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Yanir Shaked University of Massachusetts, Lowell Shenkar College of Engineering and Design Green Plastics Technology
June 08
Thursday, June 26, 2008
Introduction
Bio-Plastics are not a single class of polymers but rather a family of products which can vary considerably A generally recognized definition of the concept does not exist Bio-Plastics consist of
Biobased plastics, based on renewable resources Biodegradable polymers, which meet all criteria of scientifically recognized norms for biodegradability and compostability
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Bio-Plastics Properties
Slow Recrystallization Moisture absorption
Hydrolytical degradation, mainly PLA above Tg Bulk imperfections for PHA
Thermal degradation
Mw reduction affecting Melt strength, Mechanical properties
Viscosity
Melt elasticity of linear polyesters
Foaming, Thermoforming, Blown Film, Blow Molding
Processing Considerations
Implications
Drying Increased cycle time, lower line speeds (compare to polyolefines) Low processing temperatures, many times at relatively high viscosity
High Pressure, and Torque requirements
Processing of Bio-Plastics
Processing of Bio-Plastics
Processing of Bio-Plastics
Processing of Bio-Plastics
Poly Hydroxybutyrate
Poly Hydroxybutyrate, PHB, is the most common of PHA Bio-Based and Bio-Degradable Polymer Aliphatic, thermoplastic, linear, semi-crystalline polyester When copolymerized can cover a wide range of mechanical properties
0.5m
PP 2300c
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165oc 185oc
Slope: -1.516X10-3
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Rheological Characterization
Tm 1700c Capillary Rheometer @ 1800C 27% MW loss
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700c
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PHB, Processing
Super cooling Processing below Tm Reverse Temperature Profile
PHB, Processing
Implement
Characterization Processing
T3
T2
T1
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Extensive super-cooling
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Apparent viscosity
W=32mm
H=1.5mm
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Pa*sec
1000
172
120
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170
Mw
50
40 180
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205
Melt T [0C]
200
195
171c
190 30 40
177c
182c
50
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RPM
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Mw
30
40
50
190
195
200
205
210
Melt T [0C]
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1700 1400
Pa*sec
1100 800
CR=3.5, T3=166c CR=3, T3=154c
500 30 40 50 60 70
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RPM
165
180
Conclusions
Extrusion Rheology is a very powerful tool for the determination of PHB flow characteristics, and possibly other thermally unstable BioPlastics Residence time effects overwhelm temperature effect, for the evaluated range Super cooling of the melt is possible up to 1350c, ~350c below Tm Best MW retention achieved at low temperatures, short residence times, and low shear
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Conclusions
While as solid PHB resembles the behavior of other known polymers, its melt state differs substantially Loss in molecular weight during processing should be taken into account There will always be some reduction in MW down the process stream Knowing the polymers limitations will ease its implementation into existing processes The use of Bio-Plastics in large scale manufacturing is doable
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Questions
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