1)Potassium Carbonate Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity

Melting relations at 5 and 20 kbar on the composition join sanidine-potassium carbonate are dominated by a two-liquid region that covers over 60% of the join at 1,300 C. At this temperature, the silicate melt contains approximately 19 wt% carbonate component at 5 kbar and 32 wt% carbonate component at 20 kbar. The conjugate carbonate melt contains less than 5 wt% silicate component, and it varies less as a function of temperature than does the silicate melt. Partition coefficients for Ce, Sm, and Tm between the immiscible carbonate and silicate melts at 1,200 and 1,300 C at 5 and 20 kbar are in favor of the carbonate melt by a factor of 23 for light REE and 58 for heavy REE. The effect of pressure on partitioning cannot be evaluated independently because of complementary changes in melt compositions. Minimum REE partition coefficients for CO2 vapor/carbonate melt and CO2 vapor/silicate melt can be calculated from the carbonate melt/silicate melt partition coefficients, the known proportions of melt, and maximum estimates of the proportion of CO2 vapor. The vapor phase is enriched in light REE relative to both melts at 20 kbar and enriched in all REE, especially the light elements, at 5 kbar. The enrichment of REE in CO2 vapor relative to both melts is 34 orders of magnitude in excess of that in water vapor (Mysen, 1979) at 5 kbar and is approximately the same as that in water vapor at 20 kbar. Mantle metasomatism by a CO2-rich vapor enriched in light REE, occurring as a precursor to magma genesis, may explain the enhanced REE contents and light REE enrichment of carbonatites, alkali-rich silicate melts, and kimberlites. Light REE enrichment in fenites and the granular suite of nodules from kimberlites attests to the mobility of REE in CO2-rich fluids under both mantle and crustal conditions.

2)Ammonium Carbonate Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity
A precursor for MgAl spinel has been synthesized via the precipitation method, using ammonium bicarbonate as the precipitant. The precursor was composed of crystalline ammonium dawsonite hydrate [NH4Al(OH)2CO3H2O] and hydrotalcite [Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)164H2O] phases. The precursor converted to pure spinel phase at 900C via two steps upon calcination: (i) decomposition of hydrotalcite at lower temperatures (400800C) and (ii) solidstate reaction between MgO (decomposed from hydrotalcite) and -Al2O3 (derived from NH4Al(OH)2CO3H2O) at higher temperatures (>800C). The effect of calcination temperature on particle morphology and sinterability of the resultant spinel powders were investigated. Author Keywords: Calcination; MgAl2O4; Powderschemical preparation; Sintering; Spinels

3)Zinc Chloride Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity
A precursor for MgAl spinel has been synthesized via the precipitation method, using ammonium bicarbonate as the precipitant. The precursor was composed of crystalline ammonium dawsonite hydrate [NH 4Al(OH)2CO3H2O] and hydrotalcite [Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)164H2O] phases. The precursor converted to pure spinel phase at 900C via two steps upon calcination: (i) decomposition of hydrotalcite at lower temperatures (400800C) and (ii) solidstate reaction between MgO (decomposed from hydrotalcite) and -Al2O3 (derived from NH4Al(OH)2CO3H2O) at higher temperatures (>800C). The effect of calcination temperature on particle morphology and sinterability of the resultant spinel powders were investigated. Author Keywords: Calcination; MgAl2O4; Powderschemical preparation; Sintering; Spinels

