VLSI Design: Introduction & Motivation Introduction & Motivation

VLSI
Institute for Applied Information Processing and Communications (IAIK) VLSI & Security
VLSI Design
Introduction & Motivation
Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

IAIK Graz University of Technology Johannes.Wolkerstorfer@iaik.tugraz.at www.iaik.tugraz.at
01_introduction
VLSI
Contact
Newsgroup: tu-graz.lv.vlsi-design Email: Johannes.Wolkerstorfer@iaik.tugraz.at E il J h W lk t f @i ik t t Slides: http://www.iaik.tugraz.at/ Office: room F2.10, IAIK Office hours: any time Telephone: +43 316 873-5515
01_introduction
VLSI
VLSI Design General overview

Introduction Arithmetic Methodology Design flow CMOS l i logic Subsystems High speed architecture High speed circuit Low power Nanotechnology Testing T ti Best practice
01_introduction
VLSI
Literature
Slides http://www.iaik.tugraz.at/content/teaching/ master_courses/vlsi_design/downloads/ Hubert Kslin, Digital Integrated Circuits, Cambridge Press, ISBN 978-0521882675 2008 Press 978-0521882675, 2008. Jan M. Rabaey, Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective,Prentice Hall Electronics and VLSI Series,
2nd edition ISBN 978 0130909961, 2003 edition, 978-0130909961 2003.
Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer 01_introduction 4
VLSI
Literature Architecture & Arithmetic

Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface,
D. Patterson and J. Hennessy, Second Edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998 Publishers 1998.
Computer Arithmetic Algorithms and Hardware Designs,

Behrooz Parhami, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-19-512583-5.
01_introduction
VLSI
Literature Tools
The designer's guide to VHDL,
Peter J Ashenden Morgan J. Ashenden, Kaufmann Publishers, May 2001.
Software Manuals
PDF files of installed software Links work in StudentNet under Linux only More about in KU
01_introduction
VLSI
Overview
Motivation
Application of integrated circuits
Challenges of VLSI design

How to cope with complexity
Hardware-Software interaction CMOS process t h l technology CMOS logic basics
01_introduction
VLSI
VLSI Design Opportunities pp

Efficient h d Effi i t hardware
New applications
Wireless computing UMTS, MP3 UMTS MP3, PDA
Higher Hi h complexity l it
Voice recognition
01_introduction
VLSI
VLSI Design State of the art

System-on-Chip
Single chip solution
Digital
P Processor Memory
Analog
Wireless IO
Software
Picture Tality
VLSI
VLSI Design Complex p p processor

Pentium
trans.: Die size: CMOS: Frequ.: Frequ : Dissip: Volt:
3,
28, , 105, 0.18, 1.0, 10 35, 1.65,
4
42 mio 146 mm 0.13 m 2.2 2 2 GHz 55 Watt 1.5 Volt
Picture Intel Corp.
01_introduction
10
VLSI
VLSI Design Design g p g gap

Silicon technology
Exponential growth
+ Transistors - Feature size - Cost
log
GAPs
Silicon Sili opportunity gates transistor mask
1960 1970 1980
SoC synthesis
Design Automation
To T cope with complexity ith l it Lags behind technology
Design productivity
1990 2000
01_introduction
11
VLSI
VLSI Design Design automation g

The dream
Push-button solution Automated design flow
From high-level description To physical implementation
The reality
Automation mostly on low level
Logic synthesis Standard-cell layout
Automated optimization
High speed Low power Low die size Time to market
Straight-forward solution
Tools yield average results only Most optimization by engineers
Do what I mean
VLSI
VLSI Design How to handle complexity p y

Design flow
Top down Verification
Design principles
Hierarchy y
Divide & conquer
Regularity
Reusability
Modularity
System y
Well-defined interfaces
Algorithm Architecture Implementation
Locality
Abstraction
Abstraction is the key to handle compexity! y p y

VLSI
VLSI Design Complex system p y

Complex systems contain software!
Software i t S ft interacts with hardware t ith h d
Picture Siemens Corp.
Application A li ti RTOS Iteration Driver
DSP
Analog g
DMA Processor Memory
Software
Hardware
01_introduction
14
VLSI
Hardware Software Interface

Hardware influences software ( (and vice versa) )
Hardware-Software codesign
HW-SW similarities
Multiple layers M lti l l Hierarchy Abstraction
so oftware e har rdware e
Software interacts with hardware
Application OS Device driver Firmware Instruction set

Datapath/control
Module Gate Transistor
Instruction set is the interface between HW and SW

VLSI
Instruction set Categories g

CISC: complex instruction set computer
Comprehensive instruction set Variable instruction length 80x86, 68000, Pentium
RISC: d RISC reduced i t ti set computer d instruction t t

Sparse instruction set DEC Alpha, SUN Sparc, MIPS
VLIW: very long instruction word EPIC: explicitly parallel instruction Computer
Multiple RISC instruction per word Fixed instruction length IA-64, Crusoe
01_introduction
16
VLSI
Instruction set Operations p

Load, Store Computational
add, sub, mul
(43%)
mov, push, pop ,p ,p p
OP Simple operations
data
Jump and b J d branch (23%) h

Unconditional: goto Conditional: jnz, j j , jz
IO, Coprocessor Special
Used most often Most impact on performance
01_introduction
17
VLSI
Instruction set Execution

Fetch & Execute Pipelining
Overlap fetch & execute Throughput increased More resources required Complexity increased
Instruction fetch Instruction decode Operand fetch Execute E t Result store
01_introduction
18
VLSI
CMOS technology Complexity p y

