice cultivars at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Cultivar ADT36 ADT37 CO 37 ASD16 TKM6 IR66 Calculated grain yield (t/ha) 6.8 5.1 7.2 5.2 2.3 4.1 Measured grain yield (t/ha) 6.2 4.8 7.0 5.1 3.1 5.6 Simulation percentage 91.2 94.1 97.2 98.1 134.8 136.6

The program took into account dry matter accumulation, physiological characteristics, and weather prevailing during the growth period. Observed and calculated grain yield are presented in the table. Measured grain yields within 10% 100% of calculated grain yield are presented in the figure. Calculated grain yield and measured yield agree satisfactorily in ADT36, ADT37, CO 37, and ASD16. This shows that yield potential and production can be reasonably estimated on the basis of cultivar physiological characteristics and growing area weather conditions.

Calculated and measured grain yield for rice cultivars. Coimbatore, India.

Seed technology
Screening rice varieties for grain dormancy
S. L. Kumary, S. K. Ommen, and C. A. Joseph, Kerala Agricultural University, Rice Research Station (RRS), Moncompu, India

Harvest of the second (Feb-Jun) crop at Kuttanad usually coincides with the rainy season. Popular high-yielding varieties grown during the second season lack seed dormancy and considerable loss occurs due to grain sprouting in the field. We screened germplasm at RRS Moncompu for grain dormancy to

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 27

Grain dormancy a of rice varieties and cultures in Kuttanad, India. Strong dormancy Chennellu, Karivennel, Kuruka, Pokkali 372, Chettiviruppu, RP 106, MO 1, MO 4, Cul. 12814, 31-2-1, 126, 168, 83-1-1, 65-2-3-1, 23-7-1-1, 14-14-2-3, 305-2, 106-1-1
a Strong

Moderate dormancy Vykatharyan, Nandiarvattom, Sulekha, Cul. 93, 170, 1459-2, 214-1, 166-1-2, OS4, 1539-2

= 5-25% dormancy, moderate = 25-50% dormancy.

identify donor parents for developing appropriate varieties. Test cultivars included local tall indica varieties, high-yielding varieties, and prerelease japonica/ indica cultures. Panicles were collected 1 wk before maturity, at maturity, and 1 wk after maturity and sun-dried to 13-14% moisture. The dried panicles were soaked 12 h in water, drained, and kept at room temperature 36 h to measure germination.

Of the 85 entries screened, 28 possessed moderate to strong dormancy (see table).

For instructions on preparation of brief reports of rice research to submit for publication in IRRN, see the inside front cover of this issue.

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Crop management
Yields of broadcast and transplanted Oryza glaberrima floating rice
W. Schreurs, UNDP/UNCDF, Mali, West Africa

Despite the generally assumed superiority of O. sativa, many farmers in West Africa still prefer O. glaberrima. In field observations in Tombouctou, Mali, O. glaberrima was more drought tolerant and had greater vegetative vigor than O. sativa varieties grown in Mali. Yields of O. glaberrima in farmers fields averaged 2.5 t/ha (highest yield

Table 1. O. glaberrima floating rice yields in farmers fields. Tombouctou, Mali, 1987. Village Tourchauane Tourchauane Tourchauane Gourzouguay Gourzouguay Gourzouguay Banikane Banikane Hondou bomo koyna Hondou bomo koyna Hondou bomo koyna Hondou bomo koyna Bozo Bozo Chembu Chembu Chembu Chembu Chembu Sanfatou Bougouni Average yield Bori Bori Hondou bomo koyna Hondou bomo koyna Average yield
a Sample plot size was errors. bReceived some

Variety Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Jinga Jinga Jinga Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Dembu Jinga Jinga Kossa Dembu

Establishment Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast b Broadcast b Broadcast b Broadcast b Broadcast b Broadcast b Broadcast b Broadcast b Broadcast b Transplanted Transplanted Transplanted Transplanted

Yielda (t/ha) 3.7 3.4 4.4 0.7 2.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.6 2.5 2.3 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.0 3.6 3.0 1.6 1.4 1.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.8

was 4.4 t/ha) (Table 1). One reason for the relatively high yield may be that the crop is harvested at maximum water levels (from canoes), when culms are standing upright in the water. Crop disturbance and subsequent grain shattering (the primary cause of low O. glaberrima yields) are kept to a minimum. Because of frequent crop failure due to lack of rain, farmers recently have begun to try transplanting floating rice in floodwater. The data seem to indicate that yields of transplanted floating rice are lower than those of broadcast rice. However, only four fields of transplanted rice were surveyed. We studied transplanting in a singlereplication trial (plot size 13 m 2 ) using both O. sativa and O. glaberrima varieties (Table 2). Four-wk-old
Table 2. Grain yield and growth duration of transplanted floating rice. Tombouctou, Mali, 1987. Yield (t/ha) Oryza glaberrima Dembu cirai Dembu banekanna Kossa bibi Jinga Oryza sativa FFRS43-3 DM16 Nang Kieuw Khao Gaew Growth duration (d) 112 112 103 90 120 117 125 130

3.9 2.9 2.2 1.4 3.7 3.5 2.3 0.8

25 m 2, 10% was deducted from sample dry weight to account for sampling additional irrigation (by motor pump) during establishment.

28 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

seedlings were transplanted at 15-cm spacing. Water rose at 2-3 cm/d to a maximum water depth of 112 cm. Neither species had superior yield, but O. glaberrima showed more vigorous vegetative growth.

Effect of harvesting rice at different stages of maturity on milling outturns. Ndop Plain, Cameroon, 1987 wet season. Variety or line Harvest date (DH)a 35 40 45 50 55 40 45 50 55 60 40 45 50 55 60 35 40 45 50 55 60 Rough rice moisture at harvest (%) 27.6 27.1 22.0 20.0 18.0 30.4 26.5 24.5 22.5 12.8 29.4 26.5 24.4 22.5 14.1 30.9 29.4 26.5 24.5 18.7 11.5 Percent of rough rice Brown rice 73.8 75.5 79.3 79.0 81.0 81.3 77.7 77.1 79.5 80.1 80.5 79.2 75.7 78.6 77.7 75.7 74.0 77.4 81.2 77.1 81.7 Clean rice 66.4 69.5 68.5 65.8 69.1 71.1 71.3 67.5 66.2 71.2 63.5 68.9 64.9 67.8 65.5 62.7 66.2 67.0 63.2 68.7 67.3 Headb rice 58.7 58.3 57.5 35.6 46.9 42.1 30.0 19.9 8.7 10.0 23.2 33.5 13.8 14.5 5.1 16.5 13.1 19.2 14.3 7.1 3.7 Marketable rice c 64.1 67.6 65.6 60.4 65.8 68.5 66.7 61.6 55.9 63.0 53.2 59.0 50.3 52.3 45.0 40.2 51.0 56.8 46.5 55.2 44.9

RNR29692

Varietal differences in milled quality of rice harvested at different maturities

A. C. Roy and J. B. Fokou, IRA-Dschang, P.O. Box 44, Dschang; and S. B. C. Wanki, Upper Nun Valley Development Authority (UNVDA), P.O. Box 25, Ndop Plain, Cameroon

IR7167-33-2-3

B29838-SR-51-2-1

Rice varieties differ in grain form, milling outturn, and market price. Harvesting at different stages of maturity also affects head rice outturn and grain breakage. Preliminary farm surveys during the 1986 crop season showed that most farmers in the Upper Nun Valley do not follow recommended practices for time of harvest. Many leave their crops in the field after maturity, harvesting when they have time. Rice harvested at different maturity stages mills out with high percentage brokens and very low percentage head rice. We grew four promising varieties and lines in nonreplicated large plots (500 m2) at Bamunka Rice Research Station, Ndop Plain, and harvested 100 m2 subplots at intervals of 5 d, from 35 d after heading (DH) to 60 DH. The yields (20-40 kg rough rice/sample) were sun-dried to about 12-14% moisture, hulled, and polished using a Satake rubber roll rice mill (model SB 100). Percentages brown rice, head rice, broken rice, and marketable rice were taken for each sample. (Head rice is defined as whole milled rice, marketable rice as grains 50-100% as long as whole milled rice.) Estimated 1,000-grain weights of rough rice and brown rice also were noted for each harvest date. Total brown and clean milled rice varied with varieties, from 73.8 to 81.7% brown rice and 63.5 to 71.3% clean milled rice, but were not markedly affected by harvest date (see table).

B2161-C-MR-57-1-3-1

a DH = days after heading. b Head rice = % whole milled rice. c marketable rice = 50% or more than the length of whole milled rice.

RNR29692 had the highest (51.4%) and B2161-C-MR-57-1-3-1 the lowest (12.3%) head rice. Grain maturity stage profoundly affected percentage brokens. Harvest more than 45 DH resulted in very high percentage brokens. Extremely high, percentage brokens in all varieties (except RNR29692) harvested 40 DH and later tend to limit their adaptability as commercial varieties.

RNR29692 yielded higher than IR7167-33-2-3 at Ndop Plain. Both lines have medium-long grain with high amylose content (28,3%); B2161-C-MR57-1-3-1 and B29838-SR-51-2-1 have medium-long grain with intermediate amylose content (23.7%). Because of its high head rice percentage, RNR29692 is under consideration for release as a commercial variety, subject to local consumer acceptance and other qualities.

