WCDMA RF Tuning Guide Product name WCDMA RNP Product version 3.

1 Confidentiality level For internal use only Total 63 pages

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WCDMA RF Tuning Guide

(For internal use only)

Prepared by Reviewed by

He Fengming Xie Zhibin, Jiao Anqiang, Hua Yunlong, Hu Wensu, Wan Liang, Ai Hua, and Yan Lin Qin Yan

Date Date

2006-01-18

2006-03-15

Reviewed by Approved by

Date Date

2006-03-15

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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WCDMA RF Tuning Guide

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Revision Records
Date 2004-12-05 2005-03-02 2006-01-18 Revised version 1.00 1.01 3.0 Description Initial transmittal Revising it according to review Simplifying tasks of RF optimization, enhancing operability, and adding content based on KPI optimization Replacing CQT method with indoor test; Clarifying solution scale of interference and access problems; Deleting content of removing neighbor cells; updating RF optimization flow chat Removing content of repeaters and baseline; Adding optimization target and method for SHO Factor based on DT; updating partial cases; adding cases for cluster division; Combining blind coverage and coverage voids to weak coverage; adding simple method for removing neighbor cells According to the review by change control board (CCB), changing the interval of VP tests to 15s, adding other simple causes to imbalance of uplink and downlink, correcting some grammatical mistakes. Adding HSDPA-related content; changing the RF optimization objectives of unloaded R99 and HSDPA networks in urban and suburban areas Update the content of 3.1 optimization target. change the size of TB in CQI mapped table Update content of 3.4 and 5.1 According to the request of WBS, change the document structure. Adding the differences in differ RF optimization phases, and update document content according comment Author Zhou Xinjie Zhou Xinjie He Fengming

2006-02-27

3.01

He Fengming

2006-03-15

3.02

He Fengming

2006-04-18

3.03

He Fengming

2006-05-13

3.1

Wu Yue and Wang Dekai

2006-10-19

3.11

Wang Dekai Zhu Yubai

2008-08-01 2008-11-29

3.12 3.13

Gao Ying

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WCDMA RF Tuning Guide

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Contents
1 Introduction to RF Optimization...................................................9
1.1 Contents of RF Optimization................................................................................................................9 1.2 Document Structure...........................................................................................................................10

Basic Processes for RF Optimization...........................................11

2.1 Flow Chat of RF Optimization.............................................................................................................12 2.2 Detailed Sections of RF Optimization.................................................................................................13 2.2.1 Test Preparations..........................................................................................................................13 2.2.2 Data Collection.............................................................................................................................14 2.2.3 Problem Analysis..........................................................................................................................14

Test Preparations......................................................................15
3.1 Deciding Optimization Goal................................................................................................................15 3.2 Dividing Clusters................................................................................................................................17 3.3 Deciding Test Route...........................................................................................................................18 3.4 Preparing Tools and Data...................................................................................................................19 3.4.1 Preparing Software.......................................................................................................................19 3.4.2 Preparing Hardware......................................................................................................................19 3.4.3 Preparing Data..............................................................................................................................20

Data Collection..........................................................................21
4.1 Drive Test...........................................................................................................................................21 4.1.1 DT Types......................................................................................................................................21 4.1.2 Setting DT Indexes.......................................................................................................................22 4.2 Indoor Test..........................................................................................................................................24 4.3 Collecting RNC Configuration Data....................................................................................................24

Coverage Problem Analysis........................................................26

5.1 Coverage Problem Types...................................................................................................................26 5.1.1 Weak coverage.............................................................................................................................26 5.1.2 Cross-cell Coverage.....................................................................................................................29 5.1.3 Unbalanced Uplink and Downlink.................................................................................................29 5.1.4 No Primary Pilot............................................................................................................................30 5.2 Coverage Analysis Processes............................................................................................................31 5.2.1 Downlink Coverage Analysis.........................................................................................................31 5.2.2 Uplink Coverage Analysis.............................................................................................................34 5.3 Coverage Problem Cases..................................................................................................................35 2008-11-29 All rights reserved Page3 , Total63

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5.3.1 Weak Coverage Cases Due to Improper Engineering Parameters...............................................35 5.3.2 Cross-cell Coverage Due to Improper NodeB Location................................................................37 5.3.3 Coverage Restriction Due to Improper Installation of Antennas....................................................38

Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis.................................................40

6.1 Pilot Pollution Definition and Judgment Standards.............................................................................40 6.1.1 Definition.......................................................................................................................................40 6.1.2 Judgment Standards.....................................................................................................................40 6.2 Process for Analyzing Pilot Pollution Problem....................................................................................40 6.3 Causes and Influence Analysis...........................................................................................................41 6.3.1 Causes Analysis...........................................................................................................................41 6.3.2 Influence Analysis.........................................................................................................................43 6.4 Solutions to Pilot Pollution..................................................................................................................43 6.4.1 Antenna Adjustment......................................................................................................................43 6.4.2 PICH Power Adjustment...............................................................................................................44 6.4.3 Using RRU and BBU....................................................................................................................45 6.5 Optimization Cases for Eliminating Pilot Pollution..............................................................................47 6.5.1 Data Analysis before Optimization................................................................................................47 6.5.2 Data Analysis after Optimization...................................................................................................50

Handover Problem Analysis........................................................53

7.1 Neighbor Cell Optimization.................................................................................................................53 7.1.1 DT Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................53 7.1.2 Removing Redundant Neighbor Cells...........................................................................................57 7.2 SHO Factor based on DT Analysis.....................................................................................................58 7.2.1 Definition of SHO Factor based on DT.........................................................................................58 7.2.2 General Principles and Methods in Optimization..........................................................................58

8 Adjustment Methods.................................................................60 9 Summary..................................................................................61 10 Appendix: Coverage Enhancement Technologies........................62

10.1 Coverage-enhancing Technologies..................................................................................................62 10.1.1 TMAs..........................................................................................................................................62 10.1.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity..................................................................................................62 10.1.3 RRU............................................................................................................................................62 10.1.4 Micro Cells..................................................................................................................................62

