A SCIENCE STRATEGY FOR SCOTLAND

>

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w w w . s c o t l a n d . g o v . u k Making it work together

SCIENCE KNOWS NO COUNTRY, BECAUSE KNOWLEDGE BELONGS TO
HUMANITY, AND IS THE TORCH WHICH ILLUMINATES THE WORLD.
SCIENCE IS THE HIGHEST PERSONIFICATION OF THE NATION
BECAUSE THAT NATION WILL REMAIN THE FIRST WHICH CARRIES
THE FURTHEST THE WORKS OF THOUGHT AND INTELLIGENCE.
Louis Pasteur

Photography p7 © Keith Hunter/arcblue.com, p29, 31, 37 & 43, Creative, Edinburgh

© Crown copyright 2001 Designed and produced on behalf of the Scottish Executive by Astron B18456-8-01
Science Strategy for Scotland

> Our Scotland is a modern, dynamic country. We are working together to make our
nation more prosperous and our economy more competitive.
We need to meet the challenges of global competition.
To do so our country must harness its collective resources
to achieve our ambitions. Our goal is simple but
challenging: more jobs, better jobs and shared prosperity.

We are working together to improve the quality of life and

the quality of our environment throughout Scotland – from
the northernmost island communities to the rural Borders,
from the historic cities of the east and west to the new
towns of central Scotland. We are investing for Scotland’s
future… Working together we are creating a vibrant,
competitive Scotland, confident of its place in the world…

Recognising the quality of our scientists we will develop for

the first time a comprehensive science strategy which will
impact on enterprise and the quality of public service. The
strategy will guide our investment decisions to maintain the
excellence of our science base in Scotland leading to the
earlier development of products and services which can
improve quality of life.

Working together for Scotland

– A Programme for Government
January 2001
Science Strategy for Scotland
> FOREWORD
BY THE MINISTER FOR SCIENCE
TECHNIQUES OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY – THE WAYS OF ASKING QUESTIONS AND
Science has the potential to improve all our lives. As a Scot I
am immensely proud that our small nation has been pushing
back the frontiers of science for over three hundred years.
Scottish knowledge and discoveries have produced incalculable
benefits for the world – from the telephone, the television
and penicillin to more recently Dolly the Sheep. We are still
leading the world in many areas of scientific endeavour.
Our long tradition of excellence in science stands us in good
stead for the challenges that will face us, as individuals and
as a nation, in the 21st century. Our past economic successes
have drawn heavily on our abilities in science, engineering
and technology. The same abilities form a core part of our
drive to ensure Scotland’s place as a leading knowledge
economy, now and in the future.
Key to this are our skills and our knowledge. I am determined
that Scotland will face the challenges and opportunities of
the future from a position of strength. We must build on, and
invest in, our excellent science base. Our children must receive
the highest quality science education, and our further and
higher education institutions must be able to produce the
scientists of tomorrow.
Scottish science is not a narrow, parochial activity.
It depends on and contributes to global scientific
advances. We must continue to collaborate across the UK,
Europe and beyond to maximise the development and
exchange of scientific ideas, and to target our efforts on
areas where we can make the best contribution.
TO MANY, SCIENCE CAN SEEM REMOTE FROM EVERYDAY LIFE, BUT THE
TESTING THE ANSWERS, THE IDEAS GENERATED AND THE TECHNOLOGIES
DEVELOPED FROM THEM – IMPACT ON ALL OF US EVERY DAY.
Consider the machines which help us, the illnesses cured,
our homes and environment, our food, education and
jobs. Science is relevant to the work of every part of the
Scottish Executive, and that work must be informed by
the best available scientific advice.
In the role of Minister for Science, I am pleased to present
the Scottish Executive’s first integrated Science Strategy.
It sets the framework which will inform the detailed
development of policy for the support and use of science
in all its forms in pursuit of the objectives set out in
Working together for Scotland – A Programme for
Government. It will provide a focus for science matters
across the Executive, ensuring that the cross cutting nature
of science is exploited fully. It will help us to work together
to establish policies and strategies which are consistent
across the Executive, which take account of the UK and
wider international dimension, and which develop to meet
changing circumstances.
Wendy Alexander, MSP
> 2/3
Science Strategy for Scotland
> FOREWORD
BY THE MINISTER FOR SCIENCE
TECHNIQUES OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY – THE WAYS OF ASKING QUESTIONS AND
Science has the potential to improve all our lives. As a Scot I
am immensely proud that our small nation has been pushing
back the frontiers of science for over three hundred years.
Scottish knowledge and discoveries have produced incalculable
benefits for the world – from the telephone, the television
and penicillin to more recently Dolly the Sheep. We are still
leading the world in many areas of scientific endeavour.
Our long tradition of excellence in science stands us in good
stead for the challenges that will face us, as individuals and
as a nation, in the 21st century. Our past economic successes
have drawn heavily on our abilities in science, engineering
and technology. The same abilities form a core part of our
drive to ensure Scotland’s place as a leading knowledge
economy, now and in the future.
Key to this are our skills and our knowledge. I am determined
that Scotland will face the challenges and opportunities of
the future from a position of strength. We must build on, and
invest in, our excellent science base. Our children must receive
the highest quality science education, and our further and
higher education institutions must be able to produce the
scientists of tomorrow.
Scottish science is not a narrow, parochial activity.
It depends on and contributes to global scientific
advances. We must continue to collaborate across the UK,
Europe and beyond to maximise the development and
exchange of scientific ideas, and to target our efforts on
areas where we can make the best contribution.
TO MANY, SCIENCE CAN SEEM REMOTE FROM EVERYDAY LIFE, BUT THE
TESTING THE ANSWERS, THE IDEAS GENERATED AND THE TECHNOLOGIES
DEVELOPED FROM THEM – IMPACT ON ALL OF US EVERY DAY.
Consider the machines which help us, the illnesses cured,
our homes and environment, our food, education and
jobs. Science is relevant to the work of every part of the
Scottish Executive, and that work must be informed by
the best available scientific advice.
In the role of Minister for Science, I am pleased to present
the Scottish Executive’s first integrated Science Strategy.
It sets the framework which will inform the detailed
development of policy for the support and use of science
in all its forms in pursuit of the objectives set out in
Working together for Scotland – A Programme for
Government. It will provide a focus for science matters
across the Executive, ensuring that the cross cutting nature
of science is exploited fully. It will help us to work together
to establish policies and strategies which are consistent
across the Executive, which take account of the UK and
wider international dimension, and which develop to meet
changing circumstances.
Wendy Alexander, MSP
> 2/3
Science Strategy for Scotland

This Strategy sets the framework which will inform the detailed development of policy for
the support and use of science to achieve the Scottish Executive’s objectives set out in
Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government.

VISION
We shall work with others to make science work for the people of Scotland. We shall
value science and harness its benefits in Scotland to increase prosperity and 3 ENSURE THAT ENOUGH PEOPLE STUDY SCIENCE
safeguard the environment. We shall communicate its potential to improve the TO A STANDARD WHICH WILL ENABLE THE
quality of life for this and future generations in a way which secures public FUTURE NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY TO BE MET
understanding and engagement. We shall develop our international reputation for
the quality of our science and of our skills. Our aims are twofold: to secure very high levels of
achievement by those specialising in science, and to
ensure that all learners acquire the capacity to cope as

> EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY
We will:
1 MAINTAIN A STRONG SCIENCE BASE FULLY
CONNECTED TO UK AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY
AND FUNDING SOURCES
High quality curiosity-driven research will be supported and
appropriate breadth maintained. Clear priorities for scientific
development will be established. The proportion of targeted
science research expenditure allocated to priority areas will
be maximised. We will consult with the research community
about policy on science. Funders of science will be
encouraged to resolve the tension between communicating
with the public and the confidentiality associated with
exploring commercial potential. We will promote Scotland
as a centre of scientific excellence and encourage career
development for Scottish scientists.
2 INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE EXPLOITATION OF
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO GROW STRONG SCOTTISH
BUSINESSES AND PROVIDE CUTTING EDGE SCIENCE
TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND
We will seek to ensure the effective transfer of scientific
knowledge and skills, supporting science-based innovation
and the exploitation of research. We will identify future
challenges and opportunities for the development and
application of science and take steps to equip Scotland’s
workforce with the skills it needs. We will attract investment
in the development of Scottish science-based innovation and
attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland, through
investment in world class facilities.
citizens and decision makers when dealing with
scientific issues. We will support the training and
employment of additional science teachers and
initiatives to ensure high quality updating of their
skills. We will work to ensure the development of
5 ENSURE THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SCIENTIFIC
materials, accommodation, resources and assessment
of school science. We will organise an international
conference of science educators to consider innovative
approaches at all stages of education.
We will harness the widespread willingness to support
science education and promote the understanding of,
and enthusiasm for, science as a career. We will ensure
there is good, unbiased information about education
and career opportunities in science and ask Future
Skills Scotland to analyse the supply of and demand
for people with different levels of science qualifications.
The higher education sector will be asked to ensure
science courses develop generic skills and that
opportunities to acquire business skills and work
experience are offered. We will encourage the
establishment of courses in science communication.
4 PROMOTE THE AWARENESS, APPRECIATION
AND UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE ACROSS
SOCIETY
We will consult widely with the public on science issues
and continue to survey and take account of public
attitudes to science. We will work closely with, and
support where appropriate, organisations which aim
to promote scientific understanding across society. We
will encourage scientists to communicate new scientific
discoveries, and their implications, to the public. We
will support closer working together by the media,
scientists and policy makers to promote science to the
people of Scotland.
EVIDENCE IN POLICY FORMULATION AND
RESOURCE ALLOCATION BY GOVERNMENT
The Minister for Science will work with the Royal
Society of Edinburgh to establish a broadly based
Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by an outstanding
scientist (who we intend should become the chief
adviser on science to the Executive), to provide
independent advice on strategic scientific issues. We
will identify a set of priority areas for scientific activity
in Scotland. We will regularly review the policies and
spending of each Scottish Executive Department
against the key objectives of the Science Strategy and
the priorities identified.
We will adhere to the principles contained in
Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy-Making.
We will maintain close links among scientific policy-
makers in the Executive, UK Government Departments
and other public bodies and in the rest of Europe, and
will make effective use of the UK and European
science advisory systems. We will continue to welcome
and participate in UK initiatives, taking appropriate
account of distinctive Scottish circumstances. We will
regularly review and update the Science Strategy.
> 4/5
Science Strategy for Scotland

This Strategy sets the framework which will inform the detailed development of policy for
the support and use of science to achieve the Scottish Executive’s objectives set out in
Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government.