Effect on yield of cutting deepwater rice for herbage

S. K. Bardhan Roy, B. Banerji, C. Kundu, and B. K. Mandal, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, West Bengal, India

During the 1988 wet season, we cut leaves of variety CN705-18 (CN645/ Mahsuri) at different growth stages. The first cutting of the 10 May direct seeded crop was done 110 d after seeding in two plots. A second cutting was done 130 d after seeding

(immediately before panicle initiation) in only one plot. Water level at cutting was 50-60 cm (maximum water level 90 cm was in late June). Only leaves above the water were cut, leaving 5 cm of leaves intact. Foliage yield, grain yield, and yield components were measured. The first cut in plot A produced 3.8 t green leaves/ha and in plot B, 3.6 t green leaves/ ha. The second cut in plot B only 20 d after the first cut produced 3.4 t green leaves/ ha (Table 1). Grain yields in single cut and uncut crops were

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 29

Table 1. Foliage and grain yield from CN70518. Chinsurah, India, 1988. Parameter Control (no cut) 1 cut 2 cuts

Table 2. Effect of leaf cutting on yield components. Chinsurah, India. Character Treatment No cut 1 cut 200.0 10.0 22.0 185.0 24.3 3.6 41.0 0.5 2 cuts 182.0 12.0 22.5 156.0 25.4 4.2 45.0 0.7 Percent increase or decrease over control 11 + 100 4 23 + 5 + 61

Foliage yield (t/ha) 1st cut 2d cut 2.1 At harvest Total 2.1 Grain yield (t/ha) 1.0 Days to 50% 171 flowering

3.8 1.9 5.7 1.1 175

3.6 3.4 2.0 9.0 1.4 167

Plant ht (cm) 205.0 Effective tillers at harvest (no.) 6.0 Panicle length (cm) 23.4 Total grains per panicle 202.0 1000-grain wt 24.1 Percent of sterile grains/panicle 1.9 Yield per plant (gm) 28.0 Grain-to-straw ratio 0.5

similar. Yields in the double cut crop were higher. Flowering was early in the double cut crop, followed by the normal crop and by the single cut crop. Number of effective tillers at harvest was significantly higher in the double cut crop and 1,000-grain weight

increased slightly. Grain yield/ plant and grain-to-straw ratio also increased. Plant height, total grains/panicle, and length of panicle were reduced (Table 2). The increased number of effective tillers contributed 61% of the yield increase. The shorter plant height

contributed to better grain filling. This preliminary study shows that herbage production is possible with photoperiod-sensitive deepwater rice, without sacrificing grain yield.

Improving rice yield using hydrocortisone spray

K. Manian, R. Govindarasu, P. Sivasubramanian, and N. Natarajaratnam, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture, Karaikal 609605, Union Territory of Pondicherry, India

Effect of spraying hydrocortisone at different growth stages on yield, dry matter production, and harvest index per plot basis (16 m2 ). a Pondicherry, India. Control Yield (g) Dry matter production (g) Harvest index
a

Active tillering (50 DAS) 10.21 (12) 26.38 (21) 0.39 (-6)

Flowering (75 DAS) 11.00 (21) 25.58 (17) 0.43 (4)

Grain filling (100 DAS) 10.30 (13) 24.70 (13) 0.41 (-2)

LSD (5%) 1.16 4.04 ns

9.10 21.81 0.41

The effect of hydrocortisone, a glucocorticoid hormone of higher animals, has been found to be beneficial for germination of rice. We assessed the effect of hydrocortisone on dry matter production, grain yield, and harvest index. Hydrocortisone (50 ppm) was sprayed at different growth stagesactive tillering phase (50 d after sowing [DAS]), flowering (75 DAS), and grain filling (100 DAS)of a standing crop of IR20 at Karaikal. Spraying at flowering significantly improved grain yield and increased dry matter production (see table). Dry matter production increased most with spray at active tillering phase, but yield increased only 12%. This trend suggests that dry matter production is stimulated by hydrocortisone spray during tillering phase, but its use for increasing grain productivity is limited. Similarly, spraying at grain filling phase did not

Figures in parentheses indicate percentage increase over control.

improve grain yield or dry matter production. To improve dry matter production and grain yield

simultaneously, a spray or hydrocortisone of 50 ppm at flowering stage is optimum.

Soil fertility and fertilizer management

Using a chlorophyll meter to predict need for topdressed nitrogen
F. T. Turner and M. F. Jund, Texas A&M Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Route 7 Box 999, Beaumont, Texas 77713, USA

Preliminary results show that a handheld chlorophyll meter comes closer

than any other technique as a simple, quick, and accurate method for predicting the need to topdress N in semidwarf rice. A relationship between the chlorophyll content of the newest expanded leaf and the need for N fertilizer has been developed in 2 yr of experiments in research plots at Beaumont and in 1 yr at Bay City and Eagle Lake, Texas (see table). We tested semidwarf Lemont variety

30 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Relationship between leaf chlorophyll content and rice yield. Beaumont, Texas. Chlorophyll reading 20 30 35 40 Expected yield increase (t/ha) 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.1 Expected net return to topdressing N ($) 93 37 17 (3 )

topdressed with 45 kg/ha 2 wk before and at panicle differentiation. Net income due to topdressing decreased as leaf chlorophyll increased. When chlorophyll readings were near 39 and higher, there was no economic advantage to topdressing N (assuming urea = $165/t, application cost = $8.64/ha, and rice value = $8/cwt).

The chlorophyll meter (model SPAD501 developed by Minolta) does have limitations: initial cost = $1400. But fertilizing a 40-ha field with 45 kg N/ha also = approximately $1400. Another limiting factor is that leaf chlorophyll can be influenced by P, Zn, and Fe deficiencies; low temperature; rice variety; growth stage; and herbicides.

Economy in combining fertilizer N with green manure in lowland rice

G. Shukla, P. C. Pandey, P. S. Bisht, and P. Lal, Agronomy Department, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital 263145, Uttar Pradesh, India

Effect of organic and inorganic N source on yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and apparent N recovery in rice. a Pantnagar, India, 1988. Time and rate of N Treatment Basal through GM PU Control USG PU PU SAb + PU SRb + PU FYMb + PU SA + PU SR + PU FYM + PU SA SR
a GM

Grain N uptake (kg/ha) N use efficiency PU Total N yield (kg grain/ 6-7 DBPI (kg/ha) (t/ha) Grain Straw Total kg N applied)

Apparent N recovery (%)

We studied the integrated effect of organic + inorganic N on rice yield and N use efficiency and recovery during wet season 1988. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. The soil is silt loam classed as Aquic Hapludoll, with pH 7.9, 1.1% organic C, CEC 20 meq/100 g, and 0.1% total N. For green manure, 50-d-old crops of Sesbania rostrata and S. aculeata were chopped and incorporated into the top 15 cm soil at 10 and 20 t/ha, respectively, 1 wk before transplanting. Farmyard manure (FYM), 20 t/ha fresh weight basis, was incorporated 1 mo before transplanting. Pant Dhan 4 was sown 1 Jun and transplanted 11 Jul. All plots received 17.6 kg P, 24.2 kg K, 10 kg Zn/ha before transplanting. N was applied per treatment (see table). Yield with Sesbania alone equaled yield with 90 kg N as prilled urea (PU). Sesbania with 30 kg N as PU increased the grain yield 9%, which was significantly higher than that with 90 kg N as PU alone and equaled yield with 120 kg N as PU or USG. Highest N use efficiency and apparent N recovery was with Sesbania alone. S. rostrata proved no better than S. aculeata, probably because it had only half the biomass.

0 0 0 0 60 40 50 60 40 50 60 40

0 80 80 50 20 40 30 30 30 30 0 0

0 40 40 40 40 40 40 0 0 30 0 0

0 120 120 90 120 120 120 90 70 110 60 40

3.8 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.0 5.3 5.2 0.4

54 95 93 82 101 100 100 100 96 77 87 75 6

24 61 46 51 55 55 45 44 42 38 46 33 7

78 156 139 133 155 155 145 144 138 118 113 108 11

LSD (0.05)

17 16 18 19 19 19 24 29 11 25 38

65 51 61 64 64 56 73 86 36 92 75

= green manure, USG = urea supergranule (46% N), PU = prilled urea (46% N), SA = Sesbania aculeata (2% N, 80% moisture), SR = Sesbania rostrata (1.75% N, 83% moisture), FYM = farmyard manure (0.5% N, 50% moisture). bN content in sesbania and FYM was analyzed, The remaining N was applied through PU to meet the basal requirement of 80 kg N/ha. The rest or 1/3 of 120 kg N was applied at 6-7 d before panicle initiation (DBPI).

Effect of deep-placed urea supergranules (USG) with limited green manure on transplanted rice yield
S. S. Dhane, R. R. Khadse, and V. H. Patil, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (KKV), Karjat, Maharashtra State 410201, India; and N. K. Savant, International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), P. O. Box 2040, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35662, USA

The amount of green manure available in small rainfed rice farmers fields is likely to be very limited. In 1988 wet season, we compared the effect of deepplaced USG and split-applied prilled

urea (PU) alone and in combination with limited amounts of Gliricidia sepium leaves on rainfed transplanted rice. The 11 treatments were laid out in 15m2 plots on the RARS farm, Karjat, in a randomized block design with three replications. Soil was clay loam with pH (1:2.5 soi1:water) 7.0 and cation exchange capacity 30 meq/100 g. All plots received 17 kg P/ha as single superphosphate and 33 kg K/ha as potassium chloride. PU (38 kg N/ha) was applied 50% broadcast and incorporated before transplanting and 50% topdressed before panicle initiation. USG (1-g pellets) was hand placed about 10 cm deep during

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 31

line transplanting, one pellet every four hills (15 20 cm). Quantities of gliricidia green leaves (containing 2.7% N ovendried basis) to supply 0, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 t green manure/ ha were spread uniformly over freshly puddled soil before line transplanting. Karjat-184 was transplanted (3-wk-old seedlings) 7 Jul and harvested 12 Oct. Deep-placed USG significantly increased grain and straw yields (see table). Deep-placed USG at 38 kg N/ha plus green manure increased grain yield more than split-applied PU.

