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The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: "To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for ricebased cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world ... IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings." The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria, guidelines, and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. Criteria for IRRN research reports has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions

Guidelines for contributors (revised)

The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of brief reports of current research on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad, pan-national interest and application. Only reports of work conducted during the immediate past three years should be submitted. Research reported in IRRN should be verified. Single season, single trial field experiments are not accepted. All field trials should be repeated across more than one season, in multiple seasons, or in more than one location, as appropriate. All experiments should include replication and a check or control treatment. All work should have pan-national relevance. Reports of routine screening trials of varieties, fertilizer, and cropping methods using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not accepted. Normally, no more than one report will be accepted from a single experiment. Two or more items about the same work submitted at the same time will be returned for merging. Submission at different times of multiple reports from the same experiment is highly inappropriate. Detection of such submissions will result in rejection of all. Please observe the following guidelines in preparing submissions: Limit each report to two pages of double-spaced typewritten text and no more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos). Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Organize the report into a brief statement of research objectives, a brief description of project design, and a brief discussion of results. Relate results to the objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Specify the rice production

environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deepwater, tidal wetlands). Specify the type of rice culture (transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet season, dry season, monsoon) and by months. Do not use local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. Use standard, internationally recognized terms to describe rice plant parts, growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local names. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. For soil nutrient studies, be sure to include a standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants. Do not use common names or local names alone. Quantify survey data (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base. etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc.. report the actual quantification of damage due to stress that was used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per specified length (in meters) row (g/ row) for small scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use local monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate US$:local currency at the time data were collected. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, followed by the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or graph in a footnote or caption/ legend.

Categories of research published

genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality pest resistance diseases insects other pests stress tolerance drought excess water adverse temperature adverse soils integrated germplasm improvement irrigated rainfed lowland upland deepwater tidal wetlands seed technology

GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

soils soil microbiology physiology and plant nutrition fertilizer management inorganic sources organic sources crop management integrated pest management diseases insects weeds other pests water management farming systems farm machinery postharvest technology economic analysis

ENVIRONMENT SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CONTENTS
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
5 Sheath blight (ShB) resistance in wild rices 5 Panicle and grain characters of some glaberrima cultivars in Sierra Leone 6 Inheritance of response to gibberellic acid (GA3) in semidwarf rices 7 A high-yielding early hybrid rice with multiple resistance 7 Effect of gibberellic acid on pathogen infection in hybrid rice seed 8 Screening rices for good panicle exsertion

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soil microbiology
22 Influence of wild plant and crop residues on rice yield 22 Effect of seeding rate on dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation of Sesbania rostrata 23 Effects of a growth regulator on rice seedling growth 23 Greenhouse evaluation of urea supergranules (USG) containing diammonium phosphate (DM) for transplanted rice 24 Rate and time of N application for direct seeded irrigated rice 25 Influence of modified urea and placement on N use in irrigated rice 25 Influence of modified urea materials at different N rates on estimated wetland rice soil ammonium-N and nitrate-N 26 Contribution of flood siltation to boro rice yield and response to N and K 27 Response of rice to Azospirillum brasilense and organic manures on organic- and chemical-few farms in India 28 Effect of traditional and improved nursery methods on seedling growth and rice yield 28 Nonfluorescent Pseudomonas strains causing rice sterility and grain discoloration in Colombia 29 False smut incidence on rice relative to plant characters and environmental factors 30 Bakanae and foot rot of rice in Punjab, Pakistan 30 Efficacy of ethofenprox in preventing rice tungro (RTV) infection 30 Mutual interference among wolf spider adult females 31 Fluctuation of yellow stem borer (YSB) populations in Raichur, Kamataka, India 31 Toxicity of insecticides to mirid bug predator of rice brown planthopper 31 Feeding and food assimilation by two species of rice leaffolders (LF) on selected weed plants 32 Mass rearing of a mirid predator 33 Weed control in dry and wet seeded irrigated rice 33 Effect of time and number of weedings on direct seeded upland rice yields 34 Weed composition in dry seeded wetland rice 34 34 35 36 36 37 37 37 Intercropping following rice Rice-based cropping systems for rainfed lowland conditions Production potential and economics of upland rice + pigeonpea Rice-based intercropping systems for rainfed upland conditions of Chotanagpur plateau Some transplanted rice-based cropping systems Water requirement for peanut following rice in Bangalore Rice variety to fit cropping patterns in Tripura, India Relay cropping in upland rice fallows

Genetics

Physiology and plant nutrition Fertilizer management

Breeding methods

Yield potential
8 9 9 10

Genetic studies on rice flag leaf weight and midrib and side vein thickness Photoperiod sensitivity of traditional rice variety of Andamans Association of rice ratooning ability and vigor with grain yield Effect of leaf senescence and stubble carbohydrate content on ratoon rice yield 10 Effect of high humidity and low temperature on spikelet fertility in indica rice 11 12 12 13 13 14 Some components of partial resistance to blast (B1) in indica rices Analysis of rice blast (Bl) pathogen virulence in Egypt Resistance to blast (Bl) in Egyptian rice varieties Changes in rice leaf pigment due to tungro (RTV) infection Development of kresek symptoms on some rice varieties Resistance of wild rices to bacterial blight (BB)

Crop management

Pest resistancediseases

Integrated pest managementdiseases

Pest resistanceinsects
14 15 15 16

Biology of rice leaffolders (LF) on susceptible IR36 and resistant TKM6 Rearing yellow stem borer (YSB) for screening varietal resistance MDU3, a new gall midge-resistant rice Using rice nurseries to collect thrips for use in screening rice germplasm

Integrated pest managementinsects

Pest resistanceother pests

16 Reaction of rice cultivar Faro 11 to sugarcane cyst nematode Heterodera sacchari 17 Promising cold-tolerant and high-yielding rice lines for Ndop Plain, Northwest Camemon 18 Performance of cold-tolerant varieties in western hills of Nepal 18 Screening rice for temperature tolerance in northern Nigeria 19 Phosphorus activity in genotypes with low phosphoms tolerance 20 IET6666, a new high-yielding rice variety for Assam 20 Performance of IR46 and IR10781-143-2-3 under transplanted rainfed lowland conditions in Nepal 21 Using electrical conductivity to determine maturity stage for quality rice seeds 21 Mid-storage correction to prolong viability of rice seeds

Stress toleranceadverse temperature

Integrated pest managementweeds

Stress toleranceadverse soils

Farming systems

Integrated germplasm improvement

Seed technology

GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
Sheath blight (ShB) resistance in wild rices
A. D. Amante, R. de la Pena, L. A. Sitch, H. Leung, and T. W. Mew, IRRI

in existing rice cultivars. To identify additional sources, we tested 76 wild rice accessions in IRRIs ShB nursery. (Some accessions were represented by more than one source, giving a total of 106 entries.) Seedlings were planted in two 50-cm rows at 5 hills/row, spaced 10 cm between hills and 20 cm between rows. Inoculum (a 10- to 14-d-old culture of

Development of host resistance to ShB, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, has been hampered by limited sources of resistance

Wild rices with resistance or moderate resistance to the ShB pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. IRRI, 1990. Species IRGC accession no. O. nivara 103422 103835 103 840 101971 104444 104473 101 193 103841 103841 103824 104705 101967 101973 100898 O. barthii 101827 104304a 104304a 104304b 101317 O. perennis 104765 104822 104796 100969 103848 100692 104754 104782 104766a 104642 104822 O. rufipogon 100907 100907 O. latifolia 100966 100964 Plants tested (no.) 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 Plant height (cm) 127.8 119.6 126.7 130.1 113.9 120.2 100.7 114.0 122.1 91.2 108.0 120.4 124.2 101.0 88.0 92.1 95.2 99.0 98.6 172.3 109.8 115.3 135.1 106.5 107.8 93.4 130.0 124.9 86.2 104.4 120.8 154.7 127.8 122.0 93.2 77.7 Lesion height (cm) 39.4 36.4 36.3 38.6 34.1 35.0 26.6 31.4 33.6 25.2 28.9 32.2 31.0 23.6 26.0 23.8 22.5 22.3 22.0 34.8 31.8 32.4 37.4 29.4 28.5 24.5 34.0 31.6 19.3 24.4 26.8 31.0 30.6 33.0 17.9 32.0 RLHa Gradeb

30.2* 30.1 * 29.3 29.3 29.3 28.7* 27.4* 27.3** 27.2* 26.8* 26.5 26.5 25.0* 22.8** 29.5 25.3* 23.0* 22.0** 21.7** 30.0 28.3* 27.8* 27.8* 27.6 26.2* 26.0* 25.8* 24.4** 23.4* 23.0* 21.5* 19.5* 23.5* 26.5 18.7** 41.2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 5

R. solani in a rice hull and grain medium (3:1 vol/vol) was placed between the tillers at the base of each plant 45 and 65 d after seeding. Disease reaction was scored 15-20 d after flowering and relative lesion height (RLH = lesion height [cm]/plant height [cm] 100) computed. Although all entries showed ShB symptoms on the leaf sheath, about one-third (35 entries) were more resistant than susceptible check IR58 (see table). On the basis of RLH, O. minuta Acc. 101089 (RLH = 18.7%) and O. rufipogon Acc. 100907 (RLH = 19.5%) were resistant; 34 other entries were moderately resistant. These accessions may be useful donors of ShB resistance for rice improvement.

Panicle and grain characters of some glaberrima cultivars in Sierra Leone

M. S. Jusu and S. S. Monde Rice Research Station, Rokupr, Sierra Leone

O. minuta 101089 1 IR58 (susceptible check)

5 = moderately susceptible.

a * and ** = significantly different from susceptible check at 5% and 1 % level by LSD test. b 1 = resistant. 3 = moderately resistant,

A large number of subsistence farmers in Sierra Leone cultivate Oryza gluberrima because of its wide adaptability to stress, high weed competitiveness, and good eating qualities. Evaluation of cultivars collected during the last 3 yr indicates considerable phenotypic variation. We evaluated 60 O. glaberrima varieties collected in Jan 1988 from upland fields in the Southern Province for variations in morphological and agronomic characters. Panicle exsertion tended to be moderate, panicle type open, and secondary branching rare (Table 1). Threshability was easy (this is a major defect in glaberrimas). Panicle length, grain length, and grain shape varied widely (Table 2). Panicles 25 cm and longer occurred in Accessions 5886 (Pa China), 5568 (Pa

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Table 1. Panicle and grain characters of some Oryza glaberrima cultivars. Sierra Leone, 1988. IRRI scale 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Panicle exsertion Description Well exserted Moderately exserted Just exserted Partially exserted Fully exserted Accessions (%) 23.3 41.7 35.0 0.0 0.0 Open Panicle type Description Accessions (%) 0.00 15.0 85.0 Secondary branching Description Absent Light Heavy Accessions (%) 95.0 5.0 0.00 Easy Panicle threshability Description Difficult Intermediate Accessions (%) 1.7 1.7 96.6 Seed coat color Description White Light brown Speckled brown Brown Red Variable purple Purple Accessions (%) 1.7 3.3 10.0 71.6 0.0 11.7 1.7

Compact

Intermediate

Table 2. Distribution of some panicle and grain characters of some O. glaberrima Cultivars, Sierra Leone, 1988. Character Panicle length (cm) Dehulled grain length (mm) Range 15-20 20-25 25 & above Medium (5.51 to 6.60 mm) Long (6.60 to 7.50 mm) Extra long (more than 7.50 mm) Medium (2.1 to 3.0) Slender (>3.0) Accessions (%) 5 87 8 2 38 60 12 88

23, and C2123 (with sd1 gene) were sensitive to GA3; Xue-He-Ai-Zao and Xue-4 (with sds gene) were insensitive. Evenly germinating seeds were sown in 50- 20- 15-cm plastic trays and sprayed with 20 ppm GA3 solution the next day. Seedling height was measured

10 d after spraying. In five combinations, all F1 s were sensitive to GA3 (the F1 of Xue-He-AiZao/Xue-4 was missing). The F2s segregated (Fig. 1). The genotypes of Sd1-Sd 8 - and sd1sd1Sd 8 - were sensitive; the genotypes of Sd1-sd8sd8 and sd1sd1sd8sd8

Grain length: width ratio

Kamara), 5620 (Pa D.C.), 5838 (Pa Keble), 5290 (Walei), and 5839 (Pa Temne). Accession 5886 (Pa China) also showed some secondary branching and low threshability.

Genetics
Inheritance of response to gibberellic acid (GA3) in semidwarf rices
Xu Jianlong and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou; and Lin Yizi, Plant Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China

Five semidwarf varieties (plant height about 65=90 cm), keng type, with sd1 or sds gene, were analyzed for heritability of response to GA3, Cheng-Tu-232, Jia-

1. Frequency distribution of responses of different crosses to GA3 .

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Guizhou indigenous variety) have strong cold tolerance. Wei-you 481 performed well in 1988 regional trials for single, mid-season rice cropping areas 1,100-l,500 m altitude in Guizhou Province. Average yields were 8.4 t/ha, 9% higher than that of popular hybrid rice Wei-you 64 (Table 1). An outstanding characteristic of Weiyou 481 is its multiple resistances (Table 2). In artificial inoculation tests in 1988, it was resistant to 102 Pyricularia oryzae isolates belonging to 21 races.

2. Response of generations of Cheng-Tu-232/Xue-He-Ai-Zao to GA3. P1= Cheng-Tu-232, P2= Xue-He-Ai-Zao, F1= P1/P2, DW= dwarf.

Effect of gibberellic acid on pathogen infection in hybrid rice seed

Zhou Zhongyue, Tang Shande, and Mo Zhijun, Lingling Agricultural School, Hunan, China

were insensitive, at a 3:1 ratio (9 Sd1-Sd 8:3 sd1sd1Sd8 :3 Sd1-sd 8sd 8 :1sd1sd1sd1sd8). The F2 of Xue-He-Ai-Zao/Xue-4 did not segregate and was insensitive. Dwarf plants (height less than 40 cm),

probably having both sd genes, were found in the F2 of every combination (Fig. 2). Response of the dwarfs was similar to that of Xue-He-Ai-Zao.

Breeding methods
A high-yielding early hybrid rice with multiple resistance
Zheng Lingxiang and Tang Hongjing, Institute of Rice, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China

Wei-you 481 is a newly released early indica hybrid of V20A/Qian-hui 481.

Qian-hui 481 is an isocytoplasmic R-line derived from Zhen Xian 97A/Tai Yin 1// Xiankengnuo///Gui 6/IR26////IR24/ Liuganjianye (an indica/japonica combination). Indica varieties Tai Yin 1 and IR26 have bacterial blight (BB) resistance and IR24 and IR26 have blast (B1) resistance in Guizhou. Japonica varieties Liuganjianye and Xiankengnuo (a

Hybrid rice seed may be infected with glume spots caused by pathogens, primarily Alternaria, and kernel smut caused by Tilletia barclayana. Serious infection results in low seed viability. We studied the effect of six levels of gibberellic acid (GA3) spray on incidence of glume spots and kernel smut on hybrid seed produced on CMS line V20A. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Both glume spots and kernel smut incidence decreased with GA3 application (see table). Application
Effect of GA3 application on pathogen infection of hybrid rice seeds. a Hunan, China, 1988.

Table 1. Some agronomic characteristics a of Wei-you 481, Guizhou, China. Variety Wei-you 481 Wei-you 64
a

Duration (d) 162 153

Plant ht (cm) 88.5 76.7

Panicles (no./m2 ) 342.0 394.5

Grains (no./ panicle) 118.2 108.5

1,000grain wt (g) 27.0 28.4

Seed set (%) 78.2 77.5

Yield (t/ha) 8.4 7.7

Yield/d (kg/ha) 52.2 51.1

GA3 level (g/ha) 0 90 180 240 360 450

a

Glume spot (%) 44.0 d 25.0 b 23.9 a 23.4 a 26.5 c 27.6 c

Kernel smut (%) 22.1 b 6.0 a 7.7 a 3.9 a 6.8 a 4.8 a

Mean of 4 rites (1100-1500 m above sea level) in the regional trials of hybrid rice in Guizhou Province, 1987.

Table 2. Reaction a of Wel-you 481 to B1, BB, and cold, Guizhou, China, 1987. Variety Wei-you 481 wei-you 64
a

Reaction to B1 Leaf B1 2.0 4.5 Neck B1 1.5 5.0

Reaction to BB 3.0 7.0

Reaction to cold Seedling stage 3.0 7.0

b

In a column, mean followed by difficult letters are significantly different at the 5% level (DMRT).

Flowering stage b ++ +
+ = moderate cold

Mean of 4 test sites in Guizhou Province. Scoring according to Standard evaluation system for rice scale: 0-9. resistance, ++ = strong cold resistance.

level did not show significant differences in kernel smut incidence, but glume spots decreased up to 240 g GA3/ha. Higher application increased glume spot incidence.

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Screening rices for good panicle exsertion

S. Jebaraj, S. Palanisamy, and M. Subramanian, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India

We evaluated panicle exsertion in 40 genotypes, including 4 commonly cultivated medium-duration rice varieties, during 1987 wet season (Jun-Sep). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with two replications. Three plants/replication were selected

randomly at the end of 50% flowering. Panicle exsertion was measured as the distance between the place of emergence of the flag leaf to the base of the panicle. The varieties studied showed highly significant differences in panicle exsertion. Exserted panicle length varied from 1.60 to 10.95 cm, with a 40% coefficient of variation (see table). T414, 864, 916, 979, 1037, 2253, 2256, 2292, 2699, 2710, 2730, and 2869 had significantly better exsertion. These types could be used to develop male-sterile lines with well-exserted panicles for hybrid seed production.