4)Hydrochloride Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity

Studies were carried out to determine whether apolipoprotein (apo) A-II, like apoA-I, can recruit phospholipid and cholesterol from cell membranes, thereby forming nascent apoA-II-specific HDL. ApoA-II and apoA-I were purified from plasma and each was incubated with CHO cells at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml. Lipid-containing complexes were isolated from the medium in both cases; the composition of the apoA-II- and apoA-I-specific complexes were similar where percent protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol were 35 +/- 3, 38 +/- 2, and 25 +/1 for apoA-II, respectively, and 40 +/- 2, 35 +/- 1, and 24 +/- 2 for apoA-I, respectively. On a per mole of apolipoprotein basis, apoA-I recruited significantly more phospholipid and cholesterol than dimeric apoA-II suggesting that apoA-I with its greater number of alpha helices binds more lipid. By electron microscopy, nascent apoA-II- and apoA-I-specific particles were predominantly discoidal in morphology. ApoA-II complexes were unique in their nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel size distribution as six distinct populations of particles with diameters of 8.1, 9.3, 10.4, 11.8, 13.1, and 14.6 nm were routinely noted, compared with apoA-I which formed only three major populations with diameters of 7.3, 9.2, and 11.0 nm. Nascent apoA-I complexes incubated with purified lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) were transformed into predominantly 8.4 nm particles. The latter is similar in size to plasma HDL3a, LpA-I particles, suggesting that extracellularly assembled apoA-I-lipid complexes can directly give rise to a major plasma LpA-I subpopulation upon interaction with LCAT. Unlike apoA-I, apoA-II-lipid complexes could not serve as substrates for LCAT and did not undergo transformation. This study also demonstrates, for the first time, that apoA-II and apoA-I show a preference in phospholipid recruitment from membranes. Although phosphatidylcholine is the major phospholipid removed by both apolipoproteins, apoA-II preferentially recruits phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as its second most abundant phospholipid while apoA-I recruits sphingomyelin. As PE is usually associated with the inner leaflet of the membrane, it is likely that dimeric apoA-II, compared with apoA-I, can penetrate farther into the membrane and extract PE. This ability of apoA-II to insert more deeply into the lipid milieu may explain the known ability of apoAII to resist dissociation from the mature HDL particle.

5)Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study calcite cleavage surfaces in air and under aqueous solution at the microtopographic and molecular scales. Surfaces freshly fractured and imaged in air showed wide, flat terraces with steps only a few monolayers high. Exposure to distilled water promoted development of etch pits with differential dissolution rates on inequivalent sides. The pits became broad and shallow with apparent approach to equilibrium after about fifteen minutes. Exposure of the freshly fractured surfaces to air for more than a couple of hours resulted in the appearance of narrow and deepening, irregular-sided pits. These observations indicate a highly dynamic surface capable of incorporating adsorbed material into the near-surface bulk. Molecular resolution images revealed a regular array of corrugations that were interpreted to represent the covalent carbonate groups. The unit cell dimensions of the lattice were the same as those expected for the cleavage plane of bulk calcite but the two-dimensional surface symmetry was not conserved. Apparent displacement of every second carbonate row probably results from frictional forces as the tip scans over rows of alternating orientation; likewise, it may be an expression of surface hydration species adsorbed to these alternate rows and/or the adsorbed species may enhance the effect of the frictional forces. A 2 1 structure is observed on surfaces of pure calcite imaged by AFM in air and under water and supports observations made previously using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) in vacuum. The 2 1 pattern may be caused by slight twisting of some surface carbonate groups in order to stabilize dangling bonds and surface charge after cleavage and surface hydration. However, exact interpretation of rowpairing and the 2 1 structure is difficult because of the convolution of information in the AFM images resulting from topography, elastic surface deformation, and electrostatic forces.

6)Water Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity

Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) is defined as the UV absorbance of a water sample at a given wavelength normalized for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. Our data indicate that SUVA, determined at 254 nm, is strongly correlated with percent aromaticity as determined by
13

C NMR for 13 organic matter isolates obtained

from a variety of aquatic environments. SUVA, therefore, is shown to be a useful parameter for estimating the dissolved aromatic carbon content in aquatic systems. Experiments involving the reactivity of DOC with chlorine and tetra- methylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), however, show a wide range of reactivity for samples with similar SUVA values. These results indicate that, while SUVA measurements are good predictors of general chemical characteristics of DOC, they do not provide information about reactivity of DOC derived from different types of source materials. Sample pH, nitrate, and iron were found to influence SUVA measurements.

