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Detection of Pollutants in Atmosphere by Digital Signal Processing of Satellite Images

Abstract
Satellite imaging has changed the view of remote sensing application. Different methods and ways of processing have been found out. These methods have extended from military applications to research work. A satellite image has to go for image processing and the proper pictorial view can be achieved of the required object. Remote sensing is done in two ways one is satellite imaging and other is Arial photography. The precision and accuracy has been increased due to digital signal processing. Launching of advanced satellites it has been possible to increase the ground resolution of satellite images. Due to increased resolution it has been possible to extend the work from ground images to atmospherics pollution content images that are difficult by instrumental techniques. Here we are suggesting a theory by which we can do an attempt to get information about change in constituents of air in atmosphere without having to take special images other than regular remote sensing satellite images. Satellite images are taken from satellite with specially designed instruments. These instruments work within multiband of visible light infrared light wavelength and also include thermal images. These different images give us the information about the reflected light and absorbed light from the earths surfaces and earths atmosphere. We can also get stereo images of the earths surface and earths atmosphere by proper processing. By applying digital signal processing and interpreting the images we get dimensional image of the atmosphere. The three dimensions are the 3 axis lengths and the fourth dimension is spectrum of a point location in an atmosphere. Since each element in atmosphere has its own specific spectrum. It is possible to interpret constituents of air and a 3D model of motion of pollutants in an atmosphere.

Introduction

Satellites of advanced technology are now being launched in earths atmosphere to take satellite images of ground profile. The application of satellite has been intended from military applications to research work. Initially aerial photography was been used in civil engineering for preparing ground maps giving more precise information of ground profile. Development has been done in getting ground maps with the help of satellites. Attempts are made to get information about atmospheric and weather conditions. Most of times air pollution analysis is being done to get information with the help of chemical analysis. Chemical analysis gives more precise results but they take long time for analysis. In advanced methods light or sound is being used to get information about atmosphere replacing chemical analysis. Since atmosphere is vast its difficult to analyse all portion of atmosphere. Balloons are being attached with atmospheric constituent measuring instruments and used for getting atmospheric information. Here we are attempting to get atmospheric information in terms of motion of pollution in atmosphere with the help of satellite imaging.

Satellite Imaging Processing

2.1 Satellite Images Different types of satellite are being launched in the atmosphere to get satellite images of required specification. Day by day progress is made to develop different satellites equipped with modern technique and tools . the result is increased resolution and clarity of image. This advancement has helped in getting images with high resolution and more precision. The satellite images are taken from far distance from earth. The resolution of image plays important role in getting more accurate information from images .There are two types of satellites launched one is Landsat and other is GOES ( Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ). Landsat moves at lower altitudes than GOES satellites. Therefore the resolution of Landsat is more than GOES satellites. Landsat revolve around earth within 16 hours while Goes satellites revolve are geostationary, thus they can focus over a fixed region. While Landsat can give images of a region from different point views and angles. The satellite image of Landsat have ground resolution of approximately 5 meter while GOES satellite have 1km. It is possible to use stereo imaging to determine accurately height information remotely. Geostationary satellites are the only one that can achieve stereo vision images. It combines the two images from the two passes in order to get stereo images. It may acquire images along track or cross track as per the system made available to the satellite. Wavelengths and frequencies from small wavelength high frequency cosmic waves to long wavelength low frequency radio waves all combine together to form electromagnetic radiations called as Electromagnetic Spectrum. Visible light spectrum is a small part of the above spectrum but is most widely used in Aerial photography. Electromagnetic radiations are seriously attenuated while it passes through atmosphere. Atmospheric particles absorb or scatter electromagnetic energy based on their asorption band. Electromagnetic radiations with wavelength shorter than 3 micrometer is completely absorbed by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, wheras water particles in cloud absorb and scatter electromagnetic radiations at wavelength less than 3 centimeter. Therefore we get some transition windows in atmosphere through which electromagnetic energy of certain wavelengths can be fully transmitted such as 3 to 5 micrometer and 8 to 14 micrometer wavelength transmission window for thermal infrared energy

