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Chapter 01
Utilization Availability
and Efficiency
Networked Business
Storage Continuity
Architectures Practices
Optimized
Storage
Deployment
Think Defensively
AND
Offensively
Implement
Develop Skills Realize Capabilities
Resources
Utilization and
Efficiency Ne
two
rke
dS
tor
age
Roadmap
Availability Business Continuity Practices
Completion
s
gie
t rate
eS
e nsiv
Off
ND
iveA
ns
Storage Defe
Competence
and Agility
Storage and
Straight to the Core CFOs,
Networking
Ambassadors Financial Planners
Professionals
Financial Responsibility
Chapter 02
Operating System
File System
Volume Management
Application
File/record layer
(DBMS) (FS)
Services
Host
Network
Block
aggregation Device
Block layer
© Storage Networking Industry Association
Application
1. Direct-attach
1 2 3 4
2. SAN-attach
3. NAS head
File/record
Host Host
4. NAS server
and software RAID
Host. with LVM
LAN
NAS
head
Host block-aggregation
Device block-aggregation
Disk
array
Primary Loop
Secondary Loop
Disks
Local Area
Network
Servers Pros:
• Easily configured
• External storage extends server life
• SCSI or Fibre Channel server-to-storage
connection
Cons:
High-speed SCSI • Storage expansion incurs costs of added
or servers
Fibre Channel • Limited scalability
interconnect • No resource sharing
• Single point of failure
Storage Devices
Windows
Sun File IBM File
File
System System
System
NAS Cons:
Filers
• Doesn’t alleviate LAN congestion
• Disruptive “block” storage
expansion/maintenance
• Filer “owns” storage resource
• Unique OS
Tape
Storage Devices RAID Library
Fibre Channel FC
FCP is an approved ANSI SCSI serialization standard to
Fibre Channel transmit SCSI commands, data, and status information
FCP
Protocol between a SCSI initiator and SCSI target on a serial link.
SCSI Command
SCSI
Set SCSI Bus Protocol
Local Area
Network
Pros:
Fibre • Gigabit speed performance
Channel • Distance storage connectivity ~10KM
Servers • Scales to thousands of storage nodes
• Enables storage resource sharing
• Cons:
• Unresolved Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel interoperability issues
Storage Area • Lack of customer Fibre Channel trained
Network staff
• Introduces second network technology
• Requires separate management system
Storage Devices
Internet Protocol IP
The iSCSI protocol transmits SCSI commands, data, and
iSCSI Protocol iSCSI status information between a SCSI initiator and SCSI target
on TCP/IP link.
SCSI Command
SCSI
Set SCSI Bus Protocol
Local Area
Network
Pros:
• Common IP and Gigabit Ethernet
network platform for both LAN and SAN
• Gigabit speed performance
• Unified management structure iSCSI Campus,
• Extensible to WAN and MAN Servers MAN, WAN
• Optimized service provider architecture
• Extensive base of IP and Gigabit
Ethernet trained personnel
• Well defined roadmap to 10 Gbps and Pure
beyond Ethernet and IP
iSCSI Network
SAN
• Cons:
• Relatively new products
• Emerging IP Storage standards
• Replacement of end devices (storage
and adapters)
Server
Server
Server
Application File Block Block
Layer
1.5K 1.5K
Frame Frame
Block Block
Driver 1.5K 1.5K
Frame Frame
Layer
1.5K 1.5K
Frame Frame
Access IP Core
FC Switches / SANs
FC Directors
• Traffic engineering
• Routing
• Global scale of IP
IP Storage Distribution
FC Loop
Fibre Channel Access
• End-device aggregation
• Direct-attach focus
FC
FC
• Fan-out of storage ports
Servers
RAIDs
FC SAN* FC SAN*
IP IP * with IP
Storage Switch
IP Core or Gateway
IP IP
IP IP
* with IP
Storage Switch IP Core
or Gateway
IP IP
Fibre Channel IP
• iFCP and FCIP provide full transparency for Control Messages, and may
provide more resiliency for Fibre Channel applications heavily reliant on Fibre
Channel infrastructure and error recovery mechanisms.
