Monday, December 13/2010

So, too, neither, either

Positive He likes pizza, and so does she. Or He likes pizza, and she does, too. Negative He doesnt have a car, and neither does/has she. He doesnt have a car, and she doesnt/hasnt, either. He doesnt have a car, nor does she. Contrast He likes action movies, but she doesnt. She doesnt like action movies, but he does. Other form of either We can go to either the Chinese restaurant or the Indian restaurant. OBS: Into this case either means choose. Other examples: Im not happy, and she isnt, either. Im not happy, and neither is she. I dont want that, and he doesnt, either. I dont want that, and neither does she. I didnt want that, and he didnt either. I didnt want that, and he neither did she. The passive voice This painting was made by a student of mine This painting was given to me by a professional artist in Russia It was done by my son Active sentences focus on performing an action, for example: My son made this painting Passive sentences focus on receiving an action, for example: This painting was made by my son The difference between active and passive is in the focus What is the passive voice? Grammar books call it either the passive voice or simple the passive. The passive voice is a way of forming sentences so that the focus is

on the person or thing receiving the action. This is in contrast to active sentences, which focus on the person or thing performing the action. Some examples: Active sentence: A Russia artist gave me an original painting Passive sentence: An original painting was given to me by a Russia artist How is the passive formed? Be + past participle Original paintings are sold for lots of money The form of be shows the tense: My portrait was drawn by a street artist (simple past) My portrait is being drawn by a street artist (present progressive) My portrait will be drawn by a street artist (simple future) In a passive sentence we can still name the person or thing that performs the action. We use a by-phrase, and it comes at the end of the sentence, example: The painting was given to me by a student Exercise 1. Read the text. Identify the passive sentences. An artists bright future Gabriella is a talented artist. She was taught by her father, but she has developed her own style. Her work is gaining attention in the art world, and on of her oil painting was sold for over five hundred dollars. It wont surprise me if one day her work is shown in art museums around the world. The passive is made with transitive verbs. Transitive verbs have objects. Example: Active My son painted this picture Subject: performer: My son Object: this picture Passive This picture was made by my son Subject: receiver= This picture The object of an active sentence became the subject of a passive sentence This is a beautiful painting; The verb to be is intransitive; it has no object. So we cant make this sentence passive: This is a beautiful painting

Exercise 2 Read each sentence and state if its possible to make the sentence passive. Is it possible to change it? Examples: My mother painted this room. This room was painted by my mother. She painted from morning till night. The room looks bigger and brighter. Lets go to the museum. (The verb has no object) Thousands of people have seen DaVincis Mona Lisa. DaVincis Mona Lisa has been seen by thousands of people. Our school holds an art exhibit every year. An art exhibit is held by our school every year / Every year an art exhibit is held by our school. Tourists come from all over the world to see Michelangelos work. Michelangelos work is seen by tourists come from all over the world (wrong, why?) Ben will paint with watercolors. Verb tenses Future perfect Tom will have already studied chapter 3 before chapter 4. Jorge will have already arrived there before his father. Alex will have already done his exercise before Laura comes here. Will have + past participle Will have seen Will have eaten already before

Future Perfect
What will happen? By when- finished Will have + verb past participle Example: When you arrive, we will have cooked dinner

By the time he turns on his computer, she will have worked for forty-five minutes.

Past perfect progressive I had been studying for three hours when you called. Had been + verb + ing Future perfect progressive I will have been studying for three hours when you arrive. Will have been + verb + ing.

Vow and consonant sounds utI Vow sounds U:/moon :/ bird a:/ star i:/ see I/ bit I/ here U/poor /there U/know /ago /apple /cut ai/ buy au/now ei/nail Consonant sounds p/ pot / food m/mum b/ but v/ vase n/ nun t/ tea s/ sea h/ hot d/ dog z/ zoo r/ red k/ car t/church g/ gum / think w/ why L/ love /shoe / they / sing d/jump /pleasure / yes / ten /:door I/ boy U/book D/ hot

Conditionals
If/then Zero conditional If I boil water, (then) it evaporates (simple present) If you tickle me, then I laugh First conditional (possibilities in the future) If I need food, I will go to the store (If + s. present), (simple future) Second conditional (unreal present)

If I had a hammer, I would hammer in the morning (If + past), (would + base form of the verb)

If I were a man, I would shave (Verb to be = were) I were, you were, she were Third conditional (unreal in the past) If I had studied, I would have passed the test (If + past perfect), (Would have+ past participle) or would + present perfect If I had had the money, I would have bought the car

Conditional
If + will = conditional Will + would = imaginary If I were a smarter man, I would be rich V2B, past tense = were If Ezekiel were to study, he would be a good student If Ezekiel studies, he will be a good student If I were to pay attention whats you doing, I would be better than the boy

