International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.5

IRRN GUIDELINES
The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings. The concise reports contained in IRRN arc meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria, guidelines, and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briefs on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guidelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will be returned. Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. We Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deep water, tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local terms.
Guidelines for contributors
Criteria for IRRN research reports
has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions
When reporting soil nutrient studies, be sure to include standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/ pot) or per row (g/ row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.
Categories of research reported
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance integrated germplasm improvement seed technology research techniques data management and computer modeling
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems research methodology data management and computer modeling SOCIOECONOMlC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT environment production livelihood EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval
CONTENTS
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Breeding methods 4 Performance of IRRI rice hybrids at Madurai, India 4 Effects of infection and imperfect closed-glume on germination of hybrid rice seed 5 Preliminary studies on pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth in crosses of Oryza sativa and Porteresia coarctata 5 Prefertilization incompatibility barriers in interspecific and intergeneric crosses involving Oryza sativa 6 Screening indica and japonica varieties for wide compatibility 7 Maintainers and restorers for different cytoplasmic male sterility systems Yield potential 8 Typhoon injury during a date-of-planting trial in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh (AP), India 8 Genotypic variation in mineral uptake of rice mutants and parents 9 Influence of flag leaf area on rice seed germinability and vigor 9 Heterosis and heterobeltiosis for five morphoanatomical characters of rice panicle Grain quality and nutritional value 10 Inheritance of grain length, width, thickness, and weight in Pakistan Basmati/IR1469 and Pakistan Basmati/Paizam 242 Disease resistance 11 Disease resistance in Chinese hybrid rices 12 Changes in total phenols in rice varieties inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and treated with carbendazim 12 Conditions for sporulation of rice blast (Bl) fungus 13 Sporadic occurrence of tungro (TRV) in rice resistant to tungro spherical virus (RTSV) 14 Resistance of rice varieties to rice tungro virus (RTV) and its green leafhopper (GLH) vector in Tamil Nadu, India Crop management 21 Effect of seed treatment on early seedling establishment under rainfed conditions 22 Effect of pan plow depth on rice yield 22 Effect of the interaction of transplanting date, irrigation schedule, and nitrogen on rice yield 23 Effect of seed treatment on crop stand of direct seeded rice Soil fertility and fertilizer management 24 24 Response of direct-sown rice to Azospirillum lipoferum Effect of zinc fertilizers on rice grown on Typic Ustochrepts
Disease management 25 Survey of rice virus carriers among brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens populations in Laguna, Philippines 25 Timing rice planting to control tungro (RTV) disease 27 Rice tungro (RTV) and its vector leafhopper development in synchronized-planting areas 27 Alternate hosts of rice bacterial blight (BB) pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae Insect management 28 Larvicidal activity of neem seed bitters (NSB) against Culex quinquefasciatus in flooded ricefields 28 Gall midge (GM) outbreak on dry season rice in West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh (AP), India 28 Acoustical analysis of brown planthopper (BPH) courtship signals 30 30 31 32 32 Effect of plant derivatives on brown planthopper (BPH) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) nymph emergence on rice Using rice straw bundles to conserve beneficial arthropod communities in ricefields M-phase in eggs of Nephotettix virescens (Distant) Yield loss to weeds in upland rice at Parwanipur, Nepal Weed control in direct seeded rice under upland conditions of Chhattisgarh, India
Weed management
Insect resistance 14 Field evaluation of rice cultivars in India for resistance to brown planthopper (BPH) 15 Reaction of differential rice varieties to Manipur biotype of gall midge (GM) 15 Resistance of wild rices to insect pests 16 Resistance in different rice genetic lines to rice moth Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) Excess water tolerance 16 Tolerance of rainfed lowland rice cultivars and breeding lines for submergence at seedling stage Adverse temperature tolerance 17 New synthetic phytohormone analog promotes leaf photosynthetic rate of rice after chilling Adverse soils tolerance 18 19 19 Effect of salinity on rice germination and seedling growth Yield potential of irrigated IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan V at Ndop Plain ITA173, a high-yielding rice variety for irrigated areas in Tanzania Integrated germplasm improvement
Water management 32 Effect of submergence depth on rice yield and water percolation and nitrogen leaching in sandy clay loam soils 33 Effect of irrigation schedule on grain yield and water use efficiency in transplanted rice Farm machinery 33 A root zone liquid urea applicator for wetland rice Farming systems 34 Economics of rainfed rice-based crop sequences under upland conditions in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley
ANNOUNCEMENTS ERRATA
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soils and soil characterization 20 Relationship between urease activity and some rice soil properties Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer 21 Effect on germination of presoaking dried sporocarps of Azolla microphylla
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Breeding methods
Performance of IRRI rice hybrids at Madurai, India
C. R. Anandakumar and M. Subramanian, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
We studied three IRRI-developed rice
hybrids and their parents during 1988 wet season (kharif). The semidwarf hybrids had medium duration, and long and broad boot leaves. IR54752 A/IR46 R, with productivity of 26.65 kg/ha per d had the highest yield (see table).
Heterobeltiosis for yield (32% for IR54752 A/R54 R and 8% for IR54752 A/IR46 R) was not statistically significant. The poor performance of IR54752 A/ARC11353 R was probably due to high incidence of leaffolder.
Performance of hybrids and parents in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, a 1988 wet season. Hybrids, parents Duration (d) Plant height (cm) 103.3 99.1 110.9 105.8 99.0 82.5 78.9 90.4 10.1 Tillers (no.) Panicle length (cm) 25.74 23.90 23.70 26.86 26.04 19.10 19.26 18.86 3.66 Boot leaf Length (cm) 40.9 23.8 27.7 27.1 27.0 22.6 24.5 23.7 7.76 Breadth (a) 1.38 1.56 1.58 1.42 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.52 0.17 Yield (t/ha) Per day productivity (kg/ha) 26.65 24.73 9.53 19.55 24.23 18.72 14.99 Heterobeltiosis (%) for yield
IR54752 A/IR46 R IR54752 A/IR54 R IR54752 A/ARC11353 R IR54752 A IR54752 B IR46 R IR54 R ARC11353 R LSD (0.05)
aThree
128 131 128 131 135 130 131 141 4.0
6.8 10.4 6.2 8.2 9.0 12.4 8.4 9.0 3.4
3.4 3.2 1.2 2.6 3.2 2.4 2.1 710
8.32 ns 32.08 ns 42.29*
replications; plot size: 9.6 m 2 .
Effects of infection and imperfect closed-glume on germination of hybrid rice seed

Zhou Zhongyue, Tang Shande, Tang Dagai, and Hu Jiying, Agronomy Department, Lingling AgricuItural School, Hunan 425100, China
In commercial hybrid rice seed production, low germination and seedling survival sometimes cause problems. We have found that serious seed infection and unclosed-glumes make seed susceptible to adverse conditions and lead to low germination. We examined 38 samples of 150,000 hybrid seeds 1985-87 at Lingling, Hunan; 41,698 nongerminated seeds had spots (73%) and unclosed glumes (19%). Spotted seeds were infected with pathogens, primarily Alternaria. Both infected and
unclosed-glume seeds had low specific gravity. Infected seeds gave the lowest germination; unclosed-glume seeds had the lowest seedling survival. The germination seedling survival rate was taken as a measure of Seed Effective Value (SEV). The SEV of all abnormal seeds was 50%, only 1/5 that of normal seeds. Germination of normal hybrid and conventional rice seeds did not differ. Infected and unclosed-glume seeds were 65.0 13.8% in hybrids, 6.5 1.7% in conventional rice seeds. Germination and seedling survival of infected and unclosed-glume seeds decreased sharply under unfavorable rainy weather during seed production, high temperature and high moisture content during storage, and excessive seed soaking time (see table).
Responses of hybrid rice seeds to stress. Lingling, Hunan, China, 1985-87. Stress Germination decline a (%) Normal 14.2 Infected Unclosed glume 25.6
Seed production during rainy weatherb Storage at high temperaturec Storage at high moisture content d Excessive seed soaking time e
33.6 0.0 10.6
90.5 89.2 29.9
71.9 60.6 23.7
a Germination b Weiyou 6 c Comparison
decline (%) =
germination under favorable - germination under adverse conditions germination under favorable conditions
seed production, autumn 1987. of av temp at 2 C and 19.1 C for 6-mo storage. dComparison between 8.8% and 14.0% moisture content for 6-mo storage. e Comparison between soaking Weiyou 6 seed 0 d and 2 d after 15-mo storage.
IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)
Preliminary studies on pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth in crosses of Oryza sativa and Porteresia coarctata
L. A. Sitch, G. O. Romero, and R. D. Dalmacio, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Table 1. Mean percentage of pollen grain germination and mean percentage of pollen tubes reaching the style 24 h after pollination in crosses of P. coarctata with cultivars IR36 and IR37721, covered with a glassine or polythene bag. IRRI, 1989. Treatment Pollen grain germination (%) Pollen tubes reaching the style a (%) 33.6 40.7 39.3 35.0 37.9 (34.8) (34.4) (40.7) (36.5)
Table 2. Variation in the extent of pollen tube growth 24 h after pollination in crosses of P. coarctata with cultivars IR36 and IR37721, covered with a glassine or polythene bag. IRRI, 1989. Pollinator IR36 IR37721
aOvaries b
Crossing baga polythene glassine polythene glassine
Ovariesb P2 17 3 30 30
(%) P3 83 97 70 70
P. coarctata, a tetraploid species of the tribe Oryzeae that grows in brackish water around the Bay of Bengal, is a potential source of salt tolerance genes for rice improvement. We investigated pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth in crosses of O. sativa and P. coarctata (IRGC Acc. 100124). Initially IR56 was pollinated with P. coarctata and 30 ovaries examined 24 h after pollination using the aniline blue fluorescence technique. Pollen grain germination was variable, with a mean of 68%. Pollen tube growth ceased on the stigma surface in 12 (48%) of the 25 ovaries in which pollen grain germination occurred. In the remaining ovaries (52%), pollen tubes penetrated the stigma and grew as far as the base of the style. In a reciprocal cross, P. coarctata was pollinated with IR36 and IR37721, and pollinated panicles covered with glassine or polythene crossing bags. Thirty ovaries were examined for each combination. Percentage data were transformed to angles for analysis. There were no significant differences between pollinators or crossing bags in pollen grain germination or percentage of pollen
Pollinator IR36 97.1 (84.9) IR37721 96.8 (86.7) Crossing bag Polythene 95.4 (85.2) Glassine 98.4 (86.4) LSD (0.05) for comparing transformed treatment means 20.4
aAv
examined numbered 30/treatment. Expressed as the percentage of ovaries in which pollen tube growth ceased at P2 = stigma/style and P3 = ovary. Values for P1 = stigma surface and P4 = micropyle were zero.
of 2 replications; transformed (angles) in parentheses.
means
tubes reaching the style (Table 1). Pollen tubes penetrated the stigma in all ovaries examined. A contingency c 2 analysis was made of the number of ovaries in which pollen tube growth ceased at the stigma surface (Pl), within the stigma/style (P2), within the ovary (P3), or at the micropyle (P4) (Table 2). Pollen tube growth differed significantly among treatment combinations ( c 2 = 9.167, 3 d.f., p<0.05). In IR36, panicles covered by glassine bags showed greater pollen tube penetration than those covered by polythene bags. In IR37721, pollen tube growth was the same in panicles covered by glassine and polythene bags. In general, IR36 pollen tubes grew significantly further than those of IR37721 ( c 2 = 7.500, 1 d.f., p<0.01), reaching the ovary in
90% of the IR36 ovaries examined and 70% of the IR37721 ovaries. The type of crossing bag used had no significant effect on pollen tube growth ( c 2 = 0.833, 1 d.f.). Crosses of O. sativa with P. coarctata are inhibited by strong prefertilization incompatibility barriers. With O. sativa as the female parent, barriers operate to inhibit pollen tube penetration of the stigma and growth within the stigma and style. With P. coarctata as the female parent, pollen tube growth proceeds as far as the ovary. Methods to overcome these incompatibility mechanisms must be identified before O. sativa/P. coarctata hybrids can be developed. Possible approaches include mentor pollen technique, application of hormones to stimulate pollen tube growth, and intra-ovarian pollination.
Prefertilization incompatibility barriers in interspecific and intergeneric crosses involving Oryza sativa
L. A. Sitch and G. O. Romero, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
We studied prefertilization incompatibility barriers in selected interspecific and intergeneric crosses involving O. sativa. We crossed O. sativa (AA) cultivar IR31917-45-3-2 with wild
species--O. officinalis (CC), O. eichingeri (CC), O. minuta (BBCC), O. alta (CCDD), O. brachyantha (FF), and Rhynchoryza subulata -- (8 replications per cross) and examined 30 ovaries in each replication. At 24 h after pollination, ovaries were fixed in 3:1 alcoho1:glacial acetic acid, macerated in 8N NaOH for 2 h, stained with 0.05% toluidine blue for 10 min, and stained overnight with 0.1% aniline blue (water soluble) in 0.1N K3PO4. They were then mounted in glycerol and examined under ultraviolet
illumination, using a 320-400 nm exciter filter and a 470 nm barrier filter. All percentage data were transformed to angles for analysis. A highly significant difference (p<0.001) in percentage pollen grain germination was detected among pollinators (see table). Germination was significantly lower in the R. subulata crosses. A contingency c 2 analysis was made of the number of ovaries in which pollen tube growth ceased at the stigma surface, within the stigma/style, within
IRRN 14:5 (October 1989) 5
the ovary, or at the micropyle. The extent of pollen tube growth differed significantly (c2 = 616.51, 15 d.f., p<0.00l) among pollinators. Two groups of pollinators could be differentiated (c2 = 470.54, 3 d.f., p<0.001): R. subulata and O. brachyantha. Stigmal penetration was observed in only 1 and 11% of the ovaries, respectively. With the remaining pollinators, penetration occurred in more than 80% of the ovaries. With O. eichingeri, significantly fewer (c2 = 101.70, 3 d.f., p<0.00l) pollen tubes penetrated the stigma and ovary than with O. officinalis, O. alta, and O. minuta. Production of O. sativa/O. brachyantha and O. sativa/R. subulata hybrids is limited primarily by failure of the pollen tubes to penetrate the stigma. Germination of R. subulata pollen grains is slightly inhibited. Cessation of pollen tube growth before the micropyle was observed in
Mean percentage of pollen grain germination and variation in the extent of pollen tube growth, 24 h after pollination, in ovaries of IR31917-45-3-2 pollinated with six wild species. IRRI, 1989. Pollinator O. O. O. O. O. R. o fficinalis alta minuta eichingeri brachyantha subulata Ovaries examined (no.) 124 109 125 126 114 84 Pollen grain germinationa (%) 88.6 83.3 90.3 83.3 75.1 48.2 (71.4 (62.8 (72.4 (66.6 (64.4 (43.1 a) a) a) a) a) b) Ovariesb (%) P1 7 6 3 18 89 99 P2 8 7 16 39 10 1 P3 20 32 37 36 1 0 P4 65 55 44 7 0 0
aAv
of 8 replications; transformed means (angles) in parentheses; any two means having a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level of significance. b Expressed as the percentage of ovaries in which pollen tube growth ceased at P1 = the stigmal surface, P2 = stigma/style, P3 = ovary, P4 = micropyle.
crosses with O. officinalis, O. eichingeri, O. minuta, O. alta, and O. brachyantha. It was most prevalent in pollinations with O. eichingeri. This mechanism may be responsible for the low seed sets obtained from crosses with O. officinalis, O. eichingeri, and O. minuta, and may further reduce seed set in crosses with O. brachyantha.
Hybrids can be reliably obtained from crosses of O. sativa with O. officinalis, O. alta, O. eichingeri, and O. minuta. Crosses of O. sativa with O. brachyantha, R. subulata, and other distantly related species will require identifying methods to stimulate pollen tube penetration of the stigma, to ensure seed set.
Screening indica and japonica varieties for wide compatibility