iFCP/ SCSI
FCP
SCSI
iFCP/
SCSI
iFCP/
SCSI
FCP
FCIP FC
FCIP
IP
FCIP
IP FC
*e.g., RES (Read Exchange Status Block), RSI (Request Sequence Initiative),
TPRLO (Third Party Process Logout), RSS (Read Sequence Status Block)
IP IP FC FC FC FC
IP or FC
IP SAN FC SAN
SAN
IP Network
IP or FC
IP SAN FC SAN
SAN
IP IP FC FC FC FC
Chapter 03
Infrastructure
Management
Storage
Management
Transaction Recovery
Management Management
Virtualization
MGMT
Resource 2 1 SAN
Management Management
Storage Area Network
5 Virtualization
Policy- 4
Based
Management 3 Data Coordination
and Protection
Zones Devices
Switch 3
Switch 2
Switch 1
FC Domain IP Domain
IP Storage Switches
1. Multiprotocol Conversion
FC Servers and Gateways iSCSI Servers
(iSCSI-FC)
1
FC Storage iSCSI Storage
2. Device-to-device (End Node) 2 (End Node)
interconnect (iSCSI-FC)
for subsystem mirroring
applications
Operating System
Storage Policies
Evaluation Implementation
Enforcement
3rd Party
Disk Services
Subsystem
Attached
FC Switch Encryption Tape Offsite
Vaulting
Remote
Mirrored
Gateway / Disk
Tunnel
Encryption Gateways Gateways Encryption
Primary Site Secondary Site
Source:
NeoScale
Disk
Systems
Application
Attached FC Switch Encryption Virtualized
Application Storage
Server
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3-11: Storage transport quality of service
Non-critical file
backup
Online transaction processing
backup receives 50 MB/s
guaranteed throughput
50 MB/s
MB/s
Oracle backup
Non-prioritized backup uses
initiated remaining available bandwidth
50MB/s
$ guaranteed
Oracle
OLTP Database
Time
Leverage Ethernet Standards for IP Storage Prioritization
• 802.1Q VLANs to segregate traffic streams
• 802.1p/Q prioritization to guarantee delivery of mission-critical storage data
Cost
Mirroring
Replication
Snapshot
Disk Backup
Tape
Vaulting (Onsite)
Tape
Vaulting (Offsite)
Servers NAS
Servers NAS
Third-party copy
Cost per
Megabyte
High-end Disk
Midrange Disk
Optical
Tape
(Onsite)
Tape
(Offsite)
Retrieval Time
2. I/O 2. Write to
completion – secondary
application 1 1
posted 3. Write
complete on
3. Write to 2 secondary 4
secondary
4. I/O
4. Write completion –
complete on 3 application 2
secondary posted
4 3
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Logical Logical Logical Logical
Volume Volume Volume Volume
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
A Virtualized B Virtualized
Storage Storage
Host
Fabric
Subsystem
Types
Out-of-band
Speed*
In-band Scalability
Appliance- Switch-
Location
*defined as lower latency based based
Host
Interoperability Strategy
Interoperability Fabric
Challenge
Subsystem
Chapter 04
Storage
Manageability Capacity Recoverability
Service
Sample
e.g., simplified administration e.g., virtualization e.g., point-in-time copies
Implementation
Storage
Performance Security Availability
Service
Sample e.g., increase I/O beyond e.g., beyond disk failure –
e.g., access control
Implementation single disk with RAID 0,5 mirroring
• Servers
Host
• Mainframes
• Appliances
Fabric • Switches
• Directors
• Disks/RAIDs/Controllers
Subsystem • Filers
• Tape Libraries
Storage
Centralized Decentralized Split Distributed
Architecture
Size
Speed
# of nodes Distance
throughput
reach
Router Router
A B
Single Services Location Distributed Services Locations
Ingress Ingress
Services Services
Services
Services Services
Egress Egress
Ingress
Egress
Services Services
Intelligent Nodes
with Distributed
Services
Services Services Egress
Network Good
Optimization /
Pushing replication to
Efficiency
appropriate end nodes
minimizes network traffic
and maximizes network
efficiency
Poor
Close
Far
Replication proximity to
destination nodes
