Singapore

ASEAN Maritime Transport Working Group

PART II Seeking Improvement Area: Survey and Suggestions Final Report of Measure No. 7
Identify Required Improvement Areas in ASEAN Network Port Performance and Capacity, based among others, on Regular Forecasts of Maritime Trade and Requirements

August 2010
Lead Coordinator: Malaysia

Republic of Korea Research Team Korea Maritime Institute Kun Il Engineering Corp. Korea Maritime University

Contents
7. Singapore
S-1 The Port of Singapore ................................................................................................................. 73 S-1.1 Port characteristics .......................................................................................................... 73 S-1.2 Port Facilities and Operations......................................................................................... . 74 S-1.3 Demand for Development.............................................................................................. . 77 S-1.4 Suggestion for improvement........................................................................................... . 78 S-1.5 Summary......................................................................................................................... 79

Figures

S-1 The Port of Singapore ........................................................................... 329

<Figure S-1.1> <Location of the Port of Singapore> .......................................... 29 3 <Figure S-1.2> <The Port of Singapore> ........................................................... 30 3

Tables

S-1 The Port of Singapore ........................................................................... 329

<Table S-1.1> <Facilities by Berth> ........................................................................... 331 <Table S-1.2> <Container Throughput during the Past 5 Years> .................................331 <Table S-1.3> <Non-Container Throughput during the Past 5 Years> .........................331 <Table S-1.4> <Container Traffic Forecast> ............................................................... 33 3 <Table S-1.5> <Break bulk Traffic Forecast> ............................................................. 33 3

7. Singapore

S-1 The Port of Singapore

Singapore

S-1
S-1.1

The Port of Singapore

Port characteristics
Singapore has been the world's largest port in terms of container volume since 2005. Transshipment cargos account for about 80% of the total cargo volume handled at the port, with the remainder being domestic and intermediate goods. The Port of Singapore is located across Singapore Island in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula. Johor Port and Tanjung Pelepas Port in Malaysia are its neighboring ports. <Location of the Port of Singapore>

<Figure S-1.1>

Port of Singapore

The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) under the Ministry of Transport (MOT) is in charge of managing the Port of Singapore. Under the management of MPA, the Port of Singapore Authority Corporation Ltd. (PSA Corp.) is responsible for the day to day operation of various ports under its charge. PSA operates Tanjung Pagar Terminal, Keppel Terminal, Brani Terminal, Pasir Panjang Terminal, and Sembawang Wharves. The Jurong Port Pte Ltd., under the management of the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI), operates Jurong Port. As of 2008, the Port of Singapore handled approximately 515 million tons of cargo in total, of which containers accounted for 308.5 million tons (29.9 million TEU) or 60%.

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S-1.2 A.

Port Facilities and Operations Facilities

The Port of Singapore has five major terminals: Tanjong Pagar, Keppel, Brani, Pasir Panjang, and Sembawang on a 6 million site, managed by PSA. The site of Jurong Port is 1.52 million . Status of port facilities per berth is as follows. <The Port of Singapore>

<Figure S-1.2>

Source: Brochure

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<Facilities by Berth>
<Table S-1.1>
Berth Tanjung Pagar Keppel Container Terminal Brani Pasir Panjang Jurong Sub-total Multipurpose Terminal Jurong Sembawang Sub-total Total
Source: Questionnaire & Brochure

Length (m) 2,300 3,200 2,600 7,900 1,400 17,400 3,220 655 3,875 21,275

Water depth Maximum Vessel (MLLW) Alongside 9.0 - 14.6 9.0 - 15.5 15.0 16.0 12.5 - 15.7 12.7 - 15.0 11.4 150,000 DWT 150,000 DWT 150,000 DWT 150,000 DWT 150,000 DWT 150,000 DWT -

Gantry Crane 29 42 32 87 14 204

8 14 9 23 5 59 21 4 25 84

B.