Effect of USG and PU with limited gliricidia green manure on rainfed transplanted rice yield. a Maharashtra, India, 1988 wet season. Treatment Urea N (kg/ha) 0 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38
a

Green manure t/ha 0 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 kg N/ha 0 0 6.3 9.5 12.6 15.8 0 6.3 9.5 12.6 15.8

Yield (t/ha) Grain 2.8 c 3.0 c 2.9 c 2.9 c 3.2 bc 3.5 b 3.8 ab 3.9 a 4.0 a 4.2 a 3.9 a Straw 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.8 4.5 4.7 5.1 5.7 5.5 5.2 d d d d cd bc bc ab a ab ab

Tillers/hill (no.) 7.9 e 9.7 de 12.5 abc 10.3 cde 11.1 bcd 11.9 bcd 13.0 ab 13.5 ab 12.5 abc 14.6 a 15.1 a

(PU) (PU) (PU) (PU) (PU) (USG) (USG) (USG) (USG) (USG)

In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by Duncans Multiple Range Test.

Integrated nutrient management in irrigated rice

M. R. Patel, N. P. Chauhan, S. A. Patel, and J. G. Patel, Gujarat Agricultural University, Main Rice Research Station, Nawagam, Gujarat, India

We studied the integrated effect of organic and inorganic sources of N on growth and grain yield of rice variety GR11 during 1987 wet season. Eight fertilizer combinations were tested (see table). The test soil was sandy loam with a pH of 7.3, EC 3.5 dS/m, 0.065% total N, 68.5 kg available P/ha, and 332.8 kg available K/ ha. P and K were applied basally; N as ammonium sulfate was applied in four equal splits; basal and at tillering, panicle initiation, and dough stage.

Azolla was inoculated at 1 t/ha 10 d after transplanting (DT). Because of an erratic rainy season, water was not impounded and azolla grew very poorly. The azolla mat was incorporated 30 DT. Sesbania aculeata was incorporated 1 d before transplanting. Before incorporation azolla had 2.8% N, 0.48% P, and 3.2% K; S. aculeata had 2.5% N, 0.64% P, and 1.0% K. Delayed planting due to failure of the monsoon and use of brackish irrigation water from a bore well decreased yields. Grain yield with S. aculeata + 40-2020 kg NPK/ ha and S. aculeata + 0-2020 kg NPK/ ha were significantly higher than all other treatments except 80-4040 kg NPK/ ha alone and S. aculeata + azolla + 0-20-20 kg NPK/ ha.

Effect on rice yield of N applied during reproductive phase

P. C. Pandey, P. S. Bisht, and P. Lal, Agronomy Department, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital 263145, Uttar Pradesh, India

Effect of organic and inorganic sources of N on yield and panicles/m 2. Nawagam, India. Treatment Control 0-8.8-16.6 kg NPK/ha 40-8.8-16.6 kg NPK/ha Azolla + 0-8.8-16.6 kg NPK/ha Azolla + 40-8.8-16.6 kg NPK/ha Sesbania aculeata + 0-8.8-16.6 kg NPK/ha Sesbania aculeata + 40-8.8-16.6 kg NPK/ha Sesbania aculeata + azolla + 0-8.8-16.6 kg NPK/ha 80-17.6-33.2 kg NPK/ha LSD (0.05) Grain yield (t/ha) 0.8 0.8 2.0 1.0 1.9 3.3 3.7 2.8 3.1 1.1 Panicles/m 2 (no.) 108 128 196 119 171 307 300 240 25 8 75 Biomass (t/ha) incorporated 3.2 1.8 26.4 22.7 24.9 +1.5

In the subtropical climate of north India, rice grown with recommended best N split (1/2 basal, 1/4 at tillering, 1/4 1 wk before panicle initiation) or standard split (2/3 basal, 1/ 3 1 wk before panicle initiation) has luxuriant vegetative growth but the canopy turns light green during ripening. We tested supplying a larger proportion of N during reproductive stages (1 wk before panicle initiation, at booting, and at heading), at 120 and 180 kg N/ha. The field experiment was laid out in a splitplot design with four replications in wet season 1988 at Pantnagar (29 N, 79 29' E, 244 m). Soil was silt loam with pH 7.9, 1.1% organic C, CEC 20 meq/ 100 g soil, 0.1% total N, 13.9 kg available P/ ha (Olsen), and 202 kg available K/ ha (NH4OAc extraction). Pant Dhan 4 (134 d duration) was sown 1 Jun and transplanted 5 Jul with basal application of 17.6 kg P, 24.2 kg K, 10 kg Zn/ha.

32 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Effect of split N application on grain yield, panicle numbers, and filled grains and unfilled grains of rice.a Pantnagar, India, 1988. N application Basal 1/2 2/3 1/5 1/4 Tillering 1/4 1/5 1/4 6-7 DBPIb 1/4 1/3 1/5 1/6 Mean Treatment N rate Time of N application Interaction N rate at same or different time of application Time of N application within a N rate CV (%) based on error b
ans

Grain yield (t/ha) Boot 1/5 1/6 Heading 1/5 1/6 N 120 6.2 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.6 N180 6.8 6.8 7.9 7.4 7.2 LSD (0.05) 0.4 0.5 ns ns 7 Mean 6.5 6.7 7.4 7.2

Panicles/m2 (no.) N120 184 182 183 191 185 N180 183 193 197 188 190 Mean 184 188 190 190

Filled grains/panicie (no.) N120 136 126 147 141 138 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns 7 N180 132 125 132 134 131 LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns 7 Mean 134 126 140 138

Unfilled grains (%) N120 11 20 08 10 12 N180 17 19 12 10 15 LSD (0.05) ns 4 ns ns 28 Mean 14 20 10 10

= nonsignificant.

bDays

before panicle initiation.

Response to N application time was significant (see table). Applying N 1/5 or 1/4 as basal and 1/5 or 1/6 N

topdressed 1 wk before panicle initiation, booting, and heading increased grain yield 10%. The increase

in yield was primarily due to more filled grains per panicle.

Effect of single superphosphate and granular superphosphate fertilizer on rice yield

M. L. Adil, J. R. Patel, and S. C. Mukharjee, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Madhya Pradesh, India

Effect of P source on rice yield and yield attributing characters. Raipur, India, 1988. Treatment Control (no P) GSP at transplanting SSP at transplanting GSP at tillering SSP at tillering GSP: 50% at transplanting, 50% at tillering SSP: 50% at transplanting, 50% at tillering LSD (0.05) Grain yield (t/ha) 2.9 3.9 4.8 3.7 4.3 4.1 5.3 0.8 Straw yield (t /ha) 3.6 4.8 5.9 4.6 5.2 5.1 6.4 0.8 Effective tillers (no.) 3.8 4.0 5.6 4.0 5 .0 5.0 5.8 ns Panicle length (cm) 14.1 15.0 16.2 14.3 15.8 15.1 17.1

We compared response of rice to single superphosphate (SSP) (16% water soluble and 2% citric soluble P 2O5) and granular superphosphate (GSP) (14.8% water soluble and 3.6% citric soluble P 2O5) during 1987 wet season. Medium-duration cultivar Kranti was transplanted 20 Jul 1987 and harvested 4 Nov 1987. Soil was medium heavy (sandy loam) with pH 6.7, 0.42% organic C, CEC 32.6 mg/100 g, and 210 kg available N, 10.5 kg available P, and 325 kg available K/ha. All treatments received 60-40-20 kg NPK/ha except that the control plot received no P. N was applied in three splits: 50% basal, 25% topdressed at tillering, and 25% at panicle initiation. For both SSP and GSP, treatments were all P as basal, all P at tillering, and

split P, 50% at transplanting and 50% at tillering. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Plot size was 144 m 2; plant spacing was 20 20 cm. Reduction of rice yield without any P fertilization was significant (see table). Applied as basal, SSP was much superior to GSP. Yield was significantly higher with SSP split application. The relatively higher availability of P in water-soluble SSP might have made the difference under wetland conditions.

Performance of Sesbania rostrata in acid soils

M. A. Salam, S. M. S. Hameed, P. Sivaprasad, E. Tajuddin, and Y. Thomas, Cropping Systems Research Center (CSRC), Karamana, Trivandrum 695002, India

We compared S. rostrata, a newly introduced green manure crop, with S. aculeata and Crotalaria juncea, green manure crops commonly grown in Kerala.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 33

The field experiment was conducted during Jan-Mar 1988 (mean daylength 11 h 55 min) in acid soils (pH 5.0) of CSRC Karamana (11N, 77E and 30 m above mean sea level). The riverine alluvium, sandy clay loam soil contained 0.7% organic C and 100-7-10 ppm of available NPK with an EC of 0.3 dS/m. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with eight

replications. The crops were broadcast in Jan 1988 at 30 kg seed/ha. No fertilizers were applied. One irrigation was given at sowing for gemination. Plant stands were uniform in all plots. Dry matter (DM) production and N yield were estimated using standard procedures at 50, 60, and 70 d after sowing (DAS). S. rostrata had the highest DMP and

N yields at all three growth stages. At 50, 60, and 70 DAS, S. rostrata produced 5.0, 6.1, and 7.3 t DM, yielding 96, 145, and 153 kg N/ha, respectively. S. aculeata produced 4.7, 5.9, and 6.9 t DM, yielding 85, 131, and 140 kg N C. juncea produced 3.4, 5.3, and 6.3 t DM, yielding 68, 110, and 122 kg N/ha.