Mirroring
2x x x
Mirroring
x x 2x x x x
Mirroring
4 4 3
Services Services
Mirror
Host
Services Services
Target
I/O
network
memory memory
A Inter-Processor
Communication
Input/
Output
Local Area
Network
Wide Area
Network B
(IPC) (I/O) (LAN) (WAN)
Number of Nodes
Number of Nodes
ATM
Ethernet
Ethernet
SCSI
PCI FC-
FC-AL
PCI-
PCI-X
InfiniBand
Distance
Distance
Network Space Absorbs I/O Ethernet Efficiencies and Capabilities Move to WAN
C D
Number of Nodes
Number of Nodes
Distance
Distance
Host
Future Competition
Subsystem
Chapter 05
Risk TCO
Storage
Storage
growth
growth
increases
increases risk
TCO
Time Time
Servers
Storage
Area
Network
Storage Devices
Servers
Storage
Core Fibre Channel Directors
Area
OR Gigabit Ethernet Switches
Network
Storage Devices
Servers
Remote Site
Storage
Area
Remote
Network Network
Storage Devices
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5-6: Sample customer configuration with a redundant
core and remote storage
Legend
Server Storage Core Switch
FC or iSCSI FC or iSCSI Switch
Primary Site
Storage
Remote Network
Remote Site
Direct-attached SAN-attached
Storage Management Storage Management
Servers Servers
Storage
Management
Storage
Management
IP Network
LAN Servers NAS Servers FC SAN with Mixed SAN with iSCSI Storage
IP Storage IP Storage
Gateways Switches or Routers
Clients
• Dual SAN and LAN / NAS fabrics
cost more to install and operate
IP Network
– Having IP and Fibre Channel
(LAN) fabrics for storage requires
LAN / NAS Network-
• dual management systems
Access Attached
Storage
• extra hardware
• duplicate staffs and training
FC
SAN
Access • Fibre Channel fabric has no
transition path to native IP end
FC Fabric
systems
FC
FC FC FC
Storage Storage Storage
Clients
• IP storage fabric complements
or replaces FC fabric
IP Network
– Functionality identical to that of
(LAN) Fibre Channel switches, but
LAN / NAS Network-
with more flexibility
Access Attached
Storage
– Non-blocking, IP storage fabric
iSCSI or FC
provides full support for iSCSI
SAN and FC, with wire-speed
Access
conversion between the two
protocols
IP Storage IP
Fabric MAN / WAN • IP storage fabric supports
FC gradual or immediate shift to
FC Switches iSCSI end systems
iSCSI
Storage
Clients
Enhanced Functionality of Integrated
SAN and NAS Solution
– Optional use of IP storage fabric
FC for both SAN (block-based) and
Servers with IS-NICs Server
Network-
NAS (file-based)
Attached
Storage
– IS-NICs provide access for all
SAN / NAS
end systems (SAN, NAS, and
Access LAN clients)
(iSCSI, FC,
NFS, CIFS) – IP storage switches provide wire-
speed, non-blocking IP storage
IP Storage IP
Fabric MAN / WAN fabric for all IP and Fibre Channel
devices
Hybrid NAS/SAN
Subsystems
iSCSI FC FC
Storage Storage Storage
IP Storage Fabric
Legacy IP Network
Fibre Channel Backbone
Fabric
iSCSI/IP Servers
IP Core
FC Switches / SANs
• Traffic engineering
• Routing
• Global scale of IP
Access Layer
FC
Servers
• End-device aggregation
iSCSI/IP Storage • Direct-attach focus
• Fan-out of storage ports
Multifunction
FC Switches / iSCSI Storage
devices including
SANs devices
NAS
CEO
and
Financial Planning Group
Integrated
service
offering Operational Links
Immediate Strategic
Requirement
Technologies
Chapter 06
Weeks
Backup
Recovery Point Objective
Days
Asynchronous
Replication
Minutes
Local Synchronous
Seconds
Clustering Replication
Backup Server
Application Application
1. Quiesce application
2. Flush cached data
3. Take application off hot
backup mode
4. Attach mirror to backup
host Mirror
5. Reattach mirror to
primary upon backup
completion
Stripe A
Stripe B
Mirror Stripe
Mirror Mirror Mirror
A … A … A …
File System
… … …
B … B C B …
… … ..