Operations
Container volume at the Port of Singapore was about 29.92 million TEU in 2008, recording an annual average growth rate of 8.83% from 2004 to 2008. <Container Throughput during the Past 5 Years>

<Table S-1.2>
Year Container Volume 2004 21,329,000 2005 23,192,000 2006 24,792,000 2007 27,936,000

(Unit: TEUs)

2008 29,918,000

Among non-container cargo volume, liquid bulk takes the highest share at 80.9% (167.32 million tons) as of 2008, followed by break bulk / general cargo (27.94 million tons) and dry bulk (11.67 million tons). Non-container cargo volume is recording an annual growth rate of 5.05% on average from 2004 to 2008. <Non-Container Throughput during the Past 5 Years>
<Table S-1.3>
Year Cargo Break Bulk / General Cargo Dry Bulk Liquid Bulk Total 2004 17,378,000 23,208,000 129,328,000 169,914,000 2005 20,292,000 23,176,000 137,826,000 181,294,000 2006 22,840,000 14,081,000 153,030,000 189,951,000 2007 25,823,000 11,316,000 157,382,000 194,521,000
(Unit: Tons)

2008 27,935,000 11,672,000 167,319,000 206,926,000

The number of ship calls at the Port of Singapore increased from 130,000 in 2005 to 132,000 in 2008, posting an annual average growth rate of 0.35%.

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C.

Issues
Approach channels are very adjacent to the main trunk route, and the Strait of Malacca has more than 16m of water depth. There will be no problem in accommodating ultra ships (12,000 TEU level) or larger in the future. There are five container terminals at the Port of Singapore, including Tanjung Pagar, Keppel, Brani, Pasir Panjang, and Jurong. There is no significant issue in terms of stevedoring function for the following reasons: Annual handling capacity of container terminals stands at 33 million TEU, compared with 29.9 million TEU in 2008; terminals possess various types of stevedoring equipment including 204 gantry cranes; construction is underway to add more berths. Moreover, considering that some cranes are super post-panamax gantry cranes, terminals will be able to accommodate ultra-sized ships that may call at the port in the future. Pasir Panjang Terminal sits on a site expanding 338,000 and has 138,000 of storage facilities and Sembawang Terminal expands 255,000 and has 59,000 of storage facilities. The Port of Singapore, which remains as the world's largest container terminal, is deemed to have no special issues in storage and transfer of containers. When the port is expanded as planned, its capacity in storage and transfer is expected to increase. Real-time information at gate and IT services are integrated into a Port-MIS. There are no distinctive concerns related to improving gate functions. There are several large logistics centers in the hinterland of the Port of Singapore. Considering that the large industrial park and the logistics centers are carrying out closely connected functions, there is no need to improve the complexes situated in the port hinterland. The road network in Singapore Island is well established by main roads and expressways. Given that expressways are used to transport cargo between terminals including Pasir Panjang, Tnajong Pagar, Keppel, and Brani, there seems to be no need to improve the hinterland transport connection system.

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S-1.3 A.

Demand for Development Forecast on containers and break bulk

Container volume in the Port of Singapore forecast 29.7 million TEU in 2010 and about 45.3 million TEU in 2020, with an annual average growth rate of 4.3% from 2010 to 2020. <Container Traffic Forecast>

<Table S-1.4>
Year Export/Import Transshipment Total 2010 4,928,210 24,769,047 29,697,257 2015 5,922,916 31,588,988 37,511,904

(Unit: TEUs)

2020 6,837,493 38,461,041 45,298,535

Break bulk volume in the Port of Singapore forecast 28.34 million tons in 2010 and about 47.87 million tons in 2020. An annual average growth rate of 5.4% is projected from 2010 to 2020. <Break bulk Traffic Forecast>
<Table S-1.5>
Year Volume 2010 28,341 2015 37,725
(Unit: 000 Tons)

2020 47,870

B. Capacity and development demand

Result of loading/unloading capacity calculation in the Port of Singapore shows that the annual container handling capacity was approximately 33 million TEU as of 2009. Given that container cargo volume in the Port of Singapore was 29.9 million TEU in 2008, the port seems to have sufficient container handling capacity. As container cargo volume forecast in the Port of Singapore is 45 million TEU in 2020, the port needs to secure 24 additional berths which can handle 12 million TEU per annum by 2020. But in the process of actual development, the number of container berths to be developed could be changed according to the high degree of port performance. In case of general (break bulk) cargo, the Port of Singapore's handling capacity stood at about 38 million tons per year, compared with 28 million tons in 2008. Therefore, the port seems to have sufficient general cargo handling capacity. As the general cargo volume forecast is 48 million tons in 2020, the port needs to secure 11 additional berths which can handle 10 million tons per annum by 2020. But in the process of actual development, the number of additional general cargo berths can be changed considering the ports degree of performance.

C.

