3B2v7:51c Prod:Type:TYP ED:Sabitha

GML4:3:1 MAGMA : 7669 pp:127ðcol:fig::NILÞ PAGN: ashok SCAN: Rajesh

ARTICLE IN PRESS

3
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]

7
FTIR study of surfactant bonding to FePt nanoparticles
9
Nisha Shukla*, Chao Liu, Paul M. Jones, Dieter Weller
11 Seagate Technology, 1251 Waterfront place, Pittsburgh, PA 15222, USA

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13 Received 27 November 2002; received in revised form 11 February 2003

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15
Abstract

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17 FePt nanoparticles coated with 2 nm thick films of surfactant have been studied as candidates for magnetic recording

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media. The self-assembly of these nanoparticles is influenced by the properties of their surfaces which are coated with a
19 layer of mixed oleic acid and oleyl amine. These surfactant coated FePt nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The observation of both n(COO) and n(C=O) vibrational modes indicates
21 that oleic acid bonds to the FePt nanoparticles in both monodentate and bidentate forms. The oleylamine bonds to the
FePt nanoparticles through electron donation from the nitrogen atom of the NH2 group. The FTIR spectra indicate
D
23 that there is a conversion of the alkyl chains from the oleyl form (cis-9-octadecenyl) to the elaidyl form (trans-9-
octadecenyl) during the synthesis of the FePt nanoparticles. This is revealed by the presence of several vibrational
TE

25 absorption bands in the region of the olefinic C–H stretching modes. The presence of elaidyl groups on the FePt
surfaces is very important because the structures of the oleyl groups and the elaidyl groups are quite different and are
expected to pack differently around the FePt nanoparticles. This in turn will influence the self-assembly of nanoparticles
27 on substrates.
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r 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.

29
PACS: ’; ’; ’
31
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Keywords: ’; ’; ’

33
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49
35
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1. Introduction dynamics of their self-assembly on surfaces.

51
37 Although there have been a number of studies of
C

FePt nanoparticles have high magnetic aniso- the self-assembly of FePt nanoparticles on sub-
53
tropy and have potential use as a magnetic strates there are no prior studies of the surfactant
39
N

medium for patterned data storage applications coatings on the surfaces of these nanoparticles.
55
[1]. These nanoparticles are coated with surfactant The objective of this work is to characterize oleic
41
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films of mixed oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid)
and oleylamine (cis-9-octadecenoic amine). The
43
properties of these surfactant coatings control the
45 stability of the particles in solution and the
47 *Corresponding author.
E-mail address: nisha.shukla@seagate.com (N. Shukla).
acid and oleylamine surfactant coatings on FePt
57
nanoparticles and to determine their mode of
bonding to the nanoparticle surfaces.
59
Films of unsaturated fatty acids and surfactants
are widely used as surface coatings in electronics,
61
optical, and biomedical applications [2,3]. As a
result there have been a number of reports of the

0304-8853/$ - see front matter r 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.

doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(03)00469-4
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2 N. Shukla et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]
1 characterization of oleic acid films adsorbed on the
surfaces of materials such as soda lime-silicate,
3 silica glasses, soda-silicate [4,5], apatite, dolomite
[6], and titania [7]. The Fourier transform infrared
5 spectroscopy (FTIR) studies of oleic acid adsorp-
tion on soda lime-silicate indicate that oleic acid is
7 adsorbed on the soda lime-silicate as both metal-
oleate and oleic acid hydrogen bonded to Si–OH
9 sites [4,5]. In contrast, it has been reported that
oleic acid is adsorbed on fused silica only as
11 hydrogen bonded oleic acid. On the soda-silicate
glass it is reported that oleic acid completely
13 deprotonates and bonds to Na+ ions as oleate.
Ince et al. [6] have reported that adsorption of
15 oleic acid on apatite and dolomite occurs pre-
dominantly as oleate at pH=10, whereas at pH=4
17 some fraction is present as oleic acid. Thistle-
thwaite et al. [7] have reported that on the rutile
19 form of TiO2, oleic acid adsorption at pH=3 and
9 is dependent on the nature of the particular oxide
21 sample. Oleic acid monomers are adsorbed to Ti4+
Lewis acid sites by coordination as s-bonded
23 ligands through the carbonyl group oxygen. The
oleic acid dimers were reported to bond to two
TE
25 adjacent Lewis sites via their hydroxyl oxygen
atoms. At pH=3 it was observed that the
27 CH=CH group interacted with surface OH+ 2 mixture of surfactant coated nanoparticles and
EC
groups. In summary, there are a variety of modes
29 of oleic acid bonding to surfaces that might be
observed on FePt nanoparticles.
31 In this paper we have used FTIR to study a
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mixture of oleic acid and oleylamine bonded to the
33 surfaces of FePt nanoparticles. We have observed
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that oleylamine bonds molecularly to the nano-
35 particle surfaces with the NH2 group intact. Oleic
O
acid bonds to the FePt nanoparticles in both
37 monodentate form (RC(=O)–O–M) and biden-
C
tate form (RCO2–M). FTIR results also indicate
39 that there is some isomerization of the oleyl groups
N
from the cis form to the trans form (elaidyl groups)
41 during synthesis of the FePt nanoparticles.
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Although several studies of oleic acid adsorbed
43 on surfaces at room temperature have been
reported in the literature, none of these studies
45 have reported isomerization of oleic acid. While
the oleic acid films observed in prior studies were
47 adsorbed at room temperature, adsorption of oleic
acid and oleylamine on the FePt nanoparticles
occurs at 286
C during synthesis and is accom- 49
panied by isomerization. Our observation of the
isomerization of the oleyl chains of oleic acid and 51
oleylamine during FePt nanoparticle synthesis
provides insight into the formation of surfactant 53
monolayers on nanoparticles.
55
2. Experimental 57
FePt nanoparticles were prepared using the 59
synthesis described by Sun et al. [8,9]. In this
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synthesis monodispersed FePt nanoparticles were 61
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obtained by reaction of iron pentacarbonyl and
platinum (II) acetylacetonate in a solution of 63
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dioctylether and surfactant. The surfactant used
during synthesis was a 1:1 mixture of oleic acid 65
and oleylamine. Once synthesized, the FePt
PR
nanoparticles were washed using a polar solvent 67
(ethanol, CH3CH2OH) followed by washing with a
non-polar solvent (hexane, C6H14). 69
Following synthesis the nanoparticles were
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subjected to additional washing cycles to remove 71
excess surfactant from the synthesis solution. The
‘excess surfactant’ is the fraction in solution not 73
bonded to the FePt nanoparticles. The original
75
excess surfactant in dioctylether was first mixed
with 10 parts of ethanol causing the particles to 77
precipitate. The mixture was centrifuged to sepa-
rate the particles from the solution. The super- 79
natant solvent consisting of dioctylether and
smaller nanoparticles was then discarded and the 81
nanoparticles were redispersed in non-polar hex-
ane. This sequence of precipitation in ethanol, 83
centrifuging to separate the solvent, and redisper-
sion in hexane was then repeated three times. 85
Finally, the nanoparticles were dispersed in
hexane. This procedure was sufficient to produce 87
a dispersion of 3–4 nm diameter FePt nanoparti-
cles suspended in hexane with no surfactant in the 89
solution.
The nanoparticles were characterized using 91
FTIR. In order to obtain the FTIR spectra a
drop of the nanoparticle solution was placed on 93
the surface of a diamond attenuated total reflec-
tance (ATR) FTIR cell and the solvent was 95
allowed to dry. All FTIR spectra were taken using
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1 a Nicolet Nexus 670 spectrometer with a deuter- 1709 49

ated triglyceride sulfate (DTGS) detector. Spectra
3 were obtained using 4 cm1 resolution and 32 51
scans were taken for statistical averaging. FTIR 2922
5 spectra of the pure samples of oleic acid, elaidic 53

Intensity
acid, and oleyl amine were obtained by putting a 2854
7 drop of the surfactant dissolved in hexane onto the 55
diamond ATR cell and letting the solvent evapo- 1648
9 rate before taking the spectrum. 3006 57
2670
The oleic acid, oleylamine, elaidic acid, ethanol,
11 and hexane (anhydrous) were bought from Aldrich 59
Chemical Co. and were used without further

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13 purification. The ethanol was obtained in sure seal 1000 1200 1400 1600 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 61

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bottles with very low water content (o0.002%). Wavenumber (cm-1)
15 63
Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of pure oleic acid in 1000–3500 cm1

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region.
17 3. Results and discussion 65

PR
2922
19 Prior to characterization of the FePt nanopar- 67
ticles the post-synthesis solution was analyzed
21 using FTIR. The post-synthesis solution consists 2854 69
of FePt nanoparticles, excess oleic acid, and excess
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Intensity

