Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Study of the natural phenomena and the properties of matter. Matter states Energy forms
Properties of Matter
Properties of Energy
in the fields of
Mechanics
Heat
Wave
Electronics
Properties of matter
Light
1.2 1 2 3 4
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument. A physical quantity is .. stopwatch, metre rule balance,thermometer,ammeter Examples of scientific instruments etc. : A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities. Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured. The list of physical quantities : Height, 1. . mass, 2. . size, 3. . age, 4. . temperature, 5. . current 6. . Power, 7. . Thermal energy 8. .
Base quantity
List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units. Base quantity Length Mass Time Current Temperature Symbol l m t I T S.I. Unit meter kilogram second Amppere Kelvin Symbol for S.I. Unit m kg s A K
Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are :
Standard Form 1 2 3 Standard form = A x 10n ,simplify 1theA < 10 and n = integer and small numbers < expression of very large Standard form is used to ... Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following quantities in standard form : 6.37 x 106 m
-27 -4
1.673 x 10 kg a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =. 3.0 x 10 m b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =... 7.2 x 10 m c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = 5.5 x 10 b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = ... c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = .. represent a large physical quantity or extremely small quantity in S.I units. before the unit as a multiplying factor. 1. Prefixes are usually used to ... Prefixes 2. It will be written 3. The list of prefixes :
10
12
-8
-7
Eg :
Tera (T) Giga (G) Mega (M) kilo (k) Hekto (ha) Deka (da) desi (d) centi (s) mili (m) micro ( ) nano (n) pico (p)
109 106
10 3 101
2
1 x 1012 m 1 Tm = . 3.6 x 10-3A 3.6 mA = . How to change the unit ; Eg : 6 1. Mega to nano1.33 MA = 1.33 x 10 A = 1.33 x 10 6-(-9) nA = 1.33 x 10 -15 nA 2. Tera to micro1.23 Tm to unit m unit 1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 10 12m = 1.23 x 10 12 (-6)m = 1.23 x 10 18m 3. piko to Mega 5456 pA to MA unit 5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA
10 10-1 0 10-2 10
= 5.456 x 10 -9pA 4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. -9 (6) MA = 5.456 x 10 Write the quantities in standard prefixes: 9.1 x 10 1MHz5.456 x 10 -15 MA = a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = . 12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10 1 Mm b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = 383 Mm = 3.83 x 10 2 Mm
3
6.0 x 10 12 Tm
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = Derived quantities 1 2 a physical quantity which combines several basic quantities A derived quantity is . through multiplication, division or both Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities. Derived quantity area volume density velocity momentum Acceleration Force pressure weight work power
kinetic energy potential energy charge voltage
Formula
area = length x width volume = length x width x height density =
velocity =
Derived unit
m x m = m2 m x m x m = m3 kg m
3
mass volum e
= kg m 3
displaceme nt time
m = m s 1 s
kg m s-1
m s 1 = m s -1 s 1 s = m s 2
kg m s-2
kg m s-2 / m2 kg ms -2 Nm J s -1
2
kg m-1 s-2 (Nm-2) Newton (N) Joule (J) Watt (W) Joule (J)
Joule (J)
Kg ms-2 Kg ms-2
Ampere second (As)
J C-1
Derived quantity
resistance
Formula
resistance = voltage current
Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement, perimeter, radius and diameter arewhich has only magnitude or size Quantity equivalent to length. 1.3 1 2 3 Mass, VECTOR QUANTITIES SCALAR AND Length, Speed, volume Quantity which has magnitude or size and direction. Scalar quantities are Velocity, Force, Displacement, Acceleration Examples : Vector quantities are... Examples : Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require magnitude, direction or both to specify them. Description of events Magnitude 0 1. The temperature in the room is 25 C 2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the northwest of Johor Bahru 3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W 4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur 1.4 MEASUREMENTS Direction
Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure measuring instrument with different measuring capabilities. 1 There are various types of. measure a particular quantity. 2 We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ..