Current development plan

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Pasir Panjang Terminal is currently under expansion. Construction of phase III and IV started in 2007, and reclaiming work for site preparation and construction of the linear quay with caisson are currently on-going. According to the master plan on the Pasir Panjang Terminal expansion, 16 berths will be added, raising Singapores capacity to about 50 million TEU.

S-1.4

Suggestion for improvement

As mentioned above, the Port of Singapore has shown the world's best performance in handling container cargo for several years. Its facilities are of the highest quality among major ports around the world. Field research detected no issues in terms of improving port functions, including ship calls, loading/unloading, storage and transfer, gate, hinterland transport connection system, and industrial complexes in port hinterland. The current development plan (handling capacity of 50 million TEU by 2018) seems to have flexibility, in line with the actual growth in cargo volume. As the world's largest transshipment port, the Port of Singapore is deemed to have no major concern for water depth of access channels and capacity of loading/unloading equipment.

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S-1.5 S-1.5

Summary Summary

Supply and Demand for Container Handling Service

(Unit: 000 TEUs)

Category Container Throughput (A) Current Cargo Handling Capacity1) (B) Shortage or Excess of Capacity (C=B-A)

2008 29,91 8 33,46 5 3,547 Exces s 33,46 5

2010 29,69 7

2015 37,512

2020 45,299

CAGR (200820) 3.5%

Tier 1 (World Class (T/S) Port)

=204*(365*24)*(0.65*0.9*0.95*0.8)*(45*0.65*0.9)*1.6 3,768 Exces s (4,047) Shortage (11,834) Shortage

Required Number of Berth (D=C/490)2) Total Capacity with New Terminal Current Development Plan by Port Authority Suggestion for Development

8 berths 24 berths (24.2) (8.2) (+16) 33,46 37,385 45,225 5 = 33,465+(490*8) = 33,465+(490*24)

16 berths (handling capacity of 50 million TEU) by 2018 Developing 8 container berths by 2015 and 16 additional berths by 2020 are recommendable In the process of actual development, the number of berths to be developed will be changed according to the high degree of port performance

1) Quay-oriented annual container cargo handling capacity = no. of container crane potential working hours (=no. of days x working hrs) crane working hour ratio (=berth occupancy rate vessel movement coefficient x crane operation coefficient x actual working hour ratio) x crane work efficiency (=designed crane capacity crane operation loss adjustment coefficient x interference coefficient) x unit conversion coefficient. 2) 490,000 TEUs, Recommended Berth Capacity for New Terminal Development for tier 1 group of port, is applied to calculate how many berths to be needed in order to bridge the gap of supply and demand for port service. The number of berths is rounded off to the nearest whole number.

Supply and Demand for General Cargo Handling Service

(Unit: 000 MT)

Category General Cargo (E) Current General Cargo Group Handling Capacity3) (F) A Shortage or Excess (G=F-E) Required Number of Berth (I=C/900)4) Total Capacity with New General Cargo Terminal Current Development Plan by Port Authority Suggestion for Development

2008 27,935 37,581 9,646 Excess

2010 28,341

2015 37,725

2020 47,870

CAGR (2008-20) 4.6%

= 37* 244*1*24*365*0.66*0.72 9,240 Excess (144) Shortage (10,289) Shortage 11 berths (11.4)
47,481 = 37,581+(900*11)

37,581

37,581

37,581 -

Developing 11 general cargo berths by 2020 is recommendable In the process of actual development, the number of additional berths

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to be developed will be changed considering the ports degree of performance

3) General cargo handling capacity of port per year (V) = B S Pi H D O R. B: Number of berths, S:

Handling capacity/hr/ship (ton), Pi: Cargo is share (applied 1), H: Working hours per day, D: Potential working days per year, O: Berth occupancy rate, R: Actual work ratio 4) 900,000MT, Recommended Berth Capacity for New Terminal Development for group A port, is applied to calculate how many berths to be needed in order to bridge the gap of supply and demand for port service. The number of berths is rounded off to the nearest whole number.

Prospects for Passenger Traffic 2008 Number of passengers Current development plan by PA Suggestion 2010 2015 2020 CAGR (2008-20)

Required Improvement Areas 1.Channel Facility (channel depth etc.) Navigation 2.Container Terminal Facility Operation 3.Non-Container Terminal Facility Operation 4.Passenger Terminal Facility Operation 5. Terminal Gate Facility Operation 6. Land Transport 7. Logistics Complex Facility 8. IT System Facility Operation

Required Projects Category New terminal development Main Components Expansion of terminal Status Development of 16 additional berths plan until 2018

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