7)Sodium Flouride Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and

Chemical Reactivity
A technology for obtaining the zinc phosphate coating on an AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated. The main ingredients in the phosphating bath were H3PO4, ZnO and NaF. This coating has typical phosphate microstructure, and the compositions in this coating analyzed by XRD are Zn3(PO4)24H2O, Zn, AlPO4 and MgZn2(PO4)2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown that very fine zinc particles surrounded phosphate crystals and filled in the interstice of the insoluble phosphate. Salt spray tests have indicated that the zinc phosphate coating has better corrosion resistance due to the presence of crystalline zinc in the coating. The zinc phosphate coating was used as the base layer for further paint. Salt spray showed that the paint plus phosphate coating had good corrosion resistance. The adhesion of paint on the zinc phosphate coating was better than that of paint on chromate conversion coating due to the microporous structure of the phosphate coating. Keywords: Phosphate coating; Magnesium alloy; Salt spray; XRD; SEM

8)Titanium Oxide Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity
In this paper we report the ion exchange reactions and the thermal decomposition of titanium oxide nanotubes, obtained by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 and NaOH. Based on these results we propose a new composition for the as-prepared nanotubes as Na2Ti3O7nH2O. Our results also suggest that nanotube walls have structure similar to those observed in the layer of the bulk Na2Ti3O7. Depending on how the washing process is performed on the nanotubes (water or acid solutions) the Na + content can be modified via the exchange reaction of Na+ by H+. Thus, a general chemical formula was also proposed: Na2-xHxTi3O7 nH2O (0 < x < 2), x being dependent on the washing process. Keywords: titanate nanotubes, nanorods, TiO2, photocatalysis, hydrothermal treatment

9)Sodium Palm Kernelate its composition

Composition : +30% : eau 5-15% : Sodium palmate, **sodium palmkernelate** -5% : glycrine, sodium nitrate, parfums

10)Magnesium oxide formula

Both Mg and O have 2 valences MgO is the formula Molar mass = 24.3 + 16 = 40.3 g/mol % O = 16 x 100 / 40.3 = 39.7 % Mg = 24.3 x 100 / 40.3 = 60.

11)Dextrose and its Comp[osition

Starch is liquefied and saccharified using an enzyme-enzyme conversion process to produce dextrose syrups. This saccharified starch hydrolysate is clarified to remove suspended solids and insoluble impurities. Traditionally rotary vacuum filters pre-coated with a filter-aid such as diatomaceous earth are used. Microfiltration, a membrane separation process, can be used for clarification of hydrolysate more efficiently and economically. Although it has been claimed that the quality of the membrane-clarified syrup is superior compared to the conventional filtration, there is little data on the composition and properties of membrane clarified dextrose syrups.This study focused on the degree of clarification, and changes in flow properties and composition of concentrates and syrup obtained by microfiltration of a typical stream of saccharified corn starch hydrolysate to a volume concentration ratio (VCR) of 100.A laboratory-scale cross-flow microfiltration system was used to clarify the hydrolysate to obtain a 99% yield (VCR of 100) of the clarified dextrose syrup. Samples of clarified syrup and concentrate were taken at different volume concentration ratios to determine density, viscosity, color, suspended solids, total solids, nitrogen, ash, fat and dextrose content.Clarified syrup had low color and no suspended solids at all volume concentration ratios. Viscosity of the concentrates increased at higher VCR, but viscosity of permeates remained essentially unchanged. The density and dextrose content of all retentates and permeates were not significantly different from each other. Total solids, nitrogen, fat and ash content of the retentates increased with increase in VCR. In contrast, total solids, nitrogen, fat and ash of permeates remained the same for all VCR. The results indicate that high-quality syrup can be obtained by microfiltration of corn starch hydrolysate up to at least a VCR of 100. Therefore, microfiltration is an effective alternative to rotary vacuum pre-coat filtration for clarification of starch hydrolysates.