23 oleylamine dispersed in dioctylether solvent. A 71

spectrum of the post-synthesis solution was
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25 obtained by placing a drop of the solution on the 1593 73

1647 3006
diamond window of the ATR cell. The post-
3300
27 synthesis solution is predominantly dioctylether. 75
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As a result the FTIR spectrum of the post-

29 synthesis nanoparticle dispersion is identical to 77
the FTIR spectrum of pure dioctylether, which is 1000 1200 1400 1600 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
31 used as the solvent during the synthesis of the FePt Wavenumber (cm-1) 79
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nanoparticles. Clearly, in order to obtain a Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of pure oleylamine in 1000–3500 cm1
33 spectrum of the nanoparticles they must be region. 81
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isolated by redispersion into a solvent that will

35 evaporate. No attempt was made to analyze or that is not bonded to nanoparticles). The spectrum 83
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assign the modes observed in spectra of the post- of the FePt nanoparticles was obtained after
37 synthesis solution, as it was not the focus of this allowing the hexane solvent to evaporate. The 85
C

work. spectra of the oleic acid and the oleylamine were

39 The standard process for preparing a mono- obtained by dissolving a sample of each into 87
N

dispersed sample of the FePt nanoparticles in- hexane and then applying the solution to the
41 volves washing in ethanol and separating the large 89
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diamond window of the ATR cell and allowing the

particles from solution by centrifugation. The
43 heavy particles are then redispersed in hexane
and surfactant. Figs. 1–3 show FTIR spectra of
45 pure oleic acid, pure oleylamine, and FePt
nanoparticles washed in hexane and ethanol (as
47 described in Section 2) with excess oleic acid and
oleylamine (excess means surfactant in the solution
solvent to evaporate.
The spectra in Figs. 1 and 2 show a number of 91
peaks characteristic of the pure surfactants. The
spectrum of oleic acid reveals modes characteristic 93
of the oleyl group: the peaks at 2854 and
2922 cm1 are due to the symmetric and asym- 95
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1 O
2922 49
2922 R NH3 + C R
3 O 51
2854 2854

5 53

Intensity
Intensity

1565
7 55
1565 3006 1626 3006
9 1626 57

11 59

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13 1000 1200 1400 1600 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 61
1000 1200 1400 1600 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400

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Wavenumber (cm-1)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
15 Fig. 4. FTIR spectra of pure surfactant mixture (1:1, oleic acid 63
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of FePt nanoparticles washed in excess

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and oleylamine) in 1000–3500 cm1 region.
surfactant (oleic acid and oleylamine) in 1000–3500 cm1
17 region. 65

PR
COOH group. Clearly the spectrum of the FePt
19 67
metric CH2 stretching modes, the peak at nanoparticles in excess surfactant does not seem to
3006 cm1 is due to the n(C–H) mode of the C– resemble a combination of the pure surfactant
21 69
H bond adjacent to the C=C bond, and the small spectra.
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peak at 1648 cm1 is due to the n(C=C) stretch In order to understand the origin of the
23 71
mode. In addition, the spectrum of the oleic acid differences between the spectrum of the FePt
TE

shows several modes characteristic of the car- nanoparticles in excess surfactant and the spectra
25 73
boxylic acid group: the n(C=O) mode is observed of the pure surfactants we have obtained a FTIR
at 1709 cm1 and the weak mode at 2670 cm1 is spectrum (Fig. 4) of a 1:1 mixture of oleic acid and
27 75
oleylamine, as used in the nanoparticle synthesis
EC

due to the n(O–H) stretch of the dimerized acid.

This spectrum is of the solid form of oleic acid in and washing process. Comparison of the FTIR
29 77
which the carboxylic acid groups are dimerized spectra in Figs. 3 and 4 suggests that most of the
through hydrogen bonding. The spectrum of features observed in the spectrum of the FePt
31 79
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oleylamine (Fig. 2) shows peaks characteristic of nanoparticles can be attributed to the excess
the oleyl group in the 2850–3000 cm1 region and surfactant. The interesting thing is that the
33 81
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the n(C=C) stretch mode at 1647 cm1. In spectrum of the surfactant mixture is not a simple
addition there are modes characteristic of the combination of the spectra of the pure component
35 83
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amine group: the peak at 1593 cm1 due to the surfactants. The 1709 cm1 peak which is char-
NH2 scissoring mode and the peak at 3300 cm1 acteristic of the COOH group is absent as is the
37 85
3300 cm1 mode of the NH2 group. The most
C

due to the n(N–H) stretching mode. The peaks in

the low-frequency region of the spectra below obvious explanation for the absence of these peak
39 87
N