C 2 C1 C1
D D C D
1
1 2 3
Offsite Vaulting
Data Center 1 Data Center 2
Block 1
8KB Data
Block Block 2
4KB
Committed
Block 2
Committed
4KB
Incomplete
Block 1
Replication Modes
Synchronous Asynchronous
No
Confirm no partial In-order writes May need point-in-time
writes acknowledged Full block writes copy at second site
Yes Yes
Storage device
LUNs EMC SRDF, HDS Replicates all elements compatibility issues; may
Storage TrueCopy, XIOtech REDI
Multihost support not operate across more
SAN Links
Array than two arrays
Redundancy
Sample Enterprise Applications
Layer
(tied to back-end
ERP databases)
(e-commerce, ERP with front-end Web-services)
Web servers
End-to-End Applications
Application
servers
Standalone
Database
Database
servers
Ethernet
Core
Database
Storage area
network
Storage
subsystems
Chapter 07
People
Hardware
Complexity
Full-service SSP
Backup/Restore Primary SAN Primary NAS
Service Offerings
offerings
Network service
Remote Tape Remote SAN Remote NAS
provider offerings
Normalized Infrastructure
Normalization
Gap
Readiness
SLA
RAS
Integration
Price
Vendor A Vendor B Vendor C Vendor D
Capacity
(GB)
Original
Purchase 1
Purchase Plan
$ Savings*
Purchase Plan
Purchase 2 w/Terabyte
Rental
Value HW, SW and Infrastructure, People, Management Software Value HW, SW and Infrastructure, People, Management Software
People People
Hardware Hardware
Complexity Complexity
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7-7: Description of the relationship between centralization phases
and roles
Phase Roles
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7-8: Lack of disruption when changing the application server
Application Transition
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Maximizing the business value
IP Storage Networking - STRAIGHT TO THE CORE
of enterprise storage technology
Chapter 08
Initiating Deployment
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8-1: Commoditization and open systems drive fluidity of the end-
to-end storage chain
Intelligent
Storage
I/O Device I/O Network Node Drive
Network
Blade
Server
I/O HBA
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8-2: Applying fluidity to the IP Storage Model
Access
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8-3: Locations for storage intelligence
• Servers
Host
• Mainframes
• Appliances
Fabric • Switches
• Directors
• Disks/RAIDs/Controllers
Subsystem • Filers
• Tape Libraries
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8-4: Overlaying host, fabric, and subsystem intelligence with the
IP storage model
Access Host
Storage Distribution
Storage Distribution
Subsystem
Access
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8-5: Minimizing improvement costs through product consolidation
Storage Network- Object-
Area Attached Oriented
Networks Storage Storage
Access
• Hosts Product Product Product
• Subsystem
Distribution
• Intelligent Product Product Product
Storage Nodes
Core
• Switches, Product Product Product
Directors
IP Storage Index or
SAN Appliance Transparent
Router Content Nodes
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8-8: Using IP networking for SAN to SAN remote mirroring
Campus C IP SAN
Campus A Campus B
High Availability
FC SAN FC SAN
IP MAN or WAN
IP Storage IP Storage
Switch or Switch or
Gateway Gateway
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8-9: Using an IP core for storage consolidation
Native IP
Devices
FC SAN . FC SAN
IP Storage IP Storage
Switch or Switch or
Gateway Gateway
Native IP
FC Devices
Devices
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8-10: Metropolitan area IP connectivity for outsourced storage
services
Customer B Customer C
ON PREMISES ON PREMISES
Customer A Customer D
ON PREMISES ON PREMISES
FC SAN FC SAN
FC SAN
FC SAN
MAN/WAN
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8-11: The transition to reference information
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8-12: Comparing dynamic and fix content characteristics
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8-14: Implementing a distributed system for email storage
Servers Servers
. .