VISION
We shall work with others to make science work for the people of Scotland. We shall
value science and harness its benefits in Scotland to increase prosperity and 3 ENSURE THAT ENOUGH PEOPLE STUDY SCIENCE
safeguard the environment. We shall communicate its potential to improve the TO A STANDARD WHICH WILL ENABLE THE
quality of life for this and future generations in a way which secures public FUTURE NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY TO BE MET
understanding and engagement. We shall develop our international reputation for
the quality of our science and of our skills. Our aims are twofold: to secure very high levels of
achievement by those specialising in science, and to
ensure that all learners acquire the capacity to cope as

> EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGY
We will:
1 MAINTAIN A STRONG SCIENCE BASE FULLY
CONNECTED TO UK AND INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY
AND FUNDING SOURCES
High quality curiosity-driven research will be supported and
appropriate breadth maintained. Clear priorities for scientific
development will be established. The proportion of targeted
science research expenditure allocated to priority areas will
be maximised. We will consult with the research community
about policy on science. Funders of science will be
encouraged to resolve the tension between communicating
with the public and the confidentiality associated with
exploring commercial potential. We will promote Scotland
as a centre of scientific excellence and encourage career
development for Scottish scientists.
2 INCREASE THE EFFECTIVE EXPLOITATION OF
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO GROW STRONG SCOTTISH
BUSINESSES AND PROVIDE CUTTING EDGE SCIENCE
TO MEET THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND
We will seek to ensure the effective transfer of scientific
knowledge and skills, supporting science-based innovation
and the exploitation of research. We will identify future
challenges and opportunities for the development and
application of science and take steps to equip Scotland’s
workforce with the skills it needs. We will attract investment
in the development of Scottish science-based innovation and
attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland, through
investment in world class facilities.
citizens and decision makers when dealing with
scientific issues. We will support the training and
employment of additional science teachers and
initiatives to ensure high quality updating of their
skills. We will work to ensure the development of
5 ENSURE THE EFFECTIVE USE OF SCIENTIFIC
materials, accommodation, resources and assessment
of school science. We will organise an international
conference of science educators to consider innovative
approaches at all stages of education.
We will harness the widespread willingness to support
science education and promote the understanding of,
and enthusiasm for, science as a career. We will ensure
there is good, unbiased information about education
and career opportunities in science and ask Future
Skills Scotland to analyse the supply of and demand
for people with different levels of science qualifications.
The higher education sector will be asked to ensure
science courses develop generic skills and that
opportunities to acquire business skills and work
experience are offered. We will encourage the
establishment of courses in science communication.
4 PROMOTE THE AWARENESS, APPRECIATION
AND UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE ACROSS
SOCIETY
We will consult widely with the public on science issues
and continue to survey and take account of public
attitudes to science. We will work closely with, and
support where appropriate, organisations which aim
to promote scientific understanding across society. We
will encourage scientists to communicate new scientific
discoveries, and their implications, to the public. We
will support closer working together by the media,
scientists and policy makers to promote science to the
people of Scotland.
EVIDENCE IN POLICY FORMULATION AND
RESOURCE ALLOCATION BY GOVERNMENT
The Minister for Science will work with the Royal
Society of Edinburgh to establish a broadly based
Scientific Advisory Committee, chaired by an outstanding
scientist (who we intend should become the chief
adviser on science to the Executive), to provide
independent advice on strategic scientific issues. We
will identify a set of priority areas for scientific activity
in Scotland. We will regularly review the policies and
spending of each Scottish Executive Department
against the key objectives of the Science Strategy and
the priorities identified.
We will adhere to the principles contained in
Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy-Making.
We will maintain close links among scientific policy-
makers in the Executive, UK Government Departments
and other public bodies and in the rest of Europe, and
will make effective use of the UK and European
science advisory systems. We will continue to welcome
and participate in UK initiatives, taking appropriate
account of distinctive Scottish circumstances. We will
regularly review and update the Science Strategy.
> 4/5
> Introduction

SCIENCE CAN MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE AND IN DIFFERENT

CONTEXTS. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS STRATEGY SCIENCE HAS BEEN INTERPRETED
TO ENCOMPASS THE DEVELOPMENT, UNDERSTANDING AND THE APPLICATION OF
THE PHYSICAL, LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. OUR APPROACH TO SCIENCE CAN
NATURALLY BE EXTENDED TO ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY. > 6/7
> Introduction

SCIENCE CAN MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS TO DIFFERENT PEOPLE AND IN DIFFERENT

CONTEXTS. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS STRATEGY SCIENCE HAS BEEN INTERPRETED
TO ENCOMPASS THE DEVELOPMENT, UNDERSTANDING AND THE APPLICATION OF
THE PHYSICAL, LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. OUR APPROACH TO SCIENCE CAN
NATURALLY BE EXTENDED TO ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY. > 6/7
Science Strategy for Scotland
The Scottish Executive has published its second programme of work,
Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government.
That document reported on the Executive’s achievements and
defined the Executive’s new commitments. Scientific activity has
the potential to contribute towards meeting many of these
commitments.
> The application, use and support of science by the private and
public sectors will help the Executive achieve its vision of a
knowledge-based economy as described in the The Way Forward
– Framework for Economic Development in Scotland, A Smart
Successful Scotland: Ambitions for the Enterprise Networks, and
the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-
Cutting Initiative. Science and technology are vital to many
Government programmes or services, including the health service,
our understanding of our environment, and our rural economy.
Our capacity to develop, understand and make best use of modern
scientific advances requires high quality science education and a
strong scientific research base. Our ability to make sound decisions
on a wide range of policy issues depends on our access to the
highest quality scientific advice.
Because science has so much potential to help the Scottish Executive
meet its priorities and achieve its aims for government, and for
Scotland as a whole, the Scottish Cabinet identified science as a
key issue to be addressed across the Executive. In September 1999
Henry McLeish, when Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong
Learning, invited a group of independent, distinguished scientists:
To identify the questions that need to be addressed in order to put
in place a Science Strategy for the Scottish Executive; and to
identify what additional mechanisms would be required to answer
these questions and to implement such a strategy.
THE STRATEGY PRESENTS A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH DETAILED
POLICIES HAVE BEEN OR WILL BE DEVELOPED TO ADDRESS OVER TIME THE
RANGE OF ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY THE SCIENCE STRATEGY REVIEW GROUP.
Their report (Report of the Science Strategy Review Group, April 2000),
recommended that there was a need for a Science Strategy and identified a
large number of questions and issues. Following widespread consultation on
that report, this Strategy has been developed. The Strategy presents a framework
within which detailed policies have been or will be developed to address over
time the range of issues identified by the Science Strategy Review Group.
The Executive is grateful to the very large number of individuals and organisations
who contributed to the consultation process. The list of consultation questions,
cross-referenced to the contents of this Strategy, has been published on the
Executive’s Website (www.scotland.gov.uk).
SCIENCE – A POST-DEVOLUTION PARTNERSHIP
Science and research are concurrent powers (i.e. some aspects are devolved
and others are reserved) under the Scotland Act 1998. The Scottish Higher
Education Funding Council is the responsibility of the Scottish Executive, the
UK Research Councils and their operations are reserved (or accountable only
to the UK Government). Post-devolution, this legislative structure preserves
the so-called dual support system of research funding which resources most of
the scientific research undertaken in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
across the UK.
The dual support system involves the Scottish Higher Education Funding
Council (SHEFC) – and its counterparts in other parts of the UK – funding
research infrastructure, and the Research Councils funding specific research
projects at HEIs. This arrangement requires close co-operation between
SHEFC and the Research Councils. It supports both excellence and diversity in
scientific research, and also ensures that HEIs remain responsive to
international, national and local research and technology agendas.
The most recent figures (1999-2000) show that the Research Councils spent
£141million or 11% of their total budget in Scotland. The first commitment in
this Strategy is to develop science in Scotland in a UK and international
context, through this post-devolution partnership.
The partnership approach is confirmed in the UK Government’s science and
innovation policy, Excellence and Opportunity, which stated unequivocally
that the Scottish Executive was committed to working together with the
other administrations to ensure that the aims and objectives outlined were
achieved across the UK, and particularly in Scotland.
> 8/9
Science Strategy for Scotland
The Scottish Executive has published its second programme of work,
Working together for Scotland – A Programme for Government.
That document reported on the Executive’s achievements and
defined the Executive’s new commitments. Scientific activity has
the potential to contribute towards meeting many of these
commitments.
> The application, use and support of science by the private and
public sectors will help the Executive achieve its vision of a
knowledge-based economy as described in the The Way Forward
– Framework for Economic Development in Scotland, A Smart
Successful Scotland: Ambitions for the Enterprise Networks, and
the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-
Cutting Initiative. Science and technology are vital to many
Government programmes or services, including the health service,
our understanding of our environment, and our rural economy.
Our capacity to develop, understand and make best use of modern
scientific advances requires high quality science education and a
strong scientific research base. Our ability to make sound decisions
on a wide range of policy issues depends on our access to the
highest quality scientific advice.
Because science has so much potential to help the Scottish Executive
meet its priorities and achieve its aims for government, and for
Scotland as a whole, the Scottish Cabinet identified science as a
key issue to be addressed across the Executive. In September 1999
Henry McLeish, when Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong
Learning, invited a group of independent, distinguished scientists:
To identify the questions that need to be addressed in order to put
in place a Science Strategy for the Scottish Executive; and to
identify what additional mechanisms would be required to answer
these questions and to implement such a strategy.
THE STRATEGY PRESENTS A FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH DETAILED
POLICIES HAVE BEEN OR WILL BE DEVELOPED TO ADDRESS OVER TIME THE
RANGE OF ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY THE SCIENCE STRATEGY REVIEW GROUP.
Their report (Report of the Science Strategy Review Group, April 2000),
recommended that there was a need for a Science Strategy and identified a
large number of questions and issues. Following widespread consultation on
that report, this Strategy has been developed. The Strategy presents a framework
within which detailed policies have been or will be developed to address over
time the range of issues identified by the Science Strategy Review Group.
The Executive is grateful to the very large number of individuals and organisations
who contributed to the consultation process. The list of consultation questions,
cross-referenced to the contents of this Strategy, has been published on the
Executive’s Website (www.scotland.gov.uk).
SCIENCE – A POST-DEVOLUTION PARTNERSHIP
Science and research are concurrent powers (i.e. some aspects are devolved
and others are reserved) under the Scotland Act 1998. The Scottish Higher
Education Funding Council is the responsibility of the Scottish Executive, the
UK Research Councils and their operations are reserved (or accountable only
to the UK Government). Post-devolution, this legislative structure preserves
the so-called dual support system of research funding which resources most of
the scientific research undertaken in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
across the UK.
The dual support system involves the Scottish Higher Education Funding
Council (SHEFC) – and its counterparts in other parts of the UK – funding
research infrastructure, and the Research Councils funding specific research
projects at HEIs. This arrangement requires close co-operation between
SHEFC and the Research Councils. It supports both excellence and diversity in
scientific research, and also ensures that HEIs remain responsive to
international, national and local research and technology agendas.
The most recent figures (1999-2000) show that the Research Councils spent
£141million or 11% of their total budget in Scotland. The first commitment in
this Strategy is to develop science in Scotland in a UK and international
context, through this post-devolution partnership.
The partnership approach is confirmed in the UK Government’s science and
innovation policy, Excellence and Opportunity, which stated unequivocally
that the Scottish Executive was committed to working together with the
other administrations to ensure that the aims and objectives outlined were
achieved across the UK, and particularly in Scotland.
> 8/9
Science Strategy for Scotland

SCIENCE IN THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE

The Scottish Executive has a wide range of responsibilities
for science and science-related activities. A considerable
number of the Executive’s policy responsibilities, are
informed and underpinned by science. These include:
Transport Environment Agriculture Fisheries
Roads Health Education Development of a
knowledge-based economy

The Scottish Executive spends considerable amounts on

> In the spirit of partnership, the Executive will work closely with, and
take account of dialogue with and advice from:

The Office of Science and Technology (part of the Department

of Trade and Industry) and the Chief Scientific Adviser to the
UK Government;
The Council for Science and Technology which is the UK
Government’s premier advisory body on major science and
technology issues of strategic importance;
science (Table 1), although how much depends on which
activities are included as science expenditure. The UK
published statistics on science, engineering and technology
(SET), reported that the Scottish Executive spent around
£75 million per year on SET activities in 1998-99. The
equivalent provisional figure for 1999-00 is some £120
million. However, when funding for SHEFC and some other
Table 1. Approximate Expenditure on Science by Scottish Executive Departments
Scottish Executive Department Science Research Science Total

The established system of UK Scientific Advisory Committees

which provide independent expert advice on a wide range of
specific scientific subjects;
> Enterprise and Lifelong Learning
Justice
Expenditure (1)
1999-00
(£m, provisional)

121
1
(incl. teaching, etc)
1999-00
(£m, estimated)

400
1
Health 41 41
Development 4 4
The Foresight programme, which develops visions of the Education 1 230
future, identifies potential opportunities, threats and potential Environment and Rural Affairs 52 100

needs to guide today’s decisions in business, academia and
government; and
The Department of Trade and Industry which leads UK
negotiations with the European Commission in respect of the
substantial investment in scientific research programmes and
infrastructure, through the Framework Programme and through
European Structural Funds.
This dialogue will take place within the context of the overarching
Memorandum of Understanding with the UK Government, a range
of Concordats with UK Government Departments and the Research
Councils, and committees such as the Chief Scientific Adviser’s
Committee and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating
Committee, of which the Executive is a member.
Total 221 776
(1) On the basis reported in “The Forward Look of Government Funded Science,
Engineering and Technology 1999”, Office of Science and Technology.
bodies is included, a better estimate would be £220 million
per year. This definition does not include the very significant
amounts spent on science education and on several other
science and technology related activities. It is estimated that
under this much wider definition of science expenditure,
the Scottish Executive spends around £800 million per year
on science, science related activities and teaching.