The reflection of radiant energy depends on the surface roughness and nature of the material. A rough surface gives rise to more diffused and brighter reflection than a smoother surface A variation in the tone of an object on the photograph reveals its surface roughness and characteristics. Emitted energy from Earths surface is invisible and can be detected only by using detectors sensitized to the wavelength region of the emission Images derived from electro optical scanner sometimes are corrupted by coupling and amplification of low level signals in the scanner electronic circuitry. The resulting images tend to contain pronounced 2-D periodic structures superimposed on scene data. The interference components are not signal frequency bursts, instead they tend to have road skirts that are carried into interference patterns. These skirts are not always detected from the normal transfer background. To overcome this problem and to get minimum into from the scene images, alternative filtering method is used. For removing the unwanted interferences of circuitry, unwanted noise, sound wavelets, interference due to satellite running movement etc. filtering technique is used. Getting maximum information from satellite image, the images are taken in different bands. Mostly infrared band is used in conjugation with visible light band.

2.2 Satellite Image Rectification Satellite which moves around earth at such speed, that it looks stationary from earth. These are called geostationary satellites. Thus it can take images of same specific region on earth. These has resolution of approximately 1 km. due to its telescopic beams it can swath and give images from 2 different directions. Some corrections are necessarily being done to get the correct image. The corrections are:-

2.2.1 Geometric Corrections The satellite is moving at a specific speed . since location of image does not lie at the exact same position each time. Also curvature of earth causes image distortion at the edges. So we have to remove these distortions to get 2D planner image. For this geometric corrections are applied.

2.2.2 Noise Pollution Noise is the disturbance or interference that is created in circuits or due to many other factors . these cause interference bands with image e.g. thermal distortion.

2.2.3 Motion correction Due to motion of satellite image blurness is created in image. This blurness removal is possible by applying motion correction.

2.2.4 Band conversion distortion The images are taken in different bands. The image in visible band is easily identifiable. The rest of the images are converted to bands that are pictured to visualize this and this change causes distortion.

2.2.5 Camera alignment and lens focus The satellite is moving and aligning itself to geosynchronous station even though some displacement occurs which is been rectified simultaneously. Thus the camera focus and camera alignment changes in process of realignment of satellite to geosynchronous GPS state. These are some of the corrections that are to be applied to get planner satellite image.

2.3 Ground image After getting satellite image we need to process it to get actual ground image. These may be achieved by applying following corrections.

2.3.1 Equalization It is done to rectify distortion in brightness, colour, hue etc due to high reflectance against surrounding of low reflectance.

2.3.2 Edge detection and boundary detection The two main strategies for detecting edges both model edges and fast changes in brightness. In first, we observe that the the fastest change occurs when a 2D analogue of the second derivative vanishes. The alternative is to explicitly search for points where the magnitude of the gradient is extremal, in second is detection in brightness level.

3 Atmospheric Modelling
3.1 3D Modeling Modeling is picturing the actual condition in a measurable and readable format. Modeling reduces the actual situation to a limited scope that can be studied. By processing of images we get data in different formats. We get multiple images in different situations, bands and directions. For modeling we require two images viewing the same location from two different directions or locations at same specific distance and time. The concept of stereo vision is in identifying the point in space by geometric location of point with respect to known point. In atmospheric 3D modeling the points location is identified with respect to fixed known ground point. This location identification is done in terms of height from ground and is termed as altitude. In 3Dmodeling development of ground points has same fixed parameters in two different images taken from some specific distance apart. Mostly this distance is length of telescopic boom or distance traveled by a satellite by specific time period along path. This same point has different coordinates in both images. A ground point is identified and its coordinates are marked as reference zero coordinates. In both the images this reference point is marked zero and coordinates of required point is measured in both the images and taken for measurement of altitude of the required point. This method is called as stereo photogrammetry. Thus we results in a hyperstereoscopy condition that allow us to view the terrain in three dimensions. Thus we get a 3 dimensional model from 2dimensional flat images. These images are called as digital elevation model (DEM) images. This DEM are itself 3 dimensional model in terms of Spectroscopy. Even though we get two dimensional images actuality they are 3 dimensional in images in our respect. The two dimensions are the parameters i.e. length and width and the third parameter is the spectrum of each pixel. Thus when we combinetwo0 3 dimensional maps we get one four dimensional map having three parameters as lengths, width, ans the height, and the fourth parameter is spectrum of each pixel.