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Tables
Table 1.1List of RF optimization objectives in R99 networks.............15 Table 1.2Relationship among the CQI reported by UE, pilot Ec/Io, and throughput rate at MAC-HS layer....................................................16 Table 1.3Mapping relationship of HSDPA Catogory12 UE CQI and TB size ..............................................................................................17 Table 2.1Recommended software for RF optimization ......................19 Table Table Table Table 2.2Recommended hardware for RF optimization .....................19 2.3Data to be collected before optimization............................20 4.1Configured parameters to be checked................................24 37.1Changing conditions for judging neighbor cells.................54

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Figures
Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1.1RF optimization flow chat................................................13 1.2Divided clusters in a project............................................18 1.3 DT test set 1.................................................................22 1.4DT test set 2...................................................................23 1.5Chart 5 RSCP distribution in cluster xx.............................27

Figure 1.6Chart 6 RSCP distribution histogram in cluster xx.............27 Figure 1.7Chart 7 Ec/Io distribution in cluster xx..............................28 Figure 1.8Chart 8 Ec/Io distribution histogram in cluster xx .....................................................................................................28 Figure 1.99 SC distribution in cluster xx..........................................31 Figure 1.10RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell.........................................32 Figure 1.11Distribution of pilot SC for the 1st Best ServiceCell.........33 Figure 1.12Analyzing comparison of UE and scanner coverage.........34 Figure 1.13Distribution of UE transmit power..................................35 Figure 1.14Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (before optimization). 36 Figure 1.15Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization). . .36 Figure 1.16Cross-cell coverage before optimization.........................37 Figure 1.17Few cross-cell coverage areas after optimization............38 Figure 1.18Coverage restriction due to antenna blocked by roof.......38 Figure 1.19Optimizing antennas by adjusting feeders......................39 Figure 1.20Pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth.............43 Figure 1.21Pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt...........44 Figure 1.22Pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells.........45 Figure 1.23Pilot pollution due to ambient factors............................46 Figure 1.24Survey photo of each cell related to pilot pollution.........46 Figure 1.25Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd........................................47 Figure 1.26Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.....................................47 Figure 1.27The 2nd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd........................48 Figure 1.28The 3rd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.........................48
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Figure 1.29The 4th best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.........................48 Figure 1.30Composition of pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd.................49 Figure 1.31RSSI near Yuxing Rd......................................................49 Figure 1.32RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd........................50 Figure 1.33RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd.................................50 Figure 1.34Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization...........51 Figure 1.35Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization........51 Figure 1.36RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization .....................................................................................................52 Figure 1.37RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization. . . .52 Figure 1.38Generating neighbor cell analysis report by using Assistant .....................................................................................................55 Figure 1.39Result of missing neighbor cells.....................................55 Figure 1.40Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by UE before call drop..............................................................................................56 Figure 1.41Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by scanner before call drop........................................................................................57 Figure 1.42RSCP for candidate of 4th Best ServiceCell.....................59

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WCDMA RF Tuning Guide

Key words: WCDMA, network optimization, and RF optimization Abstract: This document describes tasks to be completed during RF optimization stage in WCDMA network optimization. The tasks include RF optimization goal, flow, procedure, input and output, and precautions concerning RF optimization.

Acronyms and abbreviations:

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Internal Open Acronyms and abbreviations CPICH DT KPI MML OCNS OMC PS RF RNC RSCP RTWP VIC VIP VP RNO TMA HSDPA CQI Full spelling Common Pilot Channel Drive Test Key Performance Indicator Man Machine Language Orthogonal Channel Noise Simulator Operation and Maintenance Center Packet-Switched domain Radio Frequency Radio Network Controller Received Signal Code Power Received Total Wideband Power Very Important Cell Very Important People Video Phone Radio Network Planning Tower Mounted Amplifier High Speed Downlink Packet Access Channel Quality Indicator

Introduction to RF Optimization

During RF optimization stage, as one of RNO, you optimize radio frequency (RF) signals. This aims to control pilot pollution and SHO Factor based on DT in optimizing signal coverage, so that the distribution of radio signals is normal in next service parameters optimization stage.

1.1 Contents of RF Optimization

RF optimization includes the following aspects:

Pilot signal coverage optimization It includes the following two parts: Weak coverage optimization for ensuring seamless coverage by pilot signals in the network Primary pilot cell optimization for ensuring proper coverage areas by each primary pilot cell, clear edge of primary pilot cells, and that alternation of primary pilot cells is reduced as possible. Pilot pollution optimization Pilot pollution refers to those excessive pilots of approximately equivalent strength cover an area without a primary pilot. Pilot pollution might cause increasing of downlink interference, call drop due to frequent handover, low network capacity. The problems must be solved by adjusting engineering parameters. Handover optimization It consists of two parts: Checking missing neighbor cells, verifying and perfecting list of neighbor cells, solving handover, call drop, and downlink interference problems. Ensuring proper SHO Factor based on DT by adjusting engineering parameters properly.

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Interference optimization

Exclude interference caused by pilot pollution and missing neighbor, According to the interior network interference problem, find out the interference due to coverage and handover problem, and solve problem effectively. Interference optimization will be included in the first three problems.

1.2 Document Structure

This document consists of the following chapters:

Chapter 1 Introduction to RF Optimization Chapter 2 Basic Processes for RF Optimization Chapter 3 Test Preparations Chapter 4 Data Collection Chapter 5 Coverage Problem Analysis Chapter 6 Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis Chapter 7 Handover Problem Analysis Chapter 8 Adjustment Methods Chapter 9 Summary Chapter 10 Appendix

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2
1. Cluster optimization phase 2. Full network optimization

Basic Processes for RF Optimization

According to the network optimization character and execute phase, pertinence RF optimization method should be taken, at present it mainly include four kinds as below: Once all the sites are installed and verification is complete, RF optimization starts. In some situations for a tight schedule, RF optimization might start after the construction of partial sites is complete. RF optimization is usually performed after 80% of total sites in a cluster are constructed. Carry out after cluster optimization, the main object is to satisfy full network coverage requirement, and take related test according KPI. Take optimization from all round, solve the interference and coverage problems between neighbor cluster, most of work is same as the cluster optimization. 3. Network performance upgrade phase When the program enter to maintenance phase, provide the radio network performance upgrade service to customers, according to the quality of network decrease or request to improve the quality of network, through out concentrate time and human resource, improve network performance and service quality. The main job Includes coverage optimization, user complains solution, transfer RF optimization experience to customer. According to DT/CQT test, find and solve network problem, take in detail problem analysis and adjust scheme, check network performance if it has been reached to the target after optimization. At the same time, communicate with customers, provide them technique guidance and network optimization experience. 4. Provide network continuous optimization service phase Huawei radio network optimization service include: Through out long-term daily network performance monitor, regularly preventive estimate check and continuously optimization to guarantee network quality stabilization. At the same time of improving network performance, transfer maintenance experience to customers. As to guarantee network coverage, provide customers technique solution about RF optimization, according to DT/CQT test data, find and solve coverage or interference problem.