> 10/11
Science Strategy for Scotland

SCIENCE IN THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE

The Scottish Executive has a wide range of responsibilities
for science and science-related activities. A considerable
number of the Executive’s policy responsibilities, are
informed and underpinned by science. These include:
Transport Environment Agriculture Fisheries
Roads Health Education Development of a
knowledge-based economy

The Scottish Executive spends considerable amounts on

> In the spirit of partnership, the Executive will work closely with, and
take account of dialogue with and advice from:

The Office of Science and Technology (part of the Department

of Trade and Industry) and the Chief Scientific Adviser to the
UK Government;
The Council for Science and Technology which is the UK
Government’s premier advisory body on major science and
technology issues of strategic importance;
science (Table 1), although how much depends on which
activities are included as science expenditure. The UK
published statistics on science, engineering and technology
(SET), reported that the Scottish Executive spent around
£75 million per year on SET activities in 1998-99. The
equivalent provisional figure for 1999-00 is some £120
million. However, when funding for SHEFC and some other
Table 1. Approximate Expenditure on Science by Scottish Executive Departments
Scottish Executive Department Science Research Science Total

The established system of UK Scientific Advisory Committees

which provide independent expert advice on a wide range of
specific scientific subjects;
> Enterprise and Lifelong Learning
Justice
Expenditure (1)
1999-00
(£m, provisional)

121
1
(incl. teaching, etc)
1999-00
(£m, estimated)

400
1
Health 41 41
Development 4 4
The Foresight programme, which develops visions of the Education 1 230
future, identifies potential opportunities, threats and potential Environment and Rural Affairs 52 100

needs to guide today’s decisions in business, academia and
government; and
The Department of Trade and Industry which leads UK
negotiations with the European Commission in respect of the
substantial investment in scientific research programmes and
infrastructure, through the Framework Programme and through
European Structural Funds.
This dialogue will take place within the context of the overarching
Memorandum of Understanding with the UK Government, a range
of Concordats with UK Government Departments and the Research
Councils, and committees such as the Chief Scientific Adviser’s
Committee and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating
Committee, of which the Executive is a member.
Total 221 776
(1) On the basis reported in “The Forward Look of Government Funded Science,
Engineering and Technology 1999”, Office of Science and Technology.
bodies is included, a better estimate would be £220 million
per year. This definition does not include the very significant
amounts spent on science education and on several other
science and technology related activities. It is estimated that
under this much wider definition of science expenditure,
the Scottish Executive spends around £800 million per year
on science, science related activities and teaching.

> 10/11
Science Strategy for Scotland
THIS FRAMEWORK WILL ENSURE THAT THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE EXERCISES
ITS POWERS IN RELATION TO SCIENCE IN AN EFFECTIVE MANNER, BUILDS
ON THE STRENGTHS OF THE SCIENCE BASE IN SCOTLAND AND LINKS THE
VARIOUS STREAMS OF SCIENCE ACTIVITY IN SCOTLAND TO ACHIEVE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF OVERARCHING PRIORITIES FOR SCIENCE IN SCOTLAND.
> SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Individual Scottish Executive Departments have responsibility for
supporting and funding scientific research in their areas of
responsibility and for making effective use of science to underpin
their policy and regulatory functions. Scottish Executive funding
therefore underpins a wide variety of scientific research programmes
including:
the higher education science base infrastructure (via SHEFC);
the infrastructure and a programme of agricultural, biological
and related research at the five Scottish Agricultural and
Biological Research Institutes (SABRIs), the Fisheries Research
Services Agency and elsewhere;
research to improve the health of the people of Scotland and
the services provided to them by the NHS in Scotland; and
a scientific research fellowship programme aimed at
enhancing the transfer of ideas and technology from the
research community into wealth creation and improvement of
the quality of life, administered by the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED ORGANISATIONS
The Executive also funds a number of agencies and related bodies,
such as the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, the Scottish
Environment Protection Agency and the Food Standards Agency
Scotland to provide it with expert scientific advice and to perform
regulatory and statutory scientific functions in relation to national,
European and other international legislation and agreements. Many
of these organisations also carry out or commission scientific
research in support of their functions.
In addition the Executive supports a variety of organisations which
promote public engagement with science and encourage debates
about scientific issues.
SCIENCE EDUCATION
Expenditure on science education accounts for the greatest
proportion of the Executive’s total science expenditure. Most of this
is spent by other organisations, mainly local authorities (school
science education) and the Scottish Higher and Further Education
Funding Councils (post-school education). Some is spent directly by
the Executive, for example, by commissioning the production of
support material for teachers of science.
SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED INNOVATION
The Executive places considerable importance on maximising the
economic benefits of scientific activity. To support this priority the
Executive and its agencies encourage, support and fund a range of
initiatives to promote commercialisation, technology transfer and the
use of science by public and private organisations to improve their
products and processes.
This Strategy provides an overarching framework of policies to
guide the provision and use of science in pursuit of the Scottish
Executive objectives as described in Working together for Scotland –
A Programme for Government. This framework will ensure that the
Scottish Executive exercises its powers in relation to science in an
effective manner, builds on the strengths of the science base in
Scotland and links the various streams of science activity in Scotland
to achieve the development of overarching priorities for science in
Scotland.
> 12/13
Science Strategy for Scotland
THIS FRAMEWORK WILL ENSURE THAT THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE EXERCISES
ITS POWERS IN RELATION TO SCIENCE IN AN EFFECTIVE MANNER, BUILDS
ON THE STRENGTHS OF THE SCIENCE BASE IN SCOTLAND AND LINKS THE
VARIOUS STREAMS OF SCIENCE ACTIVITY IN SCOTLAND TO ACHIEVE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF OVERARCHING PRIORITIES FOR SCIENCE IN SCOTLAND.
> SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Individual Scottish Executive Departments have responsibility for
supporting and funding scientific research in their areas of
responsibility and for making effective use of science to underpin
their policy and regulatory functions. Scottish Executive funding
therefore underpins a wide variety of scientific research programmes
including:
the higher education science base infrastructure (via SHEFC);
the infrastructure and a programme of agricultural, biological
and related research at the five Scottish Agricultural and
Biological Research Institutes (SABRIs), the Fisheries Research
Services Agency and elsewhere;
research to improve the health of the people of Scotland and
the services provided to them by the NHS in Scotland; and
a scientific research fellowship programme aimed at
enhancing the transfer of ideas and technology from the
research community into wealth creation and improvement of
the quality of life, administered by the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED ORGANISATIONS
The Executive also funds a number of agencies and related bodies,
such as the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, the Scottish
Environment Protection Agency and the Food Standards Agency
Scotland to provide it with expert scientific advice and to perform
regulatory and statutory scientific functions in relation to national,
European and other international legislation and agreements. Many
of these organisations also carry out or commission scientific
research in support of their functions.
In addition the Executive supports a variety of organisations which
promote public engagement with science and encourage debates
about scientific issues.
SCIENCE EDUCATION
Expenditure on science education accounts for the greatest
proportion of the Executive’s total science expenditure. Most of this
is spent by other organisations, mainly local authorities (school
science education) and the Scottish Higher and Further Education
Funding Councils (post-school education). Some is spent directly by
the Executive, for example, by commissioning the production of
support material for teachers of science.
SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE BASED INNOVATION
The Executive places considerable importance on maximising the
economic benefits of scientific activity. To support this priority the
Executive and its agencies encourage, support and fund a range of
initiatives to promote commercialisation, technology transfer and the
use of science by public and private organisations to improve their
products and processes.
This Strategy provides an overarching framework of policies to
guide the provision and use of science in pursuit of the Scottish
Executive objectives as described in Working together for Scotland –
A Programme for Government. This framework will ensure that the
Scottish Executive exercises its powers in relation to science in an
effective manner, builds on the strengths of the science base in
Scotland and links the various streams of science activity in Scotland
to achieve the development of overarching priorities for science in
Scotland.
> 12/13
> Maintain a strong science base fully
connected to UK and international
activity and funding sources

THIS WILL REQUIRE EXECUTIVE SUPPORT FOR HIGH QUALITY

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN OUR HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND THE NURTURING OF GLOBAL LINKS. > 14/15
> Maintain a strong science base fully
connected to UK and international
activity and funding sources

THIS WILL REQUIRE EXECUTIVE SUPPORT FOR HIGH QUALITY

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN OUR HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND THE NURTURING OF GLOBAL LINKS. > 14/15
Science Strategy for Scotland

THE MAINTENANCE OF AN INTERNATIONALLY STRONG SCIENCE BASE

DEPENDS ON SUPPORT FOR GOOD QUALITY, EFFECTIVE SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH ACTIVITY IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR AND IN OTHER
PUBLICLY FUNDED BODIES.
The science base is made up of the people and organisations in

> Scotland that investigate the world and the way it works. The Science
Base is one of our most important sources of new ideas, knowledge
and techniques which has the potential to benefit the people of
Scotland – and the world – by identifying and solving existing problems,
opening up new possibilities and increasing our understanding. The
science base allows us to take part in, and gain from, scientific
advances in other countries and allows us to bring new knowledge to
bear on Scottish problems. It supports efforts to attract skilled
workers and investment into the Scottish economy. We are The maintenance of an internationally strong science base
committed to ensuring that our science base has internationally depends on support for good quality, effective scientific research
recognised strengths and makes a significant contribution to our activity in the Higher Education sector and in other publicly funded
economic objectives. bodies. This needs to be supplemented by privately funded
research and development (R&D), including commercial R&D.
Overall, the Scottish science base is high quality. It has been improving
If maximum benefit from investment in science is to be achieved,
and has the potential to grow. However, while appropriate breadth is
there has to be effective partnership and co-ordination among
important, no country can afford to provide public funds for unlimited
those funding science, those undertaking scientific activity, those
scientific activity, no matter how good. Public money is already
providing advice and those depending on scientific outputs.
targeted on the most important parts of the science base. This money
pays for the skilled people, the resources and the physical infra- Given the constraints of size, Scotland cannot be a world leader in
structure to work on areas of current or future importance. It also all areas of science, and cannot maintain an effective science base
pays for specific projects relevant to our policy priorities. These priorities or take advantage of the benefits of scientific activity in isolation
need to be continuously reviewed. We need to be clear about what from the rest of the UK or the international community. The
we want the science base to do for us, and how broad, how strong, importance of ensuring that Scottish science is fully linked with
and how specialised it should be. These decisions must be taken with UK, European and wider global activity cannot be overstated. We
an awareness of international as well as national developments. must participate in and maintain a competitive edge in international
research activity.

