Scribd Upload a Document Search Documents

Explore

..Sign Up Log In ..

/ 164

.. .

. .

..

Download

2 1.1 INTRODUCTION Chitin

( 1 ) is a sugar polymer, fibrous in nature and structurally similar tocellulose. It is one of natures most common organic compounds second only tocellulose 1

, 2 , 3 . It has been known since the nineteenth century. Chitin iscommonly found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (particularly the crustaceans) or fungi and green alg ae that utilize nitrogen containing sugars 4

and its

biosynthesisinvolves a series of enzymatic transformations from trehalose or gl ucose to theformation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 5 .The proposed uses of chitin are very wide, from medical applications(example, w ound healing) 6 to waste water treatment 7 . The derivatives used inmany commercial applications are made from chitosan, th e deacetylated productof chitin. Chitin is usually found present with other orga nic polymers and/or inorganic salts 4 and its isolation usually involves hydrolysing and digesting thesemolecular neig hbours. (1) CHITIN

OOH n NHCOCH 3 HOH 2

CNHCOCH 3 NHCOCH 3 NHCOCH 3 HOH 2 CHOH 2 CHOH 2 COOOOOHOOHOOOOH

3 1.2 HISTORY Chitin was first described in 1811 by H. Braconnot 8 , professor of naturalhistory, director of the botanical garden and a member of t he Academy of Sciences of Nancy, France. He isolated chitin from mushrooms by tr eatment withwarm alkali. Twelve years later A. Odier 8

again found chitin in insect cuticle andsome plant tissue. The silk worm was als o discovered as a source of chitin whenin 1843 J. L. Lassaigne 8 isolated it from the Bombyx mori . In the same year, A.Payen 8 initiated discussion about the differences between cellulose and chitin.The mono meric unit of chitin (N-acetyl glucosamine) became known because of the work of G. Ledderhose 8 in 1878 and E. Gilson 8 in 1894.Rouget 9 discovered chitosan in 1859. He boiled chitin in potassiumhydroxide solution and found that the product chitosan dissolved in organic acid,and was violet in dil uted solutions of iodine and acid. In contrast, chitin is stained brown in iodin e-acid solution. Hoppe Seyler 9 coined the name chitosan in 1894and in 1950, it was clearly described as a polym er of glucosamine 10 .In the first half of the twentieth century, research on chitin was mostlydirect ed toward the study of its occurrence in living organisms, its degradation by ba cteria, its uses in resin technology and its chemistry 9 .

4 1.3 STRUCTURE AND BONDING Chitin (poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) ( 1 ) is a polysaccharide consistingof beta (1-4) linkages. Therefore, it is sometim es referred to as beta (1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. It is believed to be a derivative of natures mostcommon polysaccharide, cellulose ( 2 ) (beta (1-4) D-glucose) 11 . (2) CELLULOSE

Glucose is the precursor of both molecules; both formed via primarymetabolism. T he difference between chitin and cellulose occurs at position twowhere in cellul ose the hydroxy group replaces the acetamide group 13 . Both chitinand cellulose molecules are organised together in microfibrils cons isting of hydrogen bonds

( 3 ) 5 .(3)H YDROGEN B ONDING IN CHITIN

OOHOOOOHOOHOOOHHOH 2

CHOH 2 CHOH 2 CHOH 2 COOHOH

OHOHO n ONHCOCH 3 HOH 2 CNHCOCH 3 NHCOCH 3 NHCOCH 3 HOH 2 CHOH 2 CHOH 2 COH-OH-OH-OH-O n OOOOOOO hydrogen bond

5 Isolated chitin (true chitin) is not totally acetylated due to the partialformat ion of the derivative chitosan (beta (1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose) ( 4 )during isolation 13

and is best represented as structure ( 5 ). The result is that in afew cases the carbon atom at position two will bear a NH 2 group 6, 12 instead of the acetamido group. (4)C HITOSAN (5)T RUE CHITIN

OOHOOOOHOOHOOOHHOH

2 CHOH 2 CHOH 2 CHOH 2 CONH 2 NH 2 NH 2 NH 2 O n OOHOOOOHOOHOOOHHOH 2 CNHCOCH 3 NHCOCH 3 HOH 2 CHOH 2 CHOH 2 CONH

2 NH 2 O n

6 During isolation, chitin being a glucose polymer is also hydrolysed to itsmonome ric units consisting of N-acetyl glucosamine ( scheme 1.1 ). Thisdegradation is the result of the harsh conditions often associated with t he isolation procedures 4 . Scheme 1.1Chitin Hydrolysis OOOOCHHH2OOOOONCCCHHHH32OOHOOOH

ONHCOCH 3 HOH 2 CNHCOCH 3

HOH 2 CO n H

H, OHH, OHNHCOCH 3

CHITIN FROM JAMAICAN CRUSTACEANS DownloadPrintMobileCollectionsReport Document

..

Info and Rating

. isolation ir dsc chitin instrumental neutron actiation analysis properties (tga (more tags)

Follow ROBERT FOWLES..

Sections show all prev next HYDROGEN BONDING IN CHITIN CROSS SECTION OF THE EXOSKELETON OF A CRUSTACEAN REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER ONE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF CRUSTACEAN SHELLS FOR CALCIUM BY INAA IN UNHYDROLYSED PRODUCT CALCIUM CARBONATE CONTENT OF UNHYDROLYSED PRODUCT 2.6.4 COMPOSITION OF THE EXOSKELETON BY COMPLEXATION 2.8 CHITIN IN COCKROACH

Share & Embed

Related Documents

PreviousNext

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p.

p. .

More from this user

PreviousNext

164 p. .

Add a Comment

. .

. ..

Upload a Document Search Documents Follow Us! scribd.com/scribd twitter.com/scribd facebook.com/scribd About Press Blog Partners Scribd 101 Web Stuff Support FAQ Developers / API Jobs Terms Copyright Privacy . Copyright 2011 Scribd Inc. Language: English.