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802.15.

4 ZigBee Physical Layer

ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless M2M networks. The ZigBee standard operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification and operates in unlicensed bands including 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz. The 802.15.4 specification upon which the ZigBee stack operates gained ratification by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2003. The specification is a packet-based radio protocol intended for lowcost, battery-operated devices. The protocol allows devices to communicate in a variety of network topologies and can have battery life lasting several years. The ZigBee specification is a combination of HomeRF Lite and the 802.15.4 specification. The spec operates in the 2.4GHz (ISM) radio band the same band as 802.11b standard, Bluetooth, microwaves and some other devices. It is capable of connecting 255 devices per network. The specification supports data transmission rates of up to 250 Kbps at a range of up to 30 meters. ZigBee's technology is slower than 802.11b (11 Mbps) and Bluetooth (1 Mbps) but it consumes significantly less power. ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 - General Characteristics: Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz) Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (@ 915 MHz), and 20 kbps (@868 MHz) Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%) CSMA-CA channel access Yields high throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors and controls Low power (battery life multi-month to years) Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh Addressing space of up to: - 18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64 bit IEEE address) - 65,535 networks Optional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency Fully hand-shaked protocol for transfer reliability Range: 50m typical (5-500m based on environment)

ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 - Typical Traffic Types Addressed


Periodic data Application defined rate (e.g., sensors) Intermittent data

Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g., light switch) Repetitive low latency data

ZigBee protocol features include:


Support for multiple network topologies such as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and mesh networks Low duty cycle provides long battery life Low latency Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Up to 65,000 nodes per network 128-bit AES encryption for secure data connections Collision avoidance, retries and acknowledgements

Mesh Networks A key component of the ZigBee protocol is the ability to support mesh networking. In a mesh network, nodes are interconnected with other nodes so that multiple pathways connect each node. Connections between nodes are dynamically updated and optimized through sophisticated, built-in mesh routing table. Mesh networks are decentralized in nature; each node is capable of selfdiscovery on the network. Also, as nodes leave the network, the mesh topology allows the nodes to reconfigure routing paths based on the new network structure. The characteristics of mesh topology and ad-hoc routing provide greater stability in changing conditions or failure at single nodes.

There are wide range of networking solutions based on the ZigBee protocol. XBee and XBee-PRO modules and other XBee-enabled devices provide an easy-to-implement solution that provides functionality to connect to a wide variety of devices.

XBee/XBeePRO OEM RF Modules

The XBee and XBee-PRO OEM RF Modules were engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and support the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The modules require minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices. The modules operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band and are pin-for-pin compatible with each other

Features:

AT and API Command Modes for configuring module parameters Extensive command set ISM (Industrial, Scientific & Medical) 2.4 GHz frequency band Indoor/Urban Range up to 100 ft. (30 m) Up to 300 (100 m) RF Data Rate 250,000 bps 250,000 bps Serial Interface Data Rate (software selectable) 1200 - 115200 bps (non-standard baud rates also supported) 1200 - 115200 bps (nonstandard baud rates also supported) 16 Direct Sequence software selectable Channels

Pin Configuration

Communication Modes The XBee supports both an AT and an API (Application Programming Interface) mode for sending and receiving data at your controller. Both have their advantages. AT Mode In AT Mode, also called Transparent Mode, just the message data itself is sent and received. The protocol link between the two is transparent to the end user and it appears to be a nearly direct serial link between the nodes as illustrated previously in Figure 1-4. This mode allows simple transmission and reception of serial data. AT Commands are used to configure the XBee, such as to send the data to a node with an address of 5: ATDL 5.

API Mode In API Mode, the programmer packages the data with needed information, such as destination address, type of packet, and checksum value. Also, the receiving node accepts the data with information such as source address, type of packet, signal strength, and checksum value. The advantages are the user can build a packet that includes important data, such as destination address, and that the receiving node can pull from the packet information such as source address of the data. While more programming intensive, API Mode allows the user greater flexibility and increased reliability in some cases.

Typical Microcontroller Interfacing to the XBee

By default the XBee module starts in Transparent mode. Everything send serially to the base XBee module is received on the remote XBee module if the remote module remains in Transparent mode. Command used to enter API mode

There are total of 10 API commands. Every API begins with 0X7E. Structure of an API command

Examples Command to configure DIO0 of remote module as analog input

Command to set PWM0 to 50% duty cycle

In API mode we should either use a 64-bit address transmit request or 16bit address transmit request to send serial data to a remote XBee module.

Command to send the ASCII string HELLO WORLD to the remote module

Receiving serial data from an external device connected to a remote XBee module

Summary

ZigBee is a wireless technology standard operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification. The specification is a packet-based radio protocol intended for lowcost, battery-operated devices. The protocol allows devices to communicate in a variety of network topologies and can have battery life lasting several years.

The ZigBee operates in the 2.4GHz (ISM) radio band. The specification supports data transmission rates of up to 250 Kbps at a range of up to 30 meters. It is capable of connecting 255 devices per network.

The XBee module uses a fully implemented protocol for data communications that provides features needed for robust network communications in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The XBee supports both an AT and an API (Application Programming Interface) mode for sending and receiving data at your controller. In AT Mode, also called Transparent Mode, just the message data itself is sent and received. In API Mode, the programmer packages the data with needed information, such as destination address, type of packet, and checksum value. By default the XBee module starts in Transparent mode

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