Y. B. Xu, J. J. Wang, and Z. T. Shen, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou 310029, China
Table 1. Spikelet fertility of F 1 hybrids of 4 varieties and indica and japonica testers. Hangzhou, China, 1988. Test variety Crossed to indica testers No. of crosses 6 5 19 14 Spikelet fertility (%) Mean 83.3 82.5 63.9 54.6 Range 65.6-92.6 77.8-86.5 19.7-90.2 17.3-81.0 Crossed to japonica testers No. of crosses 55 72 10 9 Spikelet fertility (%) Mean 59.2 51.8 84.9 89.0 Range 13.1-90.6 2.7-91.8 71.1-96.5 75.0-96.9
Although hybrids of indica and japonica type rices show hybrid vigor in total biomass and spikelet numbers, grain yield is often low because of hybrid sterility. In 1988, we evaluated the ability of IR58, Er-Jiu-Feng, XiuShui 117, and T8340 to produce fertile F 1 plants when crossed with indica and japonica testers. Indicas IR58 and Er-Jiu-Feng showed higher F 1 fertility with indica than with japonica testers; japonicas Xu-Shui 117 and T8340 showed higher F 1 fertility with japonica than with indica testers (Table 1). Using mean fertility of subspecific hybrids, IR58 had higher F 1 fertility (59%) than ErJiu-Feng (52%) and Xiu-Shui 117 (64%) higher than T8340 (55%). Some indica/japonica F 1s had fertility as high as the testers. They could
6
IR58 Er-Jiu-Feng Xu-Shui 117 T8340
Table 2. Differences in F1 fertility of 43 japonica (J) testers crossed with 2 indica varieties and of 10 indica (I) testers crossed with 2 japonica varieties. Hangzhou, China, 1988. Comparison of spikelet fertility of F1 IR58/J > Er-Jiu-Feng/J Er-Jiu-Feng/J > IR58/J Xiu-Shui 117/I > T8340/I Crosses (no.) with the same parent 26 17 10 Distribution (no.) of fertility difference <10 8 3 1 10-25 8 9 8 25-50 8 4 1 >50 2 1 0 Maximum fertility difference 72.6 53.9 39.6 Mean fertility (%) 58.4 53.4 71.7
produce heterotic hybrids with high yield potential. When 43 japonica testers were crossed with IR58 and Er-Jiu-Feng, for some testers F 1 spikelet fertility with
IR58 was higher; for others, fertility was higher with Er-Jiu-Feng (Table 2). F 1 fertility differed up to 72.6% between IR58/japonica and Er-JiuFeng/japonica hybrids. When 10 indica
testers were crossed with Xiu-Shui 117 and T8340, F1 spikelet fertility was higher with Xu-Shui 117 than with T8340. Fertility differed up to 39.6%
between Xu-Shui 117/indica and T8340/indica. Indica/japonica F1 fertility may be high in certain crosses. Some varieties produce fertile F 1 plants
with both indica and japonica types. Such wide compatibility could be used to exploit indica-japonica heterosis.
Maintainers and restorers for different cytoplasmic male sterility systems

K. Govinda Raj and S. S. Virmani, IRRI
Fertility restoration by some elite lines or varieties in testcrosses with 6 CMS lines derived from different sources. a IRRI, 1989. Genotype Suweon 287 Suweon 288 Suweon 264 Suweon 304 Suweon 303 Suweon 305 Suweon 318 Suweon 319 Suweon 306 Suweon 325 Suweon 326 Suweon 329 Suweon 222 Milyang 63 Milyang 68 Milyang 46 Milyang 30 Milyang 54 Milyang 75 Iri 344 Iri 360 Iri 361 Iri 364 Iri 366 Cheolweon 21 Cheolweon 29 Jibu 1 Jibu 2 Bokgwangbyeo Bonggwangbyeo Nongbaeg Jinheung Pungok Daechangbyeo IR46828B IR46831B IR48483B
aR
Wu 10 A (cms-boro) M M M M M M M M M M M PR PM-PR
P 203 A (cms-TN) PR M-PR M-PM PR PM M PR PM PM M M-PM PM PR PM-PR PM-PR PM PR PM PM PM PR PM PM PM PM
IR46828 A (cms-WA) PM R R M M M R PM-R M PM R R PR-R R M M M M M M M M M M M
YAZ A (cms-Gam) R R M M M R M R R M PR R R M R R M M M M M M M M M M M PR PR PR
MS 577 A (cms-sp) M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M PM PM M
Reimei A (cms-rfp) M M M M M M PM-PR M M M M PM PM M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
In a hybrid rice breeding program based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and a fertility restoration system, diverse CMS sources are essential to preventing disease or insect epidemics caused by genetic association between disease or insect susceptibility and the cytoplasmic factors inducing male sterility. IRRI has six CMS sources: wild rice abortive pollen (cms-WA), cms-bo or BT, cms-TN, Gambiaca (cms-Gam), Oryza rufipogon (cms-rfp), and Oryza sativa f. spontanea (cms-sp). To use them in hybrid rice breeding, maintainers and restorers among available elite lines must be identified for each system. A large number of restorers and maintainers have been identified in China and at IRRI for the most widely used ems-WA system. To identify effective maintainers and restorers for other CMS systems, we crossed a number of indica, japonica, and indica/ japonica derivative lines developed in Korea with six CMS lines derived from different cytosterility sources. The F1 s were evaluated for spikelet fertility during 1986 dry season at IRRI, to determine whether the male parent was a restorer (spikelet fertility >80%), partial restorer (spikelet fertility 30-79%), partial maintainer (spikelet fertility 1-29%), or maintainer (spikelet fertility 0-1%). Lines Suweon 222, Suweon 303, Suweon 304, Suweon 305, Cheolweon 21, Cheolweon 29, Bokgwangbyeo, Jibu 2, Jinheung, and Nongbong maintained almost all sources of CMS used (see table). However, restorers were identified only for cms-WA and cmsGam systems. The cms-Gam source
= restorer, PR = partial restorer, PM = partial maintainer, M = maintainer.
was relatively easier to restore than the cms-WA source because some maintainers of cms-WA (IR46828B, IR46831B, IR48483B) were partial restorers of cms-Gam and some partial maintainers or partial restorers of cmsWA (Suweon 325, Milyang 68, Iri 344) were restorers of cms-Gam. The cms-TN source was developed at IRRI in the genetic background of traditional rice cultivar Pankhari 203. But the tall, photoperiod-sensitive P 203 line
cannot be used to develop highyielding F 1 rice hybrids with improved plant type. Earlier attempts to identify effective maintainers among elite lines have been unsuccessful. This study identified Suweon 326 as an effective maintainer. Through recurrent backcrossing, we are attempting to develop a new CMS line possessing cms-TN cytoplasm and the nuclear genotype of Suweon 326.
Yield potential
Typhoon injury during a date-ofplanting trial in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh (AP), India
V. D. Naidu, G. V. Reddy, P. Subbrarami Reddy, and P. Sudhakar Reddy, Agricultural Research Station, Nellore 524004, India
Coastal parts of Nellore district, AP, experienced severe gales in mid-Nov 1984, with winds up to 120 km/h for nearly 60 h. The severe wind speed caused varying damage to the leaf tissue of all entries in a date-ofplanting trial. To know whether wind caused damage at different age levels,
Genotypic variation in mineral uptake of rice mutants and parents

S. M. Alam, A. R. Azmi, and S. S. M. Naqvi, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tando Jam, Pakistan
We evaluated 18 rice genotypes for mineral uptake in the field. Soil was sandy loam, with pH 7.8, 0.12% TSS, 12.5% CaCO3, 0.43% K, 0.094% P, 0.069% N, 0.69% organic matter, exchangeable cations Ca 34.7, Mg 3.36, Na 0.89, and K 0.38 meq/100 g soil. Standard 120 kg N and 60 kg P/ha were applied at plowing. Plant spacing was at 16 seedlings/m2, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Normal cultural practices were followed. Straw and grain were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Na content. Rice mutants and their parents differed in mineral uptake (see table). Concentrations in IR6, IR8, Bas 370, Jajai 77, Sada Gulab, and Sonahri Sugdasi were generally lower than in their mutants. N and P were higher in grain than in straw; K, Ca, and Na were lower in grain than in straw, irrespective of genotype. Variation among the genotypes was high.
8 IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)
observations were taken after 3 d of cyclone on four local cultivars in the date-of-planting trial. The trial was laid out in a factorial random block design with three replications and five planting dates, from 20 Aug to 19 Oct at 15-d intervals. NLR9672, NLR9672-96, NLR9674, and NLR27999 were planted at 15- 15-cm spacing. Plot size was 4.5 3.7 m. Fertilizer at 8060-40 kg NPK/ha was applied to all treatments (all the phosphate and potash and 1/3 N at puddling, 1/3 N at tillering, and 1/3 N at panicle initiation). At the time of the typhoon, the crop was 123, 98, 83, 66, and 51 d old. We measured wind damage (shredding of leaf blades from tip downward coupled with necrotic streaks resembling bacterial leaf streak) after 3 d of wind. Leaves shredded were counted on five randomly selected plants in each plot and mean leaf damage percentage calculated. Maximum wind damage was in the 123-d-old crops, it decreased with plant age (see table). NLR27999 had the most damage.
Effect of high wind on leaf damage in 4 rice varieties at different crop ages. Nellore, India, 1984. Variety and planting date NLR 9672 20 Aug 5 Sep 20 Sep 5 Oct 19 Oct Mean NLR 9672-96 20 Aug 5 Sep 20 Sep 5 Oct 19 Oct Mean NLR 9674 20 Aug 5 Sep 20 Sep 5 Oct 19 Oct Mean NLR 27999 20 Aug 5 Sep 20 Sep 5 Oct 19 Oct Mean 123 98 83 66 51 123 98 83 66 51 123 98 83 66 51 Crop age (d) 123 98 83 66 51 Damage (%)
20 20 7 3 2 10 27 30 7 5 2 14 30 27 4 3 3 13 30 25 18 4 2 16
Nutrient content in grain and straw of rice genotypes and their mutants. Tando Jam, Pakistan. Nutrient content (% dry wt) of grain N 0.86 1.26 1.32 1.12 0.84 0.94 1.37 1.88 1.49 1.09 1.29 1.21 1.26 2.80 2.38 1.12 1.26 1.26 0.23 0.30 P 0.36 0.40 0.43 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.37 0.52 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.44 0.48 0.46 0.06 0.08 K 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.33 0.25 0.39 0.32 0.25 0.35 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.35 0.23 0.38 0.32 0.04 0.05 Ca 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 ns ns Na 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.02 Nutrient content (% dry wt) of straw N 0.28 0.48 0.63 0.98 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.98 0.77 0.63 0.69 0.70 0.56 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.76 1.47 0.21 0.27 P 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.36 0.13 0.33 0.24 0.32 0.29 0.19 0.25 0.09 0.24 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.35 0.29 0.07 0.10 K 1.61 1.67 1.86 1.63 1.65 1.75 1.33 1.69 1.56 1.08 1.43 1.68 1.55 1.98 2.10 1.27 1.53 1.57 0.27 0.36 Ca 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.15 0.06 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.19 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.05 Na 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.03
Genotype IR6 (parent) Mutant IR6-18 Mutant IR6-NG-104 Mutant IR6-NG-13 IR8 (parent) Mutant IR8-5 Bas 370 (parent) Mutant 370-1 Mutant 370-5 Jajai 77 (parent) Mutant Jajai 77-1 Mutant Jajai 77-2 Suda Gulab (parent) Mutant SG-EF/SD-78 Mutant SG-EF/SD-55 Sonahri Sugdasi (parent) Mutant SS-EF/SD-6 Mutant SS-EF/SD-8 LSD (0.05) (0.01)
Influence of flag leaf area on rice seed germinability and vigor

C. P. Thiagarajan, Seed Technology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
Correlations between flag leaf area and yield and quality parameters of 3 short-duration rices. Tamil Nadu, India, 1989. Variety ADT36 TKM9 IR50 Leaf area (cm) 11.61-28.75 >28.75 6.50-14.30 >14.30 Panicle size 0.9184** 0.9634** 0.8434** 0.8718** 0.9224** Panicle weight 0.9150** 0.8916** 0.3889 0.9066** 0.8550** 1,000-grain weight 0.8220** 0.4236* 0.9631** 0.7910** Germination 0.7120** 0.4559* 0.6807** 0.6142** Vigor index 0.6365** 0.5122* 0.8036** 0.9485**
We studied the relationship between flag leaf area and panicle size, panicle weight, 1,000-grain weight, germination, and vigor in shortduration ADT36, TKM9, and IR50 rices. Flag leaf areas were 10.50-26.72 cm2 in ADT36, 11.61-33.75 cm2 in TKM9, and 6.50-19.95 cm2 in IR50. The results indicate a close relationship between flag leaf area and yield and quality parameters (see table). In ADT36, correlations between flag leaf area for all parameters were
positive and highly significant. In TKM9, the correlations for all parameters except 1,000-grain weight were positive and significant for flag leaf areas 11.61-28.75 cm2 ; large flag leaf areas showed significantly negative correlations. In the case of 1,000-grain weight in TKM9 there was a significant correlation with leaf areas 11.61-28.75 cm2 ; thereafter the correlation was not significant.
In IR50, the correlations between flag leaf area and panicle weight, germination, and vigor index were positive and significant. For flag leaf areas 6.50-14.30 cm2 , the correlations with panicle size and 1,000-grain weight were positive and significant; leaf areas 15.65-19.95 cm2 had negative correlations.
Heterosis and heterobeltiosis for five morphoanatomical characters of rice panicle

S. Mallik, A. M. Aguilar, and B. S. Vergara, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI
We studied five morphoanatomical characters of the rice panicle in 34 parents and their 43 progeny hybrids. The characters were inner vascular bundle (IVB) and outer vascular bundle (OVB) just below the neck node, culm diameter (CD), medullary cavity diameter (MC), and culm thickness (CT). The number of vascular bundles is correlated positively with the number of primary branches (where heavier grains are located). Higher numbers of vascular bundles possibly indicate a better transport system. Parents consisted of 9 IR varieties and lines, 10 other indicas, 5 glaberrima accessions, and 10 upland lines derived from an anther-cultured Moroberekan/ Palawan cross. Parents and their hybrids were grown in the field and greenhouse during 1988 dry season. Data from 10 primary tillers of each parent and
hybrid were recorded when panicles emerged completely from the flag leaf sheath. Numbers of IVB and OVB were almost the same in IR and indica varieties; numbers of OVB were higher in glaberrima and upland lines. OVB/ IVB ratios varied from 1.3 to 1.7 in glaberrima and upland rices; ratios were almost 1.0 in IR varieties.
Estimates of overall degree and direction of heterosis (F1-P) were significant and positive for IVB (1.36**) and OVB (0.67*), indicating dominance of higher values. Estimates for CD (0.05), MC (0.09), and CT (-0.02) were not significant. Values for individual F1 families differed from overall estimates for heterosis in IVB and OVB (see figure).
Heterosis (H) and heterobeltiosis (Hb) for inner vascular bundle (IVB) and outer vascular bundle (OVB) in 43 crosses. IRRI, 1988 dry season.
The F1 means deviated conspicuously from parental and mid-parental values, indicating nonadditive gene action for these two characters. Substantial heterosis in the desirable direction was observed in IVB and OVB, which are related to higher numbers of primary branches. The table shows the mean value for four selected crosses and their parents. All the crosses had 25 or more IVB, compared to 17.7 for the parental mean. They also exhibited positive heterosis and heterobeltiosis. Most of the crosses had positive heterosis and negative heterobeltiosis for OVB, CD, and MC, but both estimates were negative for CT. Rewa 353-2/IR30 showed positive heterosis and heterobeltiosis for all characters except CT. The potence ratio indicated overdominance for IVB, OVB, CD, and MD and partial dominance for CT.
Mean values of 5 panicle characters in selected hybrids and their parents, percentage of heterosis and heterobeltiosis, and estimates of potence ratio. IRRI, 1989. Parent or cross IR30 IR29692-117-1-2-2 IR28211-43-1-1-2 IR29429-13-3-13-1-3 IR47705-AC5-1 IR47705-AC5 Rewa 353-2 IR36 (check) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Inner vascular bundle (no.) 18.3 16.4 20.5 20.4 21.0 22.8 20.1 15.1 19.3 17.7 1.5 25.4 25.0 25.7 25.2 25.3 19.0 1.5 H 29.6 20.7 23.9 31.1 2.1 19.3 20.5 20.5 18.9 Hb 11.4 19.1 22.4 22.2 2.2 H Outer vascular bundle (no.) 18.9 20.2 24.9 21.8 31.8 30.4 20.0 17.6 23.2 22.5 2.2 28.3 28.2 30.5 23.1 27.5 23.2 1.5 Hb H Culm diameter (mm) 2.08 2.00 2.32 2.72 2.65 2.71 2.37 1.72 2.32 2.21 0.15 2.54 2.69 2.52 2.46 2.55 2.26 0.10 Hb H 14.4 3.2 3.5 13.8 2.7 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.5 Medullary cavity (mm) 1.51 1.29 1.68 2.06 1.81 1.91 1.76 1.21 1.65 1.50 0.14 1.83 2.00 1.80 1.86 1.87 1.60 0.09 Hb 4.1 3.1 0.3 5.6 1.9 H 7.9 10.6 4.2 1.4 2.2 Culm thickness (mm) 0.28 0.35 0.3 2 0.3 3 0.42 0.40 0.30 0.26 0.34 0.35 0.03 0.36 0.34 0.36 0.30 0.34 0.33 0.02 Hb 15.2 20.3 15.0 1.7 3.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3
Mean Mean (over 34 parents) LSD (0.05) Cross: 6 2 5 4 53 71 Mean Mean (over 43 crosses) LSD (0.05) Heterosis (H) and Heterobeltiosis (Hb) 6 2 54 53 71 LSD (0.05) Potence 6 5 5 7 2 4 3 1 ratio
11.9 6.9 5.3 11.3 7.6 4.1 18.8 15.5 2.6 5.1 25.2 26.7 28.3 19.3
8.2 6.1 0.2 1.1 1.3 4.9 10.6 3.9 2.2 1.9
For instructions on preparation of brief reports of rice research to submit for publication in IRRN, see the inside front cover of this issue.
2.3 2.7 2.5 2.1
Grain quality and nutritional value