RF optimization stage is one major stage of RNO. It aims at the following aspects:

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Optimizing signal coverage Control pilot pollution Control SHO Factor based on DT RF optimization also involves optimizing list of neighbor cells. When the indexes like DT and traffic measurement after RF adjustment meets KPI requirements, RF optimization stage ends. Otherwise you must reanalyze data and adjust parameters repeatedly until all KPI requirements are met. After RF optimization, RNO comes to parameter optimization stage.

2.1 Flow Chat of RF Optimization

RF optimization includes the following four parts:

Test preparations Data collection Problem analysis Parameter adjustment It shows the RF optimization flow chat.

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Figure 1.1 RF optimization flow chat

In 2.1, the data collection, problem analysis, and parameter adjustment might be repeatedly performed according to optimization goal and actual on-site situations until RF indexes meet KPI requirements.

2.2 Detailed Sections of RF Optimization

2.2.1 Test Preparations
During test preparations, proceed as below: 1. Decide KPI goals for optimization according to the contract 2. Divide clusters properly and decide test route with the operator The KPI test acceptance route is especially important. 3. Prepare tools and materials for RF optimization. 2008-11-29 All rights reserved Page13 , Total63

Internal Open This ensures smooth RF optimization.

2.2.2 Data Collection

Collect the following data:

UE and scanner data Collect UE and scanner data by the following methods: DT Indoor test Signaling tracing Call data tracing at RNC side Configuration data The configuration data and the call data tracing help to locate problems. Data collection is a precondition for problem analysis.

2.2.3 Problem Analysis

You can locate problems by analyzing collected data. After analyzing coverage problems, pilot pollution problems, and handover problems, provide corresponding adjustment solutions. After adjustment, test the adjustment result. If the test result cannot meet KPI requirements, reanalyze problems and readjust parameters until all KPI requirements are met. Due to weak coverage, pilot pollution, and missing neighbor cells, the following problems are related to location:

Downlink interference Access problems Call drop problems The previous problems occur regularly. You can solve them by repeated optimization. If the coverage is good, pilot pollution and missing neighbor cells are not present, the access and call drop problems need to be solved during parameter optimization stage. You can refer to corresponding guidebooks. The period for solving uplink interference problems (RTWP is over high but no high traffic matches it) is long, even as long as the RF optimization ends. For solutions, see WCDMA Interference Solution Guide. Output an updated list of engineering parameters and list of cell parameters after RF optimization. The list of engineering parameters reflects adjustment of engineering parameters (such as down tilt and azimuth) during RF optimization stage. The list of cell parameters reflects the adjustment of cell parameters (such as neighbor cell configuration) during RF optimization stage.

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Test Preparations

Test preparations include the following four aspects:

Deciding optimization goal Dividing clusters Deciding DT route Preparing tools and data

3.1 Deciding Optimization Goal

The key of RF optimization is to solve problems as below:

Weak coverage Pilot pollution

High SHO Factor based on DT Actually, different operators might have different standards on KPI requirements, index definition, and attention. Therefore the RF optimization goal is to meet the coverage and handover KPI requirements in the contract (commercial deployment offices) or planning report (trial offices). Define the indexes as required by contract as below: The index definition is the percentage ratio of the sampling points with the index (such as CPICH Ec/Io) greater than the reference value in all sampling points. Usually after RF optimization, the network must meets the index requirements listed in 3.1.
Note:
3.1 provides reference indexes, only for guiding RNO engineers to clarify the RF optimization objectives, not for actual project bidding. Different projects may have different indexes. The contract decides the actual indexes and values.

3.1 lists the RF optimization objectives according to analysis of and suggestion to coverage by existing network.

Table 1.1 List of RF optimization objectives in R99 networks

Index Reference Remarks

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Internal Open CPICH Ec/Io 9dB 97% in urban area 97% in suburban area CPICH RSCP 95dBm 98% in urban area 95% in suburban area SHO Factor based on DT 30%40% According to test result from the scanner, in unloaded and outdoor conditions, in planning coverage areas, test in a gridlike route to cover all cells.

According to test result from the scanner, in unloaded and outdoor conditions, in planning coverage areas, test in a gridlike route to cover all cells. The coverage level request is basic. If operators have penetration loss request, add the penetration loss to the coverage level. The SHO Factor based on DT should be 5% to 10% lower than the goal, because the following optimizations cause the soft handover factor to increase

Pilot pollution ratio

5%

The RF optimization of HSDPA services aims to improve the ratio of test phone; the main method is improving distribution of UE CQI. 3.1lists the relationship among the CQI reported by UE, pilot Ec/Io, and throughput rate at MACHS layer (MPO = 7.5 dB).