Examples of instrument and its measuring ability. Measuring instrument Measuring tape Meter rule Vernier caliper Micrometer screw gauge
Range of measurement Smallest scale division
Up to a few meters 1m 10 cm
4.1 Ammeter : ..
1 0 2 1 incorret reading is use to determine the volume of liquid.2 3 4 0 3 4
correct reading
pointer
mirror
pointer
mirror
Pointers image is behind the pointer Pointers image can be seen 4.2 Measuring cylinder : .................... wrong position of eye Right position is use to determine the lengthof eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale) wrong position of eye
water
4.3 Ruler :
wrong 10 11 12 right 13 wrong 14 15 Reading = cm
0.9
outside jaws
10
Main scale in cm
0.2 cm
0 0 5 10
0.06 cm 0.26 cm
Vernier scale
cm
Main scale
= .
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Find the division of vernier scale which is coincides with any part of the main scale
10
4.5 Micrometer screw gauge. A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure : objects that are small in size a. diameter of a wire b. . diameter of small spheres such as ball bearings c. One complete turn of the thimble (50 division) moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Division of thimble 0.5 50 = .. 0.01 mm = .. A accuracy of micrometer 0.01 mm screw gauge = ..
Example : 2.0 mm Sleeve scale : 0.22 mm Thimble scale : . 2.22 mm Total reading : ... 4.6 Some others measuring instruments :
thermometer miliammeter ..
measuring cylinder ..
beaker
Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge 1. Write down the readings shown by the following (a)
(b)
7
4
(c)
6 7 0 5 1 1 0
A
Answer: 6.28 cm.. Answer: 0.02 cm..
(d)
10
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
0 1
10
Zero error = 0.02 cm (b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.
5 6
10
Reading shown
= 5.64.cm
(a)
0
down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (b)
5 40
0 5 10 3 5 3 0
35
Answer: . (c)
0
Answer:.. (d)
25 20
20 15
Answer:
Answer:.
0 9
45
5 0
15
Reading shown
= 6.67..mm
Corrected reading = 6.64..mm 5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (a) (b)
0 5 40
0 5 10 3 5 3 0
35
25 20
Answer:4.71 mm
Answer:
9.17 mm
5 0
15
Reading shown
= .6.67..mm
Corrected reading = 6.64..mm Accuracy and consistency in measurements. The ability of an instrument to measure nearest to the actual value 1. Accuracy : The ability of an instrument to measure consistently with little or no relative 2. Consistency :deviation among readings. The ability of an instrument to detect a small change in the quantity measured. 3. Sensitivity :
consistent but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent ..
target
Accurate but not consistent inaccurate but consistent inaccurate but not consistent .. .. Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of some measuring instruments.
Errors in measurements
target
of approximation only.
how close the measurement is to the actual value. 1. All measurements are values 2. In other word, it is aerror exist matter of in all measurements. 3. This is because Systematic errors 4. Two main types of errors: 4.1 a weakness of the instrument Occurs due to : the difference between reaction time of the brain and the action. a) zero error is when the pointer is not at zero when not in use. b)
c)
Range of the measuring instrument absolute error . Reaction time of the brain.
11
zero error
Absolute error : If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cm Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm . It occurs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of the instrument. . Example : wrong right position of the eye (no error) wrong Parallax error : Random error where the pointer is not at zero when not in use carelessness in making the measurement. of the eye when taking the readings. circulation.
cm
Readings are close to the actual value but they are not consistent. Zero error : ... +0.03 cm 0 Can 4 5 minimized by consistently repeating 3 4 measurement at different places in 1 23 6 7 8 9 10 Correct reading be observed reading zero error 0 1 2 the 5 6 7 8 9 10 - 0.04 cm = Zero manner. anPositive zero error identical error = negative zero error Zero error =
Horizontal Horizontal 3 divisions above reference reference 2 object or phenomenon to Gather all available information about thedivisions below horizontal reference horizontal reference be studied. Using the five senses, sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. A conclusion from an observation or phenomena using information that Zero error of screw meter gauge already exist.
Zero error = Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in the course Zero error = of a scientific investigation. There are three variables : 4.2 .. physical quantity which change according i. Manipulated variables to the aim of the experiment. Occurs due to ii. Responding variables physicals quantity which is the result of a) the changed by manipulated variable. iii. Fixed variables physicals quantities which are kept constantduring the experiment.