Inheritance of grain length, width, thickness, and weight in Pakistan Basmati/lR1469 and Pakistan Basmati/Paizam 242
M. J. B. Rao, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack 6, India; and Luu Van Sang, Plant Breeding and Genetics Department, Ago-Forestry University, Thuduc, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
In Pakistan Basmati/IR1469, F1 grain length, width, and thickness were around the mid-parent value; F 2
maximum frequencies were around the mean (Table 1). Grain width showed overdominance in the F 1 and F2 . In P. Basmati/Paizam 242, maximum frequency for grain length was around
Table 1. Means for grain length, width, thickness, grain weight of P. Basmati/IR1469 and P. Basmati, Paizam 242. CRRI, India, 1988 wet season. Parents Cross characters P. Basmati/IR1469 Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain thickness (mm) 100-grain weight (g) P. Basmati/Paizam 242 Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain thickness (mm) 100-grain weight (g) P1 P. Basmati 11.42 2.26 1.91 2.38 P2 F1s Mean 9.88 2.69 2.02 2.64 9.04 2.43 1.88 2.03 Range 8.10 2.02 1.73 1.40 7.61 2.05 1.58 1.25 F2s Variance SE 3.34 0.84 0.36 0.17 2.91 0.67 0.33 3.96 CV (%) 7.5 6.9 4.0 1.4 7.2 6.2 3.9 14.8
Parents, F1s, and F2 s (500 plants each) were raised during 1988 wet season at CRRI, Cuttack. Mature panicles were collected from individual plants. Three seeds from each plant were measured for grain length, width, and thickness. Hundred-grain weight was recorded.
IR1469 8.67 10.00 3.00 2.79 2.11 2.06 2.68 2.77 Paizam P. Basmati 242 11.42 7.51 9.04 2.52 2.26 2.57 1.85 1.92 1.91 2.12 2.38 1.64
12.38 5601.3 3.05 351.7 2.23 65.5 3.80 14.9 11.41 2.80 2.06 2.85 4311.0 227.4 55.8 910.4
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the mean. F1 values for grain width, thickness, and weight were higher than in the mid-parent; F2 values were toward the high parent. Path coefficients showing direct and indirect effects of grain length, width, and thickness on grain weight and total correlations are presented in Table 2. There were no significant correlations among grain length, width, thickness, and weight in parents P. Basmati and IR1469. In Paizam 242, the association between length and thickness was positive, that between thickness and weight was negative. In P. Basmati, the direct effect of grain length on weight was positive and independent of indirect effects. In IR1469, the direct effect of grain length was negative and independent of indirect effects. In Paizam 242, the direct effect of thickness was negative and its indirect effect on grain length was high. In the F1 of P. Basmati/IR1469, the associations among length and width and width and grain weight were positive. The high direct effect of width was influenced to some extent by the negative effect of grain length. In the F1 of P. Basmat/Paizam 242, there were no significant associations among the four characters. Correlations in F2 populations showed similar trends. Associations
Table 2. Path coefficients for components of 100-grain weight. CRRI, India, 1988. Influence and association Parents Pakistan Basmati IR1469 Paizam 242 Pakistan Basmati/ IR1469 0.2860 0.7195 0.0977 0.5312 0.8342 0.2466 0.0855 0.6731** 0.1789 0.1563 0.3989 0.4215 F1 Pakistan Basmati/ Paizam 242 0.1434 0.2372 0.0572 0.3234 0.4997 0.0681 0.0370 0.5308 0.2148 0.0382 0.0861 0.0905 Pakistan Basmati/ IR1469 0.4876 0.0314 0.0664 0.5226** 0.4097 0.0374 0.1592 0.5315** 0.2451 0.1321 0.2661 0.6433** F2 Pakistan Basmati/ Paizam 242 0.3636 0.0155 0.0903 0.4384** 0.3262 0.0172 0.1795 0.4885** 0.3178 0.1033 0.1843 0.6054**
100-grain weight vs grain length Direct effect 0.3805 0.7134 Indirect effect via 0.0913 0.0838 grain width Indirect effect via 0.0250 0.0949 thickness Total correlation 0.4468 0.5347 100-grain weight vs grain width Direct effect 0.2269 0.2260 Indirect effect via 0.1531 0.2645 grain length Indirect effect via 0.0116 0.1087 grain thickness Total correlation 0.3684 0.0702
0.1822 0.0088 0.6349 0.4439 0.0915 0.0176 0.0850 0.1941
100-grain weight vs grain thickness Direct effect 0.0807 0.3531 0.7598 Indirect effect via 0.1177 0.1917 0.1522 grain length 0.0325 0.0696 0.0102 Indirect effect via grain width Total correlation 0.0695 0.2310 0.6178**
among all characters except grain length and width were positive. The direct effects of grain length and width were positive. The direct effect of grain length and width on weight were equal. The direct effect of grain length was independent of indirect effects. Grain width was influenced by the indirect effect of grain thickness. The direct effect of grain thickness was due primarily to the indirect effects of grain
length and grain width. Inheritance of grain length and width were found to be independent and governed by different sets of genes. Grain thickness depends on the correlation of length and width. With the independent action of length and width, grain weight can exceed both parents. Inheritance patterns of grain dimensions are useful in breeding for a specific grain type.
Disease resistance
Disease resistance in Chinese hybrid rices
He Yueqiu, Zeng Xiaoping, Huang Ruirong, Wen Yanhua, and Peng Zhiping, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liantang, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Pyricularia oryzae mixed with many monoconidial isolates from Jiangxi (suspension = 50-60 conidial 100 parts) was spray inoculated at the seedling stage. Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae from highly virulent group XII was inoculated by
cutting flag leaves during heading. We also evaluated the incidence of blast (Bl), bacterial blight (BB), sheath blight (ShB), and false smut (FS). More of 87 hybrid cultivars tested in 1987 and 1988 were resistant to Bl than to BB (see table). Cultivar
Distribution, by resistance, of hybrid rices tested in Jiangxi, China, 1987-88. Cultivars showing given disease reaction Year Disease no. 1987 1988 Bl BB Bl BB 4 2 20 1 R % 8.7 4.4 52.6 2.4 MR no. 15 5 9 2 % 32.6 11.1 23.7 4.8 MS no. 19 12 5 1 % 41.3 26.7 13.2 2.4 no. 5 8 4 9 S % 10.9 17.8 10.5 21.4 no. 3 18 0 29 HS % 6.5 40.0 0 69.1 Cultivars (no.) 46 45 38 42 Resistant cultivars (%) 41.3 15.5 76.3 7.0
More than 10 new hybrid rices are developed in China each year. Breeders have been focusing on yield characters. We report on the disease resistance of the hybrid rices involved in the 1987-88 regional test in South China and Jiangxi Province.
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reactions to Bl followed an almost normal distribution; in reactions to BB, susceptible types MS, S, and HS prevailed. Bl-resistant types MR and R (76.31%) dominated in 1988 because almost half the resistant combinations were derived from Minghui 63, a
resistant R-line. Most of the 20 hybrids tested both years were resistant to Bl. All combinations from A-lines and all Rlines except Xiuhui 2, Ce 49, and Pinghui 3 were susceptible to BB. Disease severity by inoculation was
consistent with that in the plots. Most hybrids were susceptible to FS in at least 1 yr and in a plot. Disease resistance in hybrid rice is determined by the parents. A-lines currently available are not resistant.
Changes in total phenols in rice varieties inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani and treated with carbendazim
A. Karthikeyan and R. Narayanaswamy, Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar and Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, India
Changes in total phenolics after R. solani inoculation and carbendazim application. Annamalai University, India, 1985. Days after inoculation and fungicide application 3 Treatment Total phenolic content a ADT31 2.89 3.17 3.68 2.78 3.01 3.48 2.68 2.84 3.23 CR1009 3.07 3.26 3.88 2.95 3.13 3.68 2.78 3.04 3.37 AU42/1 3.02 3.19 3.85 2.87 3.08 3.56 2.78 2.92 3.18 IR20 3.10 3.25 3.92 2.94 3.16 3.71 2.87 3.02 3.30 White ponni 3.04 3.18 3.76 2.88 3.05 3.59 2.74 2.85 3.12 Mean 3.02 3.21 3.82 2.88 3.09 3.60 2.79 2.93 3.24
Healthy Inoculated Fungicide treated Healthy Inoculated Fungicide treated Healthy Inoculated Fungicide treated
We inoculated rice varieties ADT31, CR1009, AU42/1, IR20, and White Ponni with R. solani at maximum tillering (80 d old) by single sclerotium method in an experiment during 1985 samba season (Aug-Jan). Fungicide (0.1 % carbendazim) was sprayed 3 d after inoculation (DAI). Portions of the plant sheath were sampled 3, 5, and 7 DAI and 3, 5, and 7 d after fungicide application and analyzed for changes in total phenolic content.
In mg/g of tissue on dry weight basis in catechol equivalent.
Highly susceptible ADT31 contained less total phenols than susceptible CR1009, AU42/1, IR20, and White Ponni (see tabIe). Total
phenolic content in all varieties increased with R. solani inoculation and with fungicide application, but decreased with plant age.
Conditions for sporulation of rice blast (BI) fungus

Sun Guochang and Sun Shuyuan, Plant Protection Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou; and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, China
Table 1. Effect of growth medium on sporulation of rice Bl fungus. Hangzhou, China, 1987. Medium Cornmeal rice straw agar Rice leaf potato agar Rice straw agar Oatmeal agar Cornmeal agar Corn leaf potato agar Rice bran rice leaf agar Rice leaf agar Rice bran agar Rice polish agar Cornmeal beef extract agar Prune agar Yeast starch agar Barley agar Potato agar V-8 juice rice straw agar Protein peptone yeast agar
a
Mean sporulation a (104 conidia/ml) (40, 50, 20)b (100, 200, 20)c (100, 20) c (40, 20) (50, 20) (100, 200, 20)c (20, 50, 20) (100, 20) d (20, 20) (20, 20) (40, 40, 20)d (1, 20)e (2, 10, 20) (50, 20)c (200, 20) (250, 50, 20) f (10, 5, 20) 27.89 a 11.93 b 11.91 b 10.68 c d 9.46 d 9.23 8.85 d e 7.83 f 5.94 5.61 fg 5.13 gh hi 4.48 i 4.26 3.51 j 3.13 j 2.89 j k 1.45
We studied the effects of 17 media and 3 irradiation levels on sporulation of 41 isolates of rice Bl fungus ( Pyricularia oryzae) during 1986-87. All isolates were grown on yeast starch agar and kept in an incubator at 28 C. Cultures were irradiated continuously at a distance of 30 cm from the lamp. Test tubes containing 5 ml each of different media were inoculated by putting a 3 mm 2 piece of mycelial agar
Av of 2 replications of 41 isolates. Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 1% level by DMRT. b Contains 40 g cornmeal, 50 g rice straw, 20 g agar, 1000 ml distilled water. c Plus 20 g sucrose. d Plus 10 g glucose. e 1 g lactose, 1 g yeast extract. f Plus 3 g CaCO3.
12
on the agar surface. Cultures grew in the incubator for 12 d. Five ml distillled water was added to each test tube and the contents shaken for 5 min. Conidia were counted by a haemocytometer. Each experiment was replicated. Cornmeal and rice straw agar medium appears to be the best for sporulation of Bl fungus (Table 1). Rice leaf and potato agar medium, rice straw agar medium, and oatmeal agar medium also were effective. Sporulation increased when cultures were exposed to continuous irradiation with Black Light Blue, 310420 nm (Table 2).
Table 2. Effect of continuous light treatment on sporulation of rice B1 fungus. Hangzhou, China, 1987. Light treatment Black light blue fluorescent lamp White fluorescent lamp Darkness (check)
aAV
at 70 DT. At 70 DT, leaf samples were collected from 50 plants/plot and indexed for presence of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and RTSV by latex serology. RTV developed more rapidly in IR54 and IR42 than in Cisadane and IR26 (Fig. 1). RTV-infected plants
appeared in patches in plots planted to IR42, IR54, and Cisadane; appearance was sporadic in plots planted to IR26 (Fig. 2). Latex test of leaf samples collected at 70 DT showed high incidence of RTBV or RTSV or both in IR54, IR42, and Cisadane; incidence
Sporulation mean a (104 conidia/ml) 13.46 a 5.94 4.77 b c
1. Development of RTV infection and RTBV and RTSV incidences at 70 d after transplanting in selected varieties in Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1987 dry season.
of 2 replications. Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 1% level by DMRT.
Sporadic occurrence of tungro (RTV) in rice resistant to tungro spherical virus (RTSV)
R. C. Cabunagan, Z. M. Flores, and H. Hibino, IRRI; and A. Muis, H. Talanca, M. Sudjak S., and A. Bastian, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
We studied the development of RTV infection in rice varieties IR26, IR42, IR54, and Cisadane in 1987 dry season in Sidrap, South Sulawesi. IR26 is resistant to RTSV infection and IR42 and IR54 are resistant to the green leafhopper vector. Cisadane was the susceptible check. Seedlings (21 d old) were transplanted in 10-m 2 plots at 2-3 seedlings/hill and with 20 cm between hills. RTV incidence was assessed at 14, 28, 56, and 70 d after transplanting (DT) and infected plants were plotted
2. Distribution of RTV-infected plants in 10- 10-m plots (2,500 hills). South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1987 dry season.
13
in IR26 was low. In plots planted to IR26, infection started at the border. Low RTV infection in IR26 can be explained by the inability of RTBVinfected plants to serve as virus sources for spread of RTV infection and to the cultivars resistance to RTSV.
Reactiona of rice varieties to RTV and green leafhopper. Tamil Nadu, India. Rice tungro virus Variety Severity rating Infected plants (%) 0 0 30 40 40 40 30 20 0 20 10 90 Scale based on percentage of infected phntsb 0 0 3 5 5 5 3 3 0 3 1 9 Reaction Green leafhopper Scaleb 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 9 Reaction HR HR MR MR R R R MR MR R R HS
Resistance of rice varieties to rice tungro virus (RTV) and its green leafhopper (GLH) vector in Tamil Nadu, India
B. Srinivasulu and R. Jeyarajan, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India
PTB18 IET6262 TNAU13613 IR26 IR28 IR29 IR30 IR36 IR50 IR52 IR54 TN1
1 1 5 7 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 9
R R I I I I I I R I R S
aHR = highly resistant, R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, I = intermediate, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible. bBy the Standard evaluation system for rice.
We screened 12 commonly grown rice varieties against RTV and GLH Nephotettix virescens Distant in the greenhouse. Seedlings (15 d old, 20/variety) were inoculated with RTV by releasing three viruliferous vectors on each test plant for a 24-h inoculation feeding. Inoculated plants were kept in an insect-proof cage for symptom expression. Infected seedlings were counted and infection severity graded 25 d after inoculation. The same varieties were screened against GLH. Pregerminated seeds
were sown 3 cm apart in 20-cm rows in 50- 40- 10-cm wooden flats with 7cm-deep soil. One week after sowing, the seedlings were thinned to 15/row and the flats transferred to 60- 45- 15-cm galvanized iron trays filled 10 cm deep with water. The trays were covered with an insect-proof cage. Seedlings were infested with second- and third-instar nymphs of N. virescens. Plants containing nymphs were gently tapped over the seedlings so that 4-5 nymphs were released per seedling. Damage was rated 6 d after
infestation, when susceptible check TN1 seedlings were severely damaged. PTB18, IET6262, and IR50 did not show symptoms of RTV infection (see table). IR54 was resistant to infection, with a severity value of 3. This is the first report of IET6262 showing RTV resistance under artificial inoculation. Other varieties showed moderate resistance. PTB18 and IET6262 were highly resistant to GLH. IR26, IR36, IR50, and TNAU13613 showed moderate resistance.
Insect resistance
Field evaluation of rice cultivars in India for resistance to brown planthopper (BPH)
N. R. Bai, S. Leenakumary, C. A. Joseph, and R. Devika, Rice Research Station, Moncompu, Kerala Agricultural University, India
Accessions rated as highly resistant, resistant, and moderately resistant to BPH. Kerala, India, 198687. Designation Cross combination BPH damage score a (0-9) 1986 kharif 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 5 6 5 5 7 1987 rabi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 3 3 5 3 Mean 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 4 4.5 4 5 5 Damage ratingb
BPH Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) causes serious damage to rice during rabi season (Dec-Jan to Mar-Apr) in Kuttanad area of Kerala State. Outbreaks have been reported since 1973. In 1986-87, rice crops were hopperburned. We evaluated 42 rice accessions from the All India Coordinated Rice
RP1579-52-47 RP1579-28-54 RP2068-18-3-1 IRP2068-18-4-5 RP1579-1585-28-205 RP2547-1621-37-217 RP1976-18-6-4-2 RP1960-1569-24-224 KAU153-1 RP2068-32-6-1 RP2084-2-3-1 RP2084-74-5-2 CR400-21-1-1 Sonasali Phalguna
aBy
Phalguna/ARC6650 Phalguna/ARC6650 IET5656/Velluthacheera IET5656/Velluthacheera Phalguna/ARC6650 ARC5723/ARC665O//RP1579-38 IET5656/ARC6650 IET5656/IET5688 IR1561/PTB33 IET5656/Velluthacheera Phalguna/NLR96 74 Phalguna/NLR96 74 IR20/CR95-112-8
HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR R MR MR MR MR MR MR
Standard evaluation system for rice. bHR = highly resistant, R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant.
Improvement Project under heavy field incidence during 1986 kharif and 1987 rabi. Each accession was planted in 10m2 plots with a spacing of 20 15 cm, with two replications. Accessions were scored at panicle initiation (PI), when infestation was more than 200 insects/ hill.
Eight accessions were found to be highly resistant (score 1) (see table). One was resistant (score 2) and six were moderately resistant (score 3-5). Twelve entries were moderately susceptible (score 5-7) and 15 were highly susceptible (score 7-9).
Almost all the highly resistant entries were derived from crosses involving ARC6650 or Velluthacheera. Resistant entry KAU153-1 was derived from IR1561/PTB33.
Reaction of differential rice varieties to Manipur biotype of gall midge (GM)