1500 cm1 arise from complex combinations of the is that the mixture of oleic acid and oleylamine
n(C–C) stretch, n(C–O) stretches, CH2 deforma- consists of an acid–base complex of COO and
41 89
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tions and other motions that are too complex to
assign. The spectrum of the washed FePt nano-
43
particles (Fig. 3) with excess surfactant shows
peaks characteristic of the oleyl group in the 2850–
45
3000 cm1 region but no peak at 3300 cm1 due to
the n(N–H) stretching of the NH2 group and no
47
peak at 1709 cm1 due to the n(C=O) mode of the
NH+ 3 ions. Gasgnier [4] has reported FTIR
spectra of potassium carboxylates and observed
91
modes associated with COO in the range 1430–
1565 cm1. In the FTIR spectra of potassium
93
caprylate and potassium stearate the na (COO)
and ns (COO) were observed at 1562 and
95
1435 cm1, and 1560 and 1426 cm1 respectively.
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1 Our results also show peak at 1565 and 1435 cm1
which can be attributed to the –COO1 mode. The
3 spectrum of the oleic acid—oleylamine complex
(Fig. 4) dominates the spectrum of the FePt
5 nanoparticles washed in excess (fraction of surfac-
tant not bonded with nanoparticles) surfactant
7 (Fig. 3).
In order to understand the bonding of surfac-
9 tant to FePt nanoparticles, the FePt nanoparticle
solution was washed without surfactant in the
11 hexane and ethanol wash solvents. Fig. 5 shows
the 800–1800 cm1 region of the FTIR spectrum of
mode, at 1709 cm1 (CQO) and 1647 cm1(– 49
CQC) are well established in the literature. Our
assignment of the peak at 1512 cm1 is based on 51
several studies of acids on various substrates
[5,8,11] and on standard the FTIR spectrum of 53
sodium oleate. The standard sodium oleate FTIR
spectrum shows the oleate na (COO) mode at 55
1558 cm1 which is similar to that observed by Lee
et al. [4] for the na (COO) mode on sodium in 57
soda-lime. However, Lee et al. have observed a
range of 37 cm1 in the na (COO) mode on 59
substrates including Al, Mg, Ca and Na. Thistle-

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13 FePt nanoparticles with no excess surfactant. This thwaite et al. [8] reported the observation of the 61
na (COO) mode in the range 1509–1517 cm1

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spectrum is due to oleic acid and oleylamine
15 adsorbed on the FePt nanoparticles. The peak at following adsorption of oleic acid on titania. 63
1709 cm–1 is due to the n(CQO) stretch mode and Qingxia et al. [11] have observed the na (COO)

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17 indicates that some fraction of the oleic acid is mode on adsorption of a monolayer of 16- 65
bonded to nanoparticles either in monodentate mercaptihexadecanoic acid on nanosized Fe2O3

19 form or as an acid. The peak at 1512 cm1 is due
to the na (COO) mode and indicates the presence of
21 bidentate carboxylate bonding to the nanoparti-
cles [11]. The 1618 cm1 peak is due to the n(C=C)
23 stretching mode and indicates that the C=C
double bond is intact in the oleyl groups on the
TE
PR
magnetic particles at 1527 cm1. The adsorption of 67
oleic acid on FePt nanoparticles shows the
na (COO) peak at 1512 cm1 which is very close 69
the frequency observed by Thistlewaite and
D
Qingxia [8,11]. The peak at 1593 cm1 is assigned 71
to the NH2 scissoring mode. This was also

25 surfactant. The 1593 cm1 peak is due to the NH2 confirmed by DFT calculations of small molecules 73
scissoring mode which suggests that oleylamine is such as propylamine. A detailed DFT analysis will
27 adsorbed with the NH2 group intact. The assign- be published later by Jones et al. [12]. All peak 75
EC

ments of the vibration modes in the region 2850– assignments for this work are shown in Table 1.
29 3000 cm1(–CH2) modes, at 3300 cm1(NH) The FTIR spectrum of the oleic acid and 77
oleylamine surfactant layers on FePt nanoparticles
31 in the range 2800–3500 cm1 is shown in Fig. 6. 79
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33 81
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Table 1
35 Infrared vibrational assignments 83
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1
Vibrational modes Frequency (cm ) References
Intensity