Table 1.2 Relationship among the CQI reported by UE, pilot Ec/Io, and throughput rate at MAC-HS layer
9 > CQI Subscribers' feeling throughput rate at MAC-HS layer for single subscriber Ec/Io Poor 0466 Kpbs 15 > CQI 9 Fair 466kbps Mbps to1.39 CQI 15 Good > 1.39 Mbps

< 15dB

15dB to 9dB

9dB

The throughput rate provided in is based on the test in the following conditions:

The codes and lub are not restricted. The category 12 UE has a subscribed rate of 2 Mpbs. The subscribed type is background or interactive service Power is dynamically distributed. Namely, without R99 subscribers, all the power is used by the HSDPA subscriber to guarantee rate as high as possible. According to the requirements on RF optimization of unloaded R99 network, the CPICH Ec/Io 9 dB. After HSDPA is introduced, power is dynamically distributed, and the single HSDPA subscriber at cell edge uses all the power. Meanwhile, the downlink load reaches 90%, and CPICH Ec/Io 15.5dB. If operators' requirement on throughput rate at cell edge is not the recommended, search the required value in 3.1. 3.1 lists the mapping relationship of HSDPA Catogory12 UE CQI and TB size. The CQI that is larger than 13 or smaller than 5 are excluded. The rate at MAC-HS layer for the subscriber is

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Internal Open (TBsize / 2ms) * (1 BLER), wherein, the BLER is 10%.

Table 1.3 Mapping relationship of HSDPA Catogory12 UE CQI and TB size

CQI 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 TB Size 365 365 365 699 699 1036 1380 2046 2404 2726 3090 3440

As previously mentioned, to optimize HSDPA is to optimize Ec/Io of target networks. But the main difference between HSDPA and R99 networks optimization is R99 has soft handover, but HSDPA doesnt. So HSDPA traffic doesnt have soft handover plus, first cut off then connect. Data transfer will be broken in this process, For SDPA, pilot pollution and ping pang handover is more sensitive. Pay more attention to pilot coverage environment optimization. Therefore, in terms of optimization method, the HSDPA and R99 networks are consistent. The following optimization flow will not distinguish HSDPA networks from R99 networks.

3.2 Dividing Clusters

According to the features of UMTS technologies, the coverage and capacity are interaction and the frequency reuse factor is 1. Therefore RF optimization must be performed on a group of or a cluster of NodeBs at the same time instead of performing RF optimization on single site one by one. This ensures that interference from intra-frequency neighbor cells are considered during optimization. Analyze the impact of the adjustment of an index on other sites before adjustment. Dividing clusters involves approval by the operator. The following factors must be considered upon dividing clusters:

According to experiences, the number of NodeBs in a cluster depends on the actual situation. 1525 NodeBs in a cluster is recommended. Too many or few NodeBs in a cluster is improper. A cluster must not cover different areas of test (planning) full coverage services. Refer to the divided clusters for network project maintenance of the operator. Landform factor Landforms affect signal propagation. Mountains block signal propagation, so they are natural borders for dividing clusters. Rivers causes a longer propagation distance, so they affect

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Internal Open dividing clusters in various aspects. If a river is narrow, the signals along two banks will interact. If the transportation between two banks allows, divide sites along the two banks in the same cluster. If a river is wide, the upstream and downstream will interact. In this situation, the transportation between two banks is inconvenient, dividing clusters by the bank according to actual situation.

A cell-like cluster is much usual than a strip-like cluster. Administrative areas When the coverage area involves several administrative areas, divide clusters according to administrative areas. This is easily acceptable by the operator. DT workload The DT must be performed within a day for a cluster. A DT takes about four hours. 3.2 shows divided clusters in a project.

Figure 1.2 Divided clusters in a project In 3.2:

JB03 and JB04 belong to dense urban areas. JB01 belongs to express way areas. JB02, JB05, JB06, and JB07 belong to urban areas. JB08 belongs to suburban area. The number of NodeBs in a cluster is 1822.

3.3 Deciding Test Route

Confirm the KPI DT acceptance route with the operator before DT. If the operator already has a decided DT acceptance route, you must consider this upon deciding the KPI DT acceptance route. If the objective factors like network layout cannot fully meet the coverage requirements of decided test route by the operator, you must point this out. The KPI DT acceptance route is the core route of RF optimization test routes. Its optimization is the core of RF optimization. The following tasks, such as parameter optimization and acceptance, are based on KPI DT acceptance route. The KPI DT acceptance route must cover major streets, important location, VIP, and VIC. The DT route should cover all cells as possible. The initial test and final test must cover all cells. If time is enough, cover all streets in the planned area. Use the same DT route in every test to compare performances more accurately. Round-trip DT is performed if possible.

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Internal Open Consider actual factors like lanes and left-turn restriction while deciding test route. Before negotiating with the operator, communicate these factors with local drivers for whether the route is acceptable.

3.4 Preparing Tools and Data

Prepare necessary software (listed in 3.4.1), hardware (listed in 3.4.2), and various data (listed in 3.4.3), because the following test and analysis are based on them. Detail test process, link test instruments and test items, consult <<W-test introduce book>>

3.4.1 Preparing Software

3.4.1 lists the recommended software for RF optimization

Table 2.1 Recommended software for RF optimization

No. 1 2 3 4 5 Software Genex Probe/Nemo Genex Assistant/Actix Genex Nastar Mapinfo GoogleEarth Function DT Analyzing DT data and checking neighbor cells Analyzing performance, checking health, and locating problems Displaying maps and generating route data NodeB location and enviorment display, height display Remarks Above V1.3 Above V1.41

3.4.2 Preparing Hardware

3.4.2 lists the recommended hardware for RF optimization

Table 2.2 Recommended hardware for RF optimization

No. 1 2 Device Scanner Test terminal and data line Specification DTI Scanner U626, E620, Qualcomm, and so on Remarks At least two test terminals. If there is HSDPA request, use the data card E620. U626 does not support HSDPA.