Yield potential
Genetic studies on rice flag leaf weight and midrib and side vein thickness
Shen Fu-Cheng and Liu Chuang-Xiu, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou Province, China

Panicle exsertion in different rice varieties.a Tamil Nadu, India, 1987 wet season. Type T23 T414 T864 T916 T951 T979 T1004 T1037 T1403 T1418 T1621 T1651 T1745 T2253 T2256 T2292 T2337 T2402 T2408 T2436 T2613 T2669 T2684 T2688 T2690 T2699 T2706 T2710 T2717 T2721 T2729 T2730 T2811 T2842 T2845 T2869 Variety Safeda Long grain, awned Kesse-Koyoba (m) V. Melonoceros Kore Matali Ichabtsi Sauchaotsi III 14-8 Thavalaikannan Gudumaskathi Dc. Sierrikone Madaoliso Senkar Lati Amtoo Mohar (157) Banaspatri (Medium) Kalomashine Nira CP15 Cuttack 10 Aikoku China 62 Chungnung No. 4 Varylava Ali Combo Tainan 1 Kaohsiung 64 Irradiated Taichung 65 (CP231/3 *Bluebonnet)/PI215936 PI 215936/CI 9214 PI 215936/CI 9214 CI 9402 (CP23 1/Bluebonnet) (PI 215936/CI9214) CI 9155/(C.50/Kh.27) Hsinchu 50 Cuttack 45 (Ch.45/AC 1951) 14 1206-17-21 Takao IR20 Ponni Co 43 Co 44 Overall mean Origin Central province Madurai West Africa (Gambia) Russia Punjab China China China Malabar S. Canara Africa Brazil Udumalpet Bombay Lashkar (Gwalior) Kalitong, Assam USA CRRI, Cuttack CRRI, Cuttack China China Madagascar Japonica - Taiwan Japonica - Taiwan Japonica - Taiwan Taiwan Cuttack E. Punjab Maharashtra Taiwan Philippines Malaysia Coimbatore Coimbatore LSD CV = 40.3 1 % Mean exsertion length (cm) 6.33 7.76 9.75 6.90 2.18 9.27 6.14 9.78 4.01 6.33 5.92 1.71 5.83 7.15 10.95 10.55 3.65 6.60 4.94 5.52 5.71 6.16 5.51 5.18 5.23 9.50 6.11 9.50 5.71 4.78 4.08 10.11 4.43 2.54 4.46 7.00 4.18 5.98 1.60 2.94 6.05 0.83

Thicker rice leaves have been found to have higher photosynthetic rates. Some studies have related photosynthetic rate to the diameter of the leaf vascular bundles. We studied the heritability of specific flag leaf weight (SLW), midrib thickness (TMR), and side vein thickness (TSV) at heading in parental and F2 populations of Guichao 2/82-856 and Conggui 226/82856. Vein thickness was measured by micrometer. Flag leaf area (A) was measured as
A = 2/3L 1L2+1/3L3(L1-L4)

where L 1 = leaf length, L2 = leaf greatest width, L3 = leaf basal width, and L 4 = leaf length from the widest part to the pointed end. Variety 82-856 had very thick leaves (SLW = 10.027 mg/dm2, TMR = 78.07 mm, TSV = 38.51 mm). Guichao 2 and Conggui 226 had thinner leaves (for Guichao 2, SLW = 6.03 mg/dm2. TMR = 41.47 mm, TSV = 23.80 mm; for Conggui 226, SLW = 6.227 mg/dm2, TMR = 45.70 mm, TSV = 23.89 mm). Leaf heritability ( h2 ) was calculated as
h2 = WF2-1/2(VP 1+VP2) 100 VF2

Underlined values a significantly better than overall mean. F test significant at 1 % level.

All F1 values for TMR, TSV, and SLW in both combinations were between the two parents (see figure). The F2 distributions for SLW and TSV were continuous and almost abnormal in both combinations. Distributions for TMR were skewed, showing predominance of the lower segregants, in both combinations. Heritabilities were SLW>TMR>TSV. For Conggui 226/82856, heritabilities were 78.63% for SLW 62.06% for TMR, and 27.10% for TSV. For Guichao 2/82-856, heritabilities were

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

2. Variation in daylength and temperature during different months in Port Blair, India.

F2 distribution of TMR, TSV, and SLW in the cross of Guichao 2/82-856F 2.

72.52% for SLW, 66.19% for TMR, and 33.84% for TSV. This suggests that SLW and TSV had multigenic and additive actions and that

TMR was controlled by some major genes and a small number of dominant genes with cumulative and unequal effect.

Photoperiod sensitivity of traditional rice variety of Andamans

S. Singh and T. Ram, Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, India

Local rice variety C14-8 occupies more than 50% of the rice area in Andamans. We compared its photoperiod sensitivity

with the moderate photoperiod sensitivity of modern variety CR1009 at 12 N lat. and 92-94 E long. The crops were sown on the 10th d of each month for 1 yr. CR1009 sown in Oct flowered in 100 d. When sown in Mar and Apr, it flowered in 130 d (Fig. 1). C14-8 sown in Nov flowered in 115 d. When sown in Dec, it flowered in 341 d, the difference being 226 d. The basic vegetative phase

of CR1009 was about 65 d and that of C14-8 80 d. The photoperiod-sensitive phase was about 30 and 226 d, respectively. The marked difference in flowering durations with month of sowing is attributed mainly to response to varying daylengths in different months (Fig. 2). Variation in days to flowering was caused by difference in vegetative lag phase only. The basic vegetative, reproductive, and ripening phases were constant in both varieties. C14-8 is highly sensitive to slight variations in daylength, indicating strong photoperiod sensitivity.

Association of rice ratooning ability and vigor with grain yield

M. Subramanian and A. Ramalingam, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute (ACRI), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

We evaluated rice ratooning ability, vigor, and yield in 22 rice cultivars during 1987 wet season. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. At harvest, the main crop was cut leaving a 15 cm culm. The stubble was irrigated 3 d after harvest and 40 kg N/ha applied 7 d after harvest. Ratoon vigor was assessed as 1 = extra vigorous, 5 = intermediate or normal, 9 = very weak. A ratoon rating (RR) was calculated as
1. Days to flowering of rice varieties sown in different months.

av number RR = (1 - [0.1 ratoon vigor]) of ratoon tillers/plant

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

a Relationship of carbohydrate content in stubble and leaf senescence at harvest to ratoon yield. Madurai, India 1988.

Parent, cross Bhavani MDU3 IET6262 IET6709 IET7552 IET9239 Bhavani/MDU3 Bhavani/IET6262 Bhavani/IET6729 Bhavani/IET7552 Bhavani/IET9239 MDU3/IET6262 MDU3/IET6709 MDU3/IET7552 MDU3/IET9239 IET6262IET6709 IET6262/IET7552 IET6262/IET9239 IET6709/IET7552 IET6709/IET9239 IET7552/IET9239 Mean: Parent cross SE LSD (P = 0.05) Correlation with ratoon yield
a Figures

Carbohydrate content of stubble (%) 20.5 17.8 21.2 23.2 18.8 24.2 18.6 (18.2) 21.2 (19.4) 20.7 (19.7) 19.7 (20.9) 20.6 (22.0) 17.6 (16.7) 20.2 (21.5) 17.8 (16.7) 19.4 (21.2) 22.0 (23.8) 17.5 (19.0) 21.7 (25.2) 20.7 (22.3) 24.8 (23.8) 22.6 (20.2) 20.95 20.52 0.43 1.22 0.0137ns

Leaf senescence (%) 55.2 51.4 57.6 52.9 60.8 59.6 54.0 (53.4) 54.9 (54.2) 51.2 (58.0) 66.3 (58.7) 55.0 (58.2) 52.0 (56.3) 51.4 (50.4) 5 1.7 (56.0) 56.8 (66.3) 58.4 (56.2) 62.2 (60.1) 52.9 (58.5) 56.5 (55.2) 52.5 (54.9) 62.5 (56.5) 56.26 55.71 0.94 2.65 0.2136ns

Ratoon yield (g/10 plants) 14.4 12.3 12.8 13.6 15.1 11.7 14.5 (12.5) 16.1 (13.2) 15.4 (15.1) 14.9 (16.3) 14.3 (12.8) 12.8 (13.5) 13.1 (13.7) 12.4 (15.0) 12.5 (1 1.9) 14.4 (15.2) 13.0 (15.1) 12.8 (12.5) 15.2 (16.8) 13.5 (12.6) 15.9 (120) 13.32 13.96 0.28 0.78

Relationship between ratoon rating and ratoon grain yield in 22 rice cultivars. ACRI, Tamil Nadu, India, 1987 wet season.

The association between RR and ratoon yield was positive and significant (see figure). Most cultivars with high RR had high ratoon yield. RR can be used as a criterion in selecting rice cultivars for high ratooning ability.

Effect of leaf senescence and stubble carbohydrate content on ratoon rice yield
S. Arumugachamy, P. Vivekanandan, and M. Subramanian, Agricultural Botany Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

in parentheses are for reciprocal cross.

We studied the relationship between carbohydrate content in the stubble and leaf senescence at main harvest and ratoon yield in rice genotypes Bhavani, MDU3, IET6262, IET6709, IET7552, and IET9235 and their crosses during Oct 1988. Each entry was planted in two 2-mlong rows at 20- 10-cm spacing, in a randomized block design with three replications. Recommended practices were followed for both main and ratoon crops. Ten randomly selected plants of each parent and cross from each replication were used to estimate main crop stubble carbohydrate content, leaf senescence, and ratoon yield. Total carbohydrate content was estimated by phenol sulfuric acid method. Leaf senescence was estimated by
Total number senescent % senescent leaves = 100 leaves Total number green leaves at milk stage

IET7552 and Bhavani had the highest ratoon yields (see table). The effects of carbohydrate content of the stubble and leaf senescence at harvest on ratoon yield

were not significant, indicating low influence of these factors on ratoon yield. This emphasizes the importance of inherent ratooning ability of parents.

Effect of high humidity and low temperature on spikelet fertility in indica rice
Shi Chunhai and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, China

Rains, high humidity, and low temperature lower spikelet fertility in first crop indica rice and could increase percentage of empty spikelets and reduce yields. We studied the effect of such wet weather on 12 indica varieties in 1989. Spikelet fertility percentage (SFP) was measured on 6-10 randomly selected panicles at heading. SFP was reduced with increased humidity and decreased temperature (see figure). The most important meteorological factor was relative humidity ( r = -0.96*), followed by mean temperature 3 d after heading.

Response of 3 groups of indica varieties to relative humidity and daily mean temperature at heading and flowering. Hangzhou, China, 1989.

10 IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Spikelet fertility percentage in indica varieties grown under different weather conditions. Hangzhou, China, 1989. SFP at given heading date Variety Normal weather 26 Jun 88-7212 89-9382 89-9383 Cong-xie 39 Er-jiu-feng HG8547 Zhen-yu 29 Ai-gan-shan-li-qi Zhe-fu 802 Fu-lian-ai 6713 Guang-lu-ai 4 Meanc 83.0 64.9 81.7 87.1 87.4 81.7 74.0 79.2 85.8 83.6 88.2 78.2 81.2 a 30 Jun 66.4 38.5 61.5 74.1 66.8 60.8 61.3 55.2 75.6 65.3 80.6 64.2 64.2 b Wet weather 4 Jul 45.0 45.7 41.6 54.8 65.5 57.0 59.1 57.2 55.3 69.2 67.3 74.6 57.7 bc 8 Jul 33.0 29.7 58.9 50.4 56.4 63.5 46.3 71.2 70.1 66.6 64.9 66.0 56.4 c Mean 48.1 38.0 54.0 59.8 62.9 60.4 55.6 61.2 67.0 67.0 70.9 68.2 59.4 bc 42.0 41.5 33.9 31.3 28.0 26.0 24.9 22.7 21.9 19.8 19.6 12.8 27.0 Susceptible Susceptible Susceptible Susceptible Middle Middle Middle Middle Middle Tolerant Tolerant Tolerant Degree of reduction a (%)

Groupb

a Degree of reduction (%) =

100. Maximum value b SFP degree of reduction for tolerant, intermediate, and susceptible varieties was <20, 20-30, and >30, respectively. c Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.

Maximum value - minimum value

Among varieties, SFP differed during normal weather and wet weather (see table). The varieties could be divided into three groups according to response to wet

weather. Guang-lu-ai 4, 6713, and Fulianai had higher SFP in wet weather than 887212 and 89-9382.

Pest resistancediseases
Some components of partial resistance to blast (BI) in indica rices
Sun Guochang, Shi De, Zhuge Gen-zhang, and Sun Shuyuan, Plant Protection Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China

relative infection efficiency (RE, no. of lesions/plant 7 d after inoculation [DAI]), lesion size (LS, length and width of 20 randomly selected lesions from each replication, estimated in mm 2 [lesion length width 0.5]), sporulation capacity (SC, total no. of conidia produced

from 5 DAI to when a lesion stopped sporulating), and difference in infectivity (DIE, percent infected plants 7 DAI) were measured. Plants were observed every 2 h beginning 70 h after inoculation. One leaf lesion on each of 10 seedlings per variety was selected and its area measured The leaf with lesion was placed in a glass tube containing 1 ml distilled water mixed with mercury bichloride, and left for 15 h. Conidia samples were taken at 0800 h each day. Each glass tube was shaken vigorously to dislodge conidia and taken to the laboratory for counting. Conidia per lesion and per cm lesion area were calculated. Tubes with fresh solution were installed on the same lesions by 1700 h daily until sporulation ceased. The partially resistant cultivars had slightly longer IP than susceptible check Yuan-Feng-Zao (see table). RIE on XiangZhou No. 5, Zhe-Fu 802, and Er-Jiu-Feng were significantly less than on the susceptible check. With isolate ZC15, RIE of all test varieties was lower, indicating it is a less aggressive isolate. LS was significantly smaller on all partially resistant cultivars than on the susceptible check. SC on all test varieties was lower than that from the susceptible check. SC on Zhu-Ke No. 2 was the lowest for both isolates. DIE of Xiang-Zhou No. 5, Er-Jiu-Feng, and Zhu-Fu 802 were significantly lower than that of Zhu-Ke No. 2 and the susceptible check, and were much lower with isolate ZC15 (no infection on Xiang-Zhou No. 5). This indicates that isolate ZC15

Indica rice varieties Xiang-Zhou No. 5, Er-Jiu-Feng, Zhu-Ke No. 2, and Zhe-Fu 802 have shown relatively long-lasting resistance to Bl (Pyricularia oryzae) in farmers fields. In 1989, we evaluated some components of partial resistance, with Yuan-Feng-Zao as the susceptible check. Seedlings selected for uniform growth were spray-inoculated with two pathogen isolates (105 conidia/ml at 20 d after sowing). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications of 20 seedlings each. Incubation period (IP, time from inoculation to first appearance of lesions),

The components of partial resistance of 5 rice varieties inoculated with isolates of P. oryzae.a Hangzhou, China, 1989. Variety RIE (lesions/plant) 1.53 c 2.36 bc 3.78 ab 2.32 c 4.20 a 0.00 1.71 ab 1.94 ab 1.44 b 2.21 a LSb (mm2) SCc Per lesion Per cm2 lesion 99,667 124,000 70,667 155,500 192,200 bc bc c ab a IF (h) 79.2 a 73.2 c 75.9 b 73.0 c 71.0 d --74.0 bc 83.3 a 77.5 b 71.6 c DIE (%) 46.9 b 47.1 b 81.4 a 51.1 b 95.1 a --26.5 c 45.1 b 16.9 c 84.8 a

Xiang-Zhou No. 5 Er-Jiu-Feng Zhu-Ke No. 2 Zhe-Fu 802 Yuan-Feng-Zao Xiang-Zhou No. 5 Er-Jiu-Feng Zhu-Ke No. 2 Zhe-Fu 802 Yuan-Feng-Zao

Race ZBIS (0262) 1.13 c 2,983 b 1.80 c 2,850 b 2.08 b 2,038 b 1.84 b 4,133 a 3.34 a 4,160 a Race ZC15 (84-76) ----1.54 b 5,267 a 1.49 b 2,850 b 0.71 b 3,000 b 4.12 a 5,830 a

--123,000 bc 65,667 c 146,167 ab 217,800 a

a In each column, variety means followed by a common later are not significantly different by DMRT at P = 0.05. bData from 7 DAI. c Mean number of conidia from samples taken 5, 7, 10, and 12 DAI.

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was less aggressive, and that Xiang-Zhou No. 5 may have specific resistance genes effective against ZC15. The cultivars that have shown durable resistance in the field have partial resistance to the races tested in this study.

Analysis of rice blast (BI) pathogen virulence in Egypt

A. P. K. Reddy, IRRI-Egypt Project, RRTC Sakha, Kafr el Sheikh, Egypt

We evaluated the virulence of Pyricularia oryzae in B1-affected areas of the Nile Delta (governorates of Beheira, Dakhalia, Damietta, Gharbia, and Kafr el Sheikh) 1988-89 summer seasons. Rice leaves and panicles with typical B1 lesions were collected from farmers fields. Single lesions were placed in petri dishes with wet filter paper and incubated at 25C until sporulation. A group of conidia was aseptically transferred with a pointed capillary tube to rice leaf agar. For the purpose of this study, mass cultures from single lesions were considered equivalent to single conidial isolates. (Previous studies under the same test conditions had indicated that single conidial cultures derived from single lesions are of one race.) In 1988, 10 commercial cultivars and 8 international differentials were tested against 35 isolates. In 1989, 8 commercial cultivars and international differentials were tested against 52 isolates. Test plants grown in 40- 20- 10-cm plastic boxes in 10-cm rows, 5 cm apart were inoculated with aqueous spore
P. oryzae isolates virulent to commercial rice cultivars in Egypt 1988 and 1989. Cultivar Giza 159 Giza 171 Giza 172 Reiho Giza 175 Giza 181 GZ1368-5-4 GZ2175-5-6 IR28 IR50
reaction.

suspension (about 50,000/ml). Inoculated plants were left in a moist chamber for 48 h, then transferred to the greenhouse. Disease was scored 10-15 d later. B1 virulence on local cultivars Giza 159, Giza 171, Giza 172, and Reiho was 100% both years (see table). Virulence was zero on indica cultivars IR28, IR50, and Giza 181, and rare on Giza 175. Currently popular breeding line GZ21755-6 was affected by 20% of the isolates in 1988 and 53% in 1989 (see table). This increase in virulence on GZ21755-6 is associated with an increase in area sown to this line, from 1,000 ha in 1988 to 10,000 ha in 1989.