Disease management
Conidia release and dispersal pattern of Pyricularia oryzae under cloudy or rainy conditions
Chang Kyu Kim and Hong Sik Min. Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural Sciences Institute, Suweon 440-707, Korea; and R. Yoshino, Paddy Crop Disease Laboratory, National Agriculture Research Center, Tsukuba 305, Japan

Yield loss due to rice blast (BI) disease at different crop stages
A. Surin, P. Arunyanart, R. Dhitikiattipong, W. Rodjanahusdin, K. Soontrajarn, S. Munkong, and S. Disthaporn, Rice Pathology Research Group, Plant Physiology and Microbiology Division, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand

We studied conidia release patterns from discrete blast lesions during 1988 rainy season in Korea, using a KY-type spore trap. On 13-14 Jul, it rained from 12 noon to 10 a.m. Conidia were released the entire time, with two distinct peaks between 1 and 7 a.m. (Fig. 1). The first peak, 1-3 a.m., was due to the production of conidia from pre existing conidiophores; the second peak, at 7 a.m., was due to conidia produced from conidiophores formed since 13 Jul evening. The peaks came by chance immediately after more than 16 mm rainfall/ h. More conidia were released from 7-d-old lesions. We also observed conidia dispersal under rainy conditions 21-22 Jul, using a rotary spore trap (Fig. 2). Usually conidia dispersal during rainfall of more than 3.5 mm/ h is negligible, but in this experiment conidia dispersal was observed regardless of rainfall intensity. We believe that most of the conidia released and dispersed during rainy, cloudy conditions might be important as inoculum for blast epidemics.

1. P. oryzae conidia release pattern under rainy conditions in Suweon, Korea, 13-14 Jul 1988.

2. P. oryzae conidia and dispersal pattern in Suweon, Korea, 21-22 Jul 1988.

In 1984, leaf and panicle B1 caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. occurred extensively in Thailand. We conducted field experiments at Pathum Thani Rice Research Center during dry and wet seasons 1986 to determine rice yield loss to B1 at different crop stages. Rice variety RD23 was direct sown in an 800-m 2 field and 513 sample units marked by binding units of approximately 10 tillers each with a string. Infected leaf area on each sample unit was estimated 45, 60, and 75 d after sowing (DAS). All sample units were harvested and threshed separately and grain yield adjusted to 14% moisture content. Data for each crop stage were grouped into classes of similar disease severity levels and average severity and average yield for each group calculated (Table 1). Average yield of group 1 was used to calculate yield loss of all other groups for a particular stage. Regression analysis was conducted on these new data sets. All three, functions presented in Table 2 show a high statistical precision. B1

34 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Table 1. Leaf Bl severity at different rice crop stages. Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Thailand, 1986. Observation Disease severity (%) Group 1 0-0.05 0-0.05 0-0.05 0-0.05 0-0.05 0-0.05 Group 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Group 3 2 2 2-3 2 2 2 Group 4 Group 5 5-8 5 8-10 5-8 5-8 5-8 Group 6 10 8-10 15 10 10 10 Group 7 Group 8

Reaction of four rice cultivars to grassy stunt virus (GSV) strain 2 under natural conditions
R. Devika, N. R. Bai, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Moncompu, India

45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 75 DAS

Wet season 3 3 5 Dry season 3 3 3

15-20 20 15 15 15

25-30 30

20-25 20-30

^ Table 2. Relationship between leaf Bl severity and yield loss (y), derived from pooled data of two seasons. Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Thailand, 1986.

Predictor variablea BLA 45 DAS BLA 60 DAS BLA 75 DAS

aBLA ^ y

Regression function = 31.18 + 18.54* 1n (x) ^ y = 9.38 + 2.99x ^ = 0.06 + 3.08x y

b***

Fb 121.2*** 116.3*** 355.1*** P < 0.001.

R2 0.92 0.89 0.96

45 DAS = % leaf area infected at 45 days after sowing.

severity during the reproductive stage (75 DAS) was most closely related to yield loss. Based on the third function,

1% infected leaf area corresponds to 3% yield loss.

During wet season 1988 (Jun-Jul to OctNov), a severe outbreak of GSV in parts of Kuttanad, Kerala, caused severe damage to the rice crop. Serological tests at Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, confirmed that the outbreak was caused by GSV strain 2. We evaluated MO 5, MO 6, KAU153-1, and KAU93 for resistance to this strain under three levels of fertilizer, in a splitplot design with three replications. Disease incidence was scored just before panicle initiation. MO 5, MO 6, and KAU153-1 were moderately susceptible; KAU93 was susceptible (see table).
Resistance of rice varieties to GSV strain 2. Kerala, India, 1988 wet season.

Estimating yield loss to rice blast (BI) disease

A. Surin, P. Arunyanart, R. Dhitikiattipong, W. Rodjmahusdin, and S. Disthaporn, Rice Pathology Research Group, Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand

Cultivar MO 5 MO 6 KAU153-1 KAU93

Parentage IR11-1-66/Kochuvithu IR8/Karivennel IR1561/Ptb 33 Jaya/Ptb 33

GSV damage (0-9) 5 5 4 7

Rice yield loss equivalents for leaf and neck Bl found in earlier experiments had to be derived from multiple regression functions, because of mixed infection by several diseases. We conducted a field experiment to study the effect on yield of Bl alone. RD23 was direct sown 20 Aug 1986 at Pathum Thani Rice Research Center. A source of inoculum was provided near the experimental plot. Ten 0.5-m 2 plots were staked out in an area 800 m 2. Incidence and seventy of rice Bl was observed two times, at maximum tillering (60 d after sowing [DAS]) and 1 wk before harvest. Data were collected on percentage leaf area infected, number of tillers, number of panicles, number of

Linear regression between leaf Bl percentage and percent yield loss at Pathum Thani Research Center, 1986 wet season.

Control of blast (BI) in main field and nursery with some new fungicides
V. D. Naidu and G. V. Reddy, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Station, Nellore 524004, India

panicles with neck Bl, filed grain weight, and empty grain weight. Sample plots showed 0-70% infected leaf area. Neck Bl incidence was 11-35%. Leaf Bl severity was not correlated with neck Bl incidence ( r = 0.233 ns). Yield of the plot free of leaf or neck B1 symptoms was used to calculate percentage yield loss in the other plots. Linear regression analysis resulted in a model to predict percentage yield loss from leaf Bl severity (see figure). The regression accounts for 78% of the variability in yield loss.

Bl causes considerable yield losses in Nellore District under favorable weather conditions from Oct to Feb. We tested seven EC/WP and four granular fungicides to control leaf and neck Bl in transplanted rice in wet seasons (OctFeb) 1985-86, using highly susceptible IR50. Plots were laid out in a randomized block design with four replications.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 35

Fertilizers, 180-60-30 kg NPK/ha, were applied, phosphorus and potash as basal and N in three splits: 1/3 basal, 1/3 at tillering, 1/3 at panicle initiation. Plant spacing was 15 15 cm. EC/ WP fungicides were sprayed at tillering, panicle initiation, and flowering. Granular fungicides were applied 30 kg/ha when initial Bl symptoms appeared during tillering and 40 kg/ha during flowering. Leaf and neck Bl were measured 10 d after last application from five 1-m2 random samples. All the EC/WP fungicides but Natural Plant Product-1 effectively reduced leaf Bl (see table). Neck Bl was not reduced. Granular fungicides chlobenthiazone 5 G and pyroquilon 5 G effectively controlled leaf Bl. Neck Bl incidence was not reflected in yield. Plots that showed

Influence of new EC/WP and granular fungicides on incidence of Bl and yield of IR50. Nellore, India. 1985-86. Fungicide EC/WP fungicides Carbendazim 50 WP Edifenphos 50 EC Pyroquilon 50 WP Isoprothiolane 40 EC IBP 48 EC Natural Plant Product 1 Thiophanate methyl 70 WP Untreated check LSD (0.05) Granular fungicides Chlobenthiazone 6 G Pyroquilon 5 G IBP 17 G Probenazole 8 G Untreated check LSD (0.05) Concentration Leaf Bl (%) 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 2.0 36.3 2.2 32.9 18.6 2.0 0.7 39.4 46.7 81.5 33.1 Neck Bl (%) 24.3 16.4 26.3 17.1 20.1 26.5 23.3 30.8 ns 32.2 20.4 17.2 21.6 10.3 11.4 Grain yield (kg/plot) 1.6 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.6 2.4 3.0 1.5 0.9 0.5 1.0

1 g/liter 1 ml/liter 1 g/liter 1 ml/liter 1 ml/liter 2.5 ml/liter 1 g/liter

70 70 70 70

kg/ha kg/ha kglha kg/ha

more leaf Bl infection had few panicles with neck Bl, perhaps because panicles

on severely leaf Bl-affected plants only partially emerged.

Insect management
Effect of lunar phase on attraction of rice pests to black light trap
D. Mohanraj, R. Janarthanan, and S. Suresh, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India

We collected rice insect pests in a Krishi Prakash Black Light Trap (KPBL-T) during six lunar cycles. Three days on either side of the date of a full moon was taken as a full moon

week. Three days on either side of a new moon was taken as a new moon week. In-between periods formed the last and first quarter moon week. From total insect catches, ratios were obtained to compare full moon week catches with new moon week catches. Moonlight had a significant effect on nocturnal activity of stem borer (SB), leaffolder (LF), brown planthopper (BPH), and green leafhopper (GLH). Full moon and new moon week ratios were l:l.l, 1:1.2, 1:2.2, and 1:2.3, respectively (see table). This indicates that nocturnal activity of SB and LF is much less influenced by moonlight than that of BPH and GLH.