Intelligent Storage
Nodes
Storage Storage
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8-15: Distributed intelligent storage nodes for NAS scalability
Servers Servers
. .
Intelligent Storage
Nodes
Storage
Storage
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Maximizing the business value
IP Storage Networking - STRAIGHT TO THE CORE
of enterprise storage technology
Chapter 09
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9-1: Cargo and Data Transport Analogies
Empty Railcars on a Railroad SONET Frames on Fiber-Optic Cable
Layer One
SONET SONET
Mux Mux
IP Packet IP Packet
SONET SONET
Mux Mux
IP Packet IP Packet
SONET SONET
Mux Mux
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9-2: Ethernet Interfaces on Multiplexers Enable Direct Link from
Ethernet LAN
(100 or 1000 Mbps)
LAN Switches
Ethernet LAN
(100 or 1000 Mbps)
Switch Switch
Switch Switch
Switch
Ethernet Link Switch
(100 or 1000 Mbps)
SONET / SDH Ethernet Link
Router
Router Mux Network (100 or 1000 Mbps)
SONET / SDH (622 or 2488 Mbps)
(155 or 622 Mbps) Router
Router
SONET / SDH
Packet over SONET Router (155 or 622 Mbps)
Ethernet LAN
(100 or 1000 Mbps)
Ethernet LAN
(100 or 1000 Mbps)
Switch Switch
Switch Switch
Switch
Ethernet Link
Switch
(100 or 1000 Mbps)
SONET / SDH Ethernet Link
Mux Network (100 or 1000 Mbps)
(622 or 2488 Mbps)
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9-3: File-based Backup Locally, via the LAN, and Remotely, via
the Existing Data Network
SONET / SDH
LAN Router Mux Network Router LAN
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9-4: Block-based Backup Locally, via the SAN, and Remotely, via
Dedicated Fiber
SONET / SDH
LAN Router Mux Network Router LAN
SAN SAN
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9-5: Rates for SONET and SDH transmissions
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9-6: Block-based Backup Locally, via the SAN, and Remotely, via
the Existing SONET Network, using the IP Storage Protocol
SONET / SDH
LAN Router Mux Network Router LAN
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9-7: IP Storage Protocol Recommendations for SANs, Metro, and
Wide Area Connections
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9-8: Native IP SANs can be Interconnected across Metro and
Wide Areas with no Additional Conversion Equipment
SONET / SDH
LAN Router Mux Network Router LAN
IP IP
Fibre Fibre
Channel Channel
SAN Separate switch converts SAN
FC into IP format
(FCIP or iFCP)
SONET / SDH
LAN Router Mux Network Router LAN
IP IP
IP SAN IP SAN
No separate switch
is needed
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9-9: IP SANs can be Expanded Easily, using Standard
Gigabit Ethernet Core Switches
SONET / SDH
LAN Router Mux Network
IP
Fibre Channel
or iSCSI
iFCP or iSCSI links between
Server Links
the storage switches
and the core switches
Multiprotocol
Storage Switches iSCSI can be connected
and Gigabit Ethernet directly to the core switches or
through the storage switches
Core Switches
Fibre Channel
or iSCSI
Storage Links
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9-10: Service Provider Connections Vary by Subscriber
Density and Location
Subscribers A, B, C Data Centers Subscriber A Backup Center
in Multi-tenant Office Building in Suburban Office Building
Subscriber B
A Backup Center
Center in Asia
A B New Cable
Installed to
Nearest Mux
Riser B
Cables
Underground
C Vault by
Building
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9-11: Areas for IP Storage Security Solutions
SAN Interconnect
IP and Ethernet
MANs and WANs
VPN
VPN
SAN
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9-12: Sample security implementation across data center, metro,
and wide area networks
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Maximizing the business value
IP Storage Networking - STRAIGHT TO THE CORE
of enterprise storage technology
Chapter 10
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10-1: Remote data replication and centralized backup
Primary
Metro Area Data
Backup Center in
Data Center London
in Reading
Storage Consolidation
in London and Vancouver
Data Centers
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10-2: IP network performance is close to light speed and packet