12)Iron Phosphate Phase in Estuarine Sediments: Composition, Formation and Chemical Reactivity
Reductive dissolution experiments and microprobe analyses reveal the existence of a discrete ironphosphorus phase (FeP) in intertidal freshwater sediments from the eutrophic Scheldt estuary (Belgium and The Netherlands). This mineral phase is found at all depths sampled (050 cm) and exhibits a remarkably uniform composition and chemical reactivity. It accounts for more than 70% of total phosphorus in the sediments, and is quantitatively extracted by ascorbate at near-neutral pH. High molar P/Fe ratios (0.70.8), and identical dissolution kinetics of phosphorus and iron in pH7.5 ascorbate solution, point to a hydrous ferric phosphate mineral. Bulk sediment Fe(III)/Fe(II) ratios measured with Mssbauer spectroscopy are also consistent with a predominantly ferric, rather than ferrous, iron phosphate phase. Mineral precipitates collected in situ on Teflon strips reveal active formation of ferric phosphate phases in the upper oxidized sediment layer at the freshwater sampling site, but also at a downstream brackish site. Oxidative precipitation and subsequent burial of iron phosphate explain the large-scale removal of nutrient phosphorus from the water column in the freshwater portion of the estuary. In the downstream brackish and marine portions of the estuary, this sedimentary phosphorus sink is limited by the increased availability of sulfate, as sulfide produced by sulfate reduction converts the reactive ferric phosphate pool into iron sulfides.

13)Lecithin its Composition,Benefits and Function

The term lecithin is a generic word used to refer to either phosphatidylcholine (PC) or a group of phosphate acids. Soya lecithin is typically the commercial kind, which consists of three types of phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). All of these phospholipids are a major component in the formation of cell membranes, along with cholesterol and glycerides. Since its discovery in 1850 by Maurice Gobley, lecithin has been used in a wide variety of food and industrial applications. Decades later, soya lecithin was discovered and the substance became a multifunctional, flexible and versatile tool best known for its emulsifying properties. Soya lecithin helps promote solidity in margarine and give consistent texture to dressings and other creamy products. It also used in chocolates and coatings and to counteract spattering during frying. In addition, soya lecithin boasts of a unique lipid molecular structure which makes it idea for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications and various industrial uses such as paints, textiles, lubricants, and waxes.

But while soya lecithin has many functional benefits, recent studies have been focusing on its purported health benefits. There is no arguing that lecithin, or more accurately phosphatidylcholine plays a significant role in the cell. It contributes to its structural integrity, facilitate the movement of fluids in and out, and eases cell communication. Its presence and its perceived role in brain functioning has led many scientists to surmise that lecithin may aid in brain-related disorders, including dementia, memory loss, Alzheimers disease, and many others.Lecithin is also said to help keep the liver healthy. By keeping fats dispersed in the water, lecithin prevents these fats from accumulating in the liver, thus helping put a stop to some of the causes of cirrhosis.But while phosphatidylcholine and its synthesized form, choline, seem to accomplish all these, studies have failed to make a significant connection between the intake of soya lecithin and treatment of these symptoms.

14)Sulfonic acid
A composition is disclosed of a sulfonic acid or amine salt thereof, a resinous carrier, and a solvent. The composition is applied to a portion of an electrical apparatus which is exposed to a gas stream. The solvent in the composition is evaporated to produce a thermoparticulating coating. When the electrical apparatus overheats the sulfonic acid or amine sulfonate in the coating forms particles in the gas stream which are detected by a monitor.

15)Glycerin its composition, based on compounds in the reaction and in the oil, which did not react, are:

Unreacted oil - usually in the biodiesel, but some may be in the byproduct, Biodiesel - settling longer usually allows more biodiesel to rise to the top of the container. Soap - byproduct of reaction - Increases with FFA content, increases exponentially with increased water in the oil. Methanol - for 22% methanol in reaction, about half remains in the byproduct Caustic - The titration amount is consumed making soap from FFA, the base amou (catalyst portion) is unused and settles out in the byproduct layer organic solids - the burnt and unburnt bits in the oil Last but not least, Glycerol (AKA Glycerin), the glycerol portion of the triglyceride oils/fats

16)Sodium Benzoate
Sodium benzoate (E211) has the chemical formula NaC6H5CO2. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid. Sodium benzoate is a preservative.