M. P. Singh, Entomology Department, Manipur Agricultural College, Iroisemba, Imphal, Manipur, India
15-cm spacing. GM incidence was recorded at 30 and 50 d after transplanting (DT). Potential donors Eswarakora and Banglei showed low damage; Leuang 152 and Velluthacheera showed higher. Resistant derivative W1263 showed no
damage; Phalguna was susceptible to the local GM population (see table). These reactions of proven donors and derivatives show that the Manipur GM biotype conforms to the Ranchi GM biotype.
Seven GM Orseolia oryzae WoodMason biotypes have been identified, one each in China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and three in India (Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and Ranchi [Bihar]). We evaluated six differentials (four donors and two derivatives from the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, Hyderabad) against the GM population of Iroisemba, Manipur, in 1988 wet season. Thirty-day-old seedlings were planted in 3-m rows per variety at 15-
Reaction of donors and derivatives to GM. Iroisemba, Manipur, India, 1988. GM incidence (%) Variety Donor, derivative Infested hills Eswarakora W1263 Phalguna Leuang 152 Velluthacheera Banglei TN1 Donor MTU15/Eswarakora IR8/Siam 29 Donor Donor Donor Susceptible check 5 0 25 15 0 0 30 30 DT Silvershoots 1 0 10 4 0 0 11 Infested hills 5 0 75 35 50 0 75 50 DT Silvershoots 1 0 23 10 12 0 29
Resistance of wild rices to insect pests

A. Romena, F. Medrano, L. Sunio, E. Camanag, V. Viajante, and R. C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI
Table 1. Resistance of wild rices to selected species of insect pests. IRRI, 1988. Insect N. N. N. N. S. S. C. M. R. H. N. lugens biotype 1 lugens biotype 2 lugens biotype 3 virescens furcifera incertulas medinalis patnalis atimeta philippina depunctalis Accessions tested (no.) 185 185 185 184 185 177 176 176 176 172 172 Resistant no. 87 66 78 68 83 41 0 0 0 13 0 % 47 36 42 37 45 23 0 0 0 8 0
Table 2. Species of wild rices with multiple resistance to N. lugens, S. furcifera, N. virescens, S. incertulas, and H. philippina. IRRI, 1988. Species O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. alta australiensis eichingeri eichingeri grandiglumis latifolia minuta officinalis officinalis officinalis officinalis punctata punctata IRRI Acc. no. 100111 105165 105159 105163 105144 105142 105126 100176 105079 105088 105119 100886 105158 Origin Surinam Australia Uganda Uganda Brazil Costa Rica Philippines Unknown India Malaysia Philippines Unknown Uganda
We evaluated 185 wild rice accessions-16 species, 4 natural hybrids, and an unknown Oryza sp.against Nilaparvata lugens, Nephotettix virescens, Sogatella furcifera, Scirpophaga incertulas, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Marasmia patnalis, Rivula atimeta, Hydrellia philippina, and Nymphula depunctalis. Reactions to planthoppers and leafhoppers were tested using the standard seedbox screening test. Reactions against foliage feeders were tested in the greenhouse. Resistance to S. incertulas and N. depunctalis was
evaluated in plants grown in concrete beds. Resistance to H. philippina was tested under natural infestation in the field. Plant damage was rated on a 0-9 scale. Nearly 50% of the accessions were
resistant to S. furcifera and N. lugens biotypes 1 and 3, more than 35% to biotype 2 and N. virescens, 23% to S. incertulas, and 8% to H. philippina (Table 1). No accession was resistant
to foliage feeders. Seventy-two accessions of 13 wild species, one O. sativa/O. nivara hybrid, and an unknown Oryza sp. were resistant or
moderately resistant to leafhoppers and planthoppers. Thirteen accessions of eight wild species were resistant to multiple pests (Table 2).
Excess water tolerance

Tolerance of rainfed lowland rice cultivars and breeding lines for submergence at seedling stage
P. P. Singh, A. M. Mazaredo, B. S. Vergara, B. N. Singh, and D. J. Mackill, IRRI
Resistance in different rice genetic lines to rice moth Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.)
M. Irshad, S. Talpur, and W.A. Gillani, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), P.O., N.I.H., Islamabad, Pakistan
We tested resistance in various rice lines in Pakistan to rice moth S. cerealella (Oliv.), an important storage pest of rice, wheat, and maize. Rice moth was reared in the laboratory at 28 3 C and 63 4% relative humidity. Rice grain also was conditioned at this temperature for a week. About 100 24-h-old eggs of the rice moth were placed on 30 g of conditioned grain. Larvae hatched and were allowed to complete their life cycle. Adult moths started emerging 25 d after infestation.
Infested grain was sieved through No. 20 mesh to separate the frass and food remains, weighed, and loss calculated. Total grains and number of damaged grains were counted and percent damaged grains calculated. The experiment was replicated three times. Moisture content of test lines ranged between 11.1 and 12.6%. Genetic line 1017-6-B and OP62 showed significantly less grain loss (see table). Highest susceptibility was in line 4439 and Bas 385. Grain weight was investigated as a possible source of resistance, but no relationship could be detected. Correlations between 1,000-grain weight and weight loss ( r = -0.32), damaged grains ( r = -0.26), and number of adults that emerged (r = -0.31) were negative.
Dry weight loss, damaged grains, and number of S. cerealella adults that emerged in storage of different rice genetic lines of Pakistan. a Genetic line 1017-6-B OP62 OP61 IET4094 IR64 TN1 DM24 OP57 DM38 OP53 OP54 DM25 DM28 1021-6 lR2053 1053-1-2 (94) 1021-5 4048-3 50189-8-6 Bas 385A KS282 Bas 385 4439
a In
Crown atb NARC KK KK KK KK NIAB NIAB KK NIAB KK KK NIAB NIAB NARC KK NARC NARC NARC NARC NARC KK NIAB NARC
Dry weight loss (%) 0.3 a 0.7 a 1 .0 ab 1.2 ab 2.1 bc 2.3 bc 2.4 bc 2.7 cd 2.9 cd 2.9 cd 3.2 cde 3.3 cde 3.5 d-g 4.0 def 4.3 efg 4.8 fg 5.6 gh 6.2 h 6.4 h 6.5 h 6.9 h 8.4 i 8.8 i
Damaged grains (%) 0.2 a 0.8 a 1.2 bc 1.2 bc 1.5 bcd 1.7 cde 1.8 c-f 1.99 c-f 1.9 c-g 2.0 c-g 2.2 d-h 2.3 e-h 2.4 e-h 2.7 ghi 2.8 hi 2.9 hi 2.5 fgh 3.3 ij 3.7 j 3.7 jk 4.7 l 5.2 l 5.5 l
Adults (no.) 5a 13 ab 24 bc 27 cd 38 c-f 34 c-f 40 def 47 efg 49 fg 51 fgh 60 ghi 63 hij 64 hij 65 hij 68 ij k 68 ij k 67 ijk 72 ij k 75 jkl 75 jkl 78 lm 81 lm 91 m
a column, means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly from each other at the 5% level. bKK = Kala Shah Kaku; NARC = National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad; NIAB = Nuclear Institute of Agricultural Biology, Faisalabad.
Submergence tolerance is a major trait needed for rice grown in submergenceprone rainfed lowland or tidal wetlands. Native rice cultivars (FR13A, FR43B) have been identified with 12 d submergence tolerance. Other cultivars (Chenab 64-117) have about 7 d submergence tolerance. But those cultivars have low yield potential. New donors and recombinant lines for improved plant type background are needed. We screened 55 rainfed lowland rices (traditional cultivars and improved lines) in the greenhouse for tolerance for complete submergence. Seedlings were raised in 40- 25- 6cm porcelain trays filled with Maahas clay soil. Ten lines, at 10 seedlings/line were maintained in each tray in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Seedlings were completely submerged 10 d after seeding (DAS) in a 150- 150- 45-cm artificial tank. Water depth 30 cm above the soil level, water temperature 30 C, and light intensity 0.59 watt/m2 were maintained, FR13A and IR42 were used as resistant and susceptible checks. Seedling height was measured before submergence (H1) and after 7 d submergence (H2 ). Survival was measured 5 d after the end of submergence (22 DAS). Elongation was calculated as H 2 - H 1 for entries with at least 20% survival. Survival of IR43522-37-3-3-3 and IR40931-33-1-3-2 compared with that of resistant check FR13A (see table). Ten other lines were moderately resistant (at least 40% survival).
16
Survival was not correlated with initial height (r = 0.19) or elongation (r = 0.01). Most lines elongated 0.5-2.5 mm/d. Many lines with higher elongation rate had poor survival. The excellent survival of IR4352237-3-3-3 may be due to rapid
elongation rather than to physiological tolerance for submergence (it does not have a donor for tolerance in its parentage). IR40931-33-1-3-2 had poor elongation but excellent submergence tolerance derived from FR13A. It was selected from the cross
BKNFR76106-16-0-1-0/IR19661-1311-2; FR13A was a parent of BKNFR76106. IR40931-33-1-3-2 has consistently shown high submergence tolerance in screening at IRRI.
Survival after submergence and increase in seedling height of improved breeding lines and check cultivars. IRRI, 1989. Designation IR43522-37-3-3-3 IR40931-33-1-3-2 FR13A (resistant check) UPR238-42-2-3-1 IR42205-33-1-3-3-2 TCA4 LMN111 Patnai 23 TCA214 TCA808 BKNFR76106-16-0-1-0 TCA48 IR43485-22-2-2-2 TCA62-10 Baisbish TCA148-3 IR46292-24-2-2-1-2 GS302 IR43470-7-3-5-1 RAUSRR 2 IR43049-99-23-1-1 IR40931-26-3-3-5 Madhukar Jaladhi-1 Rupsail TCA72 TCA62-31-1 IR36 TCA177 RAUSRR 8 IR42 (susceptible check) Moddawi Karruppan BE3 BR8 RAUSBR 80-644-1 IR43559-25-5-3-2 Nam Sagui 19 IR46298-16-3-3-3 Wagwag TCA258 Jhingsail TCA80-4 IR11141-6-1-4 RAUSBR 30-603-14-1-1 Mahsuri IR40905-RRR-21 TCA 196 BR9 RAUSRR 10 Ratakuta RAUSRR 5 TCA227 TCA279 CR1009 BR34 LSD (0.05) Initial plant height (H1) (cm) 23.8 19.3 26.7 18.7 21.7 22.3 27.5 21.7 25.8 25.7 23.3 27.5 19.0 23.5 21.5 24.8 25.3 26.2 21.3 27.0 22.8 22.0 28.0 20.7 21.2 23.2 27.5 21.5 24.7 22.7 19.8 27.5 30.2 28.3 20.0 20.0 23.3 23.5 25.2 24.8 19.3 19.0 18.7 22.2 23.0 20.0 20.0 21.2 18.3 23.8 25.5 21.2 22.3 20.2 22.2 0.9 Elongation (H 2 -H ) during 1 submergence (cm) 6.2 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.7 1.2 4.5 1.8 1.0 0.7 3.3 2.0 3.0 0.7 5.5 0.5 4.5 1.0 1.2 2.5 0.7 1.0 2.2 1.7 0.5 1.2 1.8 7.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.2 Survival (%) 70 57 53 50 50 50 57 43 43 40 40 40 40 37 37 37 37 37 33 33 30 27 27 27 23 23 20 20 20 20 20 17 13 13 13 13 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
Adverse temperature tolerance

New synthetic phytohormone analog promotes leaf photosynthetic rate of rice after chilling
A. A. Flores, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI; K. Doerffling, Institute of General Botany, University of Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany; and M. Dingkuhn, Agronomy Department, IRRI
We investigated the effects of a new synthetic analog of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) (developed by BASF, Ludwigshafen, FRG; coded LAB 173711) on leaf photosynthetic rate of rice plants after chilling. ABA, LAB 173711, growth retardant tetcyclacis, and a combination of LAB 173711 and tetcyclacis were applied as a l0 -3 mol/ liter of aqueous foliar spray to IR36 plants in a controlled environment (12 h photoperiod, 26/21 C, 70% relative humidity). At 24 h after spraying, the plants were subjected to a 2 or 3 d chilling treatment at 5 C, kept at a transitional temperature of 23 C for 12 h, and transferred back to the original temperature. At 2, 9, and 24 d after chilling, net leaf photosynthetic rate was measured using a steady state CO2/H2O porometer (Walz, Effeltrich, West Germany) and a BINOS infrared gas analyzer (Heraeus, Hanau, West Germany). In untreated plants, chilling caused visible injuries (leaf necrosis, death) and almost total growth cessation. Injury was still evident after 23 d recovery. Plants pretreated with
17
ABA, LAB 173711, or a combination of LAB 173711 and tetcyclacis had fully recovered 23 d after treatment. Pretreatment with tetcyclacis alone produced intermediate effects. Chilling reduced leaf photosynthesis in all treatments, most drastically in untreated controls (90% reduction after 2 d recovery) (see figure). Differences among treatments were most significant after 9 d recovery: photosynthetic rates had returned to the original values in plants pretreated with both LAB 173711 and tetcyclacis; control values were lower by 60%. Pretreatment with LAB 173711 and tetcyclacis led to significantly faster recovery than did pretreatment with ABA or LAB 173711 alone. Chemical analogs of ABA, particularly in combination with tetcyclacis, represent a potentially powerful tool to prevent chilling injury in rice plants.
Changes in net photosynthetic rate (A) in IR36 rice plants during recovery from 2 d chilling at 5 C, IRRI, 1988. Means SE of 8 measurements.
Adverse soils tolerance