1512
37 85
C

970 n(NH) 3300 [19]

1593
Trans n(CH=) 3066 [13]
39 1618 87
Trans n(CH=) 3035 [13]
N

1709
Trans n(CH=) 3020 [13]
41 Cis n(CH=) 3006 [6,13,16] 89
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na (CH2) 2922 [6,13,16]

ns (CH2) 2854 [6,13,16]
43 n(OH) 2670 [5,6] 91
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 n(C=O) 1709 [5,6,13]
45 Wavenumber (cm-1) n(C=C) 1647 [5,6] 93
n(NH2) 1593 [19]
Fig. 5. FTIR spectra of surfactant (1:1 mixture, oleic acid and n(COO) 1512 [5,6,8,11]
47 oleylamine) adsorbed on FePt nanoparticles during synthesis in 95
Trans n(CH=) 970 [13,16]
800–1800 cm1 region.
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1 at higher frequencies cannot be due to oleic acid 49

and oleylamine. Sinclair et al. [12] have reviewed
3 the FTIR spectra of a wide range of surfactants. 51
3020
Of those described, the only species that has
5 3039 vibrational modes at frequencies in the range up to 53
Intensity

3066 3100 cm1 is elaidic acid. Elaidic acid (trans-9-

7 octadecenoic acid) is the trans form of oleic acid 55
3350 (cis-9-octadecenoic acid). The presence of the high
9 frequency peaks due to stretching of the C–H bond 57
3006 adjacent to the C=C double bond suggests that
11 there is a conversion of oleic acid and/or 59
oleylamine to elaidic acid or elaidic amine during

F
13 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 synthesis of the nanoparticles. The presence of the 61
peak at 970 cm1 in the washed FePt nanoparticle

O
Wavenumber (cm-1)
15 Fig. 6. FTIR spectra of surfactant (1:1 mixture, oleic acid and
spectrum is also indicative of the presence of trans- 63

O
oleylamine) adsorbed on FePt during synthesis in 2800– substituted unsaturated alkyl groups. It is well
17 3500 cm1 region. established in the literature [14,15] that the 65
prominent mode at 965–975 cm1 can be used to

19
The intense absorption in the 2800–3000 cm1
21 region is due to the symmetric and asymmetric
CH2 stretching modes of the oleyl groups but gives
23 very little information about the bonding of either
oleic acid or oleylamine to the FePt nanoparticle
TE
PR
differentiate between cis and trans substituted 67
unsaturated fatty acids and esters. Gruger et al.
[16] have reported the FTIR spectra of oleic acid 69
and elaidic acid adsorbed on CsI at 90 K and
D
clearly show that there is peak at a 970 cm1 in the 71
spectrum of elaidic acid which is absent in the

25 surface. The broad peak in the 3300–3500 cm1 spectrum of oleic acid. 73
region is due to the n(NH) stretching mode, which In order to justify our assignments in the region
27 is consistent with the previous suggestion based on 3000–3100 cm1 a FTIR spectrum of solid elaidic 75
EC

the spectral feature at 1593 cm1 in Fig. 5 that the acid was taken at room temperature as shown in
29 NH bonds are intact. The most interesting part of Figs. 7 and 8. In Fig. 7 we observe a peak at 77
the spectrum is the region from 3000 to 3100 cm1
31 which is very different from the spectrum of the 79
R

oleic acid–oleylamine mixture in the same region.

2922
33 The peaks in the 3000–3100 cm1 region are due to 81
R

n(CH) stretching modes of the C–H bonds

35 adjacent to the C=C bond. The spectra of both 83
O

2853
oleic acid and oleylamine show only a single peak
37 at 3006 cm1 in this region. The presence of several 85
Intensity
C