> 16/17
Science Strategy for Scotland

THE MAINTENANCE OF AN INTERNATIONALLY STRONG SCIENCE BASE

DEPENDS ON SUPPORT FOR GOOD QUALITY, EFFECTIVE SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH ACTIVITY IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR AND IN OTHER
PUBLICLY FUNDED BODIES.
The science base is made up of the people and organisations in

> Scotland that investigate the world and the way it works. The Science
Base is one of our most important sources of new ideas, knowledge
and techniques which has the potential to benefit the people of
Scotland – and the world – by identifying and solving existing problems,
opening up new possibilities and increasing our understanding. The
science base allows us to take part in, and gain from, scientific
advances in other countries and allows us to bring new knowledge to
bear on Scottish problems. It supports efforts to attract skilled
workers and investment into the Scottish economy. We are The maintenance of an internationally strong science base
committed to ensuring that our science base has internationally depends on support for good quality, effective scientific research
recognised strengths and makes a significant contribution to our activity in the Higher Education sector and in other publicly funded
economic objectives. bodies. This needs to be supplemented by privately funded
research and development (R&D), including commercial R&D.
Overall, the Scottish science base is high quality. It has been improving
If maximum benefit from investment in science is to be achieved,
and has the potential to grow. However, while appropriate breadth is
there has to be effective partnership and co-ordination among
important, no country can afford to provide public funds for unlimited
those funding science, those undertaking scientific activity, those
scientific activity, no matter how good. Public money is already
providing advice and those depending on scientific outputs.
targeted on the most important parts of the science base. This money
pays for the skilled people, the resources and the physical infra- Given the constraints of size, Scotland cannot be a world leader in
structure to work on areas of current or future importance. It also all areas of science, and cannot maintain an effective science base
pays for specific projects relevant to our policy priorities. These priorities or take advantage of the benefits of scientific activity in isolation
need to be continuously reviewed. We need to be clear about what from the rest of the UK or the international community. The
we want the science base to do for us, and how broad, how strong, importance of ensuring that Scottish science is fully linked with
and how specialised it should be. These decisions must be taken with UK, European and wider global activity cannot be overstated. We
an awareness of international as well as national developments. must participate in and maintain a competitive edge in international
research activity.

> 16/17
Science Strategy for Scotland
> As well as maintaining a core of basic scientific activity, we have
to identify and concentrate on areas of science where we have
the potential to be world leaders, which will benefit our
economy and people, and which are likely to be key areas of
science in the future. Scotland is one of the world leaders in a
number of key scientific areas, including bioscience and
genomics, medical research and e-science. It makes sense to
maintain and build on these strengths over time, and to focus on
areas where we may be developing similar scientific potential –
or where economic development considerations are paramount.
SCIENTISTS IN ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES HAVE ALWAYS WORKED AS PART
OF A GLOBAL NETWORK – SEEKING OUT THE BEST SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD WITH
WHOM TO COLLABORATE. THIS SHARING OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION AND WORKING
TOGETHER TO INFLUENCE SCIENCE POLICY IS KEY TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
An important objective of any strategy for science must be to maintain
and enhance Scotland’s international reputation as a place where high
quality scientific work is undertaken; as a place in which it is desirable
to invest in scientific work; and as a place where it is desirable to do
scientific research. This requires access to global scientific knowledge
and expertise. Scientists in academia and research institutes have
always worked as part of a global network – seeking out the best
scientists in the world with whom to collaborate. This sharing of ideas
and information and working together to influence science policy is
key to the advancement of science.
In addition to international collaboration we also need to be able to
recruit, retain and professionally develop sufficient high quality
scientists across a range of disciplines, as well as other staff required
to support their work. Scotland is successful at attracting scientists with
international reputations to work in its science base. Equally some of
our scientists go to work in other countries. This is recognised as being
a healthy part of the global scientific network, but our science base
needs to continue to be attractive to other scientists and investors.
The Scottish Executive will continue to support high quality scientific
activity directly and through its funding agencies.
> 18/19
Science Strategy for Scotland
> As well as maintaining a core of basic scientific activity, we have
to identify and concentrate on areas of science where we have
the potential to be world leaders, which will benefit our
economy and people, and which are likely to be key areas of
science in the future. Scotland is one of the world leaders in a
number of key scientific areas, including bioscience and
genomics, medical research and e-science. It makes sense to
maintain and build on these strengths over time, and to focus on
areas where we may be developing similar scientific potential –
or where economic development considerations are paramount.
SCIENTISTS IN ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES HAVE ALWAYS WORKED AS PART
OF A GLOBAL NETWORK – SEEKING OUT THE BEST SCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD WITH
WHOM TO COLLABORATE. THIS SHARING OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION AND WORKING
TOGETHER TO INFLUENCE SCIENCE POLICY IS KEY TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
An important objective of any strategy for science must be to maintain
and enhance Scotland’s international reputation as a place where high
quality scientific work is undertaken; as a place in which it is desirable
to invest in scientific work; and as a place where it is desirable to do
scientific research. This requires access to global scientific knowledge
and expertise. Scientists in academia and research institutes have
always worked as part of a global network – seeking out the best
scientists in the world with whom to collaborate. This sharing of ideas
and information and working together to influence science policy is
key to the advancement of science.
In addition to international collaboration we also need to be able to
recruit, retain and professionally develop sufficient high quality
scientists across a range of disciplines, as well as other staff required
to support their work. Scotland is successful at attracting scientists with
international reputations to work in its science base. Equally some of
our scientists go to work in other countries. This is recognised as being
a healthy part of the global scientific network, but our science base
needs to continue to be attractive to other scientists and investors.
The Scottish Executive will continue to support high quality scientific
activity directly and through its funding agencies.
> 18/19
Science Strategy for Scotland

Working closely with Scottish, UK and European funders,

the Executive will also:
invest in the joint Science Research Investment Fund
in order to develop our scientific capacity;
consult with the research community about scientific
priorities;
work with the Higher Education Funding Councils, the
Research Councils, the Office of Science and Technology

> To maintain a strong science base, fully connected to

UK and international activity and funding sources, the
Executive will:
promote Scotland as a centre of scientific excellence
and the Departments responsible for higher education
across the UK, to implement the review of transparency
in research funding, and to conduct a critical
examination of how to avoid a repetition of previous
under-investment in university research infrastructure;
in which to buy or do science, with particular emphasis
on areas where Scotland has a global reputation; encourage funders of research to specify clearly the
expectations placed on researchers, and resolve any
continue to provide funding to support curiosity driven
potential tensions that exist in current research funding
research, allocated on the basis of quality, to maintain
conditions which require both communication with
appropriate breadth;
the public as citizens and taxpayers about their
establish a number of priority areas that reflect current work, and a proactive, often initially confidential,
scientific strengths and future opportunities, to meet approach to exploring commercialisation; and
our economic needs and maintain our international
competitiveness. These will include, but not be limited encourage funders and employers to ensure good career
to, bioscience and genomics, medical research and and staff development for those engaged in
e-science; scientific research.
in discussion with funders maximise the proportion of
targeted science research expenditure that is
allocated to these priority areas, bearing in mind the
need to make sure that we invest for the future as well
as for current needs;
consider further how the relationship between the
Scottish Agricultural and Biological Research
Institutes and the higher education research base
might evolve in the future to enhance the delivery of the
strategic objectives for science; and
encourage and where necessary support participation in
scientific exchange programmes.

> 20/21
Science Strategy for Scotland

Working closely with Scottish, UK and European funders,

the Executive will also:
invest in the joint Science Research Investment Fund
in order to develop our scientific capacity;
consult with the research community about scientific
priorities;
work with the Higher Education Funding Councils, the
Research Councils, the Office of Science and Technology

> To maintain a strong science base, fully connected to

UK and international activity and funding sources, the
Executive will:
promote Scotland as a centre of scientific excellence
and the Departments responsible for higher education
across the UK, to implement the review of transparency
in research funding, and to conduct a critical
examination of how to avoid a repetition of previous
under-investment in university research infrastructure;
in which to buy or do science, with particular emphasis
on areas where Scotland has a global reputation; encourage funders of research to specify clearly the
expectations placed on researchers, and resolve any
continue to provide funding to support curiosity driven
potential tensions that exist in current research funding
research, allocated on the basis of quality, to maintain
conditions which require both communication with
appropriate breadth;
the public as citizens and taxpayers about their
establish a number of priority areas that reflect current work, and a proactive, often initially confidential,
scientific strengths and future opportunities, to meet approach to exploring commercialisation; and
our economic needs and maintain our international
competitiveness. These will include, but not be limited encourage funders and employers to ensure good career
to, bioscience and genomics, medical research and and staff development for those engaged in
e-science; scientific research.
in discussion with funders maximise the proportion of
targeted science research expenditure that is
allocated to these priority areas, bearing in mind the
need to make sure that we invest for the future as well
as for current needs;
consider further how the relationship between the
Scottish Agricultural and Biological Research
Institutes and the higher education research base
might evolve in the future to enhance the delivery of the
strategic objectives for science; and
encourage and where necessary support participation in
scientific exchange programmes.

> 20/21
 Increase the effective exploitation of scientific

> research to grow strong Scottish businesses and

provide cutting edge science to meet the needs of
the people of Scotland

THIS WILL REQUIRE HIGHER EDUCATION, BUSINESS, PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATIONS

AND THE EXECUTIVE TO WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF
SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND KNOWLEDGE TO STIMULATE INNOVATION, SOLVE
PROBLEMS, RAISE PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN
AREAS SUCH AS HEALTH, THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD. > 20/23
 Increase the effective exploitation of scientific