Effect of salinity on rice germination and seedling growth
B. V. R. Punyawardena and L. C. Dharmasri, Agriculture Research Station, Weerawila New Town, Sri Lanka
Effect of salinity on rice root and shoot growth. Weerawila, Sri Lanka. Root length (cm) EC (dS/m) 0.25 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 LSD (0.05) BG350 2.1 2.4 2.3 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.30 Pokkali 5.9 3.9 3.5 2.5 1.7 1.0 0.61 Seedling height (cm) BG350 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.3 0.6 0.59 Pokkali 4.6 4.2 3.5 2.5 1.6 0.6 1.0 0.59
We evaluated the relative salinity tolerance of BG350 an improved variety commonly grown on saline soils. Salinity-tolerant traditional variety Pokkali was the check. Irrigation water (EC 0.25 dS/m) was used as the laboratory medium. Electrical conductivity was adjusted to 0.25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 dS/m by adding table salt. Twenty seeds were kept in each solution in petri dishes, with three replications. Water volume was maintained by adding solution.
Traces
After 5 d, germinated seeds were counted and root length and seedling height measured. BG350 performance was similar to that of salinity-tolerant Pokkali (see table). No seeds germinated at EC 10 and 12 dS/m. All seeds germinated at
EC 8 dS/m and below. Root length decreased significantly at EC 2 dS/m and above. Neither variety produced roots at EC 8 dS/m. Seedling height decreased significantly at salinity levels above EC 4 dS/m.
The International Rice Research Newsletter is published to expedite communication among scientists concerned with rice research and the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based farming systems. Readers are encouraged to write authors at their published addresses to discuss the research and obtain more details.
18
Integrated germplasm improvement

Yield potential of irrigated IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan V at Ndop Plain
M. P. Jones, D. Janakiram, A. C. Roy, and F. Jeutong, IRA/NCRE/USAID/IITA Rice Project, Dschang; and S. B. C. Wanki, UNVDA, Ndop, North West Province, Cameroon
Rice, a relatively new crop in Cameroon, is grown on about 20,000 ha of irrigated land. Ndop Plain, one of three major rice production areas, is situated at 1,200 m above sea level. Irrigated rice is grown on an estimated 3,000 ha; a further 15,000 ha is potentially suitable for rice cultivation. The major constraints to increased rice production are low temperatures during the growing season and associated problems of diseases such as sheath rot (ShR) and grain discoloration (Gd). Tainan V is still being grown by some farmers because of its good taste. But its poor grain quality (bold, short, chalky grain, and poor keeping quality) does not compete with imported rice in the open market. In 1987, IR7167-332-3 was released for general cultivation. It has superior grain quality (mediumlong, less chalky, and fair keeping quality), yield, cold tolerance, and resistance to ShR and Gd.
We collected data over several seasons of experiment station and farmers field trials to compare yields. In experiment station yield trials, early transplanting, 25- 20-cm spacing, and rate of 2-3 seedlings/hill were practiced. Fertilizers were applied at 60-17.6-33 kg NPK/ha. In farmers field trials, nursery, transplanting, and crop management were according to normal practices and calendar. Table 1 shows results of 1987 and 1988 yield trials at Bamunka research site. In 1987, Tainan V yields ranged from 3.2 to 5.0 t/ha; IR7167-33-2-3 yields ranged from 4.9 to 6.3 t/ha. The highest yielding plot of Tainan V achieved 80% of the yield of IR716733-2-3 in the same trial and 91% of the mean of IR7167-33-2-3. In 1988 experiment station trials, IR7167-33-23 outyielded Tainan V by an average 36%. Tainan V yielded 2.7-3.7 t/ha, IR7167-33-2-3 4.3-5.5 t/ha.
IR7167-33-2-3 also showed greater resistance to ShR and Gd. Table 2 shows results from farmers field trials in the Bamunka farm area. In 1987, IR7167-33-2-3 outyielded Tainan V on all six farms sampled, by margins of 28-65%. Yields of Tainan V ranged from 2.7 to 5.4 t/ha, IR7167-33-2-3 from 3.4 to 6.3 t/ha. Yields in 1988 were similar. IR7167-33-2-3 has an average yield advantage over Tainan V of about 32% at Bamunka farm and 45% in farmers fields. Its performance was consistent over 2 yr.
Table 2. Yields of IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan V in farmers fields at Ndop Plain, Cameroon, 1987-88. Variety or line Tainan V IR7167-33-2-3
aMean
Grain yield a (t/ha) 1987 3.4 4.9 1988 3.2 4.5
of 6 farms sampled each year.
Table 1. Performance of IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan V in experiment station yield trials. Ndop Plain, Bamunka, Cameroon, 1987-88.
Yielda (t/ha) 1987 4.3 5.5 1988 3.3 4.4
b Standard
Reactionb to Duration (d) 150 142 Sheath rot (0-9) Grain discoloration (0-9) 5 3
Variety or line
Panicle exsertion b (0-9) 3 3
Tainan V IR7167-33-2-3
aMean
5 3
of 6 trials each year.
evaluation system for rice.
ITA1 73, a high-yielding rice variety for irrigated areas in Tanzania

Z. L. Kanyeka, Dakawa Research Center (DRC), Morogoro (present address: Plant Breeding Department, IRRI) and J. M. N. Kibanda, DRC, Morogoro, Tanzania
Yield performance of ITA173 in trials at 4 locations in Tanzania, 1985-87 dry and wet seasons. Year and season 1985 1985 1985 1985 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1987 1987 Wet Wet Wet Dry Wet Wet Wet Wet Dry Wet Dry Location and region Dakawa RC-Morogoro Dakawa RC-Morogoro Dakawa RC-Morogoro Dakawa RC-Morogoro Dakawa RC-Morogoro DRF Farms-Morogoro Igurusi-Mbeya Mwamapuli Igunga-Tabora DRF Farms-Morogoro Dakawa RC-Morogoro Dry Farms-Morogoro Grain yield (t/ha) ITA173 4.7 7.7 7.6 4.4 7.1 4.3 6.1 4.4 7.0 6.8 7.8 6.2 Local check 2.5 4.3 4.9 3.3 4.5 3.9 3.8 2.4 5.6 3.6 5.6 (Katrin) (IR579) (Katrin) (Katrin) (Supa) (IR8) (Kihogo) (Supa) (Katrin) (Supa) (Katrin)
We tested a number of entries from IRTP nurseries at DRC under irrigated condition in the 1983 wet season. ITA173 was identified as promising and was tested in observation and preliminary yield trials in 1983 and
Mean
19
1984 dry and wet seasons. It also was evaluated with other selected varieties and breeding lines in station, zonal, and national variety trials at four locations 1985-87. Mean yield was 6.2 t/ha (range 4.3-7.8 t/ha) across the trials and locations (see table). ITA173
outyielded check varieties by 10-88% and ranked first or second in 11 trials. ITA173 is intermediate in height (105 cm) and has good field resistance to common diseases and insects (Diopsis spp.). It matures 2-3 wk earlier (115 d) than Supa and IR8, the varieties most widely grown by small
farm holders and commercial rice farms, respectively. ITA173 also has better cooking and eating quality than IR8. It is recommended to both small farm holders and state-owned commercial rice farms.
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soils and soil characterization
Relationship between urease activity and some rice soil properties
M. A. Saleque, G. M. Panaullah, M. S. Rahman, and N. I. Bhuiyan, Soil Chemistry Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Urease activity in soil is an important factor in N fertilizer management for
rice. The speed of hydrolysis and the release of N from urea into soil depends largely on urease activity. Once the N contained in urea is released, it is subjected to physical, chemical, and biological processes that ultimately determine how much N in applied urea will be available to the rice crop. Determination of urease activity is costly and time-consuming. However,
Table 1. Some properties of soils collected from ricefields in 10 locations in Bangladesh and their urease activities. Location Thakurgaon Bogra Ishurdi Rajshahi Satkhira Faridpur Sonagazi Joydebpur Patuakhali Gazipur Range
ag
USPA and taxonomy Ustochrepts Haplaquepts Haplaquepts Albaquepts Haplaquepts Haplaquepts Fluvaquents Paleudults Haplaquepts Paleudults
Total N (%) 0.07 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.04 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.043-0.15
Organic matter (%) 1.25 2.29 1.94 1.04 3.02 1.77 1.01 2.05 2.08 1.87 1.01-2.29
pH 5.1 5.5 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.3 7.3 6.2 5.5 4.9 4.9-7.6
Clay (%) 15 37 37 23 23 39 24 33 37 28 15.10-38.90
CEC (meq/ 100 g) 10 9 26 15 37 17 10 18 19 13 9.2-37.0
Urease activitya 4.75 7.81 8.04 6.45 4.44 8.04 2.70 8.06 5.73 5.04 2.70-8.06
urease activity is known to be closely related to some soil properties that could give an indirect measure. We studied the relationships between urease activity and some properties of rice soils. Soil samples (0-20 cm depth) collected from ricefields in different areas of Bangladesh were dried, crushed, and passed through a 2-mm sieve. The soils varied in total N, organic matter, clay content, pH, and CEC (Table 1). Each soil was analyzed for urease activity. Urease activity varied from 2.70 to 8.06 g urea hydrolyzed/g soil per h (Table 1). It correlated significantly with total N (r = 0.63*) and clay content ( r = 0.70*). No significant correlation between urease activity and any other soil property was found (Table 2).
The International Rice Research Newsletter invites contributions of concise summaries of significant current rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to no more than 2 pages typed double-spaced, accompanied by no more than 2 figures, tables, or photographs. Contributions are reviewed by appropriate IRRI scientists and those accepted are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors are identified by name and research organization. See inside front cover for more information about submissions.
hydrolyzed/g soil per h.
Table 2. Correlations and estimated relationships of urease activity (UA) in 10 rice soils with some of soil properties. Bangladesh. Soil property N Organic matter (OM) Clay pH CEC
a*
Linear equation UA UA UA UA UA = = = = = 2.33 4.91 1.24 5.43 5.82 + 34.2 N + 0.69 OM + 0.16 clay + 0.10 pH + 0.02 CEC
ra 0.63* 0.29ns 0.70* 0.06ns 0.07ns
= significant at the 5% level.
20
Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer

Effect on germination of presoaking dried sporocarps of Azolla microphylla
S. Kannaiyan, Biotechnology Unit, AgriculturaI Microbiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
2,4-D, kinetin, PcPA, GA 3, and NAA at 200 ppm and released into plastic tubs containing tap water. The numbers of young sporelings that germinated were recorded.
Table 1. Effect on germination of presoaking dried frond-based azolla sporocarps in growth regulators. Growth regulatora (200 ppm) Control 2,4-D Kinetin PcPA GA3 NAA
aFigures
All the growth regulators stimulated germination of sporophyte (Table 1). Germination with GA 3, PcPA, and kinetin was higher. In another study, sporocarps were presoaked in urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 100 ppm for 24 h. Phosphate stimulated germination by 19%, urea inhibited it (Table 2).
Proliferation of azolla is largely through vegetative reproduction, but sexual reproduction also occurs. The sporophyte of azolla is heterosporous; both microsporocarp and megasporocarp are produced in the same plant. We studied the effect on germination of presoaking dried frondbased sporocarps of A. microphylla in growth regu1ators. Dried sporocarps (5 g/treatment) were presoaked for 24 h in
Azolla sporelings germinated from megasporocarpb (av no.) 102 290 400 400 410 240 (19.5) (73.7) (55.4) (10.0) (86.2) (22.5)
Increase over control (%) 64 74 73 75 56
Table 2. Effect on germination of presoaking dried frond-based sporocarps in N and P. Treamenta Azolla sporelings germinated from megasporocarpb (av no.) 123.70 67.30 152.00 (15.5) (13.9) (13.5) Difference from control (%) 45.8 +19.1
in parentheses are standard deviations. Each treatment used 5 g dried sporocarps for presoaking.
Control Nitrogen Phosphorus

a b
Each treatment used 5 g for presoaking. Figures in parentheses are standard deviations.
Crop management
Effect of seed treatment on early seedling establishment under rainfed conditions
R. K. Das, Plant Breeding Division, BRRI, Gatipur 1701, Bangladesh; R. Ghosh, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, Hooghly, West Bengal; and B. H. Manjappa, O.T. Toad, Shitnoga Taluk, Karnataka, India
We treated dry and water-imbibed seeds of Dular, 100-d rice variety, with 0.1% polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution to improve seedling vigor. The 1987 field trial at the IRRI farm was in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plot size was 6 m with 10 rows. Descriptions of the six treatments are in the table. Plant height, tiller number, shoot dry weight, and leaf area were recorded 45 d after seeding (DAS). Consistently high values of plant characteristics suggest that T6 is the best treatment.
Differences in osmotic concentration are developed during seed treatment with PEG: a seed is prevented from germination but not from imbibing a limited amount of water. That partial hydration allows the changes needed for rapid, synchronized germination and growth in water or soil. The osmotic concentration developed due to PEG treatment also restricts moisture loss in the seed or soil, improving early crop establishment. Among the changes that some seeds develop during osmotic
concentration are activation of certain enzymes, such as esterases and acid phosphatases, that might participate in mobilization of seed reserves; improved capacity for the synthesis of RNA and protein presumably required for rapid cellular differentiation and growth; and decreased conductivity of leachates indicating repair and rearrangement of the cell membrane structure. In this study, improved mobilization of seed reserves and membrane repair might have increased seedling vigor.
Characteristics of Dular variety as affected by six seed treatments. a Karnataka, India. Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
a
Plant height (cm) 12 h in water) 24 h in water) PEG solution) PEG solution) PEG solution) 57 58 63 64 65 66 5 c bc ab a a a
Tillers (no.) 109 c 117 bc 128 bc 138 ab 151 a 153 a 9
Shoot dry weight (g) 36 c 43 c 55 b 57 b 56 b 74 a 7

b
Leaf area (cm 2) 2351 c 2588 c 3703 b 3367 b 3863 ab 4246 a 9 ** = signifi-
(dry seed) (seed soaked (seed soaked (T1 + 0.1% (T2 + 0.1% (T3 + 0.1% CV (%)
In a column, means with the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level. cant at the 1% level, * = significant at the 5% level.
21
Effect of plow pan depth on rice yield