Severe outbreak of rice gall midge (GM) in the savannah zone, Nigeria
M. N. Ukwungwu, Rice Research Program, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P. M. B. 8, Bida; and M. D. Winslow and V. T. John, Rice Research Program, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria

Effect of lunar cycle on the black light trap catches of some rice pests. Madurai, India. Insect Insects a (no.) Full moon week 291.04 (1.94) 169.73 (1.55) 159.80 (2.00) 193.53 (1.82) Last quarter week 264.81 (1.89) 176.88 (1.90) 157.14 (2.09) 146.86 (2.10) New moon First quarter week week 332.95 (2.30) 202.25 (2.19) 376.11 (2.47) 455.43 (2.64) 194.69 (1.98) 63.76 (1.50) 128.45 (1.92) 175.58 (2.09) Ratio of full moon week to new moon week 1:1.1 1:1.2 1:2.4 1:2.3

Yellow SB Scirpophaga incertulas LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis BPH Nilaparvata lugens GLH Nephotettix spp.
a

Mean of six lunar cycles. Figures in parentheses are transformed values.

The savannah zone of Nigeria, stretching latitudinally across the southern midsection, with its river floodplains and inland valley swamps, is an important rice-growing area. Production probably accounts for more than 70% of Nigerias total. Varieties grown include FARO 12 (Mas), FARO 13 (IR8), FARO 15, FARO 16, FARO 18 (Tjina or China), FARO 26 (TOs 78), FARO 29 (BG90-2), and IR5. A severe outbreak of GM (Orseolia oryzivora H & G.) damaged crops sown Jul-Aug 1988 (wet season). Earlier (JunJul) crops had little damage. The Abakaliki locality in Anambra State (8 10' E, 6 20' N) had the most severe damage. Incidence of silvershoots was high (45-80% of all tillers). Yields in

36 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

severely infested fields were essentially zero. The problem was serious throughout the rice bowl region, from the Benue River floodplain through Anambra, Cross River, and northern Imo Statean estimated 50,000 ha of rice. Most farmers use varietal mixes, but no resistant or escape plants were seen in severely affected fields. Holdings in the area average about 0.5 ha; many farmers harvested no grain. Although GM has been seen in the

West African savannah for many years, this is the most serious outbreak on record. Situations in 1988 that apparently favored the pest included unusually high rainfall early in the wet season (Jun-Aug); increased rice hectarage stimulated by price increases; small farmholdings with a wide range of planting dates that allowed continuous buildup of the pest population; and ample areas of grassy weeds surrounding the swamps that acted as alternate hosts.

Routine pesticide use is not appropriate for most farmers in this zone because of financial and logistical constraints, and health and environmental hazards. Intensification of breeding for varietal resistance is needed. We will test resistant germplasm from Asia at Abakaliki and Bida (also in the savannah zone) in the 1989 wet season to identify possible donors of resistance.

Response of rice pests to mercury vapor light and black light traps
D. Mohanraj, R. Janarthanan, and S. Suresh, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India

Catch of insects in different intensities of mercury and black light traps. a Madurai, India. Trap Insects collected (no.) Total 18,943.2 (3.10) a 15,770.4 (3.11) a 11,244.9 (2.92) b 1,373.6 (2.83) b Stem borer 3,262.3 (3.24) a 3,140.3 (3.21) a 2,233.4 (3.06) a 2,287.0 (3.05) a Leaffolder 700.0 (2.53) b 642.2 (2.45) b 327.5 (2.11) b 1,063.5 (1.89) a Brown planthopper 12,556.8 (3.26) a 14,943.8 (3.27) a 10,021.5 (3.13) a 839.5 (2.64) b Green leafhopper 59,253.5 (3.45) a 44,355.1 (3.51) a 32,397.2 (3.41) a 1,304.3 (2.73) b

MRL-T (125 W) MRL-T (80 W) MRL-T (160 W) KPBL-T (40 W)

a

We compared the efficiency of two trapsa Modified Robinson Light Trap (MRL-T) with 80, 125, and 160 W mercury vapor lamps and a Krishi Prakash Black Light Trap (KPBL-T) with 40 W black light tube. The traps were located a minimum isolation distance of 100 m apart. Data were collected for 10 wk (19 Nov 1984-28 Jan 1985).

Mean of 10 wk. Figures in parentheses are transformed values. In a column, figures followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) by DMRT.

MRL-T 125 W collected 40% and MRL-T 80 W 33% of all insects collected (see table). Stem borers were more attracted to

MRL-T 125 W; leaffolders to the KPBL-T. Brown planthoppers and green leafhoppers were more attracted to the MRL-T.

Sex and reproductive status of rice stem borers and leaffolders attracted to black light trap
D. Mohanraj, R. Janarthanan, and S. Suresh, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India

Reproductive status of SB and LF attracted to black light trap. Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total a

a Values

Stem borer Total 118 174 195 258 306 197 98 340 188 360 2234 Male 10 18 12 14 16 9 4 6 12 15 116 (5.2) Female 108 156 183 244 290 188 94 334 176 345 2118 (94.8) Gravid females 55 92 105 140 160 126 63 186 113 200 1240 (58.6) Spent females 53 64 78 104 130 62 31 148 63 145 878 (41.6) Total 323 334 328 232 328 224 158 214 69 112 2322 Male 156 143 164 104 135 98 84 115 34 55 1088 (46.9)

Leaffolder Female 167 191 164 128 193 126 74 99 35 57 1234 (53.1) Gravid females 93 118 96 78 120 86 44 58 23 35 751 (60.9) Spent females 74 73 68 50 73 40 30 41 12 22 483 (39.1)

We examined the sex ratio and reproductive status of rice yellow stem borer (YSB) Scirpophaga incertulas (Walk.) and rice leaffolder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene) attracted to a 20 W black light trap. Insects were collected for 10 d the first 14 d of Nov 1984, when activity peaked. More YSB females than males were

in parentheses are percentage of the total and of females, respectively.

attracted (see table); the male-to-female ratio was as high as 1:18. There were more gravid females (58.6%) than spent ones (41.6%).

The ratio of male to female LF attracted was more or less equal. Of the total females, 61% were gravid and 39% spent.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 37

Pentatomid bugs reduce rice grain quality in farmers fields in Orissa

S. P. Gupta, Central Plant Protection Station, Tulsipur, Cuttack 753008; A. Prakash, Entomology Division, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006; A. Choudhury, Central Surveillance Station, Tulsipur, Cuttack 753008; J. Rao, Entomology Division, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006; and A. Gupta, Zoology Department, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India

and Savitri (CR1009). This was the first observation of E. ventralis, a stink bug, in India. Population densities in the dry season varied from 6.2 to 15.2 bugs (nymphs and adults)/m 2 in Udaya, MW10, and Ratna. In the wet season, populations varied from 1.73 to 8.54 bugs/m 2 in Udaya, IR36, and Savitri. Green shield bug N. viridula also was found for the first time in India. Grains were infested during milky, soft dough, and hard dough stages. Population densities ranged from 5.5 to 9.6 bugs/ m2 during the dry season and 1.2 - 4.3 bugs/m2 during the wet season. This bug was not found in Savitri.

M. histrio, a shield bug, was found for the first time in Orissa. It sucks the sap during the milky stage and reduces grain weight. Population densities ranged from 7.5 to 17.1/m 2 in the dry season and 4.9 to 14.0 bugs/m 2 in the wet season. Insect populations were higher during the dry season. However, M. histrio predominated. Total grain damage ranged from 6.9 to 14.8% during the dry season and 2.3 to 8.1% during the wet season in different varieties. Grain damage differed significantly among varieties except in 1987 wet season.

We surveyed farmers fields to study insects that reduce rice grain quality in Cuttack, Puri, and Balasore Districts, Orissa. In addition to rice stink bug Leptocorisa acuta (Thumb.), three new species of pentatomid bugs were found in both dry and wet seasons 1987-88. The bugs were identified as Eusarcoris ventralis Westw., Mendia histrio Fabr., and Nezara viridula Linn. (Pentatomidae : Heteroptera) at Zoological Survey of India, New Alipur, Calcutta. Three villages were sampled per district. Bugs were collected from insecticide-free fields by net sweeping from five randomly selected 1-m2 areas in each field. Five panicles also were collected randomly from each field; infested grains were counted to calculate grain damage (see table). Insects were found during milky, soft dough, and hard dough stages in varieties Udaya, IR36, Ratna, MW10,
Grain damage in ricefields due to pentatomid bugs. Orissa, India, 1987-88. Variety Grain damagea (%) 1987 dry season 7.26 a 8.12 a 13.23 b 1987 wet season 3.97 a 2.34 a 3.97 a 1988 dry season 6.86 a 10.24 b 14.75 c 1988 wet season 2.89 a 5.54 b 8.06 b

Weed management
Influence of herbicide carrier and application method on weed control
G. Srinivasan, G. K. Choudhury, and R. Jayakumar, Agronomy Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India

Effect of herbicide carrier on weed dry matter production and rice grain yield.a Coimbatore, India. Treatmentb Weed DM at 60 DT (g/m2) b a ab b c Grain yield (t/ha) 5.4 a 5.4 a 5.4 a 5.3 ab 5.2 b

Knapsack sprayer 9.5 (625 liters water/ha) Sand mix (50 kg 6.5 sand/ha) Prilled urea (25 kg/ha) 7.8 Sprinkler bottle 9.6 Hand weeding twice 12.5 (20 and 40 DT)

Udaya MW10 Ratna Savitri Udaya IR36

aMean

of 45 samples. Within columns and years, numbers followed by the same letter do not differ significantly.