1710
peaks in this region indicates that the C–H bonds
972 2959
39 adjacent to the C=C bond exist in several 87
N

different environments that are substantially dif- 1464

41 ferent from those in solid oleic acid and oleyla- 89
U

mine. Published spectra of the various solid phases

43 of oleic acid reveal n(CH) peaks at frequencies as 91
high as 3020 cm1 but not in a range extending as
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
45 high as 3100 cm1. The very small peak at 93
3006 cm1 and larger peak at 3020 cm1 can be Wavenumber (cm-1)
47 attributed to the n(CH) stretch modes in different Fig. 7. FTIR spectra of pure elaidic acid in 800–3500 cm1 95
phases of oleic acid and oleylamine but the peaks region.
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1 NH2 group intact. We observe conversion of oleyl 49

form to elaidyl form (conversion of the cis-9-
3 3035 octadecenyl group to a trans-9-octadecenyl group) 51
during synthesis. This isomerization must occur as
5 a result of the synthesis of the FePt nanoparticles 53
Intensity

at high temperature since it is not observed during

7 3020
3060 adsorption of oleic acid on surfaces at room 55
temperature.
9 57

11 59
5. Uncited reference

F
13 2950 2975 3000 3025 3050 3075 3100 61
[10].

O
Wavenumber (cm-1)
15 Fig. 8. FTIR spectra of pure elaidic acid in 2950–3100 cm1
63

O
region.
17 References 65

PR
1
970 cm which is due to trans form of the
19 [1] S. Sun, D. Weller, C.B. Murray, The Physics of Ultra- 67
unsaturated fatty acid as observed by Gruger high-density Magnetic Recording, 2001.
et al. [16]. In Fig. 8 we observe all three peaks at [2] A. Ulman, An introduction to ultra-thin orgain fil from
21 69
3020, 3035 and 3060 cm1 associated with the Langmuir–Blodgett to self-assembly, Academic Press,
D
n(CH) modes adjacent to C=C bond in elaidic Boston, MA, 1991.
23 [3] G.L. Smay, Glass Technol. 26 (1985) 46. 71
acid.
[4] M. Gasgnier, J. Mater. Sci. 20 (2001) 1259.
TE

The isomerization of oleic acid to elaidic acid [5] D.H. Lee, R.A. Condrate Sr., J. Mater. Sci. 34 (1999) 139.
25 73
can occur during the synthesis of the FePt [6] D.H. Lee, R.A. Condrate Sr., W.C. Lacourse, J. Mater.
nanoparticles. This reaction has been observed Sci. 35 (2000) 4961.
27 [7] D.E. Ince, C.T. Johnston, B.M. Moudgil, Langmuir 7
75
during the hydrogenation of oleic acid on Ru–Sn
EC

(1991) 1453.
catalysts [17] and on sol–gel supported Ru [18].
29 [8] P.J. Thistlethwaite, M.S. Hook, Langmuir 16 (2000) 4993. 77
This prior observation supports our suggestions [9] S. Sun, C.B. Murray, D. Weller, Liesl Folks, A. Moser,
that isomerization is occurring during FePt Science 287 (2000) 1989.
31 79
R

nanoparticle synthesis and that we have observed [10] C. Liu, N. Shukla, X. Wu, T.J. Klemmer, D. Weller, M.
elaidyl groups on their surfaces. Tanase, D. Laughlin, to be published.
33 [11] Qingxia Liu, Zhenghe Xu, Langmuir 11 (1995) 4617. 81
R

The presence of elaidyl groups on the FePt

[12] P.M. Jones, N. Shukla, C. Liu, Y.T. Hsia, D. Weller, in
surfaces is very important because the structures of preparation.
35 83
O

the oleyl groups and the elaidyl groups are quite [13] R.G. Sinclair, A.F. Mckay, G.S. Myers, R.N. Jones, J.
different and are expected to pack differently Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952) 2578.
37 85
C

around the FePt nanoparticles. This in turn will [14] H.W. Lemon, C.K. Cross, Can. J. Res. 27B (1949) 610.
influence the self-assembly of nanoparticles on [15] R.S. Rasmussen, R.R. Brattain, J. Chem. Phys. 15 (1947)
39 120. 87
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substrates. [16] C. Vogel-Weill, A. Gruger, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 52

41 (1996) 1737. 89
U

[17] M.J. Mendes, O.A.A. Santos, E. Jordao, A.M. Silva, Appl.

4. Conclusions Catal. A: General 217 (2001) 253.
43 [18] C.M.M. Costa, E. Jordao, M.J. Mendes, O.A.A. Santos, 91
F. Bozon-Verduraz, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 66 (1999)
Oleic acid bonds to FePt nanoparticles in both 155.
45 93
monodentate and bidentate forms. The oleylamine [19] W. Erley, J.C. Hemminger, Surf. Sci. 316 (1994) L1025–
bonds to FePt nanoparticles molecularly with the L1030.
47 95