Light

Light Rays

1. Things that emit their own light are called Luminous objects.
2. Things that don’t emit their own light are non luminous objects.
3. Luminous sources emit light as a result of receiving energy and they give off light
haphazardly.
4. In a laser, the energized atoms act together and emit a narrow beam of light which
can cut metal.
5. Light travels in straight lines. It is retilenear.
6. The direction of the path in which light travels is called a ray.
7. A group of rays make a beam.
8. They can be parallel, Converging or diverging.

9. An image is a likeness of an object and need not be an exact copy.

10. A large source or light is called an extended source.
11. A small source of light is called a point source.
12. Shadows are areas behind an opaque object which does not receive any light.
13. A point source gives a clear shadow. It is called the umbra.
14. A extended source of light gives a blurred shadow. The dark part is the umbra and
the ring of partial darkness is called the Penumbra.
15. Light travels a lot faster than sound. 300,000,000 m/s.

Questions.

1. It would be larger but not brighter.

2. a. Brighter, clearer. B. Brighter very blurred.
3. The shadow on the left side of the object is darker because this shadow is formed
by the bulb on the right and the other shadow is not that bright because the bulb
on the right will illuminate it.
4. When he see the flash because that’s when the race starts.

Laws of reflection
1. The angle of incidence = the angle of reflection.
2. The incident rays the normal and the reflected ray all lay on the same plane.
3.

How a periscope works.

 4. Regular reflection occurs on a smooth surface.
5. Irregular reflection occurs on a rough surface. Although the laws are followed, the
travel in different directions because the angle of incidence and reflection vary
from point to point.

Questions
1. 50

2. 25
3. upper part

Plane Mirrors.

1. A real image is one which can be produced on to a screen and formed by light
rays that actually pass through it.
2. A virtual image cannot be formed on a screen and is produced by rays which seem
to come from it but do not pass through it. Rays from a point on an object are
reflected at the surface of the mirror and appear to come from a point behind the
mirror where the eye imagines the rays intersect when produced backward.
3. Properties of the image formed by a plane mirror
a. The image is as far behind as the object is in front and a line joining the
object and image is perpendicular to the mirror.
b. The image is the same size and shape
c. The image is virtual
d. The image is laterally inverted
e. This occurs whenever an image is formed by one reflection.

4. In a Kaleidoscope where the mirrors are kept at 90, 3 images that join to make
circular pattern. If you make the angle between the mirrors smaller, more images
are formed but you always get a complete pattern.
5. Usually the mirrors are kept at the same angle and different designs are made by
hundreds of tiny colored beads which can be moved around the mirrors.

Questions
1. a and b done in mind
a. The glass acts as a weak mirror so put in front of the jar.
2. D. Lateral inversion.
3. 4 m.
Curved Mirrors

1. Tow types : Concave which curves inwards. Convex curves outward

2. Terms associated with curved mirrors.
a. The Principal axis is the line joining the pole P or centre of the mirror to
the centre of curvature C. C. is the center of the sphere the mirror is part
of.
b. The radius of curvature is the distance CP.
3. Concave mirror is converging mirror and a convex mirror is a diverging mirror.
4. When a beam parallel to the principal axis is reflected by a concave mirror, it
passes through a point called the principal focus.
5. Since light actually passes through it is called the real focus.
6. A convex mirror has a virtual principal focus behind the mirror from which the
reflected beam appears to diverge.
7. The focal length is FP and it is CP/2
8. A large mirror does not form a point focus of a wide parallel beam but causes the
reflected rays to form a curve called a caustic.
9. Laws of reflection of a curved mirror
a. A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected to the principal focus.
b. A ray that passes through the focus is reflected parallel to principal axis.
c. A ray through C is reflected back its own path (the radius of the mirror is
perpendicular to the surface when it meets the surface.
10. Properties of ray diagrams
a. When the object is beyond C, the image is real inverted smaller and forms
between C&F
b. Between C and F, image is big, real, inverted beyond C
c. At C, real, inverted, same size image at C.
d. Between F and P, erect, larger, virtual, behind mirror.
11. Uses of curved mirrors.
a. Reflectors: They can be used as reflectors because a small lamp at their
focus gives a parallel reflected beam. This is true if the mirror is of a
parabolic shape.
b. Make up and shaving mirror. A concave mirror forms a magnified image
when you stand between the F & P. The image is virtual erect and larger
than image.
c. Driving mirrors :A convex mirror gives a wider field of view than a plane
mirror. The image is always upright but smaller. It lets drivers see more
but gives a wrong idea about the distance.

Refraction of light

1. Refraction is the bending of light when it travels through one media to another.
2. It is bending because it is slowed down.
3. Laws of refraction
a. A ray bends towards the normal when it enter a optically denser medium
and the opposite whe it is traveling to rarer mediums.
 b. A ray emerging from a parallel sided block is parallel to the ray entering
but is displaced side ways.
c. A ray traveling along the normal is not refracted.
4. Because of refraction the water all ways seems less dense.
5. refractive index is an index to show how much light is bend in different
substances. Speed of light through air / speed of light through medium.
6. In a prism, the amount deviated is measured with the angle, angle of deviation.