To get the molar mass we have to sum the atomic weights . There are 7 atoms of C % C = ( 12.011 x 7 ) x 100 / 144.11 = 58.3 There are 5 atoms of H % H = ( 5 x 1.008) x100 / 144.11 = 3.50 There are 2 atoms of O % O = ( 2 x 15.99994) x 100 / 144.11 = 22.2 There is 1 atom of Na % Na = 22.9898 x 100 / 144.11 = 16.0

17)Ethoxydiglycol
A composition comprising about 0.01% to about 30%, by weight, of a hydroxycinnamic acid, a methoxycinnamic acid, or mixtures thereof dissolved in a compound having one or more hydroxy groups. 2. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 0.1% to about 20% of the hydroxycinnamic acid, methoxycinnamic acid, or mixtures thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1 comprising about 0.5% to about 15% of the hydroxycinnamic acid, methoxycinnamic acid, or mixtures thereof.

4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid or methoxycinnamic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2,3dihydroxycinnamic acid, 2,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, 2-methoxycinnamic acid, 3methoxycinnamic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid, 3-methoxy-4hydroxycinnamic acid, and mixtures thereof. 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2hydroxycinnamic acid, 3-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and mixtures thereof. 6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the hydroxycinnamic acid comprises 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. 7. The composition of claim 1 wherein the compound having one or more hydroxy groups comprises a monoC 14alkyl ether of an ethylene glycol oligomer, a monoC1-4alkyl ether of a propylene glycol oligomer, or mixtures thereof. 8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the monoC1-4alkyl ether of an ethylene glycol oligomer or a monoC1-4alkyl ether of a propylene glycol oligomer has a general formulawherein R1 is C1-4alkyl, R2 is hydrogen or methyl, or n is 2 or 3. 9. The composition of claim 7 wherein the monoC1-4alkyl ether of an ethylene glycol oligomer or a monoC1-4alkyl ether of a propylene glycol oligomer is selected from the group consisting of ethoxydiglycol, methoxydiglycol, butoxydiglycol, methoxytriglycol, ethoxytriglycol, and mixtures thereof. 10. The composition of claim 7 wherein the monoC1-4alkyl ether of an ethylene glycol oligomer or a monoC1-4alkyl ether of a propylene glycol oligomer comprises ethoxydiglycol. 11. The composition of claim 1 wherein the compound having one or more hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of a C2-4 alcohol, a C3-5 glycol, a polyethylene glycol, a polypropylene glycol, a triol, a polyol, an ethoxylated glycerin, and mixtures thereof. 12. The composition of claim 11 wherein the compound having one or more hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, glycereth-7 through glycereth-31, PEG-4 through PEG-800, PPG-3 through PPG-69, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, t-butyl alcohol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, sorbitol, and mixtures thereof. 13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the compound having one or more hydroxy groups comprises a nonionic surfactant. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of an ethoxylated octyl phenol, an ethoxylated nonyl phenol, an ethoxylated linear C 8-22 alcohol, a propoxylated linear C822 alcohol, an ethoxylated and propoxylated linear C8-22 alcohol, a polyethylene glycol ether of sorbitol, an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer, and mixtures thereof.