M. Dingkuhn, H. F. Schnier, and S. K. De Datta, Agronomy Department, IRRI
Variability in lowland rice growth and grain yields among experimental replications and within subplots reduces data quality and often cannot be explained. One easy to measure factor is plow pan depth. We conducted a field experiment during 1987 dry season (Jan-May) at the Maligaya Rice Research and Training Center (MRRTC), Muoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Soil was a Vertic Tropaquept with pH 5.9, 14 g organic C/kg, and 1.1 g total N/kg. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 29 treatments and 4 replications. IR64 rice was transplanted 20 d after seeding at 4 plants/hill, at 20- 20-cm spacing (TP) or direct wet seeded. Direct seeding (DS) was by dibbling at the same rate and spacing as transplanting: in rows using, a drum seeder at 20-cm spacing, 80 kg seed/ha (RS); or broadcast at 90 kg seed/ha (BS). Half the plots received 87 kg N as urea/ha. Plow pan depth after final land preparation was determined in all subplots using a metered stick with a 2.4 cm diameter ball-shaped end weighing 5.6 kg. Penetrating force was 4.9 kg/cm2. Relative yield differences among treatment replications (100 * Xi *
Xmean -1) were compared to absolute plow pan depth (cm). Pooled linear regressions were performed for N fertilization and for planting methods and geometry. Plow pan depth (10-30 cm) was correlated significantly with relative grain yield (P<0.01). Yield increase was 2.4% per cm plow pan depth in unfertilized plots and 0.50% in Nfertilized plots (Fig. 1). Among planting methods and geometries, BS gave the strongest yield response to plow pan depth (2.81%/cm, P<0.01), followed by RS (1.60%/cm, P<0.0l) and DS (0.48%/cm, P<0.01) (Fig. 2). No correlation was observed in TP. Plow pan depth strongly affected grain yield. The effect was more pronounced with low N availability. Planting method modulated the plow pan effect, presumably through the number of competing tillers per unit field area. BS had 900 tillers/m2 at
2. Relative grain yield of transplanted, dibbled, row seeded, and broadcast seeded IR64 as affected by plow pan depth. Maligaya Rice Research and Training Center, 1987 dry season.
maturity and showed the strongest response to plow pan depth; TP (500 tillers/m2) showed no response. RS and DS had intermediate tiller numbers and response to plow pan depth. The response of yield to plow pan depth (YR) depended significantly on tiller number (TN), following the equation:
-3.25 + 0.00677 TN YR (% increase/cm depth)= (tillers/m2) r 0.991**
1. Relative grain yield of fertilized and unfertilized IR64 as affected by plow pan depth. Maligaya Rice Research and Training Center, 1987 dry season.
We conclude that in lowland ricefield experiments, plow pan depth is an important influence on growth and yield of rice and should be kept constant through appropriate land preparation or be monitored to explain variability of data and to interpret experimental results more adequately.
~~
Effect of the interaction of transplanting date, irrigation schedule, and nitrogen on rice yield
G. C. Aggarwal, A. S. Sidhu, and N. T. Singh, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
We studied the interaction of irrigation schedule and N on PR106 rice transplanted on different dates in 1982 and 1983. Treatments were two
irrigation schedulesdaily and 2 d after water infiltration; two transplanting dates20 Jun and 5 Jul; and two N levels120 and 160 kg N/ha, in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Soil was calcareous sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) with pH 8.0, 0.3% organic C, 14 kg available P/ha, and 136 kg available K/ha. Field capacity and 15 bar water storage in 180-cm soil profile were 40 cm and 14 cm, respectively.
Shallow submergence was maintained in all plots for 3 wk after transplanting. Irrigation treatments were continued to 1 wk before harvest. At transplanting, 1/3 N, 13 kg P, and 24 kg K/ha were broadcast and mixed into the topsoil. The remaining N was topdressed in equal splits 3 and 6 wk after transplanting. Effective tillers, number of spikelets per panicle, and panicle weight were recorded. Grain yield was expressed at 15% moisture content.
The irrigation and date of transplanting interaction had a significant effect on rice yield both years (see table). The average reduction in early rice yield with irrigation 2 d after water infiltration was more than 1 t/ha; irrigation schedule had no effect on late rice. The yield reduction was due to the interactive effect of irrigation and date of transplanting on tillering. Number of effective tillers/five plants in early rice decreased from 47 with continuous irrigation to 42 with irrigation 2 d after water infiltration. Irrigation 2 d after water infiltration saved 65 cm irrigation water in 1982 and 33 cm in 1983. Lower water savings in 1983 were due to 67 cm rainfall during the crop
Interactive effect of irrigation schedule a and date of transplanting on rice yield. Ludhiana, India, 1982-83. Yield (t/ha) Transplanting date 20 Jun 5 Jul 1982 1d 9.1 7.7 2d 7.6 7.7 7.7 Mean 8.4 7.7 1 d 7.8 7.1 7.5 1983 2d 7.1 7.0 7.1 0.3 0.4 Mean 7.5 7.1 1d 8.5 7.4 8.0 Mean 2d 7.4 7.4 7.4 0.4 0.5 Mean 7.9 7.4
Mean 8.4 LSD (P=0.05) 0.4 I/D b I D 0.8

a1
d = daily irrigation, 2 d = irrigation 2 days after drainage of ponded water. b I = irrigation schedule, D = transplanting date.
season, compared to 38 cm rainfall during the 1982 crop season. Less than normal rain fell in Aug and no rain fell Sep-Oct.
Increased N also increased yield 0.6 t/ha. The N and irrigation and N and transplanting date interactions were not significant.
Effect of seed treatment on crop stand of direct seeded rice

M. D. Reddy, M. M. Panda, and A. R. Sharma, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
Table 1. Effect of seed treatment on seedling emergence and plant height at 13 d after sowing. Cuttack, India, 1985 wet season. Treatment Seedling emergency a (no./tray) Flooded soil 51.8 46.2 42.3 46.8 36.2 61.5 66.0 45.7 56.3 14.8 46.8 ns 8.2 5.4 ns 8.8 Saturated soil 61.4 62.4 56.9 59.7 53.2 74.8 69.8 55.7 65.7 44.5 60.2 Mean Plant height (cm) Flooded soil 38.2 35.7 33.3 33.4 37.6 36.6 40.4 35.8 37.0 29.4 35.7 ns 3.2 1.5 5.6 ns Saturated soil 21.8 26.1 19.0 24.5 28.2 31.0 27.6 22.0 25.6 14.0 22.3 Mean
We studied the effect of seed treatment on rice seedling emergence and on stand establishment with direct seeding in flooded and saturated soil. Four experiments under greenhouse and field conditions were conducted on alluvial sandy loam soil of Mahanadi delta (pH 6.2, 0.83% organic C, 12 mg available P/kg soil, and 65 mg available K/kg soil). Seedling emergence was lower in flooded soils than in saturated soils. Seedling emergence was significantly higher when seeds were soaked in 0.1% KMnO4 and water and coated with gypsum + ferric phosphate (Table 1). Seedling emergence with seeds treated with cow dung + soil was very low, particularly under flooded conditions. Seeds coated with gypsum or soaked with 0.3% H2O2 also had lower seedling emergence. In general, seedling height was greater with direct seeding in flooded soils. Seedlings from seeds treated with cow dung + soil were less vigorous. In
Variety Sabita (NC492) FR13A Utkal Prabha (CR1030) Seed treatment Dry seed Seeds soaked 48 h 0.3% H2 O2 0.1% KMnO 4 Water Seed pellets b with 4 g gypsum 4 g gypsum + 1 g ferric phosphate 8 g cow dung + soil Mean LSD (0.05) Varieties Seed treatments Seeding method Varieties seed treatments Seed treatments seeding method
a
56.6 54.3 49.6 53.3 44.7 68.2 67.9 61.9 50.7 61.0 29.7
30.0 30.9 26.2 29.0 32.9 33.8 34.0 28.9 31.3 21.7
100 seeds/tray containing 12 kg soil; 10 cm standing water or saturated. b 10 seeds/pellet.
1987, seedling emergence, plant height, and plant dry weight were similar when seeds were soaked in water, 0.01% KMnO4, or 0.3% H2 O2 and sown in standing water; they were superior to plants from dry seeding (Table 2). The
higher seedling emergence in some treatments might be due to greater availability of oxygen during germination. Soil O 2 level drops to near zero within 24 h of submergence, while rice seedling demand for O 2 by
Table 2. Effect of seed treatment on crop stand of rice varieties (>14 DAS) sown in standing water.a Cuttack, India, 1987 dry season. Treatment Variety Utkal Prabha Kalinga 3 Ratna LSD (0.05) Seed treatment Dry seed Seeds soaked 48 h 0.3% H2 O2 0.1% KMnO 4 Water LSD (0.05)
a 2
Seedling emergence (no./m2) 206 185 171 ns 144 200 200 205 22
Stand establishment (%) 52 46 43 36 50 50 51
Plant height (cm) 26 26 25 ns 24 27 27 26 1.5
Dry weight/ plant (g) 26 24 25 ns 18 30 25 26 3
Effect of zinc fertilizers on rice grown on Typic Ustochrepts

R. L. Bansal and V. K. Nayyar, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
400 seeds sown/1-m plot in 10 cm standing water; water depth 10 2 cm.
rice seedlings increases greatly 2-3 d after germination. Among the varieties tested, Sabita
showed comparatively higher emergence, followed by FR13A and Utkal Prabha.
Soil fertility and fertilizer management

Response of direct-sown rice to Azospirillum Iipoferum
G. Gopalaswamy, V. Narasimhan, and A. A. Kareem, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, India
We tested the effect of A. lipoferum on direct-sown rice during the Sep-Jan 1989 wet season. Peat-based A. lipoferum inoculum at 2 kg/ha was mixed with 100 kg of IR20 seeds, using rice gruel water as sticker. The mixture was dried in the shade for 20 min, then sown. Peatbased inoculum at 4 kg/ha was mixed with 15 kg well-powdered farmyard
manure, broadcast, and covered with soil. Four treatments were laid out in a random block design with five replications (see table). Experimental plots of 20 m 2 received 75 kg N/ha as urea in 3 splits (50% at 30 d after sowing (DAS), 25% at 60 DAS, and 25% at 90 DAS), 37.5 kg P/ha as superphosphate, and 37.5 kg K/ha as muriate of potash, both basal. A. lipoferum applied through both seed and soil gave the highest grain and straw yields. Root weight, plant height, and productive tillers increased.
We studied the efficiency of ZnSO4 and Zn-EDTA applied in soil (11.2, 5.6, and 2.8 kg Zn/ha) and as foliar spray (0.02, 0.1, and 0.2% Zn solution) in long-duration PR106 grown on Typic Ustochrepts during 1988 wet season (kharif). Soil was loamy sand with pH 8.5, electrical conductivity 0.32 dS/m, 0.42% organic C, and 0.50 mg DTPA extractable Zn/kg soil. Urea, diammonium phosphate, and muriate of potash were applied at 120-27-24 kg NPK/ha. In the soil treatments, Zn was broadcast at transplanting (45-d-old seedlings). In the foliar spray treatments, the first spray was at 4 wk after transplanting and the remaining two at 10-d intervals. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Straw and grain samples were analyzed for Zn content. Grain yield increased significantly with increasing rates of soil-applied Zn for both sources (see table). Foliar sprays of Zn-EDTA (except at 0.02% solution) and ZnSO4 significantly
Effect of application methods, rates, and sources of Zn on rice yield and Zn uptake. Ludhiana, India, 1988 wet season. Zn source Zn rate Yield (t/ha) Grain Straw Zn uptake (g/ha) 351 283 225 378 304 240 206 164 208 144 123 43
Effect of A. lipoferum on direct sown rice. Aduthurai, India, 1989 wet season. Azospirillum treatment Seed Soil Seed + soil Control (no treatment) LSD (P = 0.05) Plant height (cm) 69.7 67.5 73.1 67.4 5.5 Productive tillers (no./hill) 7.7 7.6 8.8 7.5 0.6 Root weight (g/hill) 1.51 1.76 2.09 1.45 0.17 Grain yield (t/ha) 2.4 2.3 3.0 2.3 0.53 Straw yield (t/ha) 3.2 2.8 4.0 2.9 0.90
Soil application (kg Zn/ha) ZnSO4 7H 2O 11.2 7.1 15.2 5.6 6.6 14.4 2.8 6.1 12.7 Zn-EDTA 11.2 7.6 15.9 5.6 6.9 14.8 2.8 6.3 13.5
ZnSO4
Foliar application (%) 7H 2 O 0.20 6.2 11.8 10.1 0.10 5.9 0.10 6.0 10.7 Zn-EDTA 0.02 5.7 8.2
Control LSD (P = 0.05)
5.3 0.5
8.2 1.3
24
increased grain yield, but yields were significantly less than with 11.2 kg Zn/ ha applied to soil. Soil application of 11.2 kg Zn/ha from Zn-EDTA produced the highest grain yield (7.6 t/ ha), followed by 11.2 kg Zn/ha from ZnSO4 (7.1 t/ha).
The yield response curve indicated that 5.6 kg Zn/ha applied through ZnEDTA produced as much yield as 11.2 kg Zn/ha applied through ZnSO4. Straw yield patterns were similar. Zn uptake increased with rates of Zn application from both sources.
These results suggest that to correct Zn deficiency in rice soils, application to the soil is better than foliar application and Zn-EDTA is more efficient than ZnSO4.
Disease management
Survey of rice virus carriers among brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens populations in Laguna, Philippines
Z. M. Flores and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department, IRRI
We used a light trap at the center of a 1.6-ha rice farm surrounded by coconut fields in Liliw, Laguna, 1985-88 to capture BPH and determine if they carried rice ragged stunt virus (RSV)
and rice grassy stunt virus (GSV). The 5-m-high light trap was operated every other day. Trapped BPH were individualIy homogenized with 0.5 ml of 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, containing 0.15 M NaC1, 0.05% Tween 20, and 2% polyvinylpyrrolidone (MWT - 10,000). The homogenate was assayed separately for presence of GSV and RSV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Numbers of BPH caught fluctuated considerably across the study
period. Peak catches were in Mar-May and Sep-Nov. Few BPH were trapped in Jun-Jul and Dec-Jan, the periods that are the usual start of the rice cropping season. Monthly light trap data showed an average 0-8% GSV carriers and 0-7% RSV carriers among vectors tested (see figure). RSV carriers occurred in most crop seasons during 1985-88, but GSV carriers occurred in only a few seasons. Disease surveys reported zero to trace GSV and RSV in Laguna and nearby areas.
Rice GSV and RSV carriers in trapped BPH in Laguna, Philippines, 1985-88.
Timing rice planting to control tungro (RTV) disease