We studied the influence of various carriers on the performance of the herbicide mixture anilofos + 2,4-D ethyl ester (EE) (0.30 + 0.51 kg/ha) in the 1988 wet season. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Applications were with a knapsack sprayer and 625 liters water/ha; sandmix with 50 kg river-washed sand/ ha; prilled urea (PU) at 25 kg urea/ha; sprinkler bottle with herbicide volume made up to 2 liters/ ha; and hand weeding twice. Herbicides were applied 6 d after transplanting (DT). Weed dry matter (DM) was measured 60 DT. Weed flora included Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus iria, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ammannia baccifera, and Eclipta rostrata. Broadcast sand-mixed herbicide resulted in the least weed DM; PU as a herbicide carrier was equally effective (see table). (Using PU could reduce N

a In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level. b The herbicide mixture consisted of anilofos at 0.30 kg/ha and 2,4-D EE at 0.51 kg/ha.

application, provided the herbicide and N application method do not cause excessive N losses.) Applying herbicide with the knapsack sprayer or sprinkler bottle resulted in higher weed DM, but significantly less than with hand weeding. Grain yields were similar for all herbicide carrier treatments but were significantly lower with hand weeding.

Effect of herbicide mixtures in transplanted rice

G. Srinivasan and P. Pothiraj, Agronomy Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

We evaluated the efficiency of some new herbicide mixtures in transplanted rice

38 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Effect of weed control treatments on weed population, weed dry matter, and grain yield of rice.a Coimbatore, India. Treatment b EPTC + 2,4-D Molinate + 2,4-D EPTC - propanil Molinate - propanil Butachlor Hand weeding twice Unweeded check
a Means

Timingc PE PE EPE EPE PE

Rate (kg ai/ha) 1.12+0.56 1.80+0.56 1.44-1.44 1.44-1.44 1.50

Weed population (no./m 2 ) at 40 DT Grass 9.0 b 3.7 a 20.2 c 8.7 b 6.2 ab 4.0 a 104.5 d Sedge 10.7 d 2.0 a 13.5 e 7.8 c 7.5 c 5.2 b 31.5 f Dicot 10.3 c 3.8 a 11.3 c 11.5 c 6.3 b 4.0 a 38.0 d Total 30.0 9.5 45.0 28.0 20.0 13.2 174.0 a c d

Total weed dry matter (g/m2 ) 14.1 c 10.1 ab 19.9 d 12.2 bc 13.8 c 9.3 a 73.5 e

Grain yield (t/ha) 5.8 a 6.2 a 5.5 a 5.9 a 5.8 a 6.2 a 3.1 b

Cost of weed control ($) 19.25 35.85 27.64 40.00 20.73 40.65 -

c b a

of four replications. In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other by DMRT. b + = tank mixture, = proprietary mixture. c PE = preemergence, EPE = early postemergence.

in a field experiment at the university farm summer 1986. Treatments were EPTC + 2,4-D (ethyl ester), molinate + 2,4-D, and EPTC - propanil and molinate - propanil compared with butachlor, hand weeding twice (HWT), and an unweeded check. The herbicides were applied as preemergence (3 d after transplanting [DT]) or as early postemergence (12 DT).

Major weed flora in the experimental field were Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona, Cyperus difformis, Eclipta prostrata, Ammannia baccifera, and Monochoria vaginalis. Preemergence application of molinate + 2,4-D effectively controlled all three groups of weeds (see table). At 40 DT, grass weed control by

molinate + 2,4-D was comparable with that by butachlor; control of sedge and broadleaf weeds was superior to all other herbicides. Molinate - propanil and EPTC + 2,4-D also were promising. HWT was comparable with molinate + 2,4-D. Costs of weed control were highest for hand weeding twice and molinate - propanil.

Effect of time and method of application of herbicides on yield and yield components of rainfed lowland rice
T. Y. Reddy and K. Bharghavi, Agronomy Department, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, India

Effect of time and method of application of herbicides on weed growth and yield of rainfed lowland rice. Treatment a Butachlor 1 DAS Butachlor 7 DAS Butachlor 7 DAS with sand Thiobencarb 1 DAS Thiobencarb 7 DAS Thiobencarb 7 DAS with sand 2,4-D EE 1 DAS 2,4-D EE 7 DAS Pendimethalin 1 DAS Hand weeding 20 and 40 DAS Unweeded control LSD (0.05)
a DAS

Weed dry weight log transformed values b 12.6 (160) 38.2 (1460) 43.9 (1930) 31.4 (990) 29.8 (890) 30.6 (933) 40.8 (1660) 22.7 (513) 19.2 (367) 2.4 (5) 52.2 (2833) (16.5)

Panicles/m2 (no.) 273 200 205 189 241 235 187 262 265 277 5 72

Filled grains/panicle (no.) 111 86 51 62 101 100 102 105 106 112 23 13

Grain yield (t/ha) 3.3 2.5 1.7 1.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.5 0.1 2.9

We studied the effect of time and method of herbicide application on yield and yield components of rainfed lowland rice during wet season 1987. Four herbicides were applied with sand or water at different rates and times. Butachlor, thiobencarb, and pendimethalin were applied at 1.5 kg ai/ ha, 2,4-D at 0.9 kg ai/ ha, in 1 ,000 liter water/ ha or in 60 kg sand/ ha. BPT2740 was drill seeded on unpuddled soil 17 Aug 1987. Fertilizer was 100 kg N as urea, 17 kg P as single superphosphate, and 50 kg K as muriate of potash/ ha. The crop was grown under rainfed condition to 40 d after seeding (DAS), then irrigated. Weed dry weight was measured 60 DAS. Butachlor applied 1 DAS was equivalent to hand weeding (see table). Pendimethalin at 1 DAS or 2,4-D at 7

= days after sowing. b Values in parentheses are weed wt in kg/ha.

DAS was similar to butachlor applied 1 DAS.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 39

Farm machinery
Effect of soil moisture content on power requirements
T. M. Lando, Agricultural Engineering Department, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Table 1. Average soil draft resistance at 5 soil moisture levels and 3 plowing depths. North Lampung, Indonesia. Plowing depth (cm) 10 15 20 Average soil draft resistance a (kgf) 10% 815.0 b 920.0 c 1040.0 f 15% 787.5 b 907.5 c 922.5 e 20% 750.0 a 825.0 b 967.5 d 25% 922.5 c 1137.5 g 1225.0 i 30% 1175.0 h 1290.0 j 1400.0 k

CV Soil moisture (%) 2.3 Plowing depth (cm) 1.7

a Means

with the same letter do not differ significantly at 5% level by DMRT.

We measured power requirements at different soil moisture levels, with soil moisture as the main factor and plowing depth as the subfactor in a split-plot design with four replications. Soil was red yellow Podzolic with clayey texture. The area at Pulung Kencana Village, North Lampung District, Lampung Province, was flat and covered by cogon grass Imperata cylindrica . The cogon grass was cut and burned before the experiment started. Treatments were 10, 15, 20, and 30% (wet basis) soil moisture and 10, 15, and 20 cm plowing depth. Plowing width was 20 cm and tractor speed was 5.4 km/h (1.5 m/s) using a 4-wheel 45-hp tractor IH354 and a 9-hp Kubota hand tractor. Soil draft resistance was measured by fixing a drawbar dynamometer between the 4-wheel tractor and the hand tractor. Drawing power required was calculated as
Pwr = resistance (kgf)speed (m/s) 75

Table 2. Power requirements at various levels of soil moisture and plowing depth. North Lampung, Indonesia. Soil moisture (%) 10 15 20 25 30 Plowing depth (cm) 10 15 20 10 15 20 10 15 20 10 15 20 10 15 20 Power requirement hp 16.3 18.4 20.8 15.8 18.2 19.9 15.0 16.5 19.4 18.5 22.8 24.5 23.5 25.8 28.0 kW 12.2 13.7 15.5 11.7 13.5 14.8 11.2 12.3 14.5 13.8 17.0 18.3 17.5 19.2 20.0

Where, Pwr = required drawing power (hp), resistance = total soil draft resistance, and speed = speed of tractor.

Draft resistance differed significantly with soil moisture levels and plowing depths (Table 1). Highest resistance was at 30% soil moisture and 20 cm plowing depth. For all plowing depths, draft resistance was higher at 25 and 30% soil moisture levels. At 10% soil moisture, the hard, cohesive soil was difficult to cut and invert. At 15 and 20% moisture levels, soil was easy to till and resistance was relatively low. Plowing depth also contributed to high draft resistance: the deeper the cut, the higher the resistance, primarily because of the large volume of soil cut and inverted. Soil draft resistance is linearly proportionate to power requirements: the higher the resistance, the more power needed to draw the plow at the same speed (Table 2).

Postharvest technology
Uric acid content of stored rice
Y. S. Dhaliwal, Food Science and Technology Department, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana 141004 (present address: Home Science Department, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya, Palampur 176062); K. S. Sekhon and H. P. S. Nagi, Food Science and Technology Department, PAU, Ludhiana 141004, India

Uric acid, the main constituent of insect excreta, is taken as an index of insect infestation. We studied IR8, PR108, and Basmati 370, representing coarse, medium, and fine varieties, harvested at three different times (7 d early, recommended maturity, 7 d late) with 3

replications. One lot was stored at original moisture content (IR823.1, 19.6, 19%; PR10822.3, 18.8, 18%; Basmati 37019.2, 17.5, 19%) and one lot was dried to 12% moisture with a forced air circulation dryer and stored. Both lots were stored in gunny bags under ambient conditions for 1, 6, and 12 mo. Harvest time was not significantly correlated with uric acid content of milled rice (see table). Uric acid content significantly increased with duration of

40 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Effect of harvest time, drying, and length of storage on uric acid content of milled rice. Ludhiana, India. Harvest time 1 mo IR8 Early Normal Late Mean Early Normal Late Mean Early Normal Late Mean 4.13 4.13 3.75 4.00 5.25 4.50 4.50 4.75 3.75 4.88 4.50 4.38 Uric acid content (mg/100 g) Without drying 6 mo 8.64 8.63 8.62 8.63 7.88 7.50 6.75 7.38 4.50 6.75 6.00 5.75 12 mo 10.50 9.75 9.00 9.75 9.38 9.00 10.13 9.50 7.13 7.13 6.38 6.88 Mean 7.76 7.50 7.12 7.46 7.50 7.00 7.13 7.21 5.13 6.25 5.63 5.67 1 mo 3.75 3.38 3.75 3.63 3.76 3.75 3.74 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.38 3.63 With drying 6 mo 9.00 9.00 8.25 8.75 6.00 6.38 6.75 6.38 6.00 6.00 5.63 5.88 12 mo 9.00 9.00 8.63 8.88 9.38 7.50 7.50 8.13 6.75 7.13 6.00 6.63 Mean 7.25 7.13 6.88 7.09 6.38 5.88 6.00 6.09 5.50 5.63 5.00 5.38

Variety

storage and was higher in samples stored without drying. IR8 had higher uric acid content than PR108 and Basmati 370. The predominant insect species found were Corcyra cephalonica, Sitophilus oryzae, and Sitotroga cerealella.