18)Triethanolamine Benzalkonium Chloride

Benzalkonium chloride, also known as alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and ADBAC, is a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides of various even-numbered[2] alkyl chain lengths. This product is a nitrogenous cationic surface-acting agent belonging to the quaternary ammonium group. It has three main categories of use; as a biocide, a cationic surfactant and phase transfer agent in the chemical industry.ADBAC is

highly toxic to fish (LC50 = 280 g ai/L), very highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates (LC50 = 5.9 g ai/L), moderately toxic to birds (LD50 = 136 mg/kg-bw), and slightly toxic to mammals (LD50= 430 mg/kg-bw).[5] Benzalkonium chloride solutions of 10% or more are toxic to humans, causing irritation to the skin and mucosa, and death if taken internally.[6]Several studies have identified allergic reactions to benzalkonium chloride by some individuals[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] but several studies have cast doubt on its reputation for other negative health effects.[14][15] It is still widely used in eyewashes, nasal sprays, hand and face washes, mouthwashes, spermicidal creams, and in various other cleaners, sanitizers, and disinfectants. Manufacturers of over-the-counter artificial tears and eye washes became concerned about chemical sensitivity from long-term daily use and have in some products substituted EDTA as a preservative. Some have packaged eye drops in single-use vials with no preservative[16] for sensitive eyes. There has also been concern that

long-term use of benzalkonium as a preservative in nasal sprays may cause swelling of mucosa and lead to rhinitis medicamentosa. Although some studies have found no correlation between use of benzalkonium chloride in nasal sprays and rhinitis medicamentosa,[17] others have found benzalkonium chloride in oxymetazoline nasal spray to worsen rhinitis medicamentosa in healthy volunteers after both long-term use[18][19] and short-term use.[20]Contact lens solutions typically contain 0.002% to 0.01% benzalkonium chloride.[21] K. C. Swan[22] found that repeated use of benzalkonium chloride at concentrations of 1:5000 (0.02%) or stronger can denature corneal protein and cause irreversible damage to the eye. Swan also found that 0.04% to 0.05% solutions of benzalkonium chloride can cause punctures of the corneal epithelium. The disadvantages of using benzalkonium chloride solutions with contact lenses are also discussed in the literature.[23] [24]A disinfectant containing benzalkonium chloride and the related compound didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) has been identified as the most probable cause of birth defects and fertility problems in caged mice. [25]A 2009 study has found that benzalkonium chloride, when used in less than lethal concentrations, resulted in an increased resistance to the disinfectant solution, and a 256-fold increase in resistance of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the ciprofloxacin antibiotic, even though the bacterial colonies had not been previously exposed to the antibiotic.[26]

19)Ferrous Fumarate
Iron(II) fumarate, also known as ferrous fumarate, is the iron(II) salt of fumaric acid, occurring as a reddishorange powder, used to supplement iron intake. It has the chemical formula C4H2FeO4. Pure ferrous fumarate has an iron content of 32.87%, therefore one tablet of 300 mg iron fumarate will contain 98.6 mg of iron (548% Daily Value based on 18mg RDI).

20)Monosodium Glutamate
Monosodium glutamate, also known as sodium glutamate and MSG, is a sodium salt of glutamic acid, a naturally occurring non-essential amino acid.It is used as a food additive and is commonly marketed as a flavour enhancer. It has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621.[2] Trade names of monosodium glutamate include Ajinomoto, Vetsin, Ac'cent, "Sazn Goya" and Tasting Powder. It was once made predominantly from wheat gluten, but is now made mostly from bacterial fermentation; it is acceptable for coeliacs following a gluten-free diet.[3][4][5][6] Although traditional East Asian cuisine had often used seaweed extract, which contains high concentrations of glutamic acid, it was not until 1907 that MSG was isolated by Kikunae Ikeda. MSG was subsequently patented by Ajinomoto Corporation of Japan in 1909. In its pure form, it appears as a white crystalline powder that, as a salt, dissociates into sodium cations and glutamate anions while dissolving (glutamate is the anionic form of glutamic acid).

21)Sorbitol
Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol that the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, changing thealdehyde group to a hydroxyl group. Sorbitol is found in [1] apples, pears, peaches, and prunes. It is synthesized by sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and [1] converted to fructose by succinate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase. Succinate [1] dehydrogenase is an enzyme complex that participates in the citric acid cycle. The molecular formula of a sorbitol is C6H14O6v