S. Sama and A. Hasanuddin, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and R. C. Cabunagan and H. Hibino, IRRI
Green leafhopper (GLH) fluctuation
and RTV incidence were monitored in Lanrang Substation, Sidrap, in 1977-81. GLH density and RTV incidence were high Jan-Mar and Jul-Sep. Fluctuation patterns of GLH population and RTV incidence showed a fairly uniform trend (Fig. 1). Recommended planting dates were formulated based on these data and rainfall patterns for different areas.
The recommendation was to plant the wet season (WS) crop in Apr-May, at the peak period of rainfall when GLH populations were very low. The dry season (DS) crop was to be planted in Nov-Dec when GLH density also was very low (Fig. 2). Varieties for irrigated and rainfed areas were recommended depending on duration needed.
In fields planted at the recommended time, GLH density did not increase until after the rice plants reached late tillering or flowering. Thus, rice escaped the critical period (the first 30-45 d after transplanting) for RTV infection. A 1985-86 survey found that 90% or more fields were planted following the recommended schedule. Large areas were planted in synchrony and a definite fallow period between crops (1-2 mo) occurred. After the adoption of the planting schedule and selected varieties, RTV incidence was low. Occasional incidence occurred in fields planted late.
1. Rainfall pattern, cropping pattern, and GLH population fluctuation and RTV incidence in susceptible variety Pelita I-1. Monthly average for 1977-81, Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
2. Recommended planting dates and rice varieties for 7 Kecamatan in Sidrap, South Sulawesi, in 1987 wet season and dry season. Superimposed is the trend in GLH population. Source: DINAS PERTANIAN SIDRAP. I = irrigated, R = rainfed, M = medium, E = early, L = late.
26
Rice tungro (RTV) and its vector leafhopper development in synchronized-planting areas
R. C. Cabunagan and H. Hibino, IRRI; and A. Muis, H. Talanca, M. Sudjak S., A. Bastian, and A. Hasanuddin, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
We studied the epidemiological implications of synchronized rice planting on green leafhopper (GLH) populations and RTV incidence in the 1987 dry season (DS) at Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap). Integrated RTV management has been implemented in Sidrap. Rice for DS is planted in NovDec and that for the wet season in AprMay. Experiments involved five monthly plantings (Oct, Nov, Dec, Jan, Feb) of four varieties (IR26, IR42, IR54, Cisadane) in 10-m 2 plots in 5 fields, with about 200 m distance between fields. Vector GLH density and RTV incidence were measured. GLH density in fields planted in Oct and Nov was low (see figure). In the Dec planting, GLH density started to increase 1.5 mo after transplanting and reached a high level in 2-3 mo. GLH in fields planted in Jan and Feb developed similarly. RTV incidence 56 d after transplanting was high in the Feb planting, lower in the Jan planting, and negligible or zero in the Oct, Nov, and Dec plantings (see figure). Incidence was high in IR42, IR54, and Cisadane,
GLH density every 2 wk and RTV incidence at 56 DT in selected varieties planted monthly Oct 1987-Feb 1988 in Sidrap, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
low in IR26. IR42 was planted in Nov in most surrounding fields and there. High GLH density but low RTV incidence in the Dec planting indicates that GLH density does not always reflect disease incidence. RTV was high in fields established late, after rice in the surrounding fields reached the
flowering stage. In fields planted following the normal planting schedule, RTV infection might occur at late growth stages. These results confirm the effectiveness of synchronized planting to manage RTV.
Alternate hosts of rice bacterial blight (BB) pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae
V. Valluvaparidasan and V. Mariappan, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
The rice BB pathogen X. c. pv. oryzae naturally infects many wild rice species
and some weeds. In India, some of the inoculated weeds have been reported to be already infected. We raised from seeds in the glasshouse several gramineae species commonly found growing around ricefields. Plant leaves were inoculated with BB pathogen at the three-leaf stage. Leaves were clipped with scissors dipped in a suspension containing actively growing l0 8 bacterial cells/ml. Infection was
assessed 10 d after inoculation. In most cases, symptoms appeared as typical water-soaked lesions. Lesions developed rapidly on Oryza sativa L., Cenchrus ciliaris L., BN2 Bajra-napier hybrid, Echinochloa crusgalli L., Leersia hexandra Sw., and Panicum maximum Jacq. Very small pinhead-like yellowish lesions developed in linear rows on Brachiaria mutica Stapf., Paspalum scrobiculatum L., and Cyperus rotundus L. Six other
Wild hosts of the rice BB pathogen. Coimbatore, India. Host tested Oryza sativa L. Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Setaria italica Beauv. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Echinochloa crus-galli Linn. Cyperus rotundus L. Leersia hexandra S. Cenchrus ciliaris L. Chloris gayana Kunth Brachiaria mutica Stapf Brachiaria ramosa Stapf Panicum maximum Jacq. Pennisetum pedicelatum Trin. Bajra-napier hybrid (BN2)
a+++
Infectiona +++ + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
= high infection, ++ = moderate infection, + = slight infection, = no infection.
hosts were not infected (see table). Reisolation of the pathogen and back inoculation to rice confirmed pathogenicity. This confirms the susceptibility of hosts (P. scrobiculatum, C. rotundus, and L. hexandra) reported earlier and identifies susceptible species Cenchrus ciliaris, BN2, E. crus-galli, B. mutica, and P. maximum.
Although it does not normally breed in ricefields (unless they are contaminated with sewage), no difference in susceptibility to natural products has been reported between this species and the culicine vector species that breed in ricefields. NSB dilutions of 2000, 1000, 500, 250,125, and 62.5 ppm in acetonewater (5:995 parts vol/vol) were dispensed at 125 ml/200-ml glass beaker. Freshly molted 4th-instar mosquito larvae were released at 25/ beaker and allowed to develop at room temperature. After 24 and 48 h exposure to 2000 ppm NSB, 42 and 62% larvae died. Full mortality required 72 h, particularly at lower NSB doses. The LD50 value for 72 h was 914 ppm with fiducial limits 349.8 ppm (lower) and 2386.6 ppm (upper).
In the total rabi rice-cropped area of 0.2 million ha in the district, about 53% was planted to IR64. Other varieties were IET1444, BPT1235, and MTU7014. Early and timely planted crops (up to the end of Dec 88) suffered no or less than 10% silvershoots with higher than expected (5-8 t/ha) yields. IR64, planted late (5-20 Jan) because of late canal irrigation water availability in the three villages, suffered severe GM attack. Other varieties, especially BPT1235, although also planted late were not attacked. The factors that appear to have caused the outbreak were late planting of a susceptible genotype and unusually heavy mist every day 5-30 Feb, coinciding with early tillering. The result was high relative humidity in the crop's microclimate.
Gall midge (GM) outbreak on dry season rice in West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh (AP), India
P. R. M. Rao, Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, AP; and P. S. Prakasa Rao, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
Acoustical analysis of brown planthopper (BPH) courtship signals

B. T. Yin, Applied Acoustics Research Institute, Hanghou; Z. T. Zhang and W. Z. Kong, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China; and R. C. Saxena, IRRI
Insect management
Larvicidal activity of neem seed bitters (NSB) against Culex quinquefasciatus in flooded ricefields
D. R. Rao and R. Reuben, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Madurai 625003, India; and R. C. Saxena, IRRI
Standing water in ricefields supports breeding of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and related species, which have been incriminated as vectors of Japanese encephalitis in Southeast Asia. Growing awareness of the adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on nontarget organisms in ricefields has led to a search for alternative pest control measures. We evaluated different dilutions of NSB against Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Rice GM Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae) is normally a serious pest in the wet season. Light to moderate infestations in endemic pockets have been occurring in dry season (rabi) rice since the 1970s, especially in years of unseasonable intermittent cloudy or rainy weather that creates high microrelative humidity within the crop. A severe incidence of GM in West Godavari in 1989 rabi affected 1,000 ha of late-planted IR64. About 100 ha in Mamuduru village of Enumantra Mandal, 50 ha in Vadali village of Penugonda Mandal, and 25 ha in Dagguluru village of Palakonda Mandal were severely damaged, with total yield loss. An additional 800 ha suffered 25-80% silvershoots and 2060% yield reduction.
BPH males and females communicate sexually through acoustical signals produced by dorsoventral abdominal vibration (AV), which causes the abdominal sclerite (AbS) to rub against the coxata. The friction between the abdominal stridulating surface (AbSS) and the coxatal stridulating surface (CoSS) causes the coxata to vibrate, thereby emitting signals. BPH signals are amplitude modulated waves. AV produces modulating signals, the stridulation between AbSS and CoSS generates the carrier wave. The stridulatory sound is a quasiperiodic sinusoid. Its frequency is Fo. The amplitude and dynamics of AV determine the depth of modulation; in the extreme, it produces discrete pulses. We analyzed-BPH signals by the demodulation approach,
to get the pulse envelope (waveform of AV). Then, pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) were calculated. Female signals are series of simple discrete pulses. Figure 1 shows PRF of female signals of rice-infesting BPH biotype 1 and Leersia-infesting BPH. PRF in Leersia-infesting females (6.4 0.9 HZ) are lower than in rice-infesting biotypes 1, 2, 3, and the Mindanao BPH (19.4-19.9 HZ). Thus PRF of signals can characterize BPH biotypes. Males produce two types of signals: 1) signals with 3-10 sound pulses at the beginning (Fig. 2Aa) and 1-5 pulses at the end (Fig. 2Ac), the middle being continuous (Fig. 2Ab); 2) signals with only 2-3 sound pulses at the end (Fig. 2De); pulses at the beginning and the middle are continuous (Fig. 2Dd). The average of sound rhythm period (To), calculated from signal waveform, was 4-6 s in the first type and 0.5-0.7 s in the second. We used fast fourier transform (FFT) to estimate the frequency of the quasiperiodic sinusoid. The frequency with the highest power was the main vibration frequency (MVF) (Fig. 2B, 2E). In rice-infesting BPH biotypes, MVF was 196.4-333.9 HZ for female signals and 209-388.7 HZ for male signals (Fig. 2Ab). MVF for Leersiainfesting females (285.2-347.7 HZ) and males (271.5-677.7 HZ) were significantly higher ( P = 0.05) than for rice-infesting biotypes. MVF could also characterize BPH biotypes. Some small peaks (SP) in the cepstrum of acoustic signals indicated voicing (Fig. 2C). The pitch period was about 12.66 ms. The first type of BPH male signal resembled voiced sound in human speech. The cepstrum (Fig. 2F) lacked small peaks, indicating that the second type of signals of males of riceand Leersia -infesting BPH have unstable pitch period modes. Both rice- and Leersia-infesting BPH females call in stable pitch period modes.
2. Acoustic analysis of courtship signals of N. lugens males. A, B, C = waveform, spectrum, and cepstrum of first type, respectively; D, E, F = waveform, spectrum, and cepstrurn of second type, respectively. IRRI, 1989.
Effect of plant derivatives on brown planthopper (BPH) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) nymph emergence on rice
K. Ramaraju and P. C. Sundara Babu, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute (ACRI), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Madurai 625104, India
We tested nine plant derivatives for their inhibitory effect on BPH and WBPH nymphs. Forty-day-old potted IR20 plants were sprayed with 1% oils of neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss, pinnai Calophyllum inophyllum L.,
pungam Pungamia glabra L., and illupai Madhuca longifolia Macbr var. latifolia Boxb. cheval; 2% seed extracts of neem, pinnai, pungam, and illupai; and 5% neem cake extract, using a baby hand sprayer. Treated plants were confined separately with five gravid females of BPH and of WBPH in three replications. Nymphal emergence was assessed daily for 1 wk after spraying. All plant derivatives were effective in reducing emergence of planthoppers (see table). Highest BPH reduction was with 5% neem cake extract, followed by 2% pungam seed extract. Highest WBPH reduction was with 5% neem cake extract, followed by 2% neem seed kernel.
Effect of plant derivatives on BPH and WBPH nymph emergence on rice. a TNAU, Madurai, India. Treatment BPH Nymph emergence (no.) 96 c (8.26) 118 d (10.23) 89 c (9.42) 107 cd (9.65) 64 b (7.99) 97 cd (9.68) 30 a (5.47) 83 c (9.11) 24 a (4.86) 147 e (12.1) 1 Decrease from control (%) 31.7 15.4 22.2 20.2 34 20 55 25 60 Nymph emergence (no.) 93 e (9.60) 118 f (10.86) 68 d (8.20) 96 e (9.76) 43 b (6.59) 108 f (10.4) 53 c (7.26) 74 d (8.60) 30 a (5.46) 120 g (10.93) 1 WBPH Decrease from control (%) 12 0.6 25 11 40 5 34 21 50
1% neem oil 1% pinnai oil 1% pungam oil 1% illupai oil 2% neem seed kernel 2% pinnai seed extract 2% pungam seed extract 2% illupai seed extract 5% neem cake extract
pests. Conservation of these beneficial forms during crop-free periods is important to ensure adequate numbers to recolonize fields when the rice crop is established. We evaluated using bundles of rice straw as habitats for arthropod predator and prey communities during crop-free periods in irrigated rice. The bundles were prepared by arranging rice straw into cone-shaped tents about 30 cm in diameter at the bottom. One tent was placed in the center of each of 24 plots in a newly harvested field. Plots were 10 7 m. Arthropods were collected using a vacuum sampler (D-vac) 5 and 10 d after placing tents in the field. Samples were placed in vials containing 70% alcohol solution and brought to the laboratory for sorting and counting. Significantly more arthropods were collected 10 d after placing the tents in the field (Fig. 1). Natural enemies collected included coleopterans-- Stilbus spp., Micraspis, Ophionea; orthopterans-- Metioche, Anaxipha; hymenopterans- Telenomus spp., ants, Anagrus, Oligosita, Goniozus, Mymarid, Bracon, and Elasmus. Spiders were the most abundant group. The most common spider species were Callitrichia formosana and Lycosa pseudoannulata (Fig. 2). There were
LSD (P = 0.05)
a Mean
of 3 replications. Figures in parentheses are transformed values. In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
Using rice straw bundles to conserve beneficial arthropod communities in ricefields

B. M. Shepard, Clemon University, 2865 Savannah Highway, Charleston, South Carolina 29407, USA; H. R. Rapusas and D. B. Estano, Entomology Department, IRRI
Population densities of spiders and other beneficial arthropods decreased greatly after rice harvest because of disruption of their habitats. Harvesting, irrigation, plowing, and harrowing activities leave vegetation only along bunds and field edges for refuge of these natural enemies of rice
1. Arthropods collected from rice straw bundles
placed in ricefields after harvest. IRRI, 1989.
virescens eggs normally hatch 9 d after oviposition.) Eggs were placed on a spot-plate with 2-3 drops of Ringers solution and squashed with a glass rod for 1 min. Extracted chorions were fixed with Carnoy's solution (3 parts ethyl alcohol, 1 part glacial acetic acid) for 20 min. One drop was placed on a fresh glass slide and air-dried for 15 min. A drop of 60% acetic acid was added to each slide and allowed to stand another 10-20 min. One drop of lacto-acetoorcein was added and the mixture squashed with a bent needle.
2. Spiders collected from rice straw bundles placed in ricefields after harvest. IRRI, 1989.
Slides were viewed under oil immersion objective (1250x) of a binocular microscope fitted with a linear micrometer. The M-phase of cleavage was monitored in 1,900 eggs. No nuclear division was found the first 4 d, when embryogenic cells were at the prophase stage. Onset of the M-phase was on day 5; it increased on day 6. Frequency of nuclear division peaked on day 7-8. A range of 13-37 dividing nuclei was observed during peak periods. It appears 6- to 8-d-old eggs (eyespot stage to dark egg stage) are ideal for observing nuclear division stages (Fig. 1, 2).
also Oxyopes spp., Tetragnatha spp., Argiope sp., and Dyschiriognatha sp. Plants and leafhoppers also were collected. It is important that several species of pests colonize the tents because they are needed as food for the beneficial species.
M-phase in eggs of Nephotettix virescens (Distant)