PR108

Basmati 370

LSD (0.05) Harvest time = ns. Drying = 0.30. Storage time = 0.36. Varieties = 0.36.

The International Azolla Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and application of azolla in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. I. Watanabe, Azolla Newsletter editor, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.

Farming systems
Establishing wheat with minimal tillage and irrigation after rice
B. Mazumdar, N. R. Das, and B. N. Chatterjee, Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Effect of rice planting method, irrigation, and tillage in wheat after rice on yields of rice, wheat, and jute in West Bengal, India, 1983-85. Treatment Yield (t/ha) Ricea Wheat 2.8 2.2 ns Jute 0.7 0.8 ns Total 5.3 5.4

Rice planting method Broadcast 1.8 2.4 Transplanted LSD (0.05) ns Tillageb for wheat after rice No tillage Minimum tillage Normal tillage Irrigation + normal tillage LSD (0.05)

2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 ns

2.0 2.6 2.8 2.4 ns 2.4 2.5

0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 ns 0.8 0.7

5.6 6.3 6.5 6.1

We grew rice - wheat - jute in a 2-yr field experiment 1983-85 in a low-lying field. IR579 rice (120 d duration) was grown in both wet seasons, direct seeded and transplanted, with 100-50-50 kg NPK/ ha. UP-262 wheat (120 d duration) was grown with 100-50-50 kg NPK/ ha immediately after rice (midNov) with two levels of irrigation and four levels of tillage. Rupali jute (90 d duration for fiber) was sown in mid-Apr with 50-25-25 kg NPK/ ha and fiber was measured the third wk of Jun for direct seeded rice and Jul for transplanted rice. The experiment was laid out in a split-split-plot design, with rice in the main plot, irrigated wheat in the subplot, and wheat tillage after rice in the sub-subplot, with four replications. The soil of the experimental site (22.39 N, 88.54 E) was alluvial, with 0.55%

The cumulative effect of tillage and irrigation in wheat also did not significantly affect rice yield. Wheat grain yields after rice, rice planting method, tillage operation, and irrigation did not differ significantly. Jute fiber yield did not differ significantly with tillage and irrigation in preceding wheat. In total production, transplanted rice was better than direct seeded. Four plowings and two plowings were equally good for wheat, but two irrigations were better than four irrigations.

Irrigation in wheat At crown root 3.1 initiation + flowering At crown root 2.8 initiation, late tillering, flowering, milk stage LSD (0.05) ns
a Av b No

6.3 6.0

A rice-based intercropping sequence for Vindhyan red loam soils of eastern Uttar Pradesh
S. N. Prasad, J. P. Singh, K. Singh, and M. Singh, Agronomy Department, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India

ns

ns

of 2 yr. tillage = soil between rice rows opened with hand-drawn tine. Minimum tillage = 2 plowings with bullock, lengthwise and crosswise, followed by laddering. Normal tillage = 4 plowings with bullock, lengthwise and crosswise, followed by laddering.

organic C, 16 kg P/ha, 21 kg K/ha, and pH 6.9. Broadcast and transplanted rice yields did not significantly differ (see table).

Potential annual yield of crops on welldrained Vindhyan red soils (based on water availability and soil waterholding capacity) is estimated at 2-4 t/ha. But actual production is only 0.5-1 t/ha. The wet season is the main cropping season and upland rice occupies most of the area.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 41

Table 1. Grain and rice equivalent yields as sole crop and intercrop. Varanasi, India, 1985-86. Yield (t/ha) Treatment Rice 1985 Sole rice in 30-cm rows Sole rice in paired rows (20+40 cm) Sole pigeonpea in 60-cm rows Sole black gram in 30-cm rows Sole sesame in 30-cm rows Rice + pigeonpea (1:l) in 30-cm rows Rice + black gram (1:l) in 30-cm rows Rice + sesame (1:l) in 30-cm rows Paired rows rice + pigeonpea (2:l) Paired rows rice + black gram (2:l) Paired rows rice + sesame (2:1) LSD (0.05) 2.20 2.20 1.00 1.30 0.74 1.66 2.10 0.92 0.095 1986 1.60 1.50 0.70 0.87 0.53 1.04 1.48 0.63 0.065 Intercrop 1985 1986 0.77 0.91 0.56 0.44 0.55 0.36 0.24 0.41 0.32 0.69 0.75 0.47 0.38 0.43 0.26 0.19 0.38 0.23 Rice equivalent 1985 2.20 2.20 1.70 1.80 1.70 2.01 2.40 1.88 2.22 2.92 1.93 0.127 1986 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.57 1.73 1.33 1.50 2.24 1.37 0.095 Net return (US$) 1985 1986

Table 2. Land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercropping. Varanasi, India, 1985-86. Treatment Rice + pigeonpea (1:1) in 30-cm rows Rice +black gram (1:1) in 30-cm rows Rice + sesame (1:1) in 30 cm rows Paired rows of rice + pigeonpea (2:1) Paired rows of rice + black gram (2:1) Paired rows of rice + sesame (2:1) LSD (0.05)
aLER

LEKa 1985 1.05 1.21 0.99 1.09 1.41 0.99 0.06 1986 1.01 1.14 0.88 0.96 1.46 0.90 0.07

153.45 63.15 149.92 57.35 128.60 104.41 135.00 87.94 141.69 99.26 123.89 58.89 201.32 103.45 136.17 57.64 112.27 8.75 228.75 132.42 97.86 10.29 14.85 13.30

= sum of the yields of each intercrop a) a fraction of its monoculture check.

The red loam soils offer the possibility of companion pulses or oil seed crops, to stabilize and increase production. We tested an intercrop combination during 1985-86. The soil of the experimental field had 0.3% organic C, 0.035% total N, 64 kg available P, and 201 kg available K. Crop varieties used were Akashi for rice, T21 pigeonpea, T9 black gram, and T13 sesame. The experiment was laid out in

randomized block design. Rice grain yield differed significantly with intercropping pattern in both years (Table 1). Rice alone in rows 30 cm apart produced maximum grain yield of 2.2 t/ ha the first year and 1.6 t/ ha the second year. Rice + sesame gave the lowest rice yield. Rice + black gram (2: 1) gave the same rice yield as rice alone, in both 30 cm rows and paired rows.

Rice + black gram 2:l had the highest net return ($229 and $132/ha). Highest land equivalent ratio (LER) was also with rice + black gram 2: 1, followed by rice + black gram 1:l; the lowest LER was with rice + sesame (Table 2). Rice exhibited the highest competitive ability with pigeonpea and the lowest with sesame.

Effect of green manure and inorganic N in rice - rice pulse cropping system
P. Balasubramaniyan, SP. Palaniappan, and H. J. Francis, Centre for Soil and Crop Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 3, India

We studied the effect of green manure and inorganic N on total yield of a rice rice - pulse cropping system in the field 1987-88. The study was laid out with green manure in the main plot and inorganic N in the subplots, in a splitplot design with three replications. Soi1 was clay loam (Alfisol) with pH 8.3, CEC 26 meq/ 100 g soil, and 248-24780 kg available NPK/ ha. Crotalaria juncea raised in a separate field was cut 45 d after sowing, chopped and buried at 12.5 t/ha, 1 wk before transplanting rice (IR50 in the dry season, IR60 in the wet season). N was

Effect of organic and inorganic N on rice - rice pulse yields. Treatments identified with the same letter within a green manure treatment are not significantly different by Duncans Multiple Range Test.

applied at 0, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ ha in four equal splits: basal, at tillering, panicle initiation, and heading. K was split-applied with N at 42 kg/ha. P was

basal at 22 kg/ ha. Green gram Co 3 was raised without manure after wet season rice. Green manure significantly increased

42 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

rice yields in both seasons: + 1.0 t/ha in the dry season, + 0.5 t/ha in the wet season (see figure). Rice yields increased with increased N. Highest yield in the

dry season was with 200 kg N/ha; and with 100 kg N/ha in the wet season. Green gram yields did not vary

significantly with residual green manure or applied N at rates above 100 kg N/ha.