Advice: should; ought to; had better

He should call his mother (It is not urgent) He ought to call his mother (as in should, not urgent) He had better call his mother (urgent advice like someone needs help) Form: Subject + should/ought to/ had better + base verb Questions: use should! Should we go shopping? Answers: Yes, we should. No, we should not. You ought to study. You oughta study (just speaking, but not writing)

Reported Speech
We use reported speech when we talk about something that someone else has said. When you describe what someone else told you, what someone else actually said. You use reported speech. Examples: You are smart. Hes said you were smart. He is a teacher. He told me he was a teacher. She is beautiful. He told me she was beautiful. It is broken. He told me it was broken. They are tired. He told me they were tired. Other examples: They live in Russia. He told me they lived in Russia. They are living in Russia. He told me they were living in Russia. They lived in Russia. He told me they had lived in Russia. They were living in Russia. He told me they had been living in Russia. They will live in Russia. He told me they would live in Russia. Little test quiz: I like ice-cream. Rebecca said that she liked ice-cream. You ate dinner. He said that you had eaten dinner. She has broken up with her boyfriend. She told me she had broken up with her boyfriend. They can swim. They told me they could swim. He will pass in the exam. He told me he would pass in the exam.

Already and Yet

Are you going to take your medicine? 1. I havent taken it yet. (Not happen before now) 2. I have already taken it. (It happened, Its ready) Have you cleaned your room yet? (It not finished) Has Sue already finished his homework? (Its ready, It also means surprise) I have not yet seen Africa. (Its the same that the first sentence)

Tag Questions That is Henrys car, isnt it? It wasnt a nice day yesterday, was it? You havent seen my keys, have you? Youre from Viet Nam, arent you? 1. You have driven here before, havent you? (Present Perfect use have) 2. He has a car, doesnt he? (Simple Present use do)

Conjunctions
Use the list of conjunctions to help you understand conjunctions a bit better Conjunctions are words that join two or more words, phrases or clauses Coordinating conjunctions There are only seven of these: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. You can remember them using the acronym FANBOYS Subordinating conjunctions There are many subordinating conjunctions. This list does not includes all of them. A: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as tough B: because, before, by the time C: even if, even thought I: if, in order that, in case L: last O: once, only if P: provided that S: since, so that T: that, than, though, till U: unless, until W: when, whenever, where, wherever, while Correlative conjunctions These are always used in pairs Example: This cookies contains neither chocolate nor nuts Both and Either or

Neither nor Not only but also Whether or

Adverbs
So as palavras que atribuem circunstncias aos verbos. Alm de modificar o sentido do verbo, podem modificar um adjetivo, outro advrbio ou at mesmo uma orao inteira. Ex: You are running slowly. = Voc est andando lentamente.

I never arrive late. = Eu nunca chego tarde. Para se formar um advrbio, na maioria das vezes, basta adicionar o sufixo -ly com o adjetivo. Ex: quick (rpido) quickly (rapidamente) perfect (perfeito) perfectly (perfeitamente) careful (cuidadoso) carefully (cuidadosamente) Obs: Note que no terceiro caso o adjetivo j termina em l. Se o adjetivo terminar em l, o advrbio ter ll (o l do adjetivo juntamente com o l do ly)

No entanto, nem todos os advrbios so montados dessa mesma maneira. Nos casos de adjetivos terminados em -ic, acrescentado o sufixo -ally. Ex: fanatic (fantico) fanatically. (fanaticamente) fantastic fantastically. Se o adjetivo termina em -y precedido de consoante, o y substitudo por i antes de ly. Ex: happy (feliz) happily (felizmente) Nos casos do adjetivo terminar em -le, esse sufixo substitudo por -ly. Ex: simple (simples) simply (simplesmente) Contudo, existem outros casos que o advrbio totalmente diferente do adjetivo. Ex: good (bom) well (bem). Abstract: Perfect = perfectly Careful = carefully Fanatic = fanatically Happy = happily (consonant before Y)

Simple past tense (Pronunciation)

utI
The regular Ed ending can be pronounced three different ways: /t/ as in walked /d/ as in loved /id/ as in wanted Pronounce the -ed ending as /t/ after voiceless consonants: /f/ laughed /k/ walked /p/ jumped /s/ kissed // finished /t/ watched Pronounce the -ed ending as /d/ after voiced consonants and vowels: /g/ hugged /d/ changed /l/ called /n/ planned // longed /v/ lived /z/ surprised Vowel sounds: Shared Played Pronounce the -ed ending as /id/ after /t/ and /d/: /t/ visited, skated /d/ added, needed Exercises: a. Jenifer opened /d/ the refrigerator. b. Jenifer wanted /id/ to fry an egg. c. Jenifer placed /t/ the butter and eggs on the counter. d. Jenifer turned /d/ on the burner.

e. Jennifer waited /id/ for the butter to melt. f. Jennifer cracked /t/ the egg open and fried /d/ it. g. Jennifer flipped /t/ the egg.