12
b) c)
Example : a) .. b) .. ..................................................................................................................... 1.5 SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION Steps 1 Making observation Drawing inferences
Explanation
Formulating a Statement of relationship between the manipulated variable and the hypothesis responding variable those we would expect. Hypothesis can either be true or false. Conducting experiments i. Conduct an experiment includes the compilation and interpretation of data. ii. Making a conclusion regarding the validity of the hypothesis.
Plan and report an experiment Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different. The period of the oscillation depends on the length of the Steps pendulum. Example : refer to the situation above 1 Inference When the length of the pendulum increases, the period of the oscillation increases. Investigate the relationship between length and period of a simple pendulum. Manipulated variable : the length of the pendulum. 13 Responding variable : Period Fixed variable : the mass of the pendulum and the displacement.
Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Hypothesis 3 4
Aim Variables
Retort stand
protractor
bob
Procedures
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above. 2. Measure the length of the pendulum,l = 60.0 cm by using a meter rule. 3. Give the pendulum bob a small displacement 300.Time of 10 oscillations is measured by using a stop watch. 4. Repeat the timing for another 10 oscillations. Calculate the average time. Period = t10 oscillations 10 5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l = 50.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 30.0 cm and 20.0 cm Length,l / Length,l cm 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 1 Time for 10 oscillations / s 2 Average 15.8 15.7 15.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.1 13.1 13.1 11.9 11.9 11.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 Period/ s (T = t10/10) 1.58 1.50 1.31 1.19 0.99
14
10
20
30
40
50
60 l / cm
1 0
Discussion
Conclusion 1 1
Precautions : 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady state. 2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy. 3. Discussion (refer to given questions) The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases. Hypothesis accepted.
Reinforcement Chapter 1 Part A :Objective Question 1. Which of the following is a base SI quantity? A Weight B Energy C Velocity D Mass 2. Which of the following is a derived quantity? A Length B Mass C Temperature D Voltage 3. Which of the following is not a basic unit? A Newton C ampere B kilogram D second
4. Which of the following quantities cannot be derived? A Electric current B Power C Momentum D Force 5. Which of the following quantities is not derived from the basic physical quantity of length? A Electric charge B Density C Velocity D Volume
15
6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v, time t and another physical quantity k is related by the equation v - u = kt. The unit for k is A m s-1 B m-1 s -2 C ms D m2 s-2 7. Which of the following has the smallest magnitude? A megametre B centimetre C kilometre D mikrometre 8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m 9. Which of the following measurements is the longest? A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11 km 10. The diameter of a particle is 250 m. What is its diameter in cm? A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4 -6 C 2.5 x 10 D 2.5 x 10-8 11. Which of the following prefixes is arranged in ascending order? A mili, senti, mikro, desi B mikro, mili, senti, desi C mili, mikro, desi, senti D desi, mikro, mili, senti
B scalar quantities C derived quantities D vector quantities 13. Which of the following shows the correct conversion of units? A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3 B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3 C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3 D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3 14. Which of the following measurements is the shortest ? A 3.45 x 103 m B 3.45 x 104 cm C 3.45 x 107 mm D 3.45 x 1012 m 15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in the north region. What is the frequency of the radio wave in Hz? A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105 C 9.28 x 107 D 9.28 x 1010 16. An object moves along a straight line for time, t. The length of the line, s is given by the equation s = SI unit of g is A m2 s2 B m s-2 -1 C s D s-2 m Part B : Structure Question
1 2 gt . The 2
12. Velocity, density, force and energy are A basic quantities 1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the two towns. P Q
Figure 1 (a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective SI units. Distance : m and time : s (ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit. Speed m s-1
16
Table 1 (d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in terms of its basic units.
Power =
Unit =
kgms
= kg m2 s-3
(e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
Figure 2 Mirror (a) (i) Name component X. ... To avoid parallax error (ii) What is the function of X? .
17
Table 2 No (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ... (ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i). 3rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range. 3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye positions while measuring the volume of the water. (a) (i) Which of the eye positions is correct while L taking the reading of the volume of water? .
Figure 3 (b) The water in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm3 of mercury. (i) In The cohesive force is larger than the adhesive force Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4 (ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i).
18