Residual effect of fertilizer applied to rice in rice - fallow - cotton

S. Natanasabapathy, T. Lakshminarayanan, and K. M. Ramanathan, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India

Residual effect of fertilizer applied to rice on cotton yields in a rice - fallow - cotton rotation. Aduthurai, India, 1987-88. Fertilizer to rice (kg NPK/ha) First year 0-0-0 0-0-0 100-0-0 100-22-0 100-0-42 100-22-42 Mean 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 60-13-25 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 30-6.5-12.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 0.7 1.0 Mean 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 0-0-0 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.5 1.6 Yield (t/ha) Fertilizers applied to cotton Second year 60-13-25 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.9 306.5-12.5 1.5 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.4 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 Mean

In Cauvery delta of south India, rice rice - cotton and rice - cotton are common crop rotations. We evaluated the effect of fertilizer applied to the second season rice crop on rice - fallow cotton during 1987 and 1988. Experiment field soil was Entic Chromustert with pH 7.4, CEC 30.8 meq/100 g, 0.75% organic C, 295-15-325 kg available NPK/ha and E.C. 0.2 dS/m. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design. Main plot treatments were rice with no fertilizer and 100 kg N, 22 kg P, and 42 kg K/ha individually and in combination. The subplots were

LSD between 2 fertilizer treatments of rice at different levels of fertilizer to cotton LSD between 2 fertilizer treatments of cotton at different levels of fertilizer to rice

rice - fallow - cotton (MCU7) with no fertilizer, 60-13-25 kg NPK/ha and 306.5-12.5 kg NPK/ha. Half the fertilizer recommended for cotton was adequate, since the residual

effect of 100-0-42 kg NPK/ha applied to the preceding rice crop was pronounced (see table). The residual effect of P on cotton was negligible.

Effect of source and level of nitrogen on yield of rice and succeeding lentil crop
G. Singh, O. P. Singh, R. S. Singh, and R. A. Yadava, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Crop Research Station, Ghagharaghat, Bahraich 271901, Uttar Pradesh, India

Effect of source and level of N on grain yield of rice and the residual effect on lentil yield. Crop Research Station, Ghagharaghat, India, 1986-87 and 1987-88. Treatment Nitrogen sources Prilled urea (1/2 basal + 1/2 topdressed after first flood receded) Prilled urea (1/2 basal + 1/2 foliar spray after first flood receded) Lac-coated urea (basal) Neem-coated urea (basal) Urea supergranules (placed 8-10 cm deep after first flood receded) LSD (0.05) Nitrogen level (kg/ha) 0 30 60 LSD (0.05) Rice yield (t/ha) 1986 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.8 2.9 0.2 1.1 2.7 2.9 0.2 1987 1.7 1.6 2.4 2.6 2.8 0.2 1.1 2.5 2.7 0.2 Lentil yield (t/ha) 1986 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 0.2 0.9 1.3 1.5 0.1 1987 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 0.2 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.1

We studied the residual effect of urea and modified urea on yields of rice and a succeeding lentil crop grown without fertilizer 1986-87 and 1987-88. The soil was sandy to clay loam with pH 8.1; 0.38% organic C, 10 kg available P/ha, 233 kg available K/ha. Wet season rice was followed by dry season lentil in a randomized block design with four replications. N source had a significant residual effect on the succeeding lentil yield (see table). Urea supergranule (USG) deep placement in rice had the highest

residual effect on lentil yield; neemcoated urea (basal) and USG did not differ statistically. Prilled urea in 2 splits had very low residual effect. The increase in lentil yield after

modified urea applied to rice is explained by the significantly lower loss of N through leaching, denitrification, and ammoniacal volatilization.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 43

Residual effect on succeeding winter rice of urea applied to summer rice

S. Ramasamy and R. Rajendran, Agronomy Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003; and P. Selvaraj, TRRI, Aduthurai 612101, India

Residual effect of urea forms on winter rice. Aduthurai, India, 1986-88. Summer rice grain yield (t/ha) 1986-87 4.3 5.3 6.2 6.7 6.7 0.2 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.8 5.8 5.7 0.2 1987-88 4.3 5.6 6.1 6.7 6.7 0.2 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.3 0.1 Available soil N (kg/ha) 1986-87 229.8 252.0 249.8 264.0 262.0 ns 258.0 241.3 258.5 249.3 251.5 250.5 ns 1987-88 239.5 248.1 247.8 258.8 254.1 ns 252.3 243.2 253.2 251.4 247.1 252.0 250.2 ns Winter rice grain yield (t/ha) 1986-87 3.1 3.1 2.6 3.0 3.2 ns 2.9 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.1 ns 1987-88 3.7 4.1 3.7 4.1 3.6 ns 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.8 ns

Treatment N level (kg/ha) 0 37.5 75.0 112.5 150.0 LSD (0.05) Forms of urea Prilled urea Urea supergranule Sulfur-coated urea Neem cake-coated urea Gypsum-coated urea Rock phosphate urea Plastic-coated urea LSD (0.05)

We studied the residual effect of different slow-release urea forms applied to Jun-Oct rice (ADT36) on the succeeding Oct-Feb rice (IR20) in 1986-88. The soil was a clay loam with 25413.4-113.7 kg NPK/ ha. The N materials used for the short-duration summer rice were urea supergranule, sulfur-coated urea, neem cake urea, gypsum-coated urea, rock phosphate-coated urea, and prilled urea (PU) at 0, 37.5, 75.0, 112.5, and 150.0 kg N/ha. Half of the recommended N (50 kg/ ha) as PU was applied to the succeeding winter rice in three splits: 50+11+21. Soil analysis after harvest of summer

rice showed no significant difference in available soil N due to form or level of urea. Winter rice as a residual crop did not show any yield response to urea form or N level (see table).

We infer that slow-release urea materials did not leave any residue in the field after 110 d (period between urea basal application and postharvest soil sampling).

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Livelihood
Energy use in rice - wheat cropping system
B. P. Singh, Indian Lac Research Institute, Bamkum, Ranchi 834010; and D. C. Ghosh, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan 731236, West Bengal, India

We estimated the energy used in various cultural operations for a rice - wheat sequence with recommended and low input levels at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Kanke, Ranchi, 1984-86. At the recommended inputs, rice variety Sita was transplanted the second week of Jul at 15- 10-cm spacing; wheat cultivar Sonalika was sown the

third week of Nov (22 rows). Both crops received 100-2-25 kg NPK/ ha and adequate plant protection. At low inputs, rice and wheat were sown 15 d later with 25% lower plant density, 50% less fertilizer, and only seed treatment plus one hand weeding. Rice received one irrigation at flowering and 106 cm monsoon rain during vegetative growth. Wheat received four irrigations and only 4.7 cm rainfall. Data on direct and indirect sources of energy were obtained from the equivalent energy values of inputs and outputs (Table 1). Energy output through grain yield together with energy use efficiency (output/input ratio) and energy productivity were estimated. Energy input and output data for rice and wheat at recommended and low input levels are presented in Table 2.

Table 1. Equivalent direct and indirect sources of energy. West Bengal, India. Energy source Input Human labor - adult man adult woman Bullocks (medium) Diesel fuel Fertilizer N P K Seed Rice Wheat Pesticide - Aldrin 5% dust BHC 5% dust Butachlor (Punch-G) Dimethoate 35 EC Agrosan GN Isoproturon (Taurus-50) Irrigation Output Rice Wheat Unit Equivalent energy (MJ) 1.96 1.57 10.10 56.31 60.60 24.98 8.04 14.80 14.40 10.00 10.00 10.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 46.02 14.80 14.40

h h Pair/h Liter kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg cm/ha kg kg

44 IRRN 14:4 (August 1989)

Table 2. Energy inputs and outputs in rice - wheat production. a West Bengal, India. Inputs and outputs (MJ/ha) Energy use Recommended inputs Land preparation Seed and sowing or transplanting Fertilizer and application Plant protection Irrigation Harvesting and threshing Total energy input Total energy output Energy output:input ratio Energy productivity (g/MJ)
a Figures

Rice Low inputs 1,689.9 (20.7) 1,840.4 (22.6) 3,433.4 (42.1) 302.0 (3.7) 349.6 (4.3) 536.2 (6.6) 8,151.5 56,682.6 6.95 407.9 Recommended inputs 1,546.8 (11.4) 2,127.0 (15.7) 6,903.8 (50.9) 467.4 (3.4) 1,398.6 (10.3) 1,120.2 (8.2) 13,563.8 47,809.7 3.52 260.4

Wheat Low inputs 1,546.8 (16.6) 1,767.0 (19.0) 3,451.9 (37.1) 192.1 (2.1) 1,398.6 (15.0) 942.0 (10.1) 9,298.4 4,0610.5 4.37 256.2

1,689.9 (13.5) 2,338.3 (18.8) 6,870.9 (55.1) 616.9 (4.9) 349.6 (2.8) 591.9 (4.8) 12,457.5 62,569.9 5.02 390.1

Chemical fertilizer is the major energy input. Seed, sowing/ transplanting, and land preparation are the next most important energy inputs. Total energy input and total energy output were higher with recommended inputs, energy use efficiency was greatest with low inputs. Energy productivity was not affected by low inputs.

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in parentheses indicate percentage of total energy input.

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The Alley Farming Network for Tropical Africa (AFNETA) commenced operations 1 Feb 1989. Its objectives are to promote alley farming research and on-farm testing in different environments. AFNETA is cosponsored by IITA, ILCA, and ICRAF. Collaborators are scientists in national agricultural research systems. Correspondence can be addressed to the network, c/o IITA, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria (Cable: TROPFOUND IKEJA; telex: TDS IBA NG 20311 [Box 0151 or TROPIB NG 31417).

New IRRI publications

Hybrid rice Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia, by K.M. Moody A guide to creating self-learning materials, by D.R. Minnick World rice statistics 1987

IPM Newsletter discontinued

We regret to announce that the IPM Newsletter has suspended publication. Researchers in Integrated Pest Management are encouraged to submit brief research reports to IRRN and to publish longer research articles in the appropriate international journals.

ERRATUM
Using silica gel desiccant to dry rough rice samples, by P. A. Clarke and M. A. Quasem. 14(2) (Apr 89), p. 14. The regression equation in paragraph 3 should read: Y= 4.17X 0.38 ; r=0.91, p=0.01.

IRRN 14:4 (August 1989) 45