ROBOT

WHAT IS A ROBOT?

ROBOT

DEFINITION
A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. Robot Institute of America, 1979

APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRY MILITARY MEDICAL SPACE RESEARCH & EXPLORATION

Military: Drone Aircrafts

Drone Planes being used by the U.S army to keep a watch on key enemy installations and enemy movement using thermal imaging and image processing

Bomb Disposal
Bomb disposal robots make a dangerous job a little less hazardous. They're designed to search for, locate and neutralize explosive devices. They are equipped with manipulator s, tools and cameras, and

Space: Canadarm
November 13, 1981 Canadarm made its space debut onboard the Columbia. The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (S.R.M.S.) Used on the space shuttle to maneuver a payload

Research Exploring other planets

Future Ahead: A.S.I.M.O.

A

Features: Moving objects, postures, gestures, environment recognition, facial recognition etc. First prototyp e in the year

TYPES OF ROBOT
ROBOTS
SEMIAUTONOMOUS AUTONOM US SELF LEARNIN G

MANUAL

WIRED

WIRELE SS

PREPROGRAMMED

Basic Parts of a Robot

Click to edit Master text styles Controller : p/c Second level Communication Third level System : Fourth level Wired/Wireless Fifth level Power Supply System : AC/DC Actuators : Motors
Mechanical System / Frame : Chassis

Camera Mike Obstacle Light

Sensors:

Mechanical System
It is the most basic and important part of the robot. It comprises of chassis/frame, motor, wheels and

their placement.
It gives a shape to your robot i.e. either vehicle,

humanoid etc type.

It gives locomotion to the robot, generally differential

drive is used.

Types of Sensors

OPTICAL SENSORS / LIGHT SENSORS

LDR LED IR Led Camera Photo Diode Modulated IR Photo Transistor

SOUND SENSOR
Microphone Ultrasonic Sensor

CONTROLLERS

What Is A Microprocessor? What Is A Microcontroller?

Need of p Or c
A microprocessor is the heart of computer systems. A microcontroller is the heart of an embedded system. Most communication, digital entertainment and portable devices, are controlled by either of them.

Block Diagram of p & c

Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller Microcontroller Microprocessor

CPU is stand-alone. RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are external. Size of ROM, RAM and I/O ports can be optimized. For applications in which the accuracy and time are critical. General-purpose

CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip. Fixed size of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports. For applications in which cost, power and space are critical. Task specific systems.

Microcontroller: There is a huge variety of microcontrollers. They can Classification be classified on following points:
- CPUs:

4bit, 8bit, 16bit, 32bit C.I.S.C., R.I.S.C. Harvard, Von Neumann. Clock frequency range.

- Memory: FLASH, EEPROM, SRAM.

Classifications..
-

Integrated Peripherals: Number of I/O Ports. Number and type of the Timers. A.D.C. Other I/O Interfaces like U.A.R.T., S.P.I., C.A.N.,

Other features based on energy consumption modes etc.

-

Examples of different series of cs:

8051 At89s52 AVR PIC Atmega 8/16 ARM PIC10F MSP LPC2148 MSP430

What happens In It...

Here various activities of a robot are controlled through a control unit, which is called the brain of the robot. Interaction with the external parameters is done using sensors. It is possible to make the robots re-programmable.

AC Motors

Different Types of Motors

Stepper Motors

DC Motors

Servo Motors

Light Emitting Diodes(LEDs)

In a normal forward biased diode, energy is dissipated as heat in the junction, but in LED's energy is dissipated as visible light.

Infra Red LED(IR LEDs)

The major difference between LED and IR LED is that IR LED emits Infrared Radiations, which we cannot see by our naked eyes. We use IR LED with photo diode as a sensor, as it is less prone to external light effects compared to LDR+LED combination.

Photo Diode

Type of photodetector

Capable of converting light into either current or voltage

Modulated IR Receiver Module

If you want a good distance then you should use 38Khz modulated IR with TSOP1738 detector. Use IC555 to generate 38Khz square wave.

Light Dependent Resistor(LDR)

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR(LDR): Resistance : 400ohm to 400Kohm Normal Resistance variation: 1Kohm to 10Kohm Sensitivity: About 3msec

Temperature Sensor (LM35)

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. -55 C to

Digital Optical Sensor

Optical Sensor

Short range optical detector.

Reasonably narrow detection area.

Range can be increased by increasing the power to the IR LEDs or adding more IR LEDs.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

It is the communication media between:

The robot & the controller, in case of manually controlled robot. From one robot to another robot, in case of autonomous robot.

In case of wired controlled robot cupper wire is used.

In case of wireless controlled robot RF, IR, Bluetooth etc can be used.