Transistor count
Exponential E ti l growth Doubles every 18 months
16,000 x in 20 years
Picture Intel
01_introduction
19
VLSI
CMOS technology Clock frequency q y

Performance
Exponential E ti l growth Doubles every 3 years
Picture IBM
01_introduction
20
VLSI
CMOS technology
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
NMOS transistor
ON when gate at VDD g
Gate Source PMOS Drain Gate NMOS Source
PMOS transistor
ON when gate at GND
Interconnect
Metal (Al, Cu)
01_introduction
21
VLSI
CMOS technology Transistors as switches

NMOS transistor
G Good switch for GND G
PMOS transistor
Good switch for VDD
GND
VDD - Vt
Threshold voltage Vt
Cut-off: VGS < VT => ID = 0
Reduced output voltage
NMOS switching VDD PMOS switching GND
VDD
V
GND + Vt
V
Good
Bad
01_introduction
22
VLSI
CMOS technology Chip p p production
01_introduction
23
VLSI
CMOS technology Process steps p
Picture Intel
01_introduction
24
VLSI
CMOS technology Cross section

NMOS transistor: in substrate PMOS transistor: in n-well n well
Substrate Source Drain Gate Wires
NMOS Transistor
PMOS Transistor
Picture Prentice Hall
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25
VLSI
CMOS logic basics

Why is knowledge of circuits important? Isn t Isnt the circuit level automated today?
Redesign of cell libraries for new technologies Automated design good for straight-forward solution straight forward High speed and low power require more design parameters (logic style) Tools support traditional design methods only Humans do better optimization than tools today Electrical problems (clock and power distribution)
Know and understand VLSI effects! K d d t d ff t !

VLSI
CMOS logic basics Digital systems g y

Synchronous logic
S Standard design technique g q Global clock controls flip-flops Static CMOS logic
Combinational logic
clk
Efficient implementation Keep system level and circuit level in mind!

VLSI
CMOS logic basics Logic g

Static CMOS logic
Complementary
Pull-up network Pull-down network
a b q
Inverting
Otherwise additional Inverter
a q
Logic levels: LO (GND) HI (VDD) (GND),

Intermediate voltages abstracted
No static power consumption

b
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28
VLSI
CMOS logic basics Inverter

Simpelst CMOS g p gate: q = !a Insulating output from input Amplification: restoring levels Explanation model for
Performance
Time to charge CL
a CL q a CL q
Power consumption
Energy to charge CL
Inverter is the key to understand CMOS logic!

VLSI
CMOS logic basics Transistor

L
Gates voltage
Modulates h M d l t channel conductivity l d ti it
n+
(Drain)
W
(Gate)
poly n+
SiO2
(Gate Oxid)
Source-drain voltage
Specifies drain current
p
(Bulk)
(Source)
Designer influences characteristics

By modification of geometry
Ids max ds,max Linearity by width W y by length L
Ids
Pictures Volker Schindler
Manufacturer determines
Geometry limits: Lmin, Wmin And other parameters: tox
linear Saturation Vgs4 Vgs3 g Vgs2 Vgs1
Vds
VLSI
CMOS logic basics Performance

Performance determined by
Propagation delay P ti d l
Size of load capacitor CL
Fanout: number of connected gates Interconnect: length of wires
a CL q
Current driving capability

Process technology: Transistor geometry: Supply voltage: Lmin W VDD < > >
a CL q
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VLSI
CMOS logic basics Power dissipation p

Power consumption determined by
Charging f Ch i of capacitor it
Size of load capacitor CL
Fanout Interconnect
a CL q
Supply Voltage VDD

a q CL
Power dissipation is a major concern!
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32
VLSI
Conclusion
Complex VLSI systems
Hardware and Software Abstraction to cope with complexity
C OS p ocess technology CMOS process tec o ogy

Short innovation cycles High integration (Moores law) (System-on-Chip)
CMOS inverter
To explain basic effects of integrated circuits
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33

VLSI Design: Introduction & Motivation Introduction & Motivation

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VLSI

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

VLSI Design General overview

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Literature Architecture & Arithmetic

Computer Arithmetic Algorithms and Hardware Designs,

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Challenges of VLSI design

Hardware-Software interaction CMOS process t h l technology CMOS logic basics

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

VLSI Design Opportunities pp

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

VLSI Design State of the art

VLSI Design Complex p p processor

Picture Intel Corp.

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

VLSI Design Design g p g gap

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

VLSI Design Design automation g

VLSI Design How to handle complexity p y

Algorithm Architecture Implementation

Abstraction is the key to handle compexity! y p y

VLSI Design Complex system p y

Picture Siemens Corp.

Application A li ti RTOS Iteration Driver

DMA Processor Memory

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Hardware Software Interface

so oftware e har rdware e

Software interacts with hardware

Application OS Device driver Firmware Instruction set

Module Gate Transistor

Instruction set is the interface between HW and SW

Instruction set Categories g

RISC: d RISC reduced i t ti set computer d instruction t t

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Instruction set Operations p

mov, push, pop ,p ,p p

Jump and b J d branch (23%) h

IO, Coprocessor Special

Used most often Most impact on performance

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Instruction set Execution

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

CMOS technology Complexity p y

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

CMOS technology Clock frequency q y

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

CMOS technology Transistors as switches

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

CMOS technology Chip p p production

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

CMOS technology Process steps p

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

CMOS technology Cross section

Picture Prentice Hall

Dr. Johannes Wolkerstorfer

CMOS logic basics

Know and understand VLSI effects! K d d t d ff t !