Table 1. Reaction of selected rice genotypes to 2 representative Pyricularia oryzae isolates of Egypt. Cultivar Reaction to P. oryzae isolates ID13 a IRRI IR20 IR22 IR24 IR28 IR36 IR50 IR52 IR60 IR62 IR64 IR66 IR2003-P18-16 IR2153-338-3 IR19743-46-1 IR25571-31-1 Thailand RD7 RD9 RD10 RD2l RD25 S. Korea Iri 370 Milyang 23 Milyang24 Milyang 80 Milyang 85 Suweon 346 Japan BL 1 Kanto 1 Tsuyuake Toride 1 India Bala Basmati 370 Cauvery CO 43 Padma Ratna Rasi Tella hamsa USA Mars Lemont Mercury Noritai Egypt Agami Giza 175 Giza 181 Giza2175-5-6 Yabani 15 (susceptible) Giza 159 (susceptible) Giza 172 (susceptible) Reiho (susceptible) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 8 7 8 8 8 IG1 b 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 8 8 8 8

Resistance to blast (BI) in Egyptian rice varieties

A. P. K. Reddy and A. O. Bastawisi, Rice Research and Training Centre, Sakha, Egypt

Virulence a (%) 1988 (n=35) 100 100 100 100 3b 0 0 20 0 0 1989 (n=52) 100 100 100 100 2a 0 nt 53 0 nt

a (n) = number isolates tested. nt = not tested. b Intermediate

B1 is a major production constraint in Egypt. Resistance in a series of japonica varieties released in 1954-84 was short. A few indica breeding lines (IR28, IR1626203 [Giza 181]) released in recent years retain resistance, but they have limited commercial acceptability and narrow genetic bases. We evaluated 500 improved cultivars, breeding lines, and germplasm of diverse origin against the prevailing B1 pathogen races ID13 and IGl in the Nile Delta. Entries grown in the greenhouse were inoculated with two representative isolates of Pyricularia oryzae 15 d after sowing (DAS). Temperature was maintained at 21-32C and relative humidity at >90% for 9-11 h. Cultivars found to be resistant 45 DAS are listed in Table 1. Fifteen varieties were evaluated against three representative virulent isolates from the rice-growing delta. Entries planted in single rows in nursery boxes were inoculated at 15 DAS with virulent isolates originating from Dakhalia. Kafr el Sheikh, and Gharbia governorates. After 48 h in the humid chamber, they were transferred to glasshouse benches. Disease was recorded 15 d later. All tested IRRI varieties were resistant to the local B1 pathogen races (Table 2). Some of the varieties (IR50, Ratna,

a Isolate from Sidisalem, on Giza on 2175-5-6. b Isolate from

RRTC research farm Sakha, on Giza 172.

Cauvery) have a history of susceptibility in the tropics. IR36, Rasi, and a few

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IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Table 2. Reaction pattern of 15 rice varieties to 3 Pyricularia oryzae isolates in Egypt. Variety Indica Cauvery Ratna IR50 IR36 IR28 Giza 181 Rasi Japonica Gz 159 Gz 171 Gz 172 Reiho Shin 2 Aichi Asahi Kanto 51 Toride 1 Mean Reaction to isolate Po 361 a 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8.0 6.5 8.0 7.5 5.5 8.0 1.0 1.0 3.5 Po 359 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.5 9.0 2.0 1.5 4.1 Po GMI 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 Subplot LSD (0.05) = (Varieties) (0.01) = = 0.47 = 0.64 Mean Reaction Egypt R R R R R R R S S S S MS S R R Phil/India S S S MR MS S R S S S S S S S R

A slight increase in carotene and xanthophyll content was found in diseased leaves.

1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8.6 8.2 8.6 8.5 6.0 8.6 1.3 1.1 .27 .36

Development of kresek symptoms on some rice varieties

Y. Suryadi, Plant Pathology Department, Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops, Subang 41256, West Java, Indonesia

CV (1) 7.1 CV (2) 6.0 LSD Main plot at 0.05 Isolates at 0.01 Interaction LSD at 0.05 0.01

a Average value of 2 replications. Po 361 from Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Po 359 from Dakhalia governorate. Po GMI from Gharbia governorate

others that have shown more durable resistance in other rice-growing environ-

ments appear to be better donors of B1 resistance in Egypt. releasing three viruliferous Nephotettix virescens (Dist.) per seedling. Infected leaves were graded as 1/3 orange yellow, 2/3 orange yellow, or completely orange yellow. Chlorophyll content was extracted and estimated in 80% acetone. Carotene and xanthophyll were extracted with 95% ethanol and 85% methanol, respectively, and estimated colorimetrically. Chlorophyll content of diseased leaves was reduced in proportion to the length of orange-yellow color on a leaf (see table). In leaves that had turned completely orange yellow, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were reduced by 90, 94, and 91%, respectively.

Changes in rice leaf pigment due to tungro (RTV) infection

B. Srinivasulu and R. Jeyarajan,Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India

Chlorosis and orange yellow color in leaves are characteristic symptoms of RTV disease in rice. We investigated the effect of RTV infection on green pigment (chlorophyll), orange pigment (carotene), and yellow pigment (xanthophyll) at different stages of pathogenesis. Fifteen-day-old seedlings of susceptible TN1 were inoculated with RTV by

Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Xco) can cause kresek symptoms on rice seedlings. Great variations have been found among strains of Xco in terms of their pathogenicity in the rice plant. We induced kresek in the screenhouse using different strains of Xco on seven rice varieties. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two replications, with rice varieties Pelita 1-1, Java 14, Gemar, Cisadane, Citanduy, TNl, and IR54 in the main plots and three isolates or strains of Xco in the subplots. Roots of 21-d-old seedlings were washed, dip-inoculated for 15 min with 48-h-old bacterial suspension (10 9 cfu/ ml), and seedlings transplanted in a wooden seedling box. Disease incidence was recorded 14 d after inoculation. Symptom development varied (see table). Cisadane had the least disease symptoms with all three Xco strains, followed by Java 14, Pelita 1-1, and Gemar. Mean infection ranged from 9.7 to 44.3%.
Development of kresek symptoms on 7 rice varieties Sukamandi, Indonesia, 1988.

Variety Gemar Cisadane Citanduy Pelita 1-1 IR54 Java 14 TN1 Mean

Wilted plant a (%) Si 8502 Si 8401 Si 8519 16.55 9.26 26.75 14.56 36.99 14.31 51.09 24.21 a 12.68 11.93 21.65 19.94 33.85 16.06 48.74 23.55 a 17.83 7.97 20.72 11.95 22.62 16.05 32.94 18.58 b Mean 15.67 ab 9.72 a 23.04 bc 15.48 ab 31.15 c 15.47 ab 44.26 d -

Effect of RTV on pigment of rice leaves. Coimbatore, India. Leaf color Completely orange yellow 2/3 orange yellow 1/3 orange yellow Healthy LSD (P = 0.05)
a

Chlorophyll a 0.234 0.564 1.380 2.300 0.26

Chlorophyll b 0.078 0.119 0.680 1.370 0.110

Total chlorophyll 0.312 0.689 2.184 3.672 0.190

Carotene ND* 0.005 ND 0.003

Xanthophyll ND 0.003 ND 0.002

CV variety (%) = 33.28 CV isolates (%) = 17.73

a

ND = not determined

Isolates Si 85012, Si 8401,and Si 8519 represented Indonesia bacterium groups III, V, and VI, respectively. Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly by DMRT (P = 0.05).

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Resistance of wild rices to bacterial blight (BB)

R. Ikeda and G. A. Busto, Jr., Plant Breeding Department, IRRI; and T. Ogawa, National Agriculture Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan

Table 1. Best resistance to 6 BB races found in 198 accessions of wild species. IRRI, Feb-May 1989. Species O. rufipogon O. rufipogon O. rufipogon O. rufipogon O. nivara O. officinalis O. officinalis O. officinalis O. officinalis O. eichingeri IRGC accession no. 104647 104829 104830 104851 104705 105081 105120 105121 105174 105160 Origin Thailand Thailand Thailand Thailand India Myanmar Philippines Philippines Malaysia Uganda Lesion length (cm) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1

We evaluated 198 wild rice accessions-10 wild species and 22 natural hybrids against six races of BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae FebMay 1989 in the screenhouse at IRRI. Reactions to the BB races were tested using the clipping method. Five seedlings/ pot per accession were inoculated at booting to heading stages. Lesion length was measured 18 d after inoculation, resistance was lesion length less than 10 cm, susceptibility was lesion length longer than 20 cm. More than half the tested accessions showed resistance to all six races (Table l). (Only a few cases of resistance to all six races in the Philippines are known in O. sativa varieties.) Based on patterns of reaction to the six races in each accession, 18 are suspected to have the Xa-3 gene, 11 the xa-5 gene, 2 the Xa-10 gene, and 4 the Xa-14 gene (Table 2). The Xa-4 gene, one of most popular resistance genes in O. sativa varieties of tropical Asia, was not found.

Table 2. Distribution of BB resistance genes in 198 accessions of wild species. IRRI, Feb-May 1989. Genome AA AgAg A1A1 Ag1Ag1 CC CCDD Species O. rufipogon O. nivara Natural hybrids O. barthii O. longistaminata O. glumaepatula O. officinalis O. rhizomatis O. eichingeri O. latifolia O. grandiglumis Accessions tested (no.) 98 20 22 2 2 1 32 4 3 11 3 Occurrence (no.) of suspected gene RRRRRRa 66 4 8 1 16 3 3 5 3 1 1 8 2 Xa-3 9 2 2 xa-5 1 Xa-10 2 Xa-14 1 3

a RRRRRR indicates resistance reactions to six Philippine races of BB.

Pest resistanceinsects
Biology of rice leaffolders (LF) on susceptible IR36 and resistant TKM6
M. L. P. Abenes and Z. R. Khan, ICIPE-IRRI Project, IRRI

IR36 is normally used as the susceptible check and TKM6 as the resistant check for rice LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene). We reared 200 LF from the first-instar larval stage to pupation in individual cages, on 30- to 35-d-old IR36 and TKM6 plants under standard greenhouse conditions. Larvae that pupated were weighed individually. A growth index was calculated as the percentage of larvae pupating divided by the average larval period on each host.

Pupae were incubated and the first 20 pairs of moths emerging from each host were kept in cages for mating. Adult longevity of males and females was observed separately. Fecundity was measured as number of eggs laid by each female. Larval survival, growth index, and pupal weight on susceptible IR36 were

significantly higher than on resistant TKM6 (see table). In the first 20 pairs of moths emerging from the hosts, adult longevity on TKM6 was not significantly different from that on IR36. On the average, female moths laid the same number of eggs. In a follow up study, adult LF emergence was 55% on IR36 and 31% on TKM6.

Biology of C. medinalis raised on susceptible IR36 and resistant TKM6.a Variety IR36 TKM6 Diff. Larvae becoming pupae (%) 93 81 12** Growth period (d) 18.2 19.1 -0.9** Growth index 5.1 4.2 0.9** Pupal weight (mg) 21.4 17.9 3.5** Adult longevity (d) Female 7.5 9.0 -1.5ns Male 8.2 8.6 4.4 ns Fecundity (eggs/female) 86.6 99.6 -12.8 ns

*ns = not significant; ** = significant at P < 0.01 level by t test.

14

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Rearing yellow stem borer (YSB) for screening varietal resistance

R. C. Saxena, F. G. Medrano, and L. M. Sunio, Entomology Department, IRRI

YSB Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) moths lay eggs on rice plant leaves. Shortly after hatching, the neonate larvae bore into the plant tissues. Larval feeding at the vegetative and reproductive stages causes deadhearts (DH) and whiteheads. Many cultivars are susceptible to YSB, and even moderate host plant resistance is

highly desirable. We developed a procedure to rear stem borers year-round, to help speed screening for varietal resistance. Seedlings of IR62 (susceptible to YSB, resistant to other insect and tungro viruses) are transplanted weekly in 34- 25- 11-cm plastic trays (see figure). At mid-booting, a 2.5-cm-long slit is made with a scalpel in the bulging middle portion of the leaf sheath below the flag leaf. The incision is dilated to expose a small portion of the developing panicle. One to two first-instar YSB larvae are released onto the panicle and the incision closed.

At 25-30 d after infestation (DI), when larvae have pupated, plants are cut 15 cm above the base. The trays with stubbles are transferred to a 2- 1- 1-m screen cage for adult emergence. About 80% of the infested tillers produce moths. Emerging moths are collected daily and transferred to oviposition cages with potted 40-d-old TN1 plants. Leaf cuts with egg masses are removed from those plants two times a week and placed in 15 1.5-cm test tubes or small ball jars. At 27 2 C, eggs hatch in about a week. Emerging larvae are used for varietal screening, for basic studies, or for maintaining the insect culture.

MDU3, a new gall midgeresistant rice

S. Jebaraj, G. Soundarapandian, M. Subramanian, M. S. Venugopal, and G. Logeswaran, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India

Our breeding work for gall midge (GM) Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason resistance identified a superior rice culture ACM8. In screenhouse and field tests in the endemic area, ACM8 yielded higher than highly susceptible IR20. ACM8 has been released as MDU3 exclusively for the GM endemic area. MDU3 (IET6012) is a derivative of a cross involving IR8 and Warangal 1263. Grain yields in experiment station trials averaged 4.7 t/ha, 22.4% higher than IR20 (Table 1). In adaptive farmers field trials at 24 locations, ACM8 yields averaged 4.9 t/ha, 10.9% higher than IR20. In naTable 1. Overall performance of MDUJ and IR20 in Tamil Nadu, India. Trial MDU3 IR20 Increase over IR20 (%) 22.4 10.9 7.9 13.7

Grain yield (t/ha) Research station 4.7 3.8 trialsa 4.9 4.4 Adaptive research trialsb 4.1 3.8 AICRIP trialc Productivity/d (kg/ha) 41.4 30.9

Steps in rearing YSB for resistance studies.

aMean of 6 yr. b Mean of 24 locations. c Mean of 7 centers.

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

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tional yield trials at seven locations throughout India, performance was encouraging. Overall performance indicates yields 13.7% higher than IR20. MDU3 is semidwarf with high tillering ability and is nonlodging. It matures in 120-125 d, 5-10 d earlier than IR20, and has high productivity per day. The grain is long and slender with white rice; cooking quality is good. ACM8 was screened under artificial as well as field conditions for the important pests and diseases (Table 2). It is highly resistant to GM; resistant to brown planthopper (BPH), leaffolder, and blast and moderately resistant to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) and brown leaf spot.

Table 2. Reaction to major insect pests and diseases at Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. Pest Score a ACM8 (MDU3) 3 5 0 0 3 3 3 5 3 IR20 7 7 7 9 7 3 5 3 3

BPH (screenhouse) WBPH (screenhouse) Gall midge Screenhouse Field Leaffolder Blast (field) Leaf Neck Brown leaf spot (field) Sheath rot (field)

a By the Standard evaluation system for rice.

Using rice nurseries to collect thrips for use in screening rice germplasm
R. Velusamy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), India; and R. C. Saxena, IRRI

Breeding for resistance to thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) has lagged because of the lack of large pest numbers needed for screening germplasm.

Greenhouse cultures have failed to provide the thousands of thrips needed. We developed a simple technique to collect thrips directly from rice nurseries. The nurseries are sown every 2 wk during peak thrips incidence. Pregerminated IR64 seed was sown in 7- 1-m beds Aug-Oct 1988 in Coimbatore. At 10, 20, and 30 d after sowing (DAS), seedlings were examined under a binocular microscope. Thrips population/ seedling was 5-6 adults at 10 DAS, 60-70

nymphs at 20 DAS, and 75-80 adults at 30 DAS . Thrips nymphs were mopped up at 20 DAS by passing a wet palm 4-5 times across seedlings in the nursery and freed by dipping the hand in a pail of water (see figure). We collected 200-250 thrips per sweep. Water containing thrips collected per 25 sweeps was poured uniformly on 7-dold seedlings of test cultivars (including resistant Ptb 21 and susceptible TN1) grown in wooden trays (60 40 10 cm) inside a large water-filled iron tray. Each seedling was infested with 5-6 nymphs. Alternatively, water containing thrips was poured on 30-d-old TN1 plants kept inside a water-filled tray. Nymphs settled readily on TN1 plants, which were then tapped gently over seedling trays for infestation. Using thrips collected this way, we were able to screen 400 entries for resistance. The technique can be used in areas where dry weather prevails for 34 mo. Thrips populations peak with the onset of dry weather; heavy rains wash them away.

Pest resistanceother pests

Reaction of rice cultivar Faro 11 to sugarcane cyst nematode Heterodera sacchari
O. A. Fademi, Rice Research Programme, NationaI Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria

Schematic of procedure for collecting rice thrips from nurseries to use in screening rice germplasm for thrips resistance.