3 4

Laptop Vehicle inverter mounted

PM1.3G/512M/20G/USB/COM/PRN DC to AC, over 300W

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Internal Open 5 GPS Common GARMIN GPS inner set in DTI Scanner. GPS antenna should be install when test

3.4.3 Preparing Data

3.4.3 lists the data to be collected before optimization

Table 2.3 Data to be collected before optimization

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Needed data List of engineering parameters Map KPI requirements Network configuration parameters Survey report Single site verification checklist Floor plan of the target buildings Project configuration document Whether is necessary Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Remarks By Mapinfo or in paper For indoor test Check neighbor cell Missing

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Data Collection

During RF optimization stage, the key is the optimization of radio signals distribution, with the major means of DT and indoor test. Before test, confirm with the customer care engineers the following aspects:

Whether the target NodeBs, RNCs, and related CN are abnormal due to being disabled, blocked, congested, and transmission alarms. Whether the alarms have negative impact on the validity of test result data. If the alarms exist, solve the problems before test. DT is a major test. Collect scanner and UE data of radio signals by DT test. The data is applicable in analyzing coverage, handover, and pilot pollution problems. Indoor test involves the following areas: Indoor coverage areas Indoor coverage areas include inside buildings, department stores, and subways. Inside areas of important facilities Inside areas of important facilities include gymnasiums and government offices. Areas required by the operator Areas required by the operator include VIC and VIP. Test the previous areas to locate, analyze, and solve the RF problems. Indoor test also involves in optimizing handover of indoor and outdoor intra-frequency, interfrequency, and inter-system. The DT and indoor test during RF optimization stage is based on VP service. According to the contract (commercial deployment offices) and planning report (trial offices), if seamless coverage by VP service is impossible in areas, such as, suburban areas and rural areas, the test is based on voice services. For areas with seamless coverage by PS384K service or HSDPA service required by the contract (commercial deployment office) or planning report (trial office), such as office buildings, press centers, and hot spot areas, the test is based on the above services.

4.1 Drive Test

4.1.1 DT Types
According to different full coverage services in the planned areas, DT might be one of the following:

3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded VP According to simulation result and experiences, if the test result meets requirements on VP

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service coverage, the test result will also meet identical coverage requirements of PS144K, PS128K, and PS64K services. 3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded voice service 3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded PS384K 3G ONLY continuous call test by using scanner + unloaded HSDPA

4.1.2 Setting DT Indexes

The following paragraphs take VP service for example. Setting DT indexes proceeds as below: Start Genex Probe software Select Configuration > Test Plan Configuration > New Set DT indexes as shown For setting of voice, PS384K, and HSDPA services, see WCDMA Test Guide

Figure 1.3 DT test set 1

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Figure 1.4 DT test set 2

For setting DT, see the following table. Index Enable Call Number Setup Time (s) Calling Time (s) Idle (s) Time Meaning Whether to implement this index. True for implementation. False for nonimplementation. The recommended value is True. Called number. Whether the called terminal supports VP must be confirmed. The maximum time for setting up calls. It ranges from 2030s. The recommended value is 25s. The time for a single call from call start to normal end of call. Set it great enough according to actual DT route. The recommended value is 99999s. Call internal time. The recommended value is 10s. Total call times. Set it great enough according to actual DT route. The recommended value is 999 times.

Call Count

Collect call data tracing at RNC side while performing drive test. This help to locate and analyze problems. Data to be collected includes:

Traced signaling messages of single subscriber For the detailed description and collection method of call tracing data, see WCDMA Equipment

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Room Operations Guide. CDT trace signaling messages For the detailed description and collection method of call tracing data, see WCDMA Equipment Room Operations Guide.

4.2 Indoor Test

GPS signals are unobtainable in door test. Obtain the plan of the target area before test. Indoor test consists of walking test and vertical test. Perform walking test to obtain horizontal signals distribution inside buildings by selecting Indoor Measurement > Walking Test. Perform vertical test to obtain vertical signals distribution by selecting Indoor Measurement > Vertical Test. For the detailed method, see WCDMA Test Guide . Indoor test services are services by seamless coverage required in the contract (commercial deployment office) or planning report (trial office). The method for indoor test and requirements on collecting call tracing data are the same as DT.

4.3 Collecting RNC Configuration Data

During RF optimization stage, collect neighbor cell data of network optimization and other data configured in RNC database. In addition, check whether the configured data is consistent with the previously checked/planned data. While checking configured data, feed back the improperly configured data (if found) to product support engineers. During checking, pay special attention to handover reselection parameters and power setting parameters, as listed in 4.3.

Table 4.1 Configured parameters to be checked

Type Handover reselection parameter Power configuration parameter HSDPA cell configuration Content to be checked IntraFreqNCell (intra-frequency neighbor cell) InterFreqNCell (inter-frequency neighbor cell) InterRATNCell (inter-system neighbor cell) MaxAllowedULTxPower (maximum uplink transmit power of UE) PCPICHPower (PCPICH transmit power) Whether the HSDPA cell is activated HS-PDSCH code configuration HS-SCCH configuration HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH power configuration For handover reselection parameters, check list of neighbor cells, including intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-system neighbor cells. Output an updated Radio Parameter Configuration Data Table and parameter revision records. This is useful in problem analysis and following optimization stages. Collecting data proceeds as below: 1. Start RNC LMT 2. Collect MML scripts 3. Convert neighbor cell configuration data in MML scripts to Excel files by using Nastar or MMLs2MDB 2008-11-29 All rights reserved Page24 , Total63

Internal Open 4. Save the data in the format in which the data can be imported to Assistant. For details, see WCDMA Equipment Room Operations Guide and Nastar, Assistant User Manual.

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Coverage Problem Analysis

Coverage problem analysis is the key to RF optimization. It involves signal distribution. The coverage problems to be analyzed include:

Weak coverage Cross-cell coverage Unbalance uplink and downlink No primary pilot cell

5.1 Coverage Problem Types

5.1.1 Weak coverage
Introduction Weak coverage refer to that the RSCP of pilot signals in a coverage area is smaller than 95 dBm. It might be in:

Valley areas Hillside back Elevator well Tunnel Underground garage Basement Areas inside high buildings If the pilot signals are weaker than that required by full coverage services (such as VP and PS64K), or just meet the requirements, if the PICH Ec/Io cannot meets the lowest requirements on full coverage services due to increased intra-frequency interference, problems like difficult access of full coverage services will occur. If the RSCP of pilot signals is weaker than that of minimum access threshold in a coverage area, the UE cannot camp on the cell, so the UE drops off the network due to failing in location updating and location registration. Weak coverage can be determined as these rules 1.Observe the scanner Best RSCP and EcIo (network unload) distribution chart, see chart 5

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Figure 1.5 Chart 5 RSCP distribution in cluster xx

Figure 1.6 Chart 6 RSCP distribution histogram in cluster xx

From chart 6 get RSCP KPI ratio, According client request, such as (>-98dbm,95%)