> research to grow strong Scottish businesses and

provide cutting edge science to meet the needs of
the people of Scotland

THIS WILL REQUIRE HIGHER EDUCATION, BUSINESS, PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATIONS

AND THE EXECUTIVE TO WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE MORE EFFECTIVE USE OF
SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE AND KNOWLEDGE TO STIMULATE INNOVATION, SOLVE
PROBLEMS, RAISE PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE IN
AREAS SUCH AS HEALTH, THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD. > 20/23
Science Strategy for Scotland
> The importance of science to the economy has been recognised in a
number of recent Scottish Executive publications and policy initiatives.
The Way Forward – Framework for Economic Development
in Scotland stresses the Executive’s commitment to encouraging
a culture of enterprise through supporting innovation, the
commercialisation of research and new business formation.
The Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy
Cross-Cutting Initiative indicates that knowledge has become
the driving force of economic growth, social development and job
creation and the primary source of competitiveness in the world
economy. Among the priorities identified are: encouraging all
firms to intensify their knowledge-based activities and to
innovate; and improving transformation systems and the transfer
of intellectual property to release the flow from the knowledge
base to Scottish businesses.
The Digital Scotland Task Force recognised that digital
technologies are creating swift, lasting and widespread change
across many aspects of the world today. It identifies the need for
Scotland to obtain and retain maximum economic and social
advantage from information and communication technologies to
make Scotland a world-class digital nation.
Scotland’s science base is a source of excellent research producing, in
many cases, innovative work recognised as world class. Scotland’s
industry base is also recognised as having world class innovative
potential in a number of fields such as telecommunications,
biotechnology and opto-electronics. In addition, the range of public
services, including government, the National Health Service and social
services have the need and ability to draw on scientific outputs to
improve their impact.
BECAUSE OF THE HIGH QUALITY OF ITS SCIENCE BASE, AND THE INNOVATIVE
POTENTIAL OF ITS INDUSTRY AND PUBLIC SERVICES, SCOTLAND COULD BE AT THE
FOREFRONT OF TRANSFORMING KNOWLEDGE INTO NEW PRODUCTS, PROCESSES
AND SERVICES. THIS POTENTIAL HAS TO BE MAXIMISED.
The Scottish industrial base is characterised by a relatively low level of
investment in research and development and a large number of Small
and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Scotland’s SMEs can play a key
role in developing the economy through the application of science-based
research to produce highly competitive products and processes. Much of
the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting
Initiative deals with actions to help SMEs exploit new technologies,
create more innovative companies and increase “industry pull” from the
science base. These are recognised as critical priorities for Scottish
Enterprise in particular.
Economic success will require a greater receptiveness to know-how and
its commercial potential among individuals and enterprises. Both the
science base and business have roles in the commercial and exploitation
potential of science and it is important that they develop common webs
of communication. The Executive’s role is to encourage and support this
activity, and to remove artificial barriers.
> 24/25
Science Strategy for Scotland
> The importance of science to the economy has been recognised in a
number of recent Scottish Executive publications and policy initiatives.
The Way Forward – Framework for Economic Development
in Scotland stresses the Executive’s commitment to encouraging
a culture of enterprise through supporting innovation, the
commercialisation of research and new business formation.
The Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy
Cross-Cutting Initiative indicates that knowledge has become
the driving force of economic growth, social development and job
creation and the primary source of competitiveness in the world
economy. Among the priorities identified are: encouraging all
firms to intensify their knowledge-based activities and to
innovate; and improving transformation systems and the transfer
of intellectual property to release the flow from the knowledge
base to Scottish businesses.
The Digital Scotland Task Force recognised that digital
technologies are creating swift, lasting and widespread change
across many aspects of the world today. It identifies the need for
Scotland to obtain and retain maximum economic and social
advantage from information and communication technologies to
make Scotland a world-class digital nation.
Scotland’s science base is a source of excellent research producing, in
many cases, innovative work recognised as world class. Scotland’s
industry base is also recognised as having world class innovative
potential in a number of fields such as telecommunications,
biotechnology and opto-electronics. In addition, the range of public
services, including government, the National Health Service and social
services have the need and ability to draw on scientific outputs to
improve their impact.
BECAUSE OF THE HIGH QUALITY OF ITS SCIENCE BASE, AND THE INNOVATIVE
POTENTIAL OF ITS INDUSTRY AND PUBLIC SERVICES, SCOTLAND COULD BE AT THE
FOREFRONT OF TRANSFORMING KNOWLEDGE INTO NEW PRODUCTS, PROCESSES
AND SERVICES. THIS POTENTIAL HAS TO BE MAXIMISED.
The Scottish industrial base is characterised by a relatively low level of
investment in research and development and a large number of Small
and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs). Scotland’s SMEs can play a key
role in developing the economy through the application of science-based
research to produce highly competitive products and processes. Much of
the Scottish Executive Report on the Knowledge Economy Cross-Cutting
Initiative deals with actions to help SMEs exploit new technologies,
create more innovative companies and increase “industry pull” from the
science base. These are recognised as critical priorities for Scottish
Enterprise in particular.
Economic success will require a greater receptiveness to know-how and
its commercial potential among individuals and enterprises. Both the
science base and business have roles in the commercial and exploitation
potential of science and it is important that they develop common webs
of communication. The Executive’s role is to encourage and support this
activity, and to remove artificial barriers.
> 24/25
Science Strategy for Scotland
Together with other actions proposed as part of the Knowledge
Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative the Executive will, with or through
other key players in Scotland, the UK and internationally:
> Scientists who want to commercialise their work need to draw on
management and business skills. We must foster a culture which
supports innovation and enterprise and ensures that emerging scientists
acquire some of the necessary skills before or during their initial career
and support lifelong learning opportunities for established scientists.
Science makes a vital contribution to Scotland’s economic growth,
environmental stability and the well-being of the Scottish people.
We must ensure that future needs and opportunities that can be met
through scientific advances are identified. To facilitate the use and
development of research opportunities to the benefit of the country, it is
essential that the best information is shared among all interested parties
and that clear lines of communication are established among these
parties. There have to be strong links between the science base and
those who can make effective use of the outputs of the science base.
SCIENCE MAKES A VITAL CONTRIBUTION TO SCOTLAND’S ECONOMIC GROWTH,
ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND THE WELL-BEING OF THE SCOTTISH PEOPLE.
WE MUST ENSURE THAT FUTURE NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES THAT CAN BE
MET THROUGH SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES ARE IDENTIFIED.
encourage the research community and the Enterprise Network
to secure more effective transfer of scientific knowledge and
skills by developing and supporting initiatives to promote the
exploitation of knowledge. A technology transfer office is being
established to ensure that innovations arising from NHSScotland
will be effectively implemented and exploited. In the short-term
we expect promising, relatively new initiatives such as the Proof
of Concept Fund to be maintained at least until they can be fully
evaluated;
publish a separate examination of commercialisation in Scottish
HEIs, and confirm our intention to work with DTI on a systematic
survey of higher education/business interactions;
review and improve schemes (such as SMART, SPUR and TCS –
formerly the Teaching Company Scheme) that promote and
support science based innovation;
equip Scotland’s workforce with the skills it needs, with
particular emphasis on science and technology including the new
information and communication technologies;
provide opportunities for scientists and potential scientific
entrepreneurs to obtain the necessary management and
business skills;
take account of UK Foresight exercises to identify future
challenges and opportunities for the development and
application of science; and
continue to invest in world class facilities and the education of a
scientifically literate workforce, highlight areas of science where
we already have a critical mass of world class activity, attract
investment in the development of Scottish science based
innovation and attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland.
> 26/27
Science Strategy for Scotland
Together with other actions proposed as part of the Knowledge
Economy Cross-Cutting Initiative the Executive will, with or through
other key players in Scotland, the UK and internationally:
> Scientists who want to commercialise their work need to draw on
management and business skills. We must foster a culture which
supports innovation and enterprise and ensures that emerging scientists
acquire some of the necessary skills before or during their initial career
and support lifelong learning opportunities for established scientists.
Science makes a vital contribution to Scotland’s economic growth,
environmental stability and the well-being of the Scottish people.
We must ensure that future needs and opportunities that can be met
through scientific advances are identified. To facilitate the use and
development of research opportunities to the benefit of the country, it is
essential that the best information is shared among all interested parties
and that clear lines of communication are established among these
parties. There have to be strong links between the science base and
those who can make effective use of the outputs of the science base.
SCIENCE MAKES A VITAL CONTRIBUTION TO SCOTLAND’S ECONOMIC GROWTH,
ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND THE WELL-BEING OF THE SCOTTISH PEOPLE.
WE MUST ENSURE THAT FUTURE NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES THAT CAN BE
MET THROUGH SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES ARE IDENTIFIED.
encourage the research community and the Enterprise Network
to secure more effective transfer of scientific knowledge and
skills by developing and supporting initiatives to promote the
exploitation of knowledge. A technology transfer office is being
established to ensure that innovations arising from NHSScotland
will be effectively implemented and exploited. In the short-term
we expect promising, relatively new initiatives such as the Proof
of Concept Fund to be maintained at least until they can be fully
evaluated;
publish a separate examination of commercialisation in Scottish
HEIs, and confirm our intention to work with DTI on a systematic
survey of higher education/business interactions;
review and improve schemes (such as SMART, SPUR and TCS –
formerly the Teaching Company Scheme) that promote and
support science based innovation;
equip Scotland’s workforce with the skills it needs, with
particular emphasis on science and technology including the new
information and communication technologies;
provide opportunities for scientists and potential scientific
entrepreneurs to obtain the necessary management and
business skills;
take account of UK Foresight exercises to identify future
challenges and opportunities for the development and
application of science; and
continue to invest in world class facilities and the education of a
scientifically literate workforce, highlight areas of science where
we already have a critical mass of world class activity, attract
investment in the development of Scottish science based
innovation and attract high quality scientists to work in Scotland.
> 26/27
>
Ensure that enough people study science to
a standard which will enable the future needs
of the country to be met

THIS WILL REQUIRE A SCHOOL CURRICULUM WHICH MEETS THE NEEDS

AND CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY, AND WHICH IS DELIVERED
BY TEACHERS WHO HAVE THE NECESSARY MOTIVATION,
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, RESOURCES AND SUPPORT. > 28/29
>
Ensure that enough people study science to
a standard which will enable the future needs
of the country to be met