3.2 Atmosphere Modeling

Analysis works out from the four dimensional model of the atmosphere. When all the rectifications, corrections and transforms are applied we get a clear image of ground. This is a 3 dimensional ground image. Actual processing and analysis of atmospherics starts after getting this clear ground image. The images developed from rectification of raw images are clear ground images. In getting ground images we have to apply different transforms to the image. In this process the image is enhances and all the distortions due to satellite instrument, earth curvature, satellite motion and atmospheric distortion are removed. Thus we get a clear image in three dimensions. The process of extracting the atmospheric images starts after getting a clear three dimensional ground image from raw satellite image. In getting the atmospheric image we are applying reverse process of transform the rectified ground image. But the sequence of transform is changed to introduce the same atmosphere distortion as it was in the raw satellite image. The four dimensional image we get of the ground is to e said as the planar satellite image. Here planar satellite image is that image which has undergone through transforms to get image that is free from earth curvature, camera alignment and any interference due to satellite instruments and motion of satellite. In short this image is rectified ground image. This planer satellite image has been rectified against all distortions except the atmospheric distortions it means that the planar satellite image has two images merged together, one is ground image and the other is atmospheric image. Thus if we deduct the ground image from planar satellite satellite image we will be getting the atmospheric image. This deduction process can be either comparison of the two images pixel by pixel or by applying transform to ground image to reintroduce atmospheric distortion. Thus by applying reverse transform to the ground image we get the atmospheric image.This process is been applied to all the images from different bandsWe will be getting images of atmosphere in all the ands When combining all the images from all the bands we will get a three dimensional (length, width, and spectrum) image of the atmosphere from a location of satellite. On combining the tgree dimensional images from two different locations we can get the four dimensional image of the atmosphere. This image will be the three dimensional model in terms of length, width, and height. Also each pixel in thius image will represent a spectrum of the atmosphere.

4 Analysis and Predictions

Using atmosphere modeling from the above process we will be having atmospheric three dimensional models This model is of importance in air pollution studies This will not just give the motion of pollutants but it will also detect any unexpected or dangerous pollutant that is been released in air This emission in atmosphere may be purposefully or accidently but it can be detected. Even though the resolution of satellite is 1 km and if speed of wind considered to minimum of say 1 m/s then also the pollutant will travel 3.6 km in 1 houe. Thus it will move approximately four pixels within an hour and can be easily detected by pixel comparison. From this it is possible to find the displacement and direction of motion pollutants in atmosphere. If any disaster happens it is possible to detect the direction and concentration of moving pollutant. This will help to intimate and inform the location where the pollutant may possibly reach within specific time.

5 Future Scope
This attempt is with the help of geostationary satellite. Since geostationary satellite can keep constant watch over a specific region, we have considered them. It is possible to use Landsat for this purpose. But we have to form a chain so that at any time within a day at least one Landsat lines above the region. At present it is not possible, but Landsat can e used to trace susceptible pollutant while it is available over that specific area. It can also be used as a early warning system to avoid any gas disasters accidents in future.

6 Conclusion
This is an attempt to trace the pollutants in atmosphere. It is possible to trace in air helping us to make the decisions about air pollution.

References
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