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Figure 1.7 Chart 7 Ec/Io distribution in cluster xx

Figure 1.8 Chart 8 Ec/Io distribution histogram in cluster xx

2. If exist poor signal quality area, according Legend distribution (commonly red area), contrast SC for RSCP distribution chart one by one, find the weak cover cell

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Internal Open Solutions For previous problems, use the following methods:

Check the move or build schedule of poor coverage NodeB, use GoogleEarth to observe clutter and terrain, and learn about DT test and traffic implement, separate man-made and nonman-made reason. If necessary, CDT is useful for Troubleshooting. Increase pilot transmit power, adjust antenna down tilt and azimuth, increase antenna height, use antennas with higher gain to optimize coverage. If subscribers are abundant in the non-overlapped areas of neighbor NodeBs or the nonoverlapped areas are great, construct new NodeBs or expand the coverage range of neighbor NodeBs. This ensures a software handover area with enough great size. Pay attention to that increasing of coverage areas might cause intra-frequency and inter-frequency interference. Construct new NodeBs or add RRU in valley and hillside back areas with weak coverage to expand coverage range. Use RRU, indoor distributed system, leakage cable, and directional antenna to solve problems in signal dead zone like elevator well, tunnel, underground garage, basement, areas inside buildings.

5.1.2 Cross-cell Coverage

Introduction Cross-cell coverage refers to that the coverage range of some NodeBs is beyond the planned range and discontinuous primary pilot coverage areas form in coverage areas of other NodeBs. For example, if the NodeBs with a height much higher that the average height of adjacent buildings transmit signals along upland or roads over far, a primary pilot coverage area form in the coverage area of other NodeBs, an "island" forms. Therefore, if a call accesses the "island" and the nearby cells of the "island" is not configured as the neighbor cells, call drops once the UE leaves the island. Though the nearby cells of the "island" is configured as the neighbor cells, the "island" is over small, call also drops due to delayed handover. If the two-side areas along a gulf are improperly planned, cross-cell coverage occurs on these areas due to short distance between two sides of the gulf. Consequently, interference occurs. The difference between cross-cell coverage and weak coverage is not absolute. PSC signal quality is poor, but a quite far SC signal is strong, and become PSC in this area. To solve this problem, enhance the signal from PSC in this area or weaken the signal from far SC. After adjust, good method should have small influence to other cell, it depends on environment and personal experience.

Solutions For the previous problems, use the following methods:

For cross-cell coverage, prevent antennas from transmitting signals straightforward along roads or reduce cross-cell coverage areas by using sheltering effect of adjacent buildings. Meanwhile you must avoid intra-frequency interference to other NodeBs. For over high NodeBs, change the site. You might have difficulties in finding new sites due to property and equipment installation. In addition, too large mechanism down tilt causes aberration of antenna direction maps. Therefore you can eliminate the "island" effect and reduce NodeB coverage areas by adjusting pilot transmit power and using electric down tilt.

5.1.3 Unbalanced Uplink and Downlink

Introduction Unbalanced uplink and downlink refers to the following situations in uplink and downlink

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The downlink coverage is good but the uplink coverage is restricted. More specific, the UE transmit power reaches the maximum which still cannot meet uplink BLER requirements. The downlink coverage is restricted. More specific, the downlink DCH transmit power reaches the maximum which still cannot meet downlink BLER requirements. If the uplink and downlink are unbalanced, call drops easily. The probable cause is restricted uplink coverage. Solutions For the unbalanced uplink and downlink problems, check for interference by monitoring RTWP alarms of NodeB. For the method, see WCDMA Interference Solution Guide. Other causes may lead to unbalanced uplink and downlink, such as:

Uplink and downlink gain of repeaters and interference amplifier are faulty. In an Rx/Tx detach system, the Rx diversity antenna-feeder system is faulty. NodeB problems, such as power amplifier failure For previous problems, check the work state whether there are alarms, whether it is normal. Solve the problem by replacing NEs, isolating faulty NEs, and adjust NEs.

5.1.4 No Primary Pilot

Introduction No primary pilot areas refer to the areas where no primary pilot is or the primary cell changes frequently. In no primary pilot areas, UE hands over frequently, so the system efficiency is lowered and probability of call drop increases. Solutions In no primary pilot areas, you can enhance the coverage by strong signals of a cell (or near cells) and reduce the coverage by weak signals of other cells (or far cells) by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. Analyze call drop reasons, no primary pilot areas is similar with pingpang handoff. The causes are needle phenomena and corner phenomena. Through out observe the signal flow of call drop point and EcIo distribution, as shown in chart 9. Observe Best SC distribution, if no primary pilot areas phenomena happened, then tow or above colors appear in this area.

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Figure 1.9 9 SC distribution in cluster xx

Caution: if SC is not consistent with DT data, we should make sure whether SC configure incorrect or antenna connect in reverse.

5.2 Coverage Analysis Processes

5.2.1 Downlink Coverage Analysis
Downlink coverage analysis involves analyzing CPICH RSCP obtained by drive test. The quality standard of CPICH RSCP must be combined with the optimization standard. Assume that the optimization standard is as below: CPICH_RSCP 95 dBm >= 95% Scanner test result in outdoor unloaded conditions

The corresponding quality standard is:

Good if CPICH_RSCP 85 dBm Fair if 95 dBm CPICH_RSCP < 85 dBm Poor if CPICH_RSCP < 95 dBm Mark the areas with weak coverage or common seamless coverage of large areas for further analysis. Mark the areas with downlink coverage voids, analyze the distance relations with neighbor NodeBs and environments, and check the following:

Whether the CPICH RSCP of neighbor sites is normal Whether coverage can be enhanced by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. During adjusting antennas, avoid new coverage voids while eliminating some coverage voids. If the coverage voids cannot be eliminated by adjusting antennas, construct sites to solve it.

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Internal Open Anayzing Pilot Coverage Strength Usually, the strongest RSCP received by each scanner in the coverage area must be above 95 dBm. Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell, and you can obtain the distribution of weak coverage area, shown in 5.2.1. In 5.2.1, RSCP in weak coverage areas is smaller than 95 dBm in the DT route. According to scanner and UE, the pilot RSCP is acceptable. If the scanner antenna is mounted outside the car, and the UE is inside the car, there is a penetration loss of 5 to 7 dB. Use scanner data to avoid incomplete pilot information measured by UE due to missing neighbor cells.