Gan Dai Yao, R. C. Saxena, and A. A. Barrion, Entomology Department, IRRI
1. Frequency of M-phase during nuclear division in N. virescens eggs at different days after oviposition. IRRI, 1989. n = 1,900 eggs.
2. Egg cells of N. virescens undergoing different stages of mitosis. a = interphase, b = prophase, c = prometaphase, d = metaphase. IRRI, 1989.
Weed management
Yield loss to weeds in upland rice at Parwanipur, Nepal
K. P. Bhurer, P. B. Karki, and R. A. Yadav, National Rice Improvement Program, Parwanipur; and J. D. Ranjit, Agronomy Division, Khumaltar, Nepal
Growth and development of N. virescens from fertilized egg (zygote) to maturity depend largely on a coordinated sequence of increases in cell numbers, size, and differentiation. Somatic egg cells undergo cyclic events, such as interphase and M-phase (mitotic). The M-phase is a critical stage in embryonic development and an ideal stage for preventing rice pest development. It includes nuclear (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) divisions. We characterized the M-phase in N. virescens eggs. The insect was mass-reared on TN1 rice plants in the IRRI insectary. Eggs were collected daily from 1 to 8 d after oviposition and the onset of cleavage or nuclear division determined. (At 30 1C, N.
We assessed yield loss due to weeds in dry seeded upland rice at Parwanipur in 1988. Ghaiya 2 (MW10) was seeded 18 Jun at 20-cm spacing. The experimental field was fertilized with 60-30-30 kg NPK/ha. Half the N and all the P and K were applied basal; the remaining N was topdressed in two equal splits at 25 and 55 d after seeding.
Ten 5- 3-m plots with different levels of weed infestation were established. Two samples of weeds within a 1-m 2 quadrat placed randomly in each plot were taken before maturity. Weeds were identified, dried, and weighed. Rice yield from 5.6-m 2 areas was converted into g/m 2 . A simple linear regression and correlation analysis was used to assess rice yield loss due to weed infestation. Echinochloa colona, E. crus-galli, Cyperus difformis, C. iria, and C. rotundus were dominant. The linear relationship ( r = 0.9602* *) between dry weed weight and rice yield was negative and highly significant (see figure). The regression analysis Y = 294.579 - 1.0568** (20.3638) X estimated the reduction in
6% broadleaved weeds. Of the herbicides and cultural treatments tested, thiobencarb at 1.5 kg ai/ha followed by one hand weeding at
25-30 d after sowing (DAS) gave the highest yield and net return (see table). Results with butachlor at the same rate and weeding schedule were similar.
Weed control in direct sown rice cultivar (MW10) under rainfed upland conditions of Chhattisgarh, MP, India, 1984-86. a Treatment Thiobencarb (saturn) Thiobencarb plus one hand weeding at 25-30 DAS Butachlor (Delchlor) Butachlor with one hand weeding at 25-30 DAS Butachlor (Machete) Butachlor with one hand weeding at 25-30 DAS Pendimethalin Hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 DAS Weed-free check Nonweeded control Experiment mean LSD (0.05) Formulation 50 EC 50 EC 50 EC 50 EC 50 EC 50 EC 30 EC Rate Yield (t/ha) Gross applied return (kg ai/ha) 1984 1985 1986 Mean ($) 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 3.5 3.7 2.9 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.4 3.4 3.2 1.3 2.9 0.5 1.2 2.8 1.0 3.4 0.7 2.8 0.8 3.00 3.1 0.8 2.0 0.10 0.8 2.2 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.8 1.7 2.4 0.4 1.6 0.5 1.8 2.9 1.6 2.8 1.4 2.5 1.4 2.7 2.9 0.8 2.2 185 288 164 285 141 251 138 271 290 83 Cost of treatment ($) 25 35 26 40 25 40 30 47 67 00 Net return ($) 160 253 138 247 116 211 108 224 223 83
Relationship between weed dry weight and rice grain yield under upland condition. Patwanipur, India. 1988.
yield per unit increase in dry weed weight to be between 0.48% (1.4206 g/ m2) and 0.23% (0.6929 dm2), at 99% level of confidence. The equation developed here could be used to assess yield loss caused by weeds in upland ricefields under conditions similar to those in Parwanipur.
a Rice $l00,00/t, thiobencarb $6.00/liter, Delchlor $6.34/liter, Machete $6.34/liter, pendimethalin $5.93, labor charges $0.67/d, labor required for 2 weedings (40 + 30 DAS) and for weed-free check (40 + 30 + 20 + 10 DAS) in man-days/ha.
Water management
Effect of submergence depth on rice yield and water percolation and nitrogen leaching in sandy clay loam soils
T. Ramalingam, C. Ramaswami, T. Lakshminaryanan, and P. Singaravelu, Soil and Water Management Research Institute, Thanjavur, India
Weed control in direct seeded rice under upland conditions of Chhattisgarh, India
R. Singh and S. K. Shrivastava, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (IGKVV), College of Agriculture, Raipur 492012, Madhya Pradesh (MP), India
We evaluated herbicides for effective and economical control of weeds in direct seeded rice under upland conditions. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. MW10 was the test variety. The dominant weeds were Echinochloa colona, Cyperus rotundus, Setaria glauca, Cynodon dactylon, Eclipta alba, Alternanthera spp., and Commelina spp. The weed population included 65% grasses, 29% sedges, and
We measured the effect of different submergence depths on rice yield, water percolation, and nitrogen leaching in the sandy clay loam (Typic Haplustalf) soils of Thanjavur District. The experimental field had neutral soil reaction and low organic matter content (0.51%). Soil had 20% clay, 3% silt, 13% coarse sand, 63% fine sand with low CEC (9.7 meq/100 g) and exchangeable bases. The experiment was repeated in two seasonskharif (Jun-Oct) and rabi
(Oct-Jan)for 3 yr (1985-87). Water depths were 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 cm, maintained by irrigating the 6- 5-m plots daily. Loss of water to percolation was measured in 20-cm-diameter, 30-cmhigh metal rings covered by polythene sheets. Percolation loss was measured daily from 8 d after planting to 15 d before harvest. Leachate collected daily after basal and topdressed prilled urea was analyzed for ammoniacal N using magnesium oxide and for nitrate N using Devarda alloy. Nitrogen loss by leaching was quantified from N concentration in the leachate and amount of water lost by percolation. Daily topping with 2.5 or 5.0 cm water significantly increased yield compared to 7.5 cm water depth during the dry season. Percolation loss increased with depth of submergence
during both wet and dry seasons, but dry season rates were only about 50% of those in the wet season. This may be due to a rise in groundwater table during the monsoon period. Initial concentrations of ammoniacal and nitrate N were high, gradually dropping within 15 d after application of N (see table). N loss increased with increasing water depth. N loss in the dry season was about 50% of loss in the wet season.
Effect of submergence depth on rice yield and loss of water and N. a Thanjavur, India, 1985-87 wet and dry seasons. Wet season Water depth (cm) Grain yield (t/ha) 6.4 6.6 6.2 ns Water loss (mm) 373 448 516 N loss (kg/ha) NH 4 4.6 5.5 6.2
+
Dry season Grain yield (t/ha) 4.6 4.7 4.4 0.1 Water loss (mm) 196 238 265 N loss (kg/ha) NH 4+ 2.2 2.7 3.0 NO3 0.6 0.8 0.9
NO3 1.3 1.6 1.8
2.5 5.0 7.5 LSD (0.05)

aAV
for 3 yr.
Effect of irrigation schedule on grain yield and water use efficiency in transplanted rice
N. Pandey, R. K. Mishra, and R. S. Tripathi, Agronomy Department, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Raipur, India
Effect of irrigation schedule on rice grain yield, water requirement, and water use efficiency. Ambikapur, India, 1987 wet season. Treatment Continuous submergence 5 2 cm water (CS) Application of 7 cm water 1 DAD Application of 7 cm water 3 DAD Application of 7 cm water 5 DAD Rainfed with provision to store all rainwater (RF) LSD (0.05) Grain yield (t/ha) 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.1 0.2 Effective rainfall (cm) 36 43 46 47 74 Water requirement (cm) 126 113 88 82 74 Water use efficiency (kg/ha per cm) 29 32 40 41 42
Five levels of irrigation (see table) were laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Soil of the experimental field was sandy loam, pH 6.8, EC 0.28 dS/m, 0.58% organic C, with 185, 18, and 250 kg available N, P, and K/ha. Test variety was IR36. Water applied 1 or 3 d after
disappearance of ponded water (DAD) was as good as continuous submergence (CS) in grain yield and
significantly superior to rainfed (RF). Irrigation 3 DAD saved 38 cm water without sacrificing yield.
Farm machinery
A root zone liquid urea applicator for wetland rice
A. A. Reddy, Operational Research Project of Directorate of Rice Research, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh (AP) 507004, India
A simple root zone liquid applicator attachment to the hand compression insecticide sprayer was developed in 1984 (see figure). Prilled urea dissolved in water (1:2 ratio) is kept under pressure in the sprayer tank. The applicator is attached in place of the insecticide lance rod using an adaptor pipe with matching threads. The operator lifts the applicator with the right hand and gently pushes the lower ends of eight branch nozzles
Urea solution application using root zone liquid applicator attachment to hand compression sprayer. AP, India, 1984-1986.
33
5 to 10 cm deep into the root zone in water-saturated soil. The trigger is pressed with the left hand for 1-2 s to release the urea solution. An area of about 0.63 m 2 is covered with each release, a volume of 250-450 liters/ha. Two to three labor days are required to cover a hectare. We evaluated the applicator in black clayey soil for four seasons 198486. In wet season Jun-Dec 1984, 60 kg N/ha applied using the applicator at 10 d after transplanting (DT) gave a yield of 5.2 t/ha comparable to 5.4 t/ha with urea supergranule (USG) placement.
These yields were significantly better than with split application (4.7 t/ha). In dry season Jan-Apr 1985, the three fertilizer forms were compared at 80 kg N/ha in row and random transplanted rice. Urea solution and USG in the applied root zone produced grain yields (5.6-5.75 t/ha) significantly better than that with best split broadcast (5.3 t/ha). In wet season 1985, urea solution at 88 kg N/ha applied in the root zone gave a significantly higher yield (4.3 t/ ha) than best split broadcast (4.09 t/ ha).
We also evaluated the applicator for insecticide application in the root zone (see table). Root zone application of carbofuran suspension (RACS) and three granular broadcasts of carbofuran (TGBC) were significantly better than single granular broadcast of carbofuran (SGBC) in controlling stem borer and whorl maggot ( Hydrellia sp.). The yield increase with RACS was 1.5 t/ha. The benefit:cost ratio was 5.45 with RACS, The applicator can be used without modification in both row- and randomly transplanted rice.
Effect of root zone placement and granular broadcast of carbofuran on pest incidence and grain yields. a AP, India, 1984-86. Whorl maggot (ADL/hill) 46 DT, 1986 DS 1.05 a Stem borer Deadhearts (%) 60 DT, 1985 DS 1.05 a Deadhearts (%) 49 DT, 1985 WS 1.9 a Whiteheads (%) 1984 WS 3.42 b Grain yield c (t/ha) 1984 WS 1985 DS 1986 DS Increase Mean Yield Income (t/ha) (US$/ha) 5.3 1.5 191 Cost of control (US$/ha) Labor Insecticide d
Treatmentb
BCe ratio
Carbofuran 50 SP suspension applied 15 DT (RACS) Hand placement of carbofuran 3G impregnated mudballs at 15 DT Carbofuran 3G broadcast at 15 DT (SGBC) Carbofuran 3G broadcast at 15, 35, 55 DT (TGBC) Untreated control
aIn
5.7 a
6.2 ab
4.1 a
32
5.45
1.76 a
1.7 a
0.76 a
5.7 a
6.1 b
5.75
3.02 b
7.2
4.29 b
5.1
5.8
2.2
4.4
0.5
68.4
0.5
41.7
1.62
4.69 b
1.06 a
7.7 b
4.03
5.7 a
6.9 a
4.0 a
5.5
1.7
212.8
1.5
125
1.68
11.37
10.9
17.0
11.5
4.6
5.1
1.8
3.8
each column, values followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p = 0.05 by LSD. b Carbofuran was applied @0.75 kg ai/ha per application. cGrain yield data of 1985 WS were excluded because rice tungro virus caused very low yields. d Carbofuran 50 SP (soluble powder) was about 30% cheaper than 3G. eIncremental benefit-to-cost ratio = additional returns/additional cost. DT = days after transplanting, ADL = average damaged leaves DS = dry season (Jan-Apr), WS =wet season (Jun-Dec). = treatment not tested.
Farming systems
Economics of rainfed rice-based crop sequences under upland conditions in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley
B. C. Bhowmick and G. Guha, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Gossaigaon, India
We evaluated seven rice-based

cropping sequences 1985-86 to 198687. Local rice variety Banglami was grown Mar-Jun followed by black gram or sesamum Jun-Aug and wheat, buckwheat, mustard, niger, or potato Nov-Feb. Soil of the test site was sandy loam. Rice received 20-10-10 kg NPK/ ha and yielded 0.97-1.01 t/ha. (Yields were reduced because of pest infestation.) Black gram and sesamum received 15-35-10 and 30-20-20 kg
NPK/ha, respectively. Black gram yielded from 0.34-0.59 t/ha; sesamum, 0.63-0.79 t/ha. Sonalika wheat received 40-20-20 kg NPK/ha; buckwheat and niger 2010-10; M27 mustard 40-35-15, and lalpahari potato 60-50-50. Net return was calculated for each crop and cropping sequence. Rice - black gram - potato gave the highest net return, followed by rice - sesamum - potato. Net return per day
Average grain yield of cropping sequences and net returns under upland conditions. Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone, Assam, India, 1985-86. Cropping sequence Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice black gram - wheat sesamum - buckwheat black gram - mustard black gram - potato sesamum - wheat black gram - niger sesamum - potato Yield (t/ha) Crop 1 Crop 2 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.6 Crop 3 1.2 1.1 0.4 5.9 1.4 0.4 5.1 Net Total crop returnsa durationb ($/ha) (d) 173.90 381.38 258.89 497.14 346.19 291.95 459.81 332 322 305 314 334 328 316 Net return/d 0.52 1.18 0.85 1.58 1.04 0.89 1.46 Net return/$ invested 0.57 1.69 0.95 0.55 1.13 1.30 0.51
ERRATA
CNA-IRAT 4, a new CMS indica rice population, by J. Taillebois and P. C. F. Neves. 14 (3) (Jun 89), 5-6. Delete A new CMS from the title. In the table, change Outcrossing rate (%) to Proportion (%). CNA-IRAT 5 upland rice population, by J. Taillebois and E. P. Guimaraes. 14 (3) (Jun 89), 8-9. In the table, change Outcrossing rate (%) to Proportion (%). R. Ilangovan and S. Palaniappan. Effect of zincated diammonium phosphate (Zn-DAP) on rainfed lowland rice. 14 (2) (Apr 89), 27-28. In the title, rainfed lowland rice should read transplanted irrigated rice. The second authors name is Sp. Palaniappan. M. N. Prasad and S. S. Virmani. Optimum distance of isolation for hybrid rice seed production. 14 (3) (Jun 89), 4-5. In Table 1, p. 5, the values for maximum temperature in 1987 DS should be 28.0, 25.1, 29.0, 30.5, 31.0, 28.6, 27.7, 32.2, 31.8, and 29.0.
a Based
on 1985-87 local market rates. Exchange rate was $1 = Rs12.14. bRice = 116 d, black gram = 99 d, wheat = 117 d, sesamum = 101 d, buckwheat = 105 d, mustard = 90 d, potato = 99 d, niger = 113 d.
was also highest for these two crop sequences (see table). Estimated net return/$ invested was highest for rice - sesamum -
buckwheat and lowest for rice sesamum - potato, because of the high cost of potato cultivation and very low cost of buckwheat cultivation.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Agricultural compendium published
The third, revised edition of Agricultural compendium for rural development in the tropics and subtropics has been released by Elsevier Science Publishers. Numerous sections and even complete chapters have been rewritten, a number of new sections added, and many graphs replaced by original formulas. The compendium, compiled by EUROCONSULT, agricultural and civil engineering consultants of Arnhem, The Netherlands, was commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, The Hague. Copies may be ordered from Elsevier, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
PhilRice moves
The Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) has moved its headquarters to Maligaya, Muoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines 3119. PhilRice will continue to maintain offices at the University of the Philippines at Los Baos as well.
35

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IRRN GUIDELINES

Guidelines for contributors

Criteria for IRRN research reports

Categories of research reported

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

We studied three IRRI-developed rice

128 131 128 131 135 130 131 141 4.0

6.8 10.4 6.2 8.2 9.0 12.4 8.4 9.0 3.4

3.4 3.2 1.2 2.6 3.2 2.4 2.1 710

8.32 ns 32.08 ns 42.29*

replications; plot size: 9.6 m 2 .

Effects of infection and imperfect closed-glume on germination of hybrid rice seed

33.6 0.0 10.6

90.5 89.2 29.9

71.9 60.6 23.7

a Germination b Weiyou 6 c Comparison

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

Crossing baga polythene glassine polythene glassine

of 2 replications; transformed (angles) in parentheses.

Screening indica and japonica varieties for wide compatibility

IR58 Er-Jiu-Feng Xu-Shui 117 T8340

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

Maintainers and restorers for different cytoplasmic male sterility systems

P 203 A (cms-TN) PR M-PR M-PM PR PM M PR PM PM M M-PM PM PR PM-PR PM-PR PM PR PM PM PM PR PM PM PM PM

IR46828 A (cms-WA) PM R R M M M R PM-R M PM R R PR-R R M M M M M M M M M M M

Reimei A (cms-rfp) M M M M M M PM-PR M M M M PM PM M M M M M M M M M M M M M M

= restorer, PR = partial restorer, PM = partial maintainer, M = maintainer.

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989) 7

Genotypic variation in mineral uptake of rice mutants and parents

Influence of flag leaf area on rice seed germinability and vigor

Heterosis and heterobeltiosis for five morphoanatomical characters of rice panicle

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

2.3 2.7 2.5 2.1

Grain quality and nutritional value

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

0.1822 0.0088 0.6349 0.4439 0.0915 0.0176 0.0850 0.1941

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

In mg/g of tissue on dry weight basis in catechol equivalent.

Conditions for sporulation of rice blast (BI) fungus

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

Sporulation mean a (104 conidia/ml) 13.46 a 5.94 4.77 b c

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

14 IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

Reaction of differential rice varieties to Manipur biotype of gall midge (GM)

Resistance of wild rices to insect pests

Excess water tolerance

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

Adverse temperature tolerance

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

Adverse soils tolerance

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

Integrated germplasm improvement

Grain yield a (t/ha) 1987 3.4 4.9 1988 3.2 4.5

of 6 farms sampled each year.

Panicle exsertion b (0-9) 3 3

of 6 trials each year.

evaluation system for rice.

ITA1 73, a high-yielding rice variety for irrigated areas in Tanzania

IRRN 14:5 (October 1989)

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Urease activity in soil is an important factor in N fertilizer management for

Clay (%) 15 37 37 23 23 39 24 33 37 28 15.10-38.90

CEC (meq/ 100 g) 10 9 26 15 37 17 10 18 19 13 9.2-37.0

hydrolyzed/g soil per h.