THIS WILL REQUIRE A SCHOOL CURRICULUM WHICH MEETS THE NEEDS

AND CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY, AND WHICH IS DELIVERED
BY TEACHERS WHO HAVE THE NECESSARY MOTIVATION,
KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, RESOURCES AND SUPPORT. > 28/29
Science Strategy for Scotland
High quality school science education for all must be followed by
provision of a wide range of further and higher education and
training opportunities. We also need good careers advice and
effective communication of the opportunities that a science
education can offer.
SCHOOL EDUCATION
Science education in schools is an area where the Executive can
take a wide range of actions to promote science, and where recent
studies indicate that there is still much to be done. Strong support
for science education in schools is more likely to lead to the
> development of a culture that is comfortable with scientific
thinking and which encourages young people to pursue science
and related subjects. What happens in our schools lies at the heart
of making Scotland a scientifically confident society.
Young children are fascinated by dinosaurs, volcanoes, space
ships, insects and bubbling test tubes. Our aim must be to encourage
and build on that natural curiosity and excitement about science,
to ensure that throughout their school education, children and
young people have access to a stimulating and dynamic curriculum
that progressively develops their scientific knowledge, understanding
and skills leading to positive and informed attitudes to science.
School science education has two important objectives: to lay the
foundations for the development of Scotland’s future scientists;
and to give everyone the skills and confidence to act as informed
and questioning citizens in relation to scientific issues.
National advice on the curriculum recommends that science is
taught to all pupils at all stages up to S4. Most primary schools are
in the process of introducing science education as part of their
environmental studies curriculum, although provision varies
considerably across schools. Science courses are provided to all
pupils in S1/S2, and virtually all pupils undertake at least one
science course in S3/S4. The sciences remain the most popular
subjects in S5/S6 after English and mathematics, but uptake has
fallen in recent years. The range of provision has been updated
and extended as part of the development of the Scottish National
Qualifications.
YOUNG CHILDREN ARE FASCINATED BY DINOSAURS, VOLCANOES, SPACE SHIPS,
INSECTS AND BUBBLING TEST TUBES. OUR AIM MUST BE TO ENCOURAGE AND
BUILD ON THAT NATURAL CURIOSITY AND EXCITEMENT.
As well as demonstrating knowledge and understanding of
scientific facts and concepts, young people need to be able to
interpret and evaluate evidence, take account of ethical, social
and economic issues, make informed decisions, communicate
effectively about science, and cope with future scientific
developments. Pupils’ classroom experience often concentrates
on the acquisition of knowledge and practical skills, at the
expense of engaging with scientific issues and learning how to
make informed choices based on a knowledge and
understanding of science. We need to help teachers deliver a
vibrant curriculum via a range of high quality learning and
teaching experiences that promote effective lifelong learning of
science, especially the capacity to respond effectively to new
scientific developments and issues. The curriculum should feed
children’s curiosity about science and build on their enthusiasm.
Although Scottish children show high interest in science at the
early stages, standards of attainment are below expected
national levels in P7 and S2, and relatively low by international
standards. In primary schools and in S1/S2, most schools have
limited information about the progress and attainment of
individual pupils relative to national attainment targets in
science. The attainment of pupils in S3-S6 in national
examinations is generally good, relative to the standards set in
the syllabuses.
Many of those who achieve the highest standards in the
sciences go on to study medicine and related disciplines. This is
a worthwhile outcome but we also need high levels of
achievement by all learners of science, to form a secure base for
public understanding of science and effective citizenship, and to
ensure the supply of very able scientists.
> 30/31
Science Strategy for Scotland
High quality school science education for all must be followed by
provision of a wide range of further and higher education and
training opportunities. We also need good careers advice and
effective communication of the opportunities that a science
education can offer.
SCHOOL EDUCATION
Science education in schools is an area where the Executive can
take a wide range of actions to promote science, and where recent
studies indicate that there is still much to be done. Strong support
for science education in schools is more likely to lead to the
> development of a culture that is comfortable with scientific
thinking and which encourages young people to pursue science
and related subjects. What happens in our schools lies at the heart
of making Scotland a scientifically confident society.
Young children are fascinated by dinosaurs, volcanoes, space
ships, insects and bubbling test tubes. Our aim must be to encourage
and build on that natural curiosity and excitement about science,
to ensure that throughout their school education, children and
young people have access to a stimulating and dynamic curriculum
that progressively develops their scientific knowledge, understanding
and skills leading to positive and informed attitudes to science.
School science education has two important objectives: to lay the
foundations for the development of Scotland’s future scientists;
and to give everyone the skills and confidence to act as informed
and questioning citizens in relation to scientific issues.
National advice on the curriculum recommends that science is
taught to all pupils at all stages up to S4. Most primary schools are
in the process of introducing science education as part of their
environmental studies curriculum, although provision varies
considerably across schools. Science courses are provided to all
pupils in S1/S2, and virtually all pupils undertake at least one
science course in S3/S4. The sciences remain the most popular
subjects in S5/S6 after English and mathematics, but uptake has
fallen in recent years. The range of provision has been updated
and extended as part of the development of the Scottish National
Qualifications.
YOUNG CHILDREN ARE FASCINATED BY DINOSAURS, VOLCANOES, SPACE SHIPS,
INSECTS AND BUBBLING TEST TUBES. OUR AIM MUST BE TO ENCOURAGE AND
BUILD ON THAT NATURAL CURIOSITY AND EXCITEMENT.
As well as demonstrating knowledge and understanding of
scientific facts and concepts, young people need to be able to
interpret and evaluate evidence, take account of ethical, social
and economic issues, make informed decisions, communicate
effectively about science, and cope with future scientific
developments. Pupils’ classroom experience often concentrates
on the acquisition of knowledge and practical skills, at the
expense of engaging with scientific issues and learning how to
make informed choices based on a knowledge and
understanding of science. We need to help teachers deliver a
vibrant curriculum via a range of high quality learning and
teaching experiences that promote effective lifelong learning of
science, especially the capacity to respond effectively to new
scientific developments and issues. The curriculum should feed
children’s curiosity about science and build on their enthusiasm.
Although Scottish children show high interest in science at the
early stages, standards of attainment are below expected
national levels in P7 and S2, and relatively low by international
standards. In primary schools and in S1/S2, most schools have
limited information about the progress and attainment of
individual pupils relative to national attainment targets in
science. The attainment of pupils in S3-S6 in national
examinations is generally good, relative to the standards set in
the syllabuses.
Many of those who achieve the highest standards in the
sciences go on to study medicine and related disciplines. This is
a worthwhile outcome but we also need high levels of
achievement by all learners of science, to form a secure base for
public understanding of science and effective citizenship, and to
ensure the supply of very able scientists.
> 30/31
Science Strategy for Scotland

will ask the Higher Education Institutions responsible for the

delivery of teacher education and training to train additional
secondary science teachers;.
will consider, as part of more general reviews of Initial Teacher
Education and Continuing Professional Development, what
changes are needed to enable delivery of a high quality science
education and will support initiatives to provide teachers of

> Most primary school teachers have limited formal training in science.
Many secondary science teachers have undergone limited updating
in their specialism since graduating, and some are uncertain about
their capacity to teach science topics outside that specialism. We
science with high quality professional updating;
will ask the Scottish Qualifications Authority to ensure that
national examinations test candidates’ capacity across the
full range of knowledge, understanding and skills as
need to refresh and update their knowledge of modern science. The
teaching of science in schools should also reflect best scientific specified in the Examination Arrangements;
practice in the wider scientific community, and should be supported will ask Learning Teaching Scotland to advise on how best to
by effective interaction with that community. ensure that all school pupils have the opportunity to acquire the
capacity to cope as citizens and decision makers with
We need teachers of science who have the necessary confidence, scientific issues;
competence, resources and support. We also need to address the need
to recruit sufficient new teachers to replace those who will retire soon. will work with the science community, the network of Scottish
Science Centres, and business and industry to harness their
Science should be taught in a safe, modern environment that promotes willingness to provide practical support to science education,
effective learning. In many schools, there has been relatively little and to promote young people’s understanding of and
investment in science equipment and accommodation in recent years. enthusiasm for science as a career;
will work with local authorities to consider how to secure the
To ensure that enough people study science to a standard provision of modern accommodation and resources for
which will enable the future needs of the country to be met, science education; and
the Executive:
will as part of Science Year, organise an international
has asked Learning Teaching Scotland to prepare exemplar conference of science educators, to consider innovative
material for teachers of science in primary and early secondary approaches to the teaching of science, at school and post school
school; levels including community education and wider public
will develop more rigorous assessment of science as part of the understanding across society.
development of a coherent assessment system across the 3-14
stages to support learning and teaching and the monitoring of
performance;
is giving Local Authorities resources to employ additional
teachers, as part of the recent pay and conditions settlement.
Together with some additional targeted resources, these will
enable education authorities to support the teaching of science
in primary schools, and to enable experienced science teachers
to undertake sabbaticals;
> 32/33
Science Strategy for Scotland

will ask the Higher Education Institutions responsible for the

delivery of teacher education and training to train additional
secondary science teachers;.
will consider, as part of more general reviews of Initial Teacher
Education and Continuing Professional Development, what
changes are needed to enable delivery of a high quality science
education and will support initiatives to provide teachers of

> Most primary school teachers have limited formal training in science.
Many secondary science teachers have undergone limited updating
in their specialism since graduating, and some are uncertain about
their capacity to teach science topics outside that specialism. We
science with high quality professional updating;
will ask the Scottish Qualifications Authority to ensure that
national examinations test candidates’ capacity across the
full range of knowledge, understanding and skills as
need to refresh and update their knowledge of modern science. The
teaching of science in schools should also reflect best scientific specified in the Examination Arrangements;
practice in the wider scientific community, and should be supported will ask Learning Teaching Scotland to advise on how best to
by effective interaction with that community. ensure that all school pupils have the opportunity to acquire the
capacity to cope as citizens and decision makers with
We need teachers of science who have the necessary confidence, scientific issues;
competence, resources and support. We also need to address the need
to recruit sufficient new teachers to replace those who will retire soon. will work with the science community, the network of Scottish
Science Centres, and business and industry to harness their
Science should be taught in a safe, modern environment that promotes willingness to provide practical support to science education,
effective learning. In many schools, there has been relatively little and to promote young people’s understanding of and
investment in science equipment and accommodation in recent years. enthusiasm for science as a career;
will work with local authorities to consider how to secure the
To ensure that enough people study science to a standard provision of modern accommodation and resources for
which will enable the future needs of the country to be met, science education; and
the Executive:
will as part of Science Year, organise an international
has asked Learning Teaching Scotland to prepare exemplar conference of science educators, to consider innovative
material for teachers of science in primary and early secondary approaches to the teaching of science, at school and post school
school; levels including community education and wider public
will develop more rigorous assessment of science as part of the understanding across society.
development of a coherent assessment system across the 3-14
stages to support learning and teaching and the monitoring of
performance;
is giving Local Authorities resources to employ additional
teachers, as part of the recent pay and conditions settlement.
Together with some additional targeted resources, these will
enable education authorities to support the teaching of science
in primary schools, and to enable experienced science teachers
to undertake sabbaticals;
> 32/33
Science Strategy for Scotland

IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INCREASING NEED FOR SOCIETY AND PEOPLE TO MAKE
DIFFICULT DECISIONS ABOUT CONTROVERSIAL CHALLENGING ISSUES SUCH AS
CLONING AND GLOBAL WARMING, SCIENCE EDUCATION NEEDS TO BE ABOUT
POST-SCHOOL EDUCATION MORE THAN ACQUISITION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS.
There is a continuing need for substantial numbers of people trained in
science, across a wide range of disciplines. There is an increasing need
for scientists with both a secure base of core scientific skills and
specialist knowledge and skills. The capacity to work closely with other
specialists in multidisciplinary teams is also increasingly important. An important source of qualified scientists and technicians is

>
In the context of the increasing need for society and people to make
difficult decisions about controversial challenging issues such as cloning
and global warming, science education needs to be about more than
acquisition of scientific knowledge and skills. Scientists need the
capacity to understand, and reach balanced informed views, on a range
of complex issues, communicate about science, and contribute
effectively to debates and decision making.
Effective science education is more complex than simply studying one
or two specialist subjects to a high level. We need more courses of
undergraduate and postgraduate study across a wide range of scientific
disciplines that develop not only specialist scientific knowledge and
skills, but also the capacity to contribute to decision making about
scientific issues, plus generic skills such as communication and
entrepreneurship. Lifelong learning in science is increasingly important
if people are to keep abreast of new thinking and developments.
It is important for those working in management, finance and
government to have a broad understanding of science, since they make
business, investment and policy decisions about scientific issues. This
will be partly achieved by the recruitment of those with formal
qualifications in science into such posts, but also by ensuring that
decision makers have sufficient scientific awarenesss.
As those working at technician level are increasingly qualified to degree
level, it is important to ensure that their education provides them with
a secure base of practical skills, and work experience, as well as the
necessary theoretical knowledge.
people who have returned to formal education. Some of them
will need basic science education, perhaps as part of a wider
access programme. Attention must be paid to providing courses
of study at all levels (including those designed to encourage
people back to formal education) that will enable adults to gain
access to further and higher education science courses.
The Executive will:
ask Future Skills Scotland to work with others to undertake
an analysis of the supply and demand for people with
science qualifications, with a view to offering advice to
education and training providers;
ask the Scottish Funding Councils and the further and higher
education institutions how undergraduate and post graduate
science courses might best develop the generic skills of
communication, decision making and working in teams; and
how all science students might have the opportunity to
acquire business and entrepreneurship skills, and to
undertake work experience;
encourage the establishment of a range of undergraduate
and short courses in science communication; and
ask Careers Scotland to ensure there is good quality,
unbiased information and advice about education and
career opportunities in science.