Figure 1.10 RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell

Analyzing Primary Pilot Cell Cell primary pilot analysis is analyzing cell scramble information obtained in DT. Through out observe SC distribution in cells, find covering problem. Engineer can get cells distribution clearly by analyzing SC, it is benefit to trouble shooting and solve problem.

The content to be checked include (by Assistant):

Weak coverage cell Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC, and you can obtain the signal distribution of each cell (scramble). According to DT data, if the scramble signals of a cell are not present, probably some sites cannot transmit signals during test. If a cell cannot transmit signals during DT, the DT of relative areas must be re-performed. Very weak coverage might be result of blocked antennas, so you must check the survey report of the site and check installation of onsite antennas. No (poor) coverage cell might be due to that the DT route does not cover the cell coverage area. In this case, reevaluate the DT route for the rationality and perform DT again. Cross-cell coverage cell Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for SC, and you can obtain the signal distribution of each cell (scramble). If the signals of a cell are widely distributed, even in the neighbor cells and the cells next to its neighbor cells, the signals of the cell is present, the cell encounters a cross-cell coverage which might be due to over high site or improper down tilt of antenna. The cross-cell coverage cells interferes neighbor cells, so the capacity declines. You can solve the

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problem by increasing the down tilt of antenna or lowering the height of antenna. Avoid forming new weak coverage areas while solving cross-coverage problems. Pay special attention to the adjustment of engineering parameters which might cause coverage voids. Be conservative that cross-cell coverage is better than coverage voids if no other choices are available. No primary pilot cell Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based SC for 1st Best ServiceCell, and you can obtain the scramble distribution of the best cell. If multiple best cells changes frequently in an cell, the cell is a no primary pilot cell, as shown in 5.2.1 No primary pilot cell forms due to the following causes: Cross-cell non-seamless coverage due to over high site Pilot pollution in some areas Coverage voids at edges of coverage areas Therefore intra-frequency interferences forms which causes ping-pong handover and affects performances of service coverage. Figure 1.11 Distribution of pilot SC for the 1st Best ServiceCell

Analyzing comparison of UE and Scanner Coverage Missing neighbor cells, improper parameters of soft handover, cell selection and reselection cause the consistent between scanner primary pilot cell and camped cell in idle mode or Best ServiceCell in the active set in connection mode of UE. After optimization, the Ec/Io for 1st Best ServiceCell of UE and scanner is consistent. In addition, the coverage map of UE is marked by clear bordering lines of Best ServiceCell, as 5.2.1.

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Figure 1.12 Analyzing comparison of UE and scanner coverage

5.2.2 Uplink Coverage Analysis

The corresponding quality standard is:

Good if CPICH_RSCP 85 dBm Fair if 95 dBm CPICH_RSCP < 85 dBm Poor if CPICH_RSCP < 95 dBm Uplink coverage analysis is analyzing UE transmit power obtained in DT. The quality standards of UE transmit power must be combined with optimization standards. Assume the optimization indexes of UE transmit power as below:

UE_Tx_Power dBm

10

>= 95%

The test result of voice service by test handset. Assume the maximum transmit power of UE is 21 dBm.

The defined corresponding quality standards are:

Good if UE_Tx_Power 0 dBm Fair if 0 dBm < UE_Tx_Power 10 dBm Poor if UE_Tx_Power > 10 dBm For areas with poor index, judge whether the increasing of UE transmit power is due to call drop or poor uplink coverage. Geographically displayed on the map, the former is as a point of sudden increment with call drop while the latter is an area with seamless coverage unnecessarily with call drop. Mark the areas with weak coverage or large common seamless coverage for further analysis. Check whether downlink CPICH RSCP coverage voids exist in the areas with uplink coverage voids. Solve the problem with both uplink and downlink weak coverage by analyzing downlink coverage analysis. If only the uplink coverage is poor without uplink interference (see WCDMA Interference Solution Guide), solve the problems by adjusting down tilt and azimuth of antenna, and adding TMAs.

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Internal Open Analyzing Uplink Interference Check for uplink interference by tracing and analyzing RTWP data. For details, see WCDMA Interference Solution Guide. Distribution of UE Transmit Power The distribution of UE transmit power reflects the distribution of uplink interference and uplink path loss. In 5.2.2, UE transmit power is lower than 10 dBm normally. Only when uplink interference and coverage area edge exist will the UE transmit power increase sharply to 21 dBm (Some UEs that support HSDPA, such as E620, with a power class of 3, the maximum transmit power is 24 dBm), and the uplink is restricted. Comparatively restricted uplink coverage occurs much easily in macro cells than in micro cells.

Figure 1.13 Distribution of UE transmit power

5.3 Coverage Problem Cases

5.3.1 Weak Coverage Cases Due to Improper Engineering Parameters
Phenomenon In 5.3.1, the pilot RSCP is lower than 95 dBm in the marked red area. This belongs to weak coverage, which might cause call drop.

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Figure 1.14 Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (before optimization)

Analysis In 5.3.1, the problem lies in that Xiajiao Sugar Plant sector B mainly covers the marked area but Materials Building sector A partially covers the marked area. Initially engineers consider enhancing the coverage of the marked area by adjusting the two cells. According to the survey report, other buildings opposite Materials Building prevent sector A from transmit signals, so adjusting antenna fails to enhance the coverage of the areas. Solutions Keep the parameter configuration of Materials Building sector A, but adjust the azimuth of Xiajiao Sugar Plant sector B from 170 to 165, down tilt from 10 to 8. 5.3.1 shows the coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization)

Figure 1.15 Coverage near Xiajiao Sugar Plant (after optimization)

In 5.3.1, the coverage in the marked area is enhanced clearly after adjusting engineering

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5.3.2 Cross-cell Coverage Due to Improper NodeB Location

Phenomenon In a trial office, the Erqi Rd. NodeB is 60-meter high, over 20 meters than nearby buildings. This causes cross-cell coverage easily and brings intra-frequency interference to other NodeBs, as shown in 5.3.2.