loss is near zero
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10-3: Estimating the amount of data to be mirrored
Primary
Storage Array
SAN SAN
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10-4: Numerical example of peak hour data activity
Data 2.5x
Activity Average
4 TB used
• During the day, most of the activity occurs between 9:00 a.m. and
7:00 p.m. (ten hours), so the average amount of data written per
hour during that period is approximately
600 GB / 10 hours = 60 GB/hour
• The amount of increase over the average for the peak hour of the
day is not known, so a peak-to-average ratio of 2.5 is used:
60 GB/hour x 2.5 = 150 GB/hour
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10-5: Estimating the amount of traffic on the network links
• Convert the peak hour data estimate from gigabytes per hour to
megabytes per second.
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10-6: Numerical example of a network link traffic estimate
• The amount of data written to the primary storage array during the
peak hour is 150 GB. That can be converted to megabytes per
second (MBps) as follows:
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10-7: Estimating the propagation and node delays
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10-8: Estimating the congestion queuing delay
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10-9: Numerical example of total network latency
• The distance between the endpoints of the network link, which
connects the primary and secondary data centers, is 200 miles.
Therefore, the round-trip propagation delay is:
• There are four routers in the path taken by the data, so the
estimated round trip node delay is:
4 nodes x 2 x (2 ms/node) = 16 ms
4 ms + 16 ms + 3 ms = 23 ms
200 miles
Router Router
SAN SAN
85% of bandwidth
available for storage
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Maximizing the business value
IP Storage Networking - STRAIGHT TO THE CORE
of enterprise storage technology
Chapter 11
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11-4: Defining simplicity
Storage Storage
Management
Infrastructure Infrastructure
$ per $ per
Gigabyte Gigabyte
Management
Time Time
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11-5: Practice disciplines for managing the storage domain
Business
Management
Risk Data
Management Management
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11-6: Business management practice objectives and
implementation examples
Implementation examples
• Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
• Tracking and usage charge-back
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Hardware and software decision making
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11-7: Risk management practice objectives and implementation
examples
Implementation examples
• Disaster recovery and business continuity
• Backup and restore
• Security Risk
Management
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11-8: Data management practice objectives and implementation
examples
Implementation examples
• Storage-based file systems (e.g., NAS)
• Copy functions for content distribution,
Data
performance optimization
Management
• Network storage design and architecture
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11-9: Implementing Quality of Service Policies
Partitioned Intelligent
Host Systems Storage Subsystem
OLTP OLTP
A •QoS Mechanisms: A
Server Server
IEEE 802.1p/Q, IETF DiffServ, IETF MPLS, IETF RSVP
Storage Network
Corporate Corporate
C C
Email Server Email Server
Corporate Corporate
D Traffic Prioritization Engine D
File Server File Server
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11-10: Storage Network Open Management Checklist
SAN / DAS NAS
Vendor A Vendor B Vendor C Vendor A Vendor A
Topology
Discover
Logical relationships
Array performance
Database performance
Configuration/utilization
Zoning
Provision
LUN masking
Storage devices
Alert resolution
Automate Provisioning
Replication
Chapter 12
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12-1: From Defensive to Offensive Strategies
Medium- to
Defensive Strategies Long-Term Offensive Strategies
Planning
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