> 34/35
Science Strategy for Scotland

IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INCREASING NEED FOR SOCIETY AND PEOPLE TO MAKE
DIFFICULT DECISIONS ABOUT CONTROVERSIAL CHALLENGING ISSUES SUCH AS
CLONING AND GLOBAL WARMING, SCIENCE EDUCATION NEEDS TO BE ABOUT
POST-SCHOOL EDUCATION MORE THAN ACQUISITION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS.
There is a continuing need for substantial numbers of people trained in
science, across a wide range of disciplines. There is an increasing need
for scientists with both a secure base of core scientific skills and
specialist knowledge and skills. The capacity to work closely with other
specialists in multidisciplinary teams is also increasingly important. An important source of qualified scientists and technicians is

>
In the context of the increasing need for society and people to make
difficult decisions about controversial challenging issues such as cloning
and global warming, science education needs to be about more than
acquisition of scientific knowledge and skills. Scientists need the
capacity to understand, and reach balanced informed views, on a range
of complex issues, communicate about science, and contribute
effectively to debates and decision making.
Effective science education is more complex than simply studying one
or two specialist subjects to a high level. We need more courses of
undergraduate and postgraduate study across a wide range of scientific
disciplines that develop not only specialist scientific knowledge and
skills, but also the capacity to contribute to decision making about
scientific issues, plus generic skills such as communication and
entrepreneurship. Lifelong learning in science is increasingly important
if people are to keep abreast of new thinking and developments.
It is important for those working in management, finance and
government to have a broad understanding of science, since they make
business, investment and policy decisions about scientific issues. This
will be partly achieved by the recruitment of those with formal
qualifications in science into such posts, but also by ensuring that
decision makers have sufficient scientific awarenesss.
As those working at technician level are increasingly qualified to degree
level, it is important to ensure that their education provides them with
a secure base of practical skills, and work experience, as well as the
necessary theoretical knowledge.
people who have returned to formal education. Some of them
will need basic science education, perhaps as part of a wider
access programme. Attention must be paid to providing courses
of study at all levels (including those designed to encourage
people back to formal education) that will enable adults to gain
access to further and higher education science courses.
The Executive will:
ask Future Skills Scotland to work with others to undertake
an analysis of the supply and demand for people with
science qualifications, with a view to offering advice to
education and training providers;
ask the Scottish Funding Councils and the further and higher
education institutions how undergraduate and post graduate
science courses might best develop the generic skills of
communication, decision making and working in teams; and
how all science students might have the opportunity to
acquire business and entrepreneurship skills, and to
undertake work experience;
encourage the establishment of a range of undergraduate
and short courses in science communication; and
ask Careers Scotland to ensure there is good quality,
unbiased information and advice about education and
career opportunities in science.

> 34/35
> Promote the awareness, appreciation and
understanding of science across society

THIS WILL REQUIRE SKILLED COMMUNICATION OF THE IMPACT

OF SCIENCE ON EVERYDAY LIFE, INCLUDING THE BENEFITS AND
RISKS, ON A FOUNDATION OF A SOUND SCIENTIFIC
EDUCATION SYSTEM AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION. > 36/37
> Promote the awareness, appreciation and
understanding of science across society

THIS WILL REQUIRE SKILLED COMMUNICATION OF THE IMPACT

OF SCIENCE ON EVERYDAY LIFE, INCLUDING THE BENEFITS AND
RISKS, ON A FOUNDATION OF A SOUND SCIENTIFIC
EDUCATION SYSTEM AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION. > 36/37
Science Strategy for Scotland
>
New scientific discoveries – and indeed new technologies based
on existing knowledge – are allowing our lifestyles to change at
a faster rate than ever before. Today, more than ever, we are
relying on science and scientists to help us answer questions and
address problems that were unthinkable even just 20 years ago.
Science is all around us and as such has a great impact on all our
lives. The importance of science to wider society was highlighted
by the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and
Technology, in their in-depth study of Science and Society.
TODAY, MORE THAN EVER, WE ARE RELYING ON SCIENCE AND
SCIENTISTS TO HELP US ANSWER QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS
PROBLEMS THAT WERE UNTHINKABLE EVEN JUST 20 YEARS AGO.
A recent survey of attitudes to science, carried out in
collaboration with the Office of Science and Technology and the
Wellcome Trust, has shown that people have a wide range of
views, opinions and beliefs about science and scientific
innovations. While some have complete confidence in science
and adapt to and accept resultant new technologies quickly,
others are sceptical and wary of new developments and need to
be convinced of their value. Other groups are completely
unaware of or uninterested in science and technology with very
little appreciation of the importance of science to them or to the
future of society.
There is also a perception that scientists and policy makers are
working together to promote a culture of secrecy. This has led
to a crisis in confidence in relation to science and scientific
advice. Lord Phillips makes many recommendations in his
report, The BSE Inquiry, as to how science and scientific
advice should be handled within government to ensure that
similar situations can be avoided in the future.
Scientists must be aware of the implications of their work and
must be prepared to engage with the public and debate their
work openly in relation to individual needs, policy
requirements and organisational needs as well as the future
needs of society. There are many activities and organisations
across Scotland which aim to engage society with science,
raising levels of appreciation, awareness and understanding.
The new network of Scottish Science Centres is the most
recent addition to this landscape.
This diversity offers a wide range of learning opportunities
for people’s different needs, but carries with it the risk of
confusion and of being less than fully effective. We will
encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the
Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the
best balance between promoting the most effective use of
resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and
getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness.
> 38/39
Science Strategy for Scotland
>
New scientific discoveries – and indeed new technologies based
on existing knowledge – are allowing our lifestyles to change at
a faster rate than ever before. Today, more than ever, we are
relying on science and scientists to help us answer questions and
address problems that were unthinkable even just 20 years ago.
Science is all around us and as such has a great impact on all our
lives. The importance of science to wider society was highlighted
by the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and
Technology, in their in-depth study of Science and Society.
TODAY, MORE THAN EVER, WE ARE RELYING ON SCIENCE AND
SCIENTISTS TO HELP US ANSWER QUESTIONS AND ADDRESS
PROBLEMS THAT WERE UNTHINKABLE EVEN JUST 20 YEARS AGO.
A recent survey of attitudes to science, carried out in
collaboration with the Office of Science and Technology and the
Wellcome Trust, has shown that people have a wide range of
views, opinions and beliefs about science and scientific
innovations. While some have complete confidence in science
and adapt to and accept resultant new technologies quickly,
others are sceptical and wary of new developments and need to
be convinced of their value. Other groups are completely
unaware of or uninterested in science and technology with very
little appreciation of the importance of science to them or to the
future of society.
There is also a perception that scientists and policy makers are
working together to promote a culture of secrecy. This has led
to a crisis in confidence in relation to science and scientific
advice. Lord Phillips makes many recommendations in his
report, The BSE Inquiry, as to how science and scientific
advice should be handled within government to ensure that
similar situations can be avoided in the future.
Scientists must be aware of the implications of their work and
must be prepared to engage with the public and debate their
work openly in relation to individual needs, policy
requirements and organisational needs as well as the future
needs of society. There are many activities and organisations
across Scotland which aim to engage society with science,
raising levels of appreciation, awareness and understanding.
The new network of Scottish Science Centres is the most
recent addition to this landscape.
This diversity offers a wide range of learning opportunities
for people’s different needs, but carries with it the risk of
confusion and of being less than fully effective. We will
encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the
Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the
best balance between promoting the most effective use of
resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and
getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness.
> 38/39
Science Strategy for Scotland
To promote the awareness, appreciation and understanding
of science across society, the Executive will, working with
funders and other key players:
> A basic scientific understanding is important as it allows individuals
to take part in debates based around science on issues that affect
their lives. We need to increase public awareness of how science
is relevant and important, to individuals and to wider society.
We must in particular seek to bring about a better understanding
and acceptance of scientific uncertainty and risk across society and
increase public confidence in the use of science in policy making.
If people have the opportunity to access scientific information they
will be better placed to make informed choices on issues that
affect them and allow them to influence others.
The media also need to recognise the role they play in informing
the public about science, and take responsibility for how they
present information and comment on scientific issues.
IF PEOPLE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ACCESS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
THEY WILL BE BETTER PLACED TO MAKE INFORMED CHOICES ON ISSUES
THAT AFFECT THEM AND ALLOW THEM TO INFLUENCE OTHERS.
continue to take part in UK surveys of, and take account of,
public attitudes to science and technology;
work closely with, and provide support where appropriate,
to organisations whose aim is to promote scientific
understanding across society;
encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the
Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the
best balance between promoting the most effective use of
resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and
getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness;
provide support in 2001-02 through the Scottish Science
Trust to the network of Scottish Science Centres, to deliver
agreed objectives;
encourage scientists in Higher Education and Scientific
Research Institutions to communicate with the public
about their work and discuss the implications of their
research for society;
in collaboration with the Scottish Science Trust disseminate
information about the availability of and demand for
training and education in science communication;
consult the public on science issues, through
organisations including the Scottish Civic Forum and the
network of Scottish Science Centres; and
support initiatives that enable the media, scientists and
policymakers to work more closely together to effectively
promote science to the people of Scotland.
> 40/41
Science Strategy for Scotland
To promote the awareness, appreciation and understanding
of science across society, the Executive will, working with
funders and other key players:
> A basic scientific understanding is important as it allows individuals
to take part in debates based around science on issues that affect
their lives. We need to increase public awareness of how science
is relevant and important, to individuals and to wider society.
We must in particular seek to bring about a better understanding
and acceptance of scientific uncertainty and risk across society and
increase public confidence in the use of science in policy making.
If people have the opportunity to access scientific information they
will be better placed to make informed choices on issues that
affect them and allow them to influence others.
The media also need to recognise the role they play in informing
the public about science, and take responsibility for how they
present information and comment on scientific issues.
IF PEOPLE HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO ACCESS SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
THEY WILL BE BETTER PLACED TO MAKE INFORMED CHOICES ON ISSUES
THAT AFFECT THEM AND ALLOW THEM TO INFLUENCE OTHERS.
continue to take part in UK surveys of, and take account of,
public attitudes to science and technology;
work closely with, and provide support where appropriate,
to organisations whose aim is to promote scientific
understanding across society;
encourage bodies such as the Scottish Science Trust and the
Royal Society of Edinburgh to consider how to achieve the
best balance between promoting the most effective use of
resources through co-operation and co-ordination, and
getting the full benefits of diversity and local responsiveness;
provide support in 2001-02 through the Scottish Science
Trust to the network of Scottish Science Centres, to deliver
agreed objectives;
encourage scientists in Higher Education and Scientific
Research Institutions to communicate with the public
about their work and discuss the implications of their
research for society;
in collaboration with the Scottish Science Trust disseminate
information about the availability of and demand for
training and education in science communication;
consult the public on science issues, through
organisations including the Scottish Civic Forum and the
network of Scottish Science Centres; and
support initiatives that enable the media, scientists and
policymakers to work more closely together to effectively
promote science to the people of Scotland.
> 40/41
> Ensure the effective use of scientific
evidence in policy formulation and
resource allocation by government

THIS WILL REQUIRE THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE TO PUT PROCEDURES IN PLACE TO

OBTAIN OBJECTIVE AND UP TO DATE SCIENTIFIC ADVICE, IN WHICH THE PUBLIC
AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CAN HAVE CONFIDENCE, TO INFORM POLICY
MAKING AND SPENDING DECISIONS; AND TO MAKE CONSISTENT INPUT TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE POLICIES AT UK AND EUROPEAN LEVEL. > 42/43
> Ensure the effective use of scientific
evidence in policy formulation and
resource allocation by government

THIS WILL REQUIRE THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE TO PUT PROCEDURES IN PLACE TO

OBTAIN OBJECTIVE AND UP TO DATE SCIENTIFIC ADVICE, IN WHICH THE PUBLIC
AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CAN HAVE CONFIDENCE, TO INFORM POLICY
MAKING AND SPENDING DECISIONS; AND TO MAKE CONSISTENT INPUT TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE POLICIES AT UK AND EUROPEAN LEVEL. > 42/43
Science Strategy for Scotland
Many of the hardest questions facing society and government in recent
years have been about scientific issues, arisen because of scientific
developments, or have relied on science for their answers. These issues
include cloning, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), BSE and global
warming.
Government often needs to identify issues, assess risk, take decisions and
provide advice and leadership at a time when scientific evidence is far from
conclusive and there may be disagreement and uncertainty among the
scientific community. Sometimes, consideration of these issues has a
> strong ethical dimension. Government also needs to be able to
demonstrate that it has taken the best possible scientific advice, and
explain the basis for its decisions, to a public that is somewhat sceptical of
the extent to which decisions have been made on the basis of sound
scientific evidence.
Government needs to provide advice to the public, who increasingly need
to take personal decisions on the basis of complex, uncertain or apparently
conflicting scientific evidence. Recent examples include whether to use a
mobile phone, whether to consume GM foods and whether to choose
certain vaccinations.
In order to make sound decisions about priorities and investment,
Government needs to be aware of future as well as current scientific issues
and opportunities. Although it benefits from links with UK and European
scientific advisory groups, and from its extensive network of contacts with
the Scottish science base, there is no formal mechanism to consult on
strategic scientific issues, establish and review overall scientific priorities, or
to ensure that these are being coherently addressed across the Executive,
and by relevant organisations.
Departments across the Executive allocate substantial
resources to scientific activities. It is not practical to bring all
this activity together into a single part of the Executive. For
example, the commissioning of health-related research, the
production of curriculum advice for teachers of science, and
the provision of advice to Ministers on climate change need
to be managed within relevant policy areas.
THERE IS HOWEVER SCOPE FOR MORE CO-ORDINATION BOTH
OF POLICY AND SPENDING ACROSS THE EXECUTIVE TO
ENSURE EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF OVERALL OBJECTIVES.
The publication of Lord Phillips Report, The BSE Inquiry,
raised important issues about the need for Government to
have an effective, transparent and consistent approach to
decision making about scientific issues. Recent research
suggests that the public has limited confidence in that
process, and often mistrusts statements made by
Government Ministers and scientists.
Government needs the capacity to commission and interpret
the best scientific advice. The Executive requires staff with
the skills and experience needed to obtain, interpret and
provide high quality scientific advice, but cannot expect to
employ permanent staff who are expert in all relevant fields.
It does however need to ensure that a broad range of staff
are aware of the key principles and issues underpinning the
science strategy and of the implications for their work.
Within the UK, Scottish science policy is both reserved and
devolved. The Scottish Executive works closely with the
other administrations on joint initiatives, such as the Science
Research Infrastructure Fund, Science Year and the Foresight
Programme, taking a distinctive Scottish approach where
this is required. The Scottish Executive is represented at both
Ministerial and official level on key UK science policy
committees, e.g. the Chief Scientific Adviser’s Committee
and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating
Committee. The Executive continues to rely on the established
science advisory system that provides specialist advice at both
the UK and European level. Scottish scientists and policy
makers are well represented on these committees.
> 44/45
Science Strategy for Scotland
Many of the hardest questions facing society and government in recent
years have been about scientific issues, arisen because of scientific
developments, or have relied on science for their answers. These issues
include cloning, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), BSE and global
warming.
Government often needs to identify issues, assess risk, take decisions and
provide advice and leadership at a time when scientific evidence is far from
conclusive and there may be disagreement and uncertainty among the
scientific community. Sometimes, consideration of these issues has a
> strong ethical dimension. Government also needs to be able to
demonstrate that it has taken the best possible scientific advice, and
explain the basis for its decisions, to a public that is somewhat sceptical of
the extent to which decisions have been made on the basis of sound
scientific evidence.
Government needs to provide advice to the public, who increasingly need
to take personal decisions on the basis of complex, uncertain or apparently
conflicting scientific evidence. Recent examples include whether to use a
mobile phone, whether to consume GM foods and whether to choose
certain vaccinations.
In order to make sound decisions about priorities and investment,
Government needs to be aware of future as well as current scientific issues
and opportunities. Although it benefits from links with UK and European
scientific advisory groups, and from its extensive network of contacts with
the Scottish science base, there is no formal mechanism to consult on
strategic scientific issues, establish and review overall scientific priorities, or
to ensure that these are being coherently addressed across the Executive,
and by relevant organisations.
Departments across the Executive allocate substantial
resources to scientific activities. It is not practical to bring all
this activity together into a single part of the Executive. For
example, the commissioning of health-related research, the
production of curriculum advice for teachers of science, and
the provision of advice to Ministers on climate change need
to be managed within relevant policy areas.
THERE IS HOWEVER SCOPE FOR MORE CO-ORDINATION BOTH
OF POLICY AND SPENDING ACROSS THE EXECUTIVE TO
ENSURE EFFECTIVE DELIVERY OF OVERALL OBJECTIVES.
The publication of Lord Phillips Report, The BSE Inquiry,
raised important issues about the need for Government to
have an effective, transparent and consistent approach to
decision making about scientific issues. Recent research
suggests that the public has limited confidence in that
process, and often mistrusts statements made by
Government Ministers and scientists.
Government needs the capacity to commission and interpret
the best scientific advice. The Executive requires staff with
the skills and experience needed to obtain, interpret and
provide high quality scientific advice, but cannot expect to
employ permanent staff who are expert in all relevant fields.
It does however need to ensure that a broad range of staff
are aware of the key principles and issues underpinning the
science strategy and of the implications for their work.
Within the UK, Scottish science policy is both reserved and
devolved. The Scottish Executive works closely with the
other administrations on joint initiatives, such as the Science
Research Infrastructure Fund, Science Year and the Foresight
Programme, taking a distinctive Scottish approach where
this is required. The Scottish Executive is represented at both
Ministerial and official level on key UK science policy
committees, e.g. the Chief Scientific Adviser’s Committee
and the Science and Engineering Base Co-ordinating
Committee. The Executive continues to rely on the established
science advisory system that provides specialist advice at both
the UK and European level. Scottish scientists and policy
makers are well represented on these committees.
> 44/45
Science Strategy for Scotland
To ensure the effective use of scientific evidence in policy
formulation and resource allocation by Government, the
Executive will:
ensure that a member of the Scottish Cabinet is designated as
Minister for Science and has responsibility for ensuring that this
Strategy is implemented;
set up a Scottish Science Advisory Committee, under the
auspices of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, to provide independent
> advice on strategic scientific issues. It will include members of the
scientific community, users of science, and those directly affected
by science, and will consult widely;
appoint an outstanding scientist, with an international reputation,
to chair the Scottish Science Advisory Committee who it is intended
will become the chief adviser on science to the Executive.
He/she will provide strategic advice on scientific matters to
Scottish Ministers and will be an important voice for Scotland in
debates on science beyond the Executive;
draw on advice from the Scottish Science Advisory Committee to
identify, and subsequently develop, a set of priority areas for
scientific activity, taking account of existing strengths and needs,
the best available evidence of what might be required in the
future, and priorities for the Scottish economy;
regularly review the policies and spending of each Department
against the key objectives laid out in this Strategy and the priorities
that are established for science. Where necessary, we will take
steps to ensure coherence of approach and of spending. The
Scottish Science Advisory Committee will provide advice on the
extent to which the Executive is achieving its cross cutting
objectives for science;
ensure consistent adherence to the principles contained in
Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy Making. As part
of this we will secure the best available impartial scientific
evidence when making decisions, and make that evidence
generally available;
address the issues raised in Lord Phillip’s report, The BSE Inquiry;
ensure that Executive staff are fully briefed on the implications
of this Science Strategy for their work, and receive any support
and training that is required to enable it to be effectively
implemented;
continue to recruit and support scientifically trained staff, as
necessary, to provide specialist support to Departments;
maintain close links among scientific policy makers in
the Executive, UK Government Departments, other public bodies
and European institutions;
make effective use of the UK and European Science Advisory
System, which provides a broader base of specialist advice than is
available within Scotland;
encourage scientists working in Scotland to participate in and
contribute to UK, European and international science
advisory committees;
welcome and play a proactive role in UK-wide initiatives, taking
a distinctive Scottish approach as necessary to ensure that
outcomes meet particular Scottish circumstances;
benchmark Scottish science and public science policy,
against other countries; and
regularly review and update the Science Strategy.
> 46/47
Science Strategy for Scotland
To ensure the effective use of scientific evidence in policy
formulation and resource allocation by Government, the
Executive will:
ensure that a member of the Scottish Cabinet is designated as
Minister for Science and has responsibility for ensuring that this
Strategy is implemented;
set up a Scottish Science Advisory Committee, under the
auspices of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, to provide independent
> advice on strategic scientific issues. It will include members of the
scientific community, users of science, and those directly affected
by science, and will consult widely;
appoint an outstanding scientist, with an international reputation,
to chair the Scottish Science Advisory Committee who it is intended
will become the chief adviser on science to the Executive.
He/she will provide strategic advice on scientific matters to
Scottish Ministers and will be an important voice for Scotland in
debates on science beyond the Executive;
draw on advice from the Scottish Science Advisory Committee to
identify, and subsequently develop, a set of priority areas for
scientific activity, taking account of existing strengths and needs,
the best available evidence of what might be required in the
future, and priorities for the Scottish economy;
regularly review the policies and spending of each Department
against the key objectives laid out in this Strategy and the priorities
that are established for science. Where necessary, we will take
steps to ensure coherence of approach and of spending. The
Scottish Science Advisory Committee will provide advice on the
extent to which the Executive is achieving its cross cutting
objectives for science;
ensure consistent adherence to the principles contained in
Guidelines 2000 – Scientific Advice And Policy Making. As part
of this we will secure the best available impartial scientific
evidence when making decisions, and make that evidence
generally available;
address the issues raised in Lord Phillip’s report, The BSE Inquiry;
ensure that Executive staff are fully briefed on the implications
of this Science Strategy for their work, and receive any support
and training that is required to enable it to be effectively
implemented;
continue to recruit and support scientifically trained staff, as
necessary, to provide specialist support to Departments;
maintain close links among scientific policy makers in
the Executive, UK Government Departments, other public bodies
and European institutions;
make effective use of the UK and European Science Advisory
System, which provides a broader base of specialist advice than is
available within Scotland;
encourage scientists working in Scotland to participate in and
contribute to UK, European and international science
advisory committees;
welcome and play a proactive role in UK-wide initiatives, taking
a distinctive Scottish approach as necessary to ensure that
outcomes meet particular Scottish circumstances;
benchmark Scottish science and public science policy,
against other countries; and
regularly review and update the Science Strategy.
> 46/47
A Science Strategy for Scotland is available on the
Scottish Executive’s website at: www.scotland.gov.uk

Requests for further information on this Strategy should

be addressed to:

Dr Andy Bishop
Science Policy Unit
Scottish Executive
Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Department
Europa Building
450 Argyle Street
Glasgow G2 8LG
Tel: 0141-242 0188
email: science.strategy@scotland.gsi.gov.uk
SCIENCE KNOWS NO COUNTRY, BECAUSE KNOWLEDGE BELONGS TO
HUMANITY, AND IS THE TORCH WHICH ILLUMINATES THE WORLD.
SCIENCE IS THE HIGHEST PERSONIFICATION OF THE NATION
BECAUSE THAT NATION WILL REMAIN THE FIRST WHICH CARRIES
THE FURTHEST THE WORKS OF THOUGHT AND INTELLIGENCE.
Louis Pasteur

Photography p7 © Keith Hunter/arcblue.com, p29, 31, 37 & 43, Creative, Edinburgh

© Crown copyright 2001 Designed and produced on behalf of the Scottish Executive by Astron B18456-8-01
 A SCIENCE STRATEGY FOR SCOTLAND

>

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