Figure 1.16 Cross-cell coverage before optimization

Aanalysis For a high NodeB problem, adjust fixed electric down tilt of antenna from 2 to 6. Because the Erqi Rd. NodeB is at the edge of network coverage, reduce interferences to other NodeBs by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. In this case, no equipment is removed. Engineers solve the cross-cell coverage by increasing mechanism down tilt and adjusting azimuth. Solutions After adjustment of down tilt to 4, the most cross-cell coverage areas are eliminated, with only few cross-cell coverage areas, as shown in 5.3.2.

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Figure 1.17 Few cross-cell coverage areas after optimization

For similar high NodeBs, you can combine adjustable down tilt of electric antenna and mechanism antenna to better control signal coverage.

5.3.3 Coverage Restriction Due to Improper Installation of Antennas

Phenomenon From 5.3.3, the antenna of a project is mounted on a roof (10-meter tall).

Figure 1.18 Coverage restriction due to antenna blocked by roof

At the optimization stage after network construction, in front of the traffic lights below antennas, video quality declines due to VP mosaic and PS384K service is reactivated.

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Internal Open Analysis In terms of planning, 3G and 2G antennas are mounted in a co-location site. According to coverage test data of 2G antenna, 2G signals does not fluctuate sharply under the site and under the traffic lights. Namely, if the 3G and 2G antennas are in the same location, 3G signals will cover the areas around traffic lights. The problem lies in that the 3G antenna is mounted too close to the wall on the roof and the wall blocks signals so the special installation conditions of antennas are not met. In addition, the 2G antenna and its installation parts affect the pattern of 3G antenna. This changes the radiation pattern of 3G antenna. According to the installation scene, adjusting location of 3G antenna is difficult. Solutions According to discussion between 2G and 3G engineers, the minimum adjustment solution without affecting 2G coverage is as below: Connect the 3G and 2G TX/RX feeder to two feeders of outside wideband polarization antenna Connect the 3G and 2G RX feeder to two feeders of inner wideband antenna. 5.3.3 shows the connection.

Figure 1.19 Optimizing antennas by adjusting feeders

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Pilot Pollution Problem Analysis

6.1 Pilot Pollution Definition and Judgment Standards

6.1.1 Definition
The pilot pollution is that excessive strong pilots exist in a point but no primary pilot is strong enough.

6.1.2 Judgment Standards

Pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:

The number of pilots that meet the following condition is more than ThN CPICH_RSCP > ThRSCP_Absolute (CPICH_RSCP1st - CPICH_RSCP(ThN +1)th)< ThRSCP_Relative Assume that ThRSCP_Absolute = 100 dBm, ThN = 3, and ThRSCP_Relative = 5 dB, and then pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:

More than three pilots meet the following condition CPICH_RSCP > 100 dBm. (CPICH_RSCP1st - CPICH_RSCP4th) < 5 dB

6.2 Process for Analyzing Pilot Pollution Problem

The process for analyzing pilot pollution problem proceeds as below: 1. Start Assistant. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell and EcIo for 1st Best ServiceCell. Select the areas with high RSCP and poor EcIo as candidate areas with pilot pollution. 2. Analyze scanner-based Whole PP. Select the areas corresponding to candidate areas as the 2008-11-29 All rights reserved Page40 , Total63

Internal Open key areas with pilot pollution. 3. Locate the cells that cause pilot pollution of the key areas. 4. Based on RSCP for 1st Best ServiceCell, judge whether the pilot pollution is caused by existence of multiple strong pilots or lack of a strong pilot. For the former cause, you can solve the problem by weakening other strong pilots. For the latter cause, you can solve the problem by strengthening some strong pilot. 5. Analyze the RSCP and Ec/Io distribution of areas related to pilot pollution and confirm the cells that need eliminating the coverage of an area and that need enhancing the coverage of an area. Based on the actual environment, analyze the specific causes to pilot pollution (for analyzing causes, see 6.3.1). For specific causes, provide solutions to pilot pollution (for solution, see 6.4). While eliminating pilot pollution in an area, consider the influence to other areas and avoid causing pilot pollution or coverage voids to other areas. 6. Retest after adjustment. Analyze RSCP, Ec/Io and Whole PP. If they cannot meet KPI requirements, re-optimize the network by selecting new key areas until KPI requirements are met.

Note:
In the new optimization, do not adjust the cells that was adjusted in last optimization. You can add other key areas analyzed by Whole PP (the part that does not correspond to the candidate areas)

6.3 Causes and Influence Analysis

6.3.1 Causes Analysis
Ideally the signals in a cell are restricted within its planned range. However the signals cannot reach the ideal state due to the following factors of radio environment:

Landform Building distribution Street distribution Waters Pilot pollution is the result of interaction among multiple NodeBs, so it occurs in urban areas where NodeBs are densely constructed. Normally typical areas where pilot pollution occurs easily include:

High buildings Wide streets Overhead structure Crossroad Areas round waters

When make sure pilot pollution severe areas, we should exclude weak cover, no primary pilot cell and so on. Improper Cell Distribution Due to restriction to site location and complex geographic environment, cell distribution might be
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Internal Open improper. Improper cell distribution causes weak coverage of some areas and coverage by multiple strong pilots in same areas. Over High NodeB or Highly-mounted Antenna If a NodeB is constructed in a position higher than around buildings, most areas will be with in the line-of sight range. Therefore signals are widely transmitted. Cross-cell coverage is difficult to control over high site, which causes pilot pollution. Improper Antenna Azimuth In a network with multiple NodeBs, the antenna azimuth must be adjusted according to the following factors:

NodeB distribution of the entire network Coverage requirements Traffic volume distribution The sector azimuth of each antenna is set to cooperate with each other. If the azimuth is improperly set:

Some factors might cover the same area. This causes excessive pilot pollution. Weak coverage exists in some areas without primary pilot. The previous two situations might lead to pilot pollution. Therefore you must adjust the antenna according to actual propagation. Improper Antenna Down Tilt Setting antenna down tilt depends on the following factors:

Relative height to around environment Coverage range requirements Antenna types If the antenna down tilt is