H. sacchari (Luc and Merny) is widespread in sugarcane cropping areas of Nigeria. In many of the mid-belt states of Nigeria, rice and sugarcane are intercropped or relay-cropped. In earlier screening of some rice varieties, all were susceptible to H. sacchari. We studied H. sacchari pathogenicity on rice. Ten-liter plastic buckets were filled with soil collected from an H. sacchariendemic field at the Nigerian Sugar Company plantation, Bacita, and planted with rice cultivar Faro 11. Inocula were juveniles emerging from cysts collected earlier from the same field using a

16

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Effect on rice of H. sacchari at various inoculum levels. a Niger State, Nigeria Inoculum level (nematodes/ plant) 0 1,000 5,000 10,000
a

Tiller no. 6.55 a 4.56 c 4.25 c 5.09 b

Panicle exsertion (cm) 10.50 12.55 ab 13.28 a 11.63 bc c

Mean separation by DMRT.

Fenwick can and incubated in petri dishes. Inocula were applied at 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000/plant. Steam-sterilized soil was the control treatment. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Both tillering and panicle exsertion were affected significantly by increasing levels of H. sacchari (see table). Above the 5,000 inoculum level, nematode influence was less pronounced. This may be related to the self-regulatory property of H. sacchari populations under limited food supplies: some juveniles die while others undergo sex change into nonparasitic male forms.

The rice crop is exposed to low temperature (13-20C) and associated disease problems (sheath rot [ShR] and glume discoloration [G1D]). Low air and water temperatures, low light intensity, high relative humidity, and intermittent strong winds are yield constraints. Agronomic studies have shown that changing the planting time is an alternative to escape low temperatures during critical late vegetative and early flowering phases. However, the present area is cultivated by more than 6,000 small farmers, with limited ability to adopt this practice. Varieties that fit a longer range of planting times are needed. IR7167-33-2-3 was released in 1986 to replace Tainan 5. Its medium, bold, and fairly chalky grain type was an improvement over the short, bold, and chalky grains of Tainan 5. IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan 5 yield an average 3.5 and 3.0 t/ha under farmers' management. The need is for suitable high-yielding varieties with long, slender, translucent grain. Two advanced lines, TOX3344-TOC3-4 (derived from TOX3117-18-1/ ITA212) and TOX3145-TOC-34-2-3

(from ITA212/B2161C-MR-57-1-3-1), have been identifed as promising. Their overall performance over 3 yr (1986-88) in on-station trials at Bamunka, Ndop Plain, was good. Grain yields averaged 6.3 and 5.8 t/ha (Table 1). In researchermanaged trials at Dschang (alt. 1,400 m) during 1988, TOX3344-TOC-34 and TOX3145-TOC-34-2-3 yielded 5.5 and 4.6 t/ha, respectively. Highest yields so far were 7.1 t/ha for TOX3344-TOC-34 and 6.3 t/ha for TOX3145-TOC-34-2-3. TOX3145-T6C-34-2-3 and TOX3344-TOC-3-4 show greater tolerance for low temperature and greater resistance to ShR and G1D (Table 2). Panicle tip degeneration was more severe in IR7167-33-2-3 and Tainan 5; this is believed to cause direct yield losses. TOX3344-TOC-3-4 and TOX3145TOC-34-2-3 have long, slender, translucent grains and, when cooked, are flaky, a characteristic preferred by farmers and local consumers. Palatability tests in 1988 placed TOX3344-TOC-3-4 as best in cooking quality and taste. It is a candidate for release for general cultivation at Ndop Plain.

Stress tolerance adverse temperature

Promising cold-tolerant and high-yielding rice lines for Ndop Plain, Northwest Cameroon
M. P. Jones, S. B. C. Wanki, A. C. Roy, and J. A. Ayuk-Takem, IRA/NCRE/USAID/IITA Rice Project, Dschang, Cameroon, and UNVDA, Ndop, Northwest Province, Cameroon

Table 1. Characteristics of promising varieties or advanced lines for irrigated conditions at Ndop Plain, Northwest Cameroon. Cultivar TOX3344-TOC-3-4 TOX3145-TOC-34-2-3 IR7167-33-2-3 c Tainan 5 c Grain type a L/S L/S M/B S/B Plant height (cm) 90 83 100 95 Growth duration (d) 120 120 110 111 Yield b (t/ha) 6.3 5.8 4.6 3.8

a L/S = long and slender, M/B = medium and bold, S/B = short and bold.b Yields averaged over 8 on-station trials 1986-88. c Currently recommended variety.

Table 2. Reaction of promising varieties or advanced lines to low temperature and associated diseases at Ndop Plain, Northwest Cameroon. Low temperature a Cultivar Visual score 4 WT (0-9) 3 3 5 1 Panicle tip degeneration 2 WF (%) 5 5 10 20 ShR Disease score a GlD

Rice in Cameroon grows over a broad range of climatic conditions, from a dry tropical climate with less than 800 mm rain in the north to a humid tropical climate with more than 2,000 mm rain in the northwest and west. At Ndop Plain (1,200 m above sea level) in the northwest, about 3,000 ha is planted to irrigated rice with a potential for 15,000 ha.

TOX3344-3-4 TOX3145-TOC-34-2-3 IR7167-33-2-3 b Tainan 5 b

evaluation system for rice.

1 3 3/5 3/5

1 3 3 5

a WT = weeks after transplanting. WF = weeks after flowering. b Currently recommended varieties. Scored with the Standard

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

17

Performance of cold-tolerant varieties in western hills of Nepal

B. R. Sthapit, Crop Science Section, Lumle Agricultural Centre, P.O. Box No. 1, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal

Some agronomic traitsa of selected cold-tolerant rice genotypes at Chhomro (altitude 2000 m), Nepal, 1989. Plant vigor (1-9 scale) 7 3 9 3 9 9 7 5 9 9 9 7 7 9 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 9 3 7 7 7 7 7 3 Tillering ability (1-9 scale) 9 5 9 5 9 9 7 5 9 9 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 7 5 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 Cold tolerance (1-9 scale) 5 5 7 3 7 9 9 5 7 5 5 9 9 7 5 9 9 7 5 7 1 7 7 9 9 9 7 7 5 Panicle exsertion (1-9 scale) 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 Sheath rot (1-9 scale) 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 3 7 7 3 7 5 3

Genotype Akiyudaka Chhomro Local (check) Fuji-102 IRI-353 K335 NR10157-2B-17-2 Palung 2 Rakshali Rodina Stejaree 45 Bhutan 11 B4190E-CW-139-29-176 B4448E-35R-1 Cheonmabyeo Chhomro (check) IR15579-166 IR23325-R-R-B-7-2-2 IR26036-2-2-2-3 Ml0l NR10157-2B-13-1 NR10157-2B-13-5 NR10157-2B-17-1 NR10167-2B-7 NR10164-2B-14 NR10167-2B-16 NR10177-B-11 NR10180-B-13-3 NR10180-B-13-4 Seto Bhakunde

A large portion of rice in Nepal is grown at 1000-2000 m above sea level, where low temperatures cause cold damage. Most varieties grown in high altitudes are indigenous. We evaluated 28 genotypes in 1989 at our Chhomro off-station research site (2000 m above sea level). They were indigenous varieties Raksali, Palung 2, and Chhomro local and materials obtained from IRRI, and the Nepal Rice Improvement Program, Parwanipur, and Botany Division, Khumaltar. Water temperature during anthesis (Oct-Nov) was 20.2 C; mean minimum temperatures were 15.1-16.5 C; mean maximum, 16.3-19.7 C. During early seedling growth (Jun-Jul), minimum temperatures were 14.5-16.4 C and maximum temperatures, 21.9-23.1 C. Agronomic traits for cold tolerance were good in some exotic varieties (see table). Spikelet sterility was 100% in all genotypes except Chhomro local (14%) and Seto Bhakunde (25%). Those local varieties produced some yield. Internationally known cold-tolerant

aBy Standard evaluation system for rice scale. Only Chhomro Local, Chhomro, and Seto Bhakunde gave some yield.

materials such as China 1039, Akiyudaka, and Stejaree 45 failed to set grain. This suggests a need to evaluate more The cold season is characterized by no rainfall, high and frequent cold harmattan wind. low minimum but relatively high maximum temperature, low relative humi-dity, hazy and dusty atmosphere, and high evapotranspiration (Table 1).

indigenous varieties from the Himalayan belt for use in the breeding program for cold-tolerant rices. (Harmattan is the northeasterly cold wind that blows from Europe, across the Mediterranean and Sahara desert, and down the coast of West Africa.) Atmospheric demand for moisture (indicated by piche evaporation) is high from

Screening rice for temperature tolerance in northern Nigeria

W. N. Umeh, National Cereals Research Institute, P.M.B. 1022, Birnin Kebbi, Sokoto State, Nigeria

Most rice production in Nigeria is restricted to the wet season, with a long fallow between seasons. Irrigation schemes in the northern states provide an opportunity to overcome contingent drought and increase rice production through better land utilization. Development of temperature-tolerant rice varieties would help reduce the long fallow in areas with 3-4 mo of cold weather (Nov-Jan/Feb) and 3-4 mo hot weather (Feb-May).

Table 1. Climatological data for cold and bot months.a Northern Nigeria, 1988. Month October November December January February March April May Rainfall (mm) 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.8 Trace Temperature Maximum 36 35 30.4 30.9 34.3 38.8 40.0 40.3 (C) Minimum 23 20 17.3 17.6 19.7 26.0 28.2 29.3 Wind speed (kg/h) 158.40 188.22 245.47 294.92 283.20 261.55 243.1 250.2 Piche evaporation (ml/d) 14.5 19.5 21.9 23.9 26.6 29.7 21.6 19.8

aCourtesy of the Meteorological Department, Sokoto Station, Nigeria.

18

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Nov to May compared with Jul-Sep. Irrigation water, air, and soil surfaces are cold. (This also affects labor productivity.) We screened 100 rice lines for cold tolerance in 1987-88. Lines were seeded 18 Dec 1987. Eight failed to germinate. Seedlings in the nursery exhibited stunted growth, leaf yellowing, scorched leaf tips, retarded tillering, and poor root development. Seedlings were transplanted 18 Feb 1988 in nonreplicated 4- 6-m microplots. Average plant height at transplanting was 6 cm. Twenty entries died after transplanting. Irrigation was from tubewells, and was maintained at 13-15 cm depth. As general weather conditions improved toward the end of Feb, seedlings became more vigorous. Eight entries had 100% empty glumes; incidence of sterility in the remaining 64 entries ranged from 18 to 60%. This may be attributed to high temperature and high winds at anthesis in late Mar to early Apr. Plant height at maturity ranged from 69.4 to 95.0 cm; days to 50% flowering ranged from 105 to 142 (Table 2). The best 18 entries were selected for further advanced yield trials 1988-89.
Table 2. Growth characteristics and grain yield of cultivars selected for cold tolerance. a Nigeria, 198788.

Stress toleranceadverse soils

Phosphorus activity in genotypes with low phosphorus tolerance
N. D. Majumder (Present address: Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair 744101, India), S. C. Rakshit, and D. N. Borthakur, ICAR Research Complex, Shillong 793004, India

Seven P-tolerant varieties (IR28, IR29, IR30, Khonorullo, Mirikrak, Pawnbuh, and Ngoba) and their 21 cross combinations made in a diallel fashion without reciprocals were sown in upland lateritic soil deficient in P (5 ppm available P, pH 5.0). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Spacing was 20 cm between plants and between rows. Plant tissue analysis was done 60 d after seeding (leaf) and at harvest (root, leaf, stem, panicle without grain, and sound grain). Genotypic and phenotypic

correlation coefficients were estimated, and path analysis done. P content in leaf at 60 d showed a significant negative correlation ( rg = -0.413) with sound grain P (see table); other correlations were not significant Root P had a significant, positive association with P content in stem (rp = 0.603, rg = 0.722). leaf (r p = 0.419, rg = 0.507), and sound grain ( rp = 0.525, rg = 0.588) at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels. A significant, positive association was found between P content in stem and leaf at harvest; that between grain yield and plant was significant and negative at phenotypic and genotypic levels. The effect of P activity through different pathways and its role in yield was determined using genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients. The genotypic correlation had a higher magnitude. The highest direct positive contribution was made by P in the root

Phenotypic and genotypic correlation a coefficients of P content in leaf at 60 d growth, different organs at harvest, and grain yield per plant and direct contributions to yield.

Correlation coefficients of P content b At 60 d growth Leaf (1) (1) (2) r p rg (3) r p rg (4) r p rg (5) r p rg (6) r p rg (7) r pc rgc
a

At harvest Root (2) Stem (3) Leaf (4) Panicle without grain (5) Grain (6)

Direct effect

Cultivar a RNR74229 RTN76-2-1-1-1 IR13538-48-2-3-2 IR27325063-2-2 BR161-23-59 FAROX233-1-1-3 C1321-2 IR24594-272-2-2 KUA1727 BG367-4 IR28210-68-4-1-3 IR28118-138-2-3 ITA302 lTA121 C1158-7 16439 BG276-5 ET6279
a

Days to 50% flowering 122 127 115 122 122 127 122 121 127 105 109 142 122 111 138 116 105 122

Plant Grain yield height g/pot (cm) (2.4m2) 83.3 90.4 79.2 84.4 75.2 82.2 72.4 95.0 90.6 84.4 80.2 90.4 83.4 69.4 77.4 74.4 80.0 80.2 1380 1300 1230 1180 1180 1160 1140 1120 1120 1100 1100 1100 1080 1060 1040 1040 1000 1000

0.230 0.280 -0.093 -0.112 0.044 0.070 0.184 0.185 -0.292 -0.347 -0.353 -0.413* 0.154 0.167 0.603** 0.722** 0.419* 0.507** 0.057 0.075 0.525** 0.588** -0.039 -0.052 0.634** 0.726** 0.062 0.065 0.332 0.359 -0.166 -0.189 0.260 0.288 0.292 0.303 -0.382* -0.418* 0.237 0.241 -0.232 -0.255
c

0.211 0337 0.051 0.080 -0514 -0.669 0.028 0.038 -0.080 -0.135 -0.190 -0.217 -

Cold tolerance score for these entries is 5 by the Standard evaluation system for rice.

rp, r g phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients. b Significant at 5% (*) and 1% (**) levels.

For grain yield/plant.

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

19

(0.337) at harvest, followed by P in leaf at 60 d and in stem at harvest. The indirect effects of P in stem, grain, leaf, and sterile panicles via root were all

positive. An indirect positive effect was found via stem at harvest. The direct and indirect contributions of leaf and sound grain were negative.

Integrated germplasm improvement

IET6666, a new high-yielding rice variety for Assam
K. Chandra, D. K. Barua, U. Kalita, D. Dutta, and B. Bharali, Assam Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Titabar 785630 (Assam), India

IET6666, a long-duration, high-yielding variety evolved from RP31-49-2/Patnai

Table 1. Morphological and physiological characteristics of IET6666 and check variety Manoharsali at Titabar, Assam, India.

23 by the Directorate of Rice Research in Hyderabad, is suitable for low-lying fields and cloudy weather conditions during wet season. Its coarse grain and intermediate plant height are preferred by the majority of farmers in Assam. Agronomic characteristics are given in Table 1. IET6666, 12 other promising cultivars with similar duration, and Mahsuri and

Manoharsali as checks were field tested at research stations and in field trials in Gerua, Tinsukia, and Suklivoria for 1-6 yr. Trials were laid out at 20- 15-cm spacing with 2-3 seedlings/hill. Forty kg N as urea was applied in three splits before planting, at tillering, and at panicle initiation; 20 kg/ha each of P and K were applied in the form of single superphosphate and muriate of potash as basal. IET6666 showed wide adaptability and stability in grain yield under the agroecological conditions of Assam (Table 2). It flowered in 115-120 d and matured in 145-157 d. The variety is being evaluated for release as Lakhimi for Assam wet season.

Table 2. Yields of IET6666 and check varieties at different locations in Assam, India 1978-88. Yield (t/ha) Year 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1984 on-farm trials Location Titabar Karimganj Titabar Karimganj Titabar Karimganj Titabar Karimganj Titabar Karimganj Titabar Titabar Titabar Titabar Titabar Gerua Tinsukia Suklivoria IET6666 3.4 3.0 5.2 2.9 5.0 3.6 3.8 4.4 3.9 4.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.1 6.4 5.1 3.9 Mahsuri 2.7 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.5 3.5 Manoharsali 3.0 1.9 2.0 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.6 5.2 4.2 4.0

Character Plant height (cm) Duration Panicles (no./m 2) Filled grains (no./ panicle) 1000-grain weight (g) Total dry matter at flowering (kg/ha) Leaf area index Total chlorophyll content at flowering (mg/g fresh wt) N content in leaf tissues at flowering (%) Solar energy utilization efficiency for dry matter (%) Solar energy utilization for grain yield (%)

IET6666 118.73 145 257 103 23.22 116.76 4.58 2.23 2.18 1.87 0.55

Manoharsali 148.53 148 242 83 24.55 146.56 5.80 3.43 1.23 0.81 0.25

Performance of IR46 and lR10781-143-2-3 under transplanted rainfed lowland conditions in Nepal
G. L. Shrestha and A. C. Shrivastava, National Rice Improvement Program (NRIP), Parwanipur Agriculture Station, Birganj, Nepal

Table 1. Yields of IR46 and IR10781-143-2-3 at 4 sites in subtropical Nepal, 1983-86. Variety IR46 Improved check Bindeshori IR46 Improved check Masuli IR10781 Improved check Bindeshori IR10781 Improved check Masuli Yield (t/ha) Tarahara 4.6 2.4 4.8 3.3 3918 3 562 4840 3292 Parwanipur 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.0 2956 3001 2818 2012 Rampur 3.0 2.0 2.4
-

Nepalganj 32 2.8 4.2a 3.9 2981 2897 4150 3900

Mean 3.4 2.4 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.9 3.1

Increase over check(%) 142 100 114 100 105 100 127 100

Experiment site a and time Research stations, 1983-84 Farmers' fields, 1985-86 Research stations, 1984-85 Famers' fields, 1985-86

In Nepal, 88% of the rice area (1.45 million ha in 1988) is in the subtropical climatic region of the Tarai belt (67-250 m altitude), the Inner Tarai region, and equivalent climatic region of river basin areas and valleys up to 900 m altitude.

2692 2512 3750

-

a Farmer's field result of this location is from Nawal Parasi area. Each location includes the results from various farmers' fields.

20

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Under assured irrigation, two crops of rice are grown during the summer (FebJun) and rainy (Jun-Oct) seasons, with a nonrice winter crop grown Nov-Jan. More than 75% of the country's ricefields are rainfed, dependent on the monsoon. We are trying to identify highyielding rice varieties suitable for transplanted rainfed lowland conditions. IR46 and IR10781-143-2-3 have shown consistently better performance over recommended check Bindeshori and popular improved variety Masuli (Mahsuri) in trials for the last 5 yr (Table 1). Yields have averaged more than 3.0 t/

Table 2. General agronomic characters of IR46 and IR10781-143-2-3 under transplanted rainfed lowland conditions in subtropical Nepal.a Variety IR46 IR10781-143-2-3 Masuli (most popular)
aDAS

Heading (DAS) 108 105 119

Maturity (DAS) 135 137 150

Culm length (cm) 96 92 100

Panicles (no./m2 ) 229 233 231

Av yield (t/ha) 3.4 3.5 3.0

= days after seeding.

ha under rainfed lowland conditions (the national average rice yield is 2.2 t/ha). Both entries mature at least 10 d earlier than Masuli in the normal (JunOct) planting season (Table 2), giving enough time for farmers to plant winter Harvesting 27 d after 50% anthesis gave the lowest electrical conductivity and highest germination (see table). Harvesting 41 d after 50% flowering gave the highest electrical conductivity and lowest germination. Seeds stored in cotton cloth bags deteriorated more than those stored in P-

crops such as wheat, winter maize, or winter legumes. They are resistant to major diseases bacterial blight and blast. They are being distributed to farmers through the rice minikit program.

Seed technology
Using electrical conductivity to determine maturity stage for quality rice seeds
K. Sivasubramanian and T. V. Karivaratharaju, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban 622303, India

AF-P bags, and had higher electrical conductivity. The interaction was significant. The increased electrical conductivity of seeds harvested 41 d after 50% anthesis in storage showed that they are less vigorous and deteriorate faster than seeds harvested 27 d after 50% anthesis.

We studied the influence of maturity stage on the keeping quality of seeds. IR50 grown during 1985 wet season was harvested at 27, 34, and 41 d after 50% anthesis. Seeds were dried to 8% moisture content, treated with captan (Ntrichloro methyl thio)-Cyclohex-4-ene1,2-dicarboximide), and stored in cotton and paper-aluminum foil-polythene laminated (P-AF-P) containers for 9 mo. Electrical conductivity of the seed leachate was measured at 3-mo intervals using Elico CM-82 Conductivity bridge. Leachate was prepared using 50 randomly selected seeds, soaked in 50 ml of deionized water for 24 h at room temperature, with two replications.
Space limitations prevent IRRN from publishing solely yield data and yield component data from routine germplasm screening trials. Publication is limited to manuscripts that provide either a) data and analysis beyond yield and yield components (e.g., multiple or unique resistances and tolerances, broad adaptability), or b) novel ways of interpreting yield and yield component data across seasons and sites.

Electrical conductivity of IR50 seeds stored for 9 months. National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban, India, 1985 wet season. Electrical conductivity a (dS/m) Harvest date (d after 50% anthesis) 27 34 41 Untreated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Treated At harvest C1 36.85 36.83 39.41 39.41 48.64 48.64 41.63 94 0.63 C2 36.83 36.83 39.41 39.41 48.64 48.64 41.63 94 0.59 3 mo after harvest C1 37.61 37.26 40.68 41.61 53.63 50.24 43.51 91 0.39 C2 37.12 37.10 39.86 39.68 49.24 49.07 42.01 94 0.39 6 mo after harvest C1 39.62 39.80 41.86 42.12 55.32 54.83 45.59 90 0.55 C2 9 mo after harvest C1 C2 37.25 37.20 41.86 40.28 51.83 51.61 43.34 94 0.45 GermiMean nation (%) 37.83 93 37.80 96 41.08 92 40.78 95 52.47 89 51.73 90

37.18 40.20 37.16 40.18 40.75 44.86 39.86 43.86 51.24 61.23 50.61 60.20 42.80 48.42 90 89 0.39 0.38

Mean Germination(%) LSD (0.01)

a

0.45

0.32

C1 = cotton bags, C2 = P-AF-P containers.

Mid-storage correction to prolong viability of rice seeds

C. Dharmalingam, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India

We stored seeds of rice cultivars ADT36. Bhavani, and CO 40 at 8.5% moisture content in cloth bags under ambient

conditions. After 8 mo, half the seeds were soaked in double their volume of a dilute sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (10 -4M) for 6 h, sun-dried to 8.5%, and re-stored for 24 mo. Hydrated seeds maintained high germination and vigor (in terms of root length) (see table). Nonhydrated seeds lost vigor and viability. Medium-duration cultivar Bhavani had lower storage potential than CO 40 and ADT36.

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

21

Germination and vigor of hydrated rice seeds after 3 periods of storage. Tamil Nadu, India. After storage Cultivar Parameter Initial duration 8 mo Control Hydrated 90 22.1 95 17.6 94 21.1 12 mo Control ADT31 73 15.0 Bhavani 75 15.0 CO40 78 17.7 32 mo HyControl drated 89 20.0 86 19.5 88 20.2 45 9.2 16 10.4 27 11.5 Hydrated 85 17.8 85 18.2 87 19.0 Biological loss (%) Control Hydrated 1.2 8.7 5.6 2.2 8.2

Straw and grain yield increased significantly with incorporation of mesquite, withania, and country mallow residues, and of neem leaf (see table).

Short

Germination (%) Root length (cm)

86 19.5 90 18.2 89 20.7

82 17.6 84 16.0 86 18.9

47.7 52.8 82.2 42.8 69.7 44.4

Effect of seeding rate on dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation of Sesbania rostrata
K. H. Diekmann and S. K. De Datta, Agronomy Department, IRRI

Medium Germination (%) Root length (cm) Long Germination (%) Root length (cm)

Soil microbiology

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Influence of wild plant and crop residues on rice yield
organic C, 0.073% N, 9.7% CaCO3, 0.15% TSS. Each pot held 8 kg soil. For the wild plants, treatments were 3 g residue/kg soil (about 6 t/ha) plus 25 mg N/kg (about 50 kg N/ha). For the crop residues, treatments were 3 g residue/kg soil plus 50 mg N/kg soil. Each pot also received 25 mg P/kg soil. Rice cultivar Shadab was transplanted at 4 seedlings/ pot. Pots were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. N application was lower for the wild plants because their very high antibiotic activities tended to inhibit nitrification.
Effect of incorporating plant residues on rice straw and grain yieids.a Treatment b (g/pot) Control (no residue) Mesquite Withania Country mallow Rice husk Wheat straw Rice straw Neem leaf Farmyard manure Straw yield 17.45 28.80 23.92 24.62 16.05 16.92 18.05 25.22 17.92 c Grain yield (g/pot) 11.70 b 24.97 a 19.62 a 22.00 a 11.62 b 10.75 b 12.10 b 20.67 a 10.22 b

S. M. Alam and A. R. Azmi, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tandojam, Pakistan

Plant residues and farmyard manure are added to soils to improve their organic matter content and productivity. This traditional agricultural practice has primarily been used to increase soil humus content, water-holding capacity, water infiltration rate, aeration, and porosity; to ameliorate soil temperature; and to supply some essential plant nutrients. In a pot study, we evaluated the effect of incorporating residues of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), withania (Withania somnifera), and country mallow ( Abutilon indicum) with rice (Oryza sativa) husks and wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice straw, neem (Azadirachta indicum) leaves, and farmyard manure on straw and grain yields of rice. Soil had pH 7.6, 0.95%

b b c c c b c

a In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (DMRT p<05). b Plant residue and

farmyard manure were applied at 3 g/kg soil.

Increased crop seeding rates result in increased plant competition for nutrients and light. We evaluated the effect of different seeding rates on dry matter production and N accumulation in Sesbania rostrara, a stem-nodulating legume and potential green manure crop for lowland rice. The field experiment was conducted in 1987 wet season. Soil was a Maahas clay (Tropaquept) with pH 6.3; 11 g organic C/kg; 1.2 g total N/kg; and cation exchange capacity, 34 cmol/kg. P (20 kg/ ha) as single superphosphate was broadcast and incorporated before seeding. Seeding rates were 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg sesbania seeds/ha, laid out in a factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. Plot size was 20 m 2. Sesbania seeds pretreated for 30 min with concentrated sulfuric acid were broadcast into well-leveled, watersaturated soil. The field was kept saturated to 7 d after seeding, then flooded to 0.05 m. Sesbania was harvested 45 d after seeding. Plant fresh and dry weights were measured and plant density determined from a 7-m 2 area A subsample (4 1 m per plot) was taken to determine leaf and stem dry matter separately and to analyze N concentrations in leaf and stem. Total N accumulation was calculated. N concentrations in leaf and stem did not differ significantly with seeding rate (see table). Seeding at 40 kg/ha gave the highest total N accumulation per plant (114 kg N/ha), and highest fresh and dry matter production. Seeding at 50 kg/ha gave lower fresh and dry matter production and N accumulation than seeding at 40 kg/ha.

22

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Plant density, dry matter production, N concentration, and N accumulation of Sesbania rostrata at different seeding rate IRRI farm, Philippines, 1987 wet season. Seeding rate (kg/ha) 20 30 40 50 LSD (0.05)
~~

Dry matter (mg/ha) Leaf 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.5 0.1 Stem 2.7 3.0 4.1 3.9 0.3

Plant density (plants/m2 ) 55 70 107 119 10

Leaf N (g/kg) 46 46 47 46 2

Stem N (g/kg) 9 8 9 8 1

Total plant N (kg/ha) 81 85 114 100 8

These results suggest that the higher plant densities resulting from seeding rates above 40 kg/ha decrease organic matter production and N accumulation of sesbania plants. A plant density of 100 plants/m2 seems to be optimum for maximum N accumulation. To achieve a plant density of about 100 plants/m2, seeding rates may have to be adjusted for soil textures, climates, and field conditions. seedling height, seedling dry weight, and leaf number were recorded 25 d after seeding. In general, seedlings treated with TRIA were superior to those with no treatment (see table). Late-maturing NC492 and IR42 showed better results than medium-maturing IET4094 in all treatments, for all characters. No toxic, abnormal, or atypical morphological changes were observed at the concentrations used.

Physiology and plant nutrition

Effects of a growth regulator on rice seedling growth
J. Ahmed, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, West Bengal, India

Growth regulator Triacontanol has been found effective in increasing biomass production in cereals and vegetable crops.
Effect of n-Triacontanol on rice seedling characters. n-Triacontanol (mg/liter) 0.00 0.01 0.10 1.00 CV (%) LSD (0.05) Root length (cm/plant) lET4094 IR42 21.2 21.8 21.8 21.8 15.3 21.5 18.6 18.6 7.8 2.6 NC492 17.6 19.5 20.4 18.1

Triacontanol increases plant height and weight within a few days of application and stimulates nutrient assimilation. Seeds of semidwarf IET4094 and IR42 and tall indica NC492 rice varieties were soaked 1 h before sowing in 3 concentrations of TRIA (n-Triacontanol): 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 ppm, with three replications. Root length, root volume,

Root volume (ml/plant) IET4094 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 IR42 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 10.1 0.1 NC492 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3

Seedling height (cm/plant) IET4094 27.4 27.7 27.6 27.6 IR42 20.2 25.2 24.1 23.9 4.2 2.1 NC492 37.4 38.6 39.5 37.8

Leaf no. per seedling IET4094 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 IR42 4.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 2.9 0.2 NC492 4.2 4.7 4.4 4.5

Seedling dry wt (mg/plant) IET4094 114 171 181 186 IR42 137 219 207 202 5.8 18 NC492 211 237 253 217

Fertilizer management
Greenhouse evaluation of urea supergranules (USG) containing diammonium phosphate (DAP) for transplanted rice
N. K. Savant and S. H. Chien, International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), P.O. Box 2040, Muscle Shoals, Alabama 35662, USA

Serious losses of fertilizer N and P to runoff are common in transplanted rainfed ricefields of small farmers in South and Southeast Asia. Losses occur primarily because farmers are unable to properly incorporate fertilizers into soils with varying depths of nonflowing or

flowing floodwaters. A ready-made, balanced NP fertilizer and an alternative application method are needed. Phosphatic fertilizers containing Ca(H2PO4)2 . H2O (such as single or triple superphosphate [TSP]) are not compatible with urea because of an adduct formation that leads to poor physical quality and caking of USG briquettes. DAP, a common fertilizer for transplanted rice in tropical rice-growing countries, is compatible for preparation of USG. Agronomically, deep placement of USG is efficient in transplanted rice. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to evaluate basal deep-placed USG containing DAP as NP fertilizer in transplanted rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil was Vernon clay (Typic

Ustochrept, pH 8.0, CEC 33.0 cmol c /kg), which in earlier experiments had responded to applied N and P. For a blanket basal application, 100 mg K/kg (as KC1) and 25 mg Zn/kg (as ZnSO4) were incorporated into the soil before transplanting. Four hills (three 3-wk-old seedlings/ hill) of IR36 were transplanted (20- 20cm spacing) in 2-wk presubmerged and puddled soil (32 kg air-dried basis) in a wooden box (40- 40- 30-cm inside dimensions) with plastic lining. USG containing DAP (as tablets) was prepared by compacting a mixture of prilled urea (PU) and DAP in a 1:2 proportion. The amounts of N and P used (19.3 mg N/kg and 10.3 mg P/kg, equivalent to 40 kg N and 21 kg P/ha on area basis) were on the steep portion of their response curves for the soil used.

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

23

Effect of deep-placed USG containing DAP on grain yield and N and P uptake by transplanted IR36. Greenhouse experiment, IFDC, USA, 1988. Grain yieldb (g/4 hills per box) 97 130 128 150 152 c b b a a Uptake by grains b (g/4 hills per box) N 1.30 e 1.78 cd 1.61 d 1.93 abc 2.04 ab 1.89 bc 2.13 a 2.06 ab 2.07 ab P 0.16 d 0.18 d 0.31 ab 0.32 a 0.31 ab 0.34 a 0.26 bc 0.26 0.24 c c

Treatment a Check USG deep placed at transplanting TSP incorporated before transplanting PU+DAP incorporated before transplanting DAP incorporated before transplanting + PU topdressed at panicle initiation DAP incorparated before transplanting + remaining N as USG deep placed at transplanting TSP incorporated before transplanting + USG deep placed at transplanting USG containing DAP deep placed at transplanting PAPR incorporated before transplanting + USG deep placed at transplanting

150 a 157 a 152 a 147 a

a Rates of application: 19.3 mg N and 10.3 mg P/kg soil; 619 mg N and 329 mg P/4 hills per box. Estimated rate (on area basis), 40 kg N and 21 kg P/ha. One USG was placed at 110-cm depth in the center of 4 rice hills with 20-*20-cm spacing. Incorporation means broadcast and incorporation up to 5-cm depth before transplanting with practically no floodwater. Fertilizer analysis: PU and USG, 46% N; DAP, 21.2% N and 23.5% P; TSP, 20.9% total P; and PAPR from Central Florida (25% acidulation with H 3PO4), 15.0% total P. b Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.

Plant growth the first 3-4 wk after transplanting was markedly slower for deep-placed USG containing DAP (see table). However, grain yields and N and uptake were statistically on a par with those for incorporated DAP, TSP, or partially acidulated phosphate rock (PAPR) and deep-placed USG. The PAPR used was as effective as TSP in P availability. These data suggest that deep-placed USG containing appropriate amounts of DAP may be a judicious choice as a NP fertilizer for small farmers in transplanted rice areas, especially rainfed, where adequate incorporation of fertilizers is not possible because of uncontrolled floodwater and nonavailability of suitable implements. Research under field conditions is under way in India to verify this.

Rate and time of N application for direct seeded irrigated rice

O. S. Kandasamy and SP. Palaniappan, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003,India

Yield and panicles/m 2 of direct seeded rice with graded rates and time of N application, Aduthurai, India.

Treatment

Kuruvai Panicles (no./m2) Grain yield (t/ha) Panicles (no./m2)

Thaladi Grain yield (t/ha) Panicles (no./m2)

Samba Grain yield (t/ha)

We evaluated rate and time of N application for irrigated rice on a clay loam soil. Soil had pH 7.3 and 0.42% organic C. Treatments were N at 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg/ha in kuruvai (Jun-Sep) and 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha in thaladi (Oct-Feb) and samba (Sep-Jan) seasons, and the initial half of the N applied at four different times in kuruvai (at 10, 20, 30 d after seeding [DAS] and at active tillering) and at five different times in thaladi and samba (at sowing; 10, 20, 30 DAS; and at active tillering). The remaining 50% of N was applied in two equal doses at active tillering and panicle initiation stages, except in treatments where the initial dose itself was applied at active tillering. In this treatment, N was applied in two splits, half at active tillering and half at panicle initiation. N was broadcast as urea. Basal fertilizer was incorporated in dry soil during kuruvai and samba when dry seeding was done, and in the puddle

N rate (kg/ha) Kuruvai Thaladi and Samba 0 0 40 50 80 100 120 150 LSD (0.05) Time of application (initial 50% N) At sowing 10 DAS 20 DAS 30 DAS At tillering (LSD 0.05)

289 327 362 383 10

2.5 4.3 5.0 5.2 0.2

236 308 332 351 25

1.6 2.8 3.3 3.5 0.15

307 374 434 453 17

3.2 4.5 5.1 5.3 0.15

356 384 346 343 12

4.8 5.4 4.7 4.4 0.2

328 343 339 325 317 ns

3.1 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 0.19

421 434 470 398 378 22

4.9 5.0 5.5 4.7 4.6 0.19

during thaladi when wet seeding was done. Water was maintained at 2-3 cm for topdressing. The experiments were laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Short-duration TKM9, medium-duration IR20, and longduration CR1009 were sown in kuruvai, thaladi, and samba, respectively. Dry seeds were broadcast during kuruvai and samba; sprouted seeds were broadcast on puddled soil in thaladi.

In general, yields increased with N application in all three seasons (see table). The responses to N application fitted quadratic functions. Kuruvai Y = 2.6 + 0.05 N - 0.0003 N 2 Thaladi Y= 1.6 + 0.03N - 0.0001 N 2 Samba Y = 3.1 + 0.03N - 0.0001 N2 The initial 50% N could be applied 20 DAS in kuruvai and samba when dry seeding was done, and 10 DAS in thaladi when sprouted seeds were sown in puddled soil.

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Influence of modified urea and placement on N use in irrigated rice

R. Singh, S. K. Shrivastava, and J. M. Pandagare, IGKVV, College of Agriculture, Raipur 492012, Madhya Pradesh, India

Grain yield with different modified urea materials, placement techniques, and nitrogen levels. Ralpur, India (1981-84 wet seasons). N(kg/ha) 0 29 58 87 116 Mean 29 58 87 116 Mean 29 58 87 116 Mean LSD (0.05) CV (%)
a PU

Urea form a PU PU PU PU PU SCU SCU SCU SCU SCU USG USG USG USG USG

Grain yield(t/ha) 1981 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.7 0.4 9.5 1982 2.6 3.1 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.5 33 4.0 4.0 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.6 3.7 0.7 11.2 1983 1.9 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.8 4.2 4.5 3.9 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.3 3.8 0.4 7.2 1984 2.0 3.9 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.6 4.8 4.6 2.6 10.5 Mean 2.1 2.7 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.0 3.7 3.9 4.3 3.8 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.7

Numerous N response experiments have shown that fertilizer N recovery by rice is seldom higher than 30-40%; even with the best agronomic practices and strictly controlled conditions, recovery seldom exceeds 60-65%. Using urea supergranules (USG) or urea briquettes, deep placed, has increased N efficiency, and crop response to sulfur-coated urea (SCU) has generally been superior to response to urea in a single dose and often to split applications. We compared the efficiency of SCU, USG, and best split urea at different N levels in a randomized block design with four replications. The 4-yr experiment (1981-84) used medium-duration Asha and Usha as test varieties. Soil was a Vertisol, clay loam texture, with pH 7.0,1.3% organic matter, 11% total N, and CEC 33 meq/100 g. Exchange-

was applied as best split, SCU was broadcast and incorporated, USG was placead 10-12cm deep in the soil

able bases (in meq/100 g) were 0.07 Na, 0.63 K, 4.7 Mg, and 27 Ca. Available P was 17 ppm by Bray method and 4 ppm by Olsen. Available Zn was 2.7 ppm. Maximum yields at all N levels were obtained with SCU broadcast and incorporated, followed by USG placed

10-12 cm deep, and prilled urea (PU) best split (see table). Yields increased with increased N. Highest N use efficiency was 32.1 kg grain/kg N as USG at 29 kg N/ha. Averaged over N levels, maximum N use efficiency was 18.7 kg grain/kg N as SCU.

Influence of modified urea materials at different N rates on estimated wetland rice soil ammonium-N and nitrate-N
P. C. Pandey, G. L. Sharma. Pyare Lal, and P. S. Bisht, Agronomy Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Nainital 263145, Uttar Pradesh, India

Changes in NH 4+-N and NO3- -N levels in wetland soil can provide valuable insights into N losses and availability of N for rice. The NH4 +-N And NO3- -N at 0-15 cm depth in flooded soil were measured at 15, 30, 45, and 60 d after transplanting (DT). The experimental area was Aquic Hapludoll (Mollisol of Tarai moist plains region about 30 km south of the foothills of the Shivalik Range of the Himalayas). Soil was silt loam with pH 7.9, 1.2% organic C, 0.1% total N, 8 ppm available

1. NH4 +-N content in soil as influenced by N rates (a) and sources (b).

lRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

25

NH4+-N, and 10 ppm available NO 3--N. Pant Dhan 4 (134 d duration) was transplanted during 1985 and 1986 wet seasons (May-Oct). Urea supergranule (USG), sulfurcoated urea (SCU), and Musoorie phoscoated urea (MPCU) as basal incorporated and prilled urea (PU) applied as local split (1/2 at transplanting, 1/4 at tillering, 1/4 at 5-6 d before panicle initiation [DBPI]) and standard split (2/3 at transplanting and 1/3 at 5-6 DBPI) were applied at 29, 58, and 87 kg N/ha. MPCU and SCU were broadcast and incorporated at transplanting, USG was hand placed 8-10 cm deep in the center of 4 hills. Soil samples were collected randomly from fertilized plots, except in USG plots where they were collected 6-8 cm away from the placement site. NH4+-N and NO3--N were extracted from the wet soil immediately with 1N sodium sulfate. NH4+-N concentration was determined by modified Nessler reagent method and that of NO3--N by chromotropic acid method. NH4+-N content increased with increasing N rates to 30 DT, then decreased (Fig. 1). The decrease may be attributed to uptake by plants, gaseous loss of NH3, and nitrification-denitrification. The decrease was less with USG. NO3--N concentration was very low. At 15 DT, it was higher with PU and MPCU than with USG and SCU (Fig. 2). Plots with USG showed lower NO 3--N, presumably because the USG was placed in a reduced zone where nitrification might be limited for lack of oxygen. With SCU, low concentration of NO3--N could be due to delayed release of urea and conversion of fertilizer N to NO3- .

2. NO3--N content in soil as influenced by N rates (a) and sources (b).

The presence of nitrate suggests that nitrification-denitrification losses may be occurring. We evaluated the effects of siltation by floodwater on boro rice in terms of the crops response to N and K fertilizer JanApr 1988. Land within the Hathazari Farming Systems Research area was

These results suggest that formation of soil nitrate can be reduced slightly through the use of modified urea materials. ponded by floodwater about 1.5 m deep for about 15 d. After the flood receded, three types of soil sampling were done: deposited surface silts, 2.5 cm; original soil, 2.5-15

Contribution of flood siltation to boro rice yield and response to N and K

M. Amin and M. Sadrul Amin, On-Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Thakurgaon, Bangladesh

Table 1. Characteristics of soil sample of flash-flooded ricefields Hathazarl, Bangladesh Jan 1988. Soil sample 0-2.5 cm surface silt 2.5-15 cm soil 0-15 cm silt and soil
~~~~ ~

Floodwater deposits silt and other suspended materials as it starts to recede. The effects of this silting on soil productivity have not been established experimentally.

pH 6.6 5.9 6.0

Organic matter (%) 2.35 2.45 2.50

K (meq/100 ml) 1.0 0.3 0.3

NH4-N (lg/ml) 22.5 17.5 19.5

Zn (lg/ml) 3.0 2.5 3.0

S (lg/ml) 8 4 7

26

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

cm; and whole sample, 0-15 cm. Soil analytical data are presented in Table 1. Eight fertilizer levels were tested (Table 2) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All the P and K, and 1/3 the N were applied basally after final land preparation. The remaining N was topdressed, 1/3 at 25 d after transplanting (DT) and 1/3 at 45 DT. Purbachi rice seedlings (35 d old) were transplanted at 25- 15-cm spacing. Application of 120 kg N, 34 kg K/ha gave the highest yield. No significant yield differences were found when K was applied at 17-51 kg/ha with 80-120 kg N/ ha (Table 2). The relatively low effect of K on grain yield may be attributed to the increased K content of the surface silts.

Table 2. Yield parameters of boro rice planted on flash-flooded fields and fertilized with N and K, Hathazari, Bangladesh, Jan-Apr 1988. Treatment (kg NPK/ha) 0-0-0 0-28-34 40-28-34 80-28-0 80-28-17 80-28-34 80-28-51 120-28-34 CV (%) LSD (0.01)
a
a Panicles (no./m2)

Filled spikelets (no./panicle) 45.21 51.09 63.12 72.12 77.67 77.84 77.14 76.67 11.44 15.49

1,000-grain weight (g) 21.15 22.55 23.03 23.09 23.32 23.44 23.60 24.76 2.05 0.50

Grain Yield (t/ha) 1.4 2.1 3.0 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.4 7.3 0.5

186.30 213.97 244.89 266.62 276.07 277.42 274.72 308.47 12.44 63.74

From urea, triple superphosphate, and muriate of potash.

Response of rice to Azospirillum brasilense and organic manures on organicand chemical-fertilized farms in India
R. Subramanian and M. Rangarajan, Agricultural Microbiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India

Response of White Ponni rice grown in organically and chemically fertilized fields. a Pondicherry, India Sep 1988-Feb 1989. Treatment Grain yield (t/ha) Gloria Land 5.7 5.9 (3.15) 6.7 (17.7) 6.1 (6.1) 5.9 (2.6) 6.2 (9.1) 6.8 (18.2) 6.2 (8.6) 6.8 (19.2) 0.4 Farmers field 5.1 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.1 5.1 (1.2) 4.9 4.9 5.7 (13.3) 0.2 Straw yield (t/ha) Gloria Land 8.1 8.8 (7.5) 9.9 (21.9) 8.7 (7.1) 7.5 8.8 (8.2) 9.8 (19.8) 9.8 (20.5) 10.4 (28.3) 1.7 Farmers field 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.5 7.0 6.9 6.4 7.6 (3.7) 0.5

No addition 100 N-50 P-50 N Farmyard manure (FYM) Green leaf manure (GLM) Cow dung slurry (CS) Azospirillum FYM + Azospirillum GLM + Azospirillum CS + Azospirillum FYM + GLM + CS + Azospirillum LSD
a

Field trials were conducted in lowland rice culture during Sep 1988-Feb 1989 on two farms in Pondicherry, India, using White Ponni rice variety. One farm (Gloria Land) had adopted organic farming 10 yr before. The other farm (farmers field) had for several years used only chemical fertilizers. The field trials were laid out in a randomized block design with nine treatments and four replications. The control plots on the two farms differed; the farmers field plot received 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha. Other treatments included farmyard manure (12.5 t/ha), leaves of Azadirachta indica (6.25 t/ha), and cow dung slurry (5.0 t/ha) alone and in combination with A. brasilense (seed, seedling, and soil application). Grain yield in Gloria Land increased with some treatments (see table). The

Figures in parentheses indicate percentage increase.

effect on yield of different organic manures with or without Azospirillum brasilense varied, depending upon the N content of the organic manures. In the farmers field, N fertilizer yielded less than the control plot of Gloria Land. Combined application of organic manures plus A. brasilense gave significantly

higher grain yield than N fertilizer alone. In Gloria Land, where organic manures had been applied for several years, Azospirillum application did not have a significant effect. In the farmers field, Azospirillum application increased grain yield significantly. Straw yields followed a similar trend.

Surveys of disease or insect incidence/severity in one environment are useful only if the information is related to other variables (e.g., climatic factors, crop intensification, cultivars, management practices, etc.). By itself, information on incidence in one environment does not increase scientific knowledge.

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Crop management
Effect of traditional and improved nursery methods on seedling growth and rice yield
M. V. Zagade, S. A. Khanvilkar, and B. P. Patil, Agronomy Department, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli 415712, Dist. Ratnagiri (MS), India

In the Konkan region of Maharashtra, rice seedlings traditionally are raised on a flat nursery bed on which a large quantity of cow dung, twigs of trees (Terminalia spp.), dry grass, and dry leaves of forest trees have been burned. To further increase soil temperature, burning is slowed by spreading a thin layer of fine soil on top of the organic matter. Each year, branches of forest trees and bushes are cut to collect organic matter. That eventually depletes the forests and degrades the soils. In the summer, skeletons of Terminalia trees and burned patches of fields are common sights. Weed control seems to be the only objective of this traditional method. Although the seedlings raised are vigorous, long-term detrimental effects do not warrant the short-term advantages.

We evaluated the traditional method against improved methods of raising seedlings in two consecutive experiments during 1988 wet season. Treatments included preburning of nursery bed and raised and flat nursery beds with various mechanical and herbicidal weed control treatments (see table). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Soil of the experimental plot was lateritic having 152.5, 6.9, and 248.9 kg available N, P, K/ha. Plot sizes were 6 1 m for the nursery and 4.6 4.2 m for transplanting. Nursery area burning was done in May 1988 and Ratnagiri 24 was planted in Jun 1988. Preemergence herbicides were applied on wet soil. Seedlings from the set of nursery treatments were transplanted in a different field in a randomized block design with three replications. Recommended plant population (20 15 cm), fertilizers (100 kg N, 22 kg P/ha), and plant protection measures were applied uniformly to all treatments. Seedling height and dry matter in the traditional rice nursery were more than twice that in the other nursery treatments (see table). This could be attributed to increased availability of N (l0%), P (39%), and K (100%). Also, all weeds were eliminated.

However, the pretransplanting differences did not significantly affect crop yields. Seedlings from the traditional nursery were not superior to seedlings from improved nurseries. Thus, the traditional method benefits only the nursery and should be discouraged to save valuable organic matter and vegetation. Instead, herbicides should be used to control weeds in the nursery.

Integrated pest managementdiseases

Nonfluorescent Pseudomonas strains causing rice sterility and grain discoloration in Colombia
R. S. Ziegler and E. Alvarez, Rice Program, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aereo 6713, Cali, Colombia

Two nonfluorescent species of Pseudomonas, P. avenae and P. glumae, cause seedling rot, grain discoloration (GlD), and sterility in rice. P. avenae is known to be distributed worldwide; until a recent report from Latin America, P. glumae was known only in Asia. Reports on the

Effect of preburning nursery bed and raised and flat bed nurseries with different weed control methods on seedling growth and transplanted rice yield. a Treatment Rabbing (preburning) Raised bed + unweeded control Raised bed + weed-free check Flat bed + unweeded control Flat bed + weed-free check Raised bed +one hand weeding Flat bed + one hand weeding Raised bed + 3.0 kg ai butachlor 50 EC/ha at preemergence Flat bed + 3.0 kg ai butachlor 50 EC/ha at preemergence Raised bed + 3.0 kg ai butachlor 10% G/ha at preemergence Flat bed + 3.0 kg ai butachlor 10% G/ha at preemergence Raised bed + l.0 kg ai oxadiazon/ha at preemergence Flat bed + l.0 kg ai oxadiazon/ha at preemergence LSD (0.05)
a

Seedling height (cm) 10.5 5.8 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.7 4.9 5.9 1.1

Dry matter/ seedling (mg) 115.0 42.0 47.3 40.0 46.3 49.3 46.3 34.6 36.0 33.6 38.0 37.0 41.0 9.9

D ry weight of weeds (t/ha) 1.2 0.3 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Weed control efficiency (%) 100 13.3 75.9 0.0 75.9 76.3 75.9 85.1 84.7 85.1 84.7 85.5 85.1

Available N (kg/ha) 168.7 152.7 153.5 156.1 150.3 153.1 152.6 146.1 146.1 144.9 151.4 151.4 154.3 6.5

Available P (kg/ha) 9.9 6.8 7.1 6.9 7.2 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.1 6.9 6.9 7.0 6.9 0.6

Exchangeable K (kg/ha) 439.1 233.8 224.0 237.2 237.2 240.5 233.1 238.7 241.8 234.4 238.8 229.2 237.3 25.4

Grain yield (t/ha) 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 24 2.5 ns

Straw yield (t/ha) 3.0 2.8 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 ns

Nursery variables measured at time of uprooting seedlings.

28

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

characteristics of these species differ. We undertook to more completely characterstrains reported as P. glumae found in Latin America. We also compared the characteristics of the two species to clarify some discrepancies in published descriptions. Three strains of a nonfluorescent pathogenic bacterium obtained from discolored rice grains collected from farmers fields in Colombia were compared with four culture collection strains of P. glumae and 25 strains of P. avenae (6 culture collection strains and 19 strains previously identified at CIAT), using standard bacteriological techniques. The culture collection strains included type specimens of each species.

The pathogenic strains recovered from discolored grains were consistent with P. glumae, rather than with P. avenae (see table). All strains tested could be distinguished from Erwinia herbicola in that they did not grow anaerobically and had multiple polar flagella. However, some differences were observed among the field-collected strains and the strains of known identity, as well as differences from published characteristics of the species. The original description of P. glumae referred to it as producing a fluorescent pigment on potato agar. This probably referred to the diffusible green nonfluorescent pigment that we and others have observed to be produced by some, but not

Phenotypic characteristicsa three Pseudomonas strains that cause grain discoloration and sterility in Colombian ricefields compared to strains of P. glumae and P. avenae. Phenotypic character Fluorescent pigment Arginine dihydrolase Nitrate reduction Oxidase Diffusible green pigment Accumulation of poly-bhydroxybutyrate crystals Utilization for growth Arabinose Cellobiose Raffinose Sucrose Xylose Adonitol Inositol Sorbitol Arginine Salicine Acid from Dextrose Lactose Sucrose Mannitol H2 S from TSI Catalase Gelatin liquefaction Growth at 41C Growth in 5% NaCl Indole Lecithinase Levan from sucrose Lipase Pit formation on CVP Starch hydrolysis Tobacco hypersensitivty Pathogenicity on rice
percent of strains positive.

P. glumae (4 strains) d (50) +

Colombian 1445-4-1 + + +

strain 1462-7-2 + +

1445-4-2 + + +

P. avenae (25 strains) + + +

all strains. The growth limit for P. glumae has been reported to be 40 C; however, the strains in this study all grew at 41C. Researchers in the U.S., in establishing the synonymy of P. alboprecipitans and P. setaria with P. avenae ( P. menae is now considered to be the correct name far this pathogen), described their strains as oxidase negative. More recently, researchers in Japan described their strains as oxidase positive. We have found our strains to be oxidase positive. The Japanese researchers also reported that their strains grew in 3% NaCl but not in 5% NaCl. Our strains grew in 5% NaCl. The Japanese reported negative tobacco hypersensitivity, lipase, and H2S production. Our strains were positive, negative, and variable, respectively. The strains we identified as P. avenae and P. glumae also abundantly accumulated poly-b-hydroxybutyrate crystals.

False smut incidence on rice relative to plant characters and environmental factors
C. L. Bhardwaj, Regional Research Station, Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Bajaura (Kullu)-175125, India

+ + + d (75) + + d (75) d (75) + d (75) + d (75) d (50) + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

d (60) + + + d (76) d (76) + + + + + +

a + = 90% or more of strains positive, - = 90% or more of strains negative, d = 11-89% strains positive; number in parentheses is

We studied false smut Ustilaginoidea virens Tak. incidence on 32 rice cultivars and the relationship of disease severity to plant characters and ambient environmental factors in the 1987 dry season. Rice cultivars were dry seeded in upland conditions, in a completely randomized block design with three replications. False smut of panicles at maturity was recorded for each cultivar. Disease severity, infected panicles, and number of infected florets on the most infected panicle were recorded. B3719C-TB-8-1-4, China 988, HPU2202, HPU5101, Nag 1-38, VL 501, and VRS1 were disease free. Disease severity on the 26 susceptible cultivars ranged from 1 to 17.9%. A significant negative correlation ( r = -0.54) between plant height (range 70-135 cm) and disease severity indicated that short cultivars were more vulnerable than tall ones. The correlation of disease severity and days to 50% flowering was not signifi-

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

29

Linear correlations of false smut (Ustilaginoidea virens ) disease incidence (percent panicles with false smut) on 32 rice cultivars and plant and environmental factors. Correlation coefficient (r ) a Plant Plant height (cm) Days to 50% flowering Environment a Maximum temp d (28.1C) Minimum temp (20.1C) Relative humidity (87.8%) Rainfall (1.4 mm) Cloudiness (1.74 h) Disease severity Number of false-smutted florets on the panicle with maximum infection
a P (0.05) = 0349*. b Av of 32 d during flowering.

Laboratory examination revealed the presence of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld., the imperfect stage of Gibberella fijikuroi (identified on the basis of micro and macro conidia, micro conidiophores, and micro conidial chains). A pathogen-

icity test to fulfill the requirements of Kochs postulates confirmed F. moniliforme to be the causal organism. This is the first report of this disease in Pakistan.

-0.54* 0.095** -0.048 -0.040 -0.321 -0.120 -0.176 0.81*

Efficacy of ethofenprox in preventing rice tungro (RTV) infection

N. V. Krishnaiah and A. Ghosh, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India

cant. Correlations with environmental factors during flowering (22 Aug-29 Sep) were negative and nonsignificant (see table). Among cultivars, the positive correlation ( r = 0.81) of number of smutted florets on the panicle with the most infected florets and percent false smutted panicles was significant. The relationship between number of smutted florets on the panicle with the most infected florets and percent panicles with false smut (regression coefficient y = 1.26 + 0.763 x ) shows that, in assessing disease severity, one disease severity factor can be used to estimate another factor.

RTV transmitted by green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens is one of the important diseases of rice in many parts of India. We studied the efficacy of ethofenprox (a new ether-derived insecti-

cide similar to synthetic pyrethroids) against GLH and RTV transmission. Potted TN1 plants in controlled greenhouse conditions were sprayed with ethofenprox. At 0.01%, ethofenprox killed 78% of confined viruliferous adults within 30 min; plants sprayed with 0.01% recorded significantly lower RTV infection than plants sprayed with 0.05% monocrotophos (see table). GLH mortality within 30 min and RTV transmission were related; GLH mortality after 30 min was not related to RTV transmission.

Effect of ethofenprox and monocrotophos on green leafhoppers and RTV transmission. a Insecticide Ethofenprox 0.01% Monocrotophos 0.05% Untreated control
a

GLH mortality (%) 0.5 h 78 a 22 b 0 c 1.0 h 87 a 58 a 0 b 4.0 h 95 a 93 a 0 b 24 h 100 a 100 a 2 b

RTV infection (%) 53 a 80 b 100 c

In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.

Integrated pest managementinsects

Mutual interference among wolf spider adult females
K. L. Heong and E. G. Rubia, Entomology Department, IRRI

Bakanae and foot rot of rice in Punjab, Pakistan

L. K. Khokhar, National Agricultural Research Centre, Crop Diseases Research Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan

During a 1989 survey of rice crop diseases in Sialkot, Gujranwala, and Sheikhupura of Punjab Province, Basmati 385 growing in isolated farmers fields showed symptoms similar to those of bakanae disease. Some of the plants had yellowish green, thin leaves and exhibited abnormal stem elongation, lower tillering, and rotting at the root-stem joint as well as at the first node.

In ricefields, wolf spiders Lycosa pseudoannulata respond to high densities of prey, particularly brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stl). This increases the chances that spiders will encounter each other while hunting for prey. That may decrease searching efficiency per predator and increase a tendency toward aggression, cannibalism, and outward dispersal. Such encounters between searching predators are often called mutual interference. We conducted laboratory experiments to measure mutual interference among wolf spiders and to determine the effect of hopper density on encounters between

spiders. Freshly emerged BPH adult females were placed inside mylar cages (19-cm diam, 55-cm ht) with 5 tillers of TN1 potted rice plants at densities of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 BPH/cage. They were exposed to 1, 2, or 3 freshly emerged adult female wolf spiders for 24 h. There were 5 replications. Searching efficiency per spider, a, over the experimental period was computed as a = 1/P 1n [N /(N-N a )] where a is searching efficiency, P is predator number, N is initial number of BPH, and Na is number of BPH attacked Log of a was plotted against log of P to obtain a linear regression. The resulting relationship of this linear mode1 is log a = log Q - m log P where Q and m are constants, characteristic of the predator.

30

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Regression analysis of the linear model log a = log Q - m log P in different prey densities. Parameter estimate PH density 5 10 20 30 60
ans a

m + s.e. 0.439 0.283 0.556 0.243 0.103 0.206 0.486 0.191 0.707 0.122

log Q 0.322 0.268 0.251 0.242 0.288

F 2.40 5.23 0.25 6.46 33.63

P 0.14* 0.03* 0.63ns 0.02* <0.01**

Toxicity of insecticides to mirid bug predator of rice brown planthopper

P. R. Srinivas and I. C. Pasalu, Entomology Department, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, A.P., India

= not significant, * = significant at p = 0.05, ** = significant at p = 0.01.

For BPH densities of 5 and 20, the regression was not significant It was significant for BPH densities of 10, 30, and 60 (see table). Mutual interference appears to intensify with increase in prey density. The m values for BPH densities of 10 and 30 were not significant, but m was significantly large for the BPH density of 60. This means that the spiders

aggregate at higher hopper densities increasing the chances of encountering each other. At low hopper densities, the spiders disperse to about one spider/plant, and there is less chance that spiders will encounter each other. We observed some cannibalism, especially in cages with three spiders.

Fluctuation of yellow stem borer (YSB) populations in Raichur, Karnataka, India

B. S. Nandihalli, B. V. Patil, and P. Hugar, Entomology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur 584101, Karnataka, India

We used a modified Robinson model light trap with 160-W mercury lamp 1987-88 and 1988-89 to generate information on population fluctuations of YSB Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) to use in the integrated pest management program. Two peak activity periods were observed both years (see figure). The first

peak was Oct-Dec: moths caught per standard week ranged from 9 to 1,015 in 1987 and 4 to 559 moths in 1988. The second peak was Mar-May: moths caught ranged from 4 to 82 in 1988 and 26 to 1,042 in 1989. The insect was inactive Jun-Sep both years. More moths were caught Mar-May 1989 because canal water supply for the rice crop was low and most farmers did not apply plant protection measures. These findings suggest that YSB counts to evaluate the need for crop protection measures should be made in the field the first week of Oct for wet season and during the first week of Mar for summer crops.

We tested 10 selected commercial formulations in the glasshouse for their toxicity to the predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter). Insecticide formulations were prepared with distilled water and sprayed (using a fine atomizer) to the runoff stage on potted 30-d-old TN1 plants. Control was distilled water only. Adult mirid bugs (30/treatment) were caged on the plants 4 h after spraying and mortality recorded 18 h later. Synthetic pyrethroids cypermethrin, fluvalinate, and fenvalerate were highly toxic to the mirid bug (LC 50 values of 0.00036, 0.0045, and 0.0053, respectively) (see table). Quinalphos also was toxic (0.008 LC50 ). The insecticides methomyl and ethofenfox were relatively safe (LC 50 values of 0.024 and 0.041, respectively). The remaining insecticides exhibited moderate toxicity.
Toxicity of insecticides (LC 50 values) to mirid bug.

Insecticide Cypermethrin Fenvalerate Fluvalinate BPMC Quinalphos Chlorpyrifos Furathiocarb Monocrotophos Methomyl Ethofenprox
a* =

LC50 0.00036*** 0.0053** 0.0045** 0.0073** 0.008** 0.0095** 0.01 17** 0.0129** 0.024* 0.0406*

Range 0.00039-0.00017 0.007 -0.004 0.006 -0.0033 0.0094 -0.0057 0.010 -0.006 0.012 -0.008 0.0152 -0.0091 0.0163 -0.0102 0.0299 -0.0194 0.0456 -0.036

log * 10 3; ** = log * l0 4 ; *** = log * 10 5

Feeding and food assimilation by two species of rice leaffolders (LF) on selected weed plants
M. L. P. Abenes and Z. R. Khan, IRRI-ICIPE Project, IRRI

Population fluctuation of YSB Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker). Karnataka, India, 1987-89.

Several weed plants present in the ricefields are reported to be alternate hosts for rice LF. We studied the feeding rates and

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

31

food assimilation of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene) and Marasmia patnalis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on 12 selected weed plants collected from ricefields and multiplied in the greenhouse. The weed plants were Brachiaria mutica, Digitaria ciliaris, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa glabrescens. E. crus-galli, E. colona, Eleusine indica, Leptochloa chinensis, Leersia hexandra, Paspalum distichum, Panicum repens, and Paspalum conjugatum. Third-instar larvae were starved but water satiated for 2 h and weighed individually (W1). Leafcuts of weed plant, susceptible IR36, or resistant TKM6 rice (30- to 35-d-old) were offered in a nochoice test to individual LF larvae for 24 h. Larval weight (W 2) was recorded 2 h after the end of the feeding period. The setup was replicated 10 times. Leaf area consumed was measured using a leaf area meter. Food assimilation was computed:
Food assimilation = W 1 (C1-C2) + (W 2 - W 1) C1

Leaf area consumption and food assimilation by third-instar larvae of C. medinalis and M. patnalis on graminaceous weed plants and rice hosts.

the other weed plants tested was significantly lower. Food assimilation by M. patnalis larvae was highest on the two rice varie-

ties and significantly lower on L. hexandra and L. chinensis. There was either very low or no food assimilation on the other weeds. several 30-d-old TN1 rice plants infested with five gravid BPH females (see figure). Plants, mirids, and BPH females are transferred into the oviposition cage Plants are transferred to emerging cage after 24 h. The door and top of the 45- 55- 60-cm cage are made of glass; the three other sides, of fine nylon mesh. When the mirid eggs hatch, some gravid BPH females are added to provide food for the mirids. Each cage will produce mirids of known age, which can be used for experiments.

Mass rearing of a mirid predator

I. Manti, Sukarami Research Institute for Food Crops (SARIF), P.O. Box 34 Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia and B. M. Shepard, IRRI

where W1 and W2 are initial and final weights of test insects and C1 and C2 initial and final weights of control insects. C. medinalis larvae fed most on D. ciliaris, followed by E. glabrescens, P. conjugatum, and E. indica (see figure). Feeding on susceptible IR36 was lower than on D. ciliaris but comparable to feeding on TKM6, E. colona, E. crusgalli, L. chinensis, L. hexandra, and P. distichum. Feeding on B. mutica and P. repens was significantly lower than on either rice varieties as well as on most of the weeds tested. Food assimilation by C. medinalis was highest on P. conjugatum, followed by E. glabrescens, D. ciliaris, D. aegyptium, and L. hexandra. Food assimilation on E. indica, E. crus-galli, P. distichum, and E. colona was similar to that on both susceptible IR36 and resistant TKM6. Food assimilation on P. repens was significantly lower than on the rice varieties and most of the weeds tested. M. patnalis larvae fed most on susceptible IR36 and resistant TKM6. Feeding on L. hexandra and L. chinensis was comparable to feeding on IR36. Feeding on

Mirid predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter can be mass-reared on brown planthopper (BPH) eggs, using TN1 rice plants. Adult mirids collected in the field are introduced into mylar cages containing

Procedure for mass-rearing C. lividipennis. DAI = days after mirid introduction.

32

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Integrated pest managementweeds

Weed control in dry and wet seeded irrigated rice
O. S. Kandasamy and SP. Palaniappan, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003. India

We evaluated 12 weed control treatments involving five herbicides applied preemergence and followed by (fb) hand weeding (HW) and applied early postemergence in combination with 2,4-D; and two hand weedings during Jun-Sep (kuruvai) and Oct-Feb (thaladi) at Aduthurai. In Jun, dry seeds of TKM9 (110 d duration) were sown on dry field; in Oct, sprouted seeds of IR20 (130 d duration) were sown on a puddled field. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Soil was clay loam. Preemergence herbicides were applied 5 d after seeding (DAS), early postemergence herbicides were applied 15 DAS. Plots treated with preemergence herbicides were hand weeded at 30 DAS. Plots with two hand weedings were weeded 15 and 30 DAS. At 60 DAS , weed flora in dry seeded rice consisted of monocots (54%) and

dicots (46%); in wet seeded rice, monocots predominated (79%). Irrespective of season, Echinochloa colona was the major grass species; Cyperus rotundus, the major sedge. Ludwigia adscendens was the major broadleaf. Marsilea quadrifolia (a fern) was also important.

In preemergence treatments, thiobencarb (1.0 kg ai/ha) with one hand weeding resulted in the best weed kill and in per-hectare yields of 4.9 t dry seeded rice and 4.6 t wet seeded rice (see table). Butachlor (1.5 kg ai/ha) with one hand weeding, and two hand weedings alone were equally effective. In postemergence treatments, no herbicide was effective in either dry or wet seeded rice.

Effect of weed control and seeding method on grain yield and weed weight in direct seeded rice. Aduthurai, India.

Treatment Unweeded control Two hand weedings (15 & 30 DAS) Preemergence Thiobencarb fb HW Butachlor fb HW Fluchloralin fb HW Pendimethalin fb HW Piperophos fb HW Early postemergence Thiobencarb + 2.4-D Butachlor + 2,4-D Fluchloralin + 2,4-D Pendimethalin + 2.4-D Piperophos + 2.4-D LSD (0.05) for all plots, preemergence and postemergence LSD (0.05) between preemergence and postemergence

Rate (kg ai/ha) 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 + 1.0 1.5 + 1.0 1.0 + 1.0 1.5 + 1.0 1.5 + 1.0

Grain yield (t/ha) Dry seeded 2.4 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.2 0.1 0.1 Wet seeded 2.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.4 0.6 0.3

Weed weight (t/ha) Dry seeded 2.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.1 0.1 Wet seeded 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.1

Effect of time and number of weedings on direct seeded upland rice yields
J. R. Patel, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Sub-Research Centre, Bangoli, Raipur, Madhya Pradesh 493225, India

Effect of hand weeding on grain yield, straw yield, weed dry weight, and control efficiency in direct seeded rainfed rice at Jagdalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 1985-86.

Treatment No weeding One hand weeding 20 DAS One hand weeding 40 DAS One hand weeding 60 DAS One hand weeding 80 DAS Two hand weedings 20 & 40 DAS Three hand weedings 20, 40, & 60 DAS Four hand weedings 20, 40, 60, & 80 DAS LSD (0.05) CV (%)

Grain yield (t/ha) 0.2 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.4 1.4 2.0 2.3 0.3 12.2

Straw yield (t/ha) 0.5 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.1 2.4 3.5 3.9 0.5 10.2

Weed dry weight (t/ha) 2.8 1.2 1.7 2.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.4 11.8

Weed control efficiency (%) 48.0 57.3 40.3 29.3 64.0 75.3 80.0 -

In Bastar, India, 50% of the cultivable land, more than 40,000 ha, is upland, cultivated primarily by tribal farmers. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 1200 to 1600 mm. Southeast monsoon rains start in June and the rice crop is harvested at the end of the rainy season. Direct seeding is the preferred rice crop establishment method, and hand weeding is the only method of weed control. We evaluated eight weed control methods during 1985-86 wet season in a randomized block design with three replications. Widely grown rice variety Culture 1 (90-95 d duration) was used.

With no weed control, yield was significantly lower (see table). When weeding was delayed, yield decreased proportionately, to the lowest with one weeding 80 d after seeding (DAS). Weeding more than once improved yield

significantly. Straw yield, weed dry weight, and weed control efficiency showed similar trends. At least two weedings at 20 and 40 d after emergence are needed to protect yield potential.

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

33

Weed composition in dry seeded wetland rice

S. N. Jena, AICRIP Regional Research Station, Chiplima, Sambalpur, Orissa; and G. K. Patro, AICARP, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India

First appearance and floristic composition of weeds in Orissa State, India. a

Botanical name First appearance (DARE) Plants/ m2 b 10.80 145.60 32.20 27.20 44.80 158.80 37.60 18.40 9.60 73.60 20.00 34.68 10.40 6.80 32.00 Weed compositionb 30 DARE % of population 1.49 20.17 4.46 3.77 6.21 21.99 5.21 2.55 1.33 10.19 2.77 4.80 1.44 0.94 4.43 At harvest (165 DARE) Plants/ m2 33.60 76.80 21.20 27.20 69.20 51.20 40.40 21.20 24.00 47.12 32.00 54.40 22.80 17.32 78.80 17.20 20.72 12.00 50.40 11.52 18.72 14.80 30.00 792.60 % of population 4.24 9.69 2.67 3.43 8.73 6.46 5.10 2.67 3.03 5.95 4.04 6.86 2.88 2.19 9.94 2.17 2.61 1.51 6.36

A major constraint on rice yields in Orissa State is high weed incidence. We identified the major weed flora and their composition in rainfed lowland rice during the 1987 wet season. All weeds in 0.25-m2 samples from 12 wetland ricefields (two samples/field), were identified and the weed species found in all samples counted. All fields had been dry seeded. Echinochloa colona was the dominant grassy weed found (see table). Sedges Cyperus iria, C. difformis, Fimbristylis miliacea, and Scirpus articulatus also had high incidence. Among the broadleaf weeds, Cyanotis cucullata and Ludwigia parviflora were high. Ipomoea aquatica, Hedyotis corymbosa, and Portulaca oleracea appeared at later crop growth stages.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 15 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link 15 Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees 15 Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. 30 Panicum repens L. 15 Cyperus iria L. 15 C. difformis L. 30 C. rotundus L. 30 C. imbricatus Retz 30 Fimbristylis miliacea (L) Vahl 15 Scirpus acutus Muhl. 30 S. articulatus L. 30 Aeschynamene indica L. 15 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. 30 Cyanotis cucullata Kunth 15 75 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. Ipomea aquatica Forssk 90 Limnophila indica (L.) Druce 30 Ludwigia parviflora (L.) Roxb. 30 Marsilea quadrifolia L. 30 Manachoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. 30 Portulaca oleracea L. 120 Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Cory. 30 Sphenaclea zeylanica Gaertn. 30
Total
a DARE = days after rice emergence. b Av of 24 samples.

6.80 22.72 14.80 5.72 4.28 5.20 722.00

0.94 3.15 2.05 0.80 0.59 0.72 100.00

1.45 2.36 1.87 3.79 100.00

Farming systems
Intercropping following rice
S. Muralikrishnasamy, M. N. Budhar, R. Rajendran, and A. A. Kareem, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India

In the Cauvery Delta Zone, cotton Gossypium hirsutum or black gram Vigna mungo is grown in Jan-Feb following wet season rice. We evaluated cotton MCU7, soybean Glycine max (CO 1), and black gram (ADT4) as pure crops and cotton

intercropped with black gram or soybean, in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil was clay (fine Udic Chromusterts) with CEC 35 meq/100 g soil, 0.5% organic C, and 65% water-holding capacity. Spacing was 60 30 cm for cotton and 30 10 cm for black gram and soybean. In the intercrop treatments, two rows of cotton were sown at 45/75 30cm spacing and two rows of the intercrop at 75- 30-cm spacing. Cotton was irrigated six times, with 30 cm water total; the pulse crops were

irrigated twice with 10 cm water total. The water table was 6.7 m deep during the cropping period. Yield of cotton in the paired row intercrop with black gram equaled yield of cotton as a pure crop (see table). Cotton + black gram gave the highest net return.

Rice-based cropping systems for rainfed lowland conditions

R. B. Thakur, Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa 848125, India

Yield and net return of sole crops and intercrops in rice fallow system. TRRI, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India, 1988.
Yielda (t/ha) Treatment Cotton 1.1 Soybean Black gram Yield valueb ($/ha) 571 363 625 726 1052 Cultivation cost ($/ha) 264 112 131 343 336 Net return ($/ha) 307 251 494 383 716 18

Cotton Soybean Black gram Cotton + soybean Cotton + black gram LSD (P = 0.05)

1.4

1.3

0.8 1.1

1.2

1.0

a Mean of 4 replications. b Cotton, $519/t; soybean, $259/t; black gram, $481/t.

We studied the effect of seeding and fertilizer rates on the production potential of rice-based cropping systems under rainfed lowland conditions in 1988-89. The soil was silty loam with pH 8.4, 0.62% organic C, and 278-39.2-140.2 kg available N, P2O5, and K2O per hectare. Radha rice (35-d-old seedlings) was transplanted 15 Jul and harvested 10 Dec 1988. Gram C235, linseed Subhra, and lentil Pant 406 were broadcast 25 Nov in

34

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

the standing rice crop at two seeding rates (normal and 50% higher than normal) with and without fertilizer. Fertilizer was broadcast 3 d before sowing the intercrop. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. Rice yield was 3.8 t/ha. Yields of gram, linseed, and lentil ranged from 0.12 to 0.17, 0.45 to 0.68, and 0.16 to 0.29 t/ ha, respectively. (Lower yields of gram and linseed were due to a winter drought.) Rice - linseed produced significantly higher rice equivalency yield than rice gram and rice - lentil (see table). Linseed with fertilizer yielded significantly higher than other crops. The interaction between crops and seeding rates was not significant.

Productivity of rice-based intercropping systems in Pusa, Bihar, India, 1988-89. Treatment Grain yield (t/ha) Rice 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 ns Intercrop 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 Rice yield Equivalence 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.9 4.8 5.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.4 0.4

Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice

alone + gram, normal seeding rate. no fertilizer (S 1F1) + gram, normal seeding rate. fertilized a (S 1F2) +gram + 150% seeding. no fertilizer (S2F1) + gram + 150% seeding, fertilized (S2F2) + linseed + S 1F1 + linseed + S 1F2 + linseed + S 2F1 + linseed + S 2F2 + lentil + S1F1 + lentil + S1F2 + lentil + S2F1 + lentil + S2F2 LSD (0.05)

a 20 kg N + 18 kg P/ha for gram and lentil, 30 kg N + 9 kg P/ha for linseed.

Production potential and economics of upland rice + pigeonpea

S. S. Patra, Regional Research Station (RRS), Keonjhar 758002, Orissa, India

Yield and economics of rice + pigeonpea cropping system under different sowing methods and mixing proportions.a Orissa, India, 1985-87. Treatment Sowing Proportion Rice 60% + pigeonpea 40% Rice and pigeonpea mixed and broadcast Rice 70% + pigeonpea 30% Rice 80% + pigeonpea 20% Rice 60% (1.5 m broadcast sown) + pigeonpea 40% (2 rows 50 cm apart) Rice broadcast and pigeonpea line dibbled Rice 70% (3.0 m broadcast sown) + pigeonpea 30% (2 rows 50 cm apart) Rice 80% (4.5 m broadcast sown) + pigeonpea 20% (2 rows 50 cm apart) Rice 60% (10 rows 15 cm apart) + pigeonpea 40% (2 rows 50 cm apart) Rice and pigeonpea line sown Rice 70% (20 rows 15 cm apart) + pigeonpea 30% (2 rows 50 cm apart) Rice 80% (30 rows 15 cm apart) + pigeonpea 20% (2 rows 50 cm apart)
aAv

Yield (t/ha) 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.6 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.9 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 2.1 1.1

Gross return ($/ha) 506.44 463.38 444.88

Profit ($/ha) 342.81 297.38 276.56

Upland rice + pigeonpea is the widely adopted mixed cropping system in Keonjhar. But grazing by stray cattle after rice harvest reduces pigeonpea yields. Pigeonpea remains in the field 2 mo longer, and farmers lose interest in protecting a thinly populated crop that may not give an adequate return. Recommended seeding rates for single crop rice and pigeonpea are 100 and 20 kg/ha, respectively. We evaluated proportions of rice and pigeonpea during 1985-87 wet season. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Experimental crop schedules are given in the table. Soil of the experimental site was sandy with pH 5.7, low available N (242 kg/ha) and P (8.0 kg/ha), and medium available K (97.0 kg/ha). Rice cultivar Shankar (85 d duration) and pigeonpea UPAS 120 (145 d) were sown 21 Jun 1985, 24 Jun 1986, and 27 Jun 1987. Fertilizer was 60-13-25 kg NPK/ha for rice and 20-17.4-0 kg NPK/ha for pigeonpea. Line sowing 2 rows of pigeonpea 50 cm apart after each 10 rows of rice 15 cm apart gave the highest return.

565.81

399.75

539.63

37 1.50

494.75

323.94

626.44

458.44

599.31

418.69

563.00

391.63

of 2 yr.

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Rice-based intercropping systems for rainfed upland conditions of Chotanagpur plateau

C. V. Singh, R. K. Singh, R. K. Tomar, V. S. Chauhan, and M. Variar, Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station, Hazaribag 825301, Bihar, India

In the upland area of Chotanagpur region (red lateritic, slopy), upland rice, ragi (minor millet), and pulses are grown in rotation with 1 yr fallow. Intercropping pulses or millets with upland rice could increase the cropping intensity of these areas. We studied the feasibility of intercropping in red soils (pH 5.4, 0.39% organic C, and CEC 12.3 meg/100 g soil) during 1988 wet season. Ragi (local), green gram (Sunayana), black gram (T-9), cowpea (Gomati), and red gram (BR65) were sown at 20-, 20-, 45-, 45-, and 75-cm row spacing, respectively, as sole crop and as intercrops.

Kalinga III rice was sown in 2:2 row ratio with ragi, 3:1 and 4:1 with red gram, and 2:1 with other crops. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. N was applied as basal to pulses, at 20 kg N/ha. Rice was fertilized with 60 kg N and ragi with 40 kg N/ha. P and K at 17 kg/ha were applied as basal to all crops.
Yield (t/ha) Rice 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 0.9 1.0 2.2 Intercrop 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.1

Rice alone yielded 22 t/ha (see table). In the intercrops, highest rice yield was in rice + red gram. Red gram produced the highest yield among the intercrops. Highest rice equivalent yield was with rice + red gram 4:1 ratio and lowest with rice + cowpea 2:l ratio. All combinations were efficient, with land equivalency ratios of more than one. Highest return was with rice + red gram.
Rice equivalent yield (t/ha) 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.6 1.7 1.7 2.2 0.2 Land equivalency ratio 1.20 1.27 1.32 1.36 1.12 1.02 1.00

Yield of rice and intercrops in Hazaribag, India, 1988 wet season. Intercropping system Rice + green gram (2:1) Rice + black gram (2:l) Rice + red gram (3:1) Rice + red gram (4:l) Rice + cowpea (2:1) rice + ragi (2:2) Rice alone LSD (0.05) Return ($/ha) 312 321 418 438 289 291 368

Some transplanted ricebased cropping systems

M. S. Sidhu, T. S. Sahota, B. D. Sharma, and B. K. Dhaliwal, Agronomy Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India

Fertilizer costs were highest ($247/ha) in rice - potato - transplanted winter maize and lowest in rice - peas - green gram ($126/ha). Fertilizer return was highest in rice - potato - sunflower and lowest in rice - wheat.
Total grain yield (t/ha) 8.4 9.5 8.0 8.0 12.0 +20.5b 9.0

The difference between returns from fertilizer and total productivity is ascribed to the higher fertilizer requirements of rice - potato - transplanted winter maize than in cropping systems involving legumes and oilseeds.
Rice equivalent yield (t/ha) 8.8 11.4 13.5 14.2 27.4 19.0 Cost of fertilizer ($/ha) 163 174 126 148 247 175 Gross returns ($) Per ha 953 1229 1462 1579 2970 2052 Per $ fertilizer 5.85 7.06 11.61 10.66 12.03 11.73

We evaluated some rice-based cropping systems involving cereals other than rice, legumes, oilseeds, and potato during 1987-88. The alluvial soil was calcareous, sandy loam with pH 8.1 and 0.28% organic C. All crops received recommended fertilizer except sunflower following potato. Rice equivalent yield was highest with rice - potato - transplanted winter maize (27.4 t/ha), followed by rice - potato sunflower (21.8 t/ha) and rice - Indian rape - transplanted Swede rape - green gram (19 t/ha) (see table). Productivity of rice - wheat, the dominant cropping system in northern India, was lowest (8.8 t/ ha). Maximum gross return was $2,970/ha with rice - potato - transplanted winter maize (more than 3 times the $953/ha return with rice - wheat).

Production and returns from some rice-based cropping systems in Punjab, India, 1987-88.

Cropping systema Rice - wheat (4.1) (4.3) Rice - winter maize (4.8) (4.7) Rice-peas-green gram (4.9) (1.7) (1.4) Rice - Swede rape - green gram (5.4) (1.4) (1.3) Rice - potato - transplanted winter maize (5.6) (20.5) (6.4) Rice - Indian rape - transplanted Swede rape (4.8) (1.8) (0.8) - green gram (1.6) Rice - potato - sunflower (4.9) (21.2) (1.3) Rice - Indian rape - sunflower (5.1) (1.9) (1.4)

6.2 +21.2b 8.4

21.8 15.0

162 138

2362 1621

14.58 11.75

a Figures in parentheses are yield (t/ha). In the first three systems, rice PR108 (145 d duration) was used; in the other systems, PRTB (125 d duration) was used. b Potato tubers.

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IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

Water requirement for peanut following rice in Bangalore

K. Joseph and G. V. Havanagi, Agronomy Department, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India

Water use, yield, and yield attributes of peanut following rice under different irrigation levels. Character Plant height at maturity (cm) Dry matter production at harvest (g/plant) Test weight (g/100 kernels) Shelling percentage Pod yield (t/ha) Water use efficiency Water use (cm)
a

Irrigation level a T1 40.5 9.3 28.9 74.2 2.2 77.8 28.8 T3 41.5 10.2 28.7 73.4 2.2 112.7 17.2 T3 38.7 9.9 28.9 73.7 2.1 179.9 8.9

LSD (0.05) ns ns ns ns ns 7.0 -

We studied the water requirement for peanut in summer rice fallows 1983 and 1984. One irrigation was given all treatments at planting. Treatments were irrigation at 40% soil moisture deficit at 30-cm soil depth, at flowering, pod formation, and pod filling; and at pod formation. The water table receded from 20.6 to 63.3 cm during the crop period.

T1= at 40% soil moisture deficit; T2 = at flowering, pod formation, pod filling; T3 = at pod formation.

Growth and yield attributes were statistically similar (see table). Water use efficiency was significantly higher with

additional irrigation (8.86 cm) only at pod formation.

Rice variety to fit cropping patterns in Tripura, India

S. K. Gupta and S. Laskar, ICAR Research Complex for N. E. H. Region, Tripura Centre, Lembucherra 799210, India

Yield of rice cultivars to fit different cropping patterns In Tripura, India, 1982-84. Yield (t/ha) Variety 1982 Mahsuri Jaya Vijaya CR75-93 (Saberi) IR36 LSD a (0.05)
a ns

Wet season 1983 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.5 ns Mean 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.4 ns Productivity (kg/d) 16.3 16.0 20.6 20.6 19.6 1983 2.5 3 ..0 3.8 3.9 3.7 0.8 1984 2.7 3.0 3.1 4.5 3.4 0.9

Dry season Mean 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.2 3.5 0.8 Productivity (kg/d) 16.5 21.7 26.1 31.2 27.6 -

Rice variety Mahsuri is popular in Tripura but its 150-d duration delays sowing of succeeding crops potato, wheat, or mustard and preceding crops jute and rice. We compared four 125-d duration rice varieties with Mahsuri during 1982 and 1983 wet seasons and 1983 and 1984 dry seasons. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil was loamy with pH 5.5,0.06% total N, 0.94% organic C, and CEC 9.97

2.6 1.9 2.6 2.6 2.2 ns

- not significant

meq/100 g soil. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted at 20- 15-cm spacing: fertilizer was 60-30-30 kg NPK/ha as urea, single superphosphate, and muriate of potash.

Grain yields in the dry season differed significantly. Highest yield was with Saberi (see table). Yields in the wet season did not differ significantly.

Relay cropping in upland rice fallows

T. Barik and K. C. Sahoo, Regional Research Station, Bhawanipatna, Kalahandi, Orissa 766001, India

and density had no significant effect on relay crop yield. Highest pulse yield was with lathyrus, and lowest was with black gram (see table). Local field gram yielded higher than improved field pea. Black gram had

unusually lanky growth and poor stand, which could be due to low temperatures. Highest net profit was with bengal gram, followed by lathyrus. improved pea, and local field pea.

We evaluated the effect of rice varieties Jajati and Assamchudi at three densities with six pulses as relay crops 1985-86 to 1987-88. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Soil was medium black, clayey, with medium fertility and pH 7.8. Jajati rice yielded 0.2 t/ha more than local variety Assamchudi. Rice variety

Yield and return from pulses grown as relay crops following rice. Orissa, India, 1985-86 to 1987-88. Crop Bengal gram Lathyrus Black gram Lentil Improved field pea Local field pea Variety OG 62 Local T9 T397 Rachna Local Yield (t/ha) 0.21 0.22 0.03 0.10 0.15 0.19 Cost of cultivation ($) 32.85 21.90 16.42 21.90 32.85 27.37 Net profit/ha ($) 59.12 41.75 (-)7.23 13.87 31.97 27.52 Duration (d) 109 104 92 107 102 101

IRRN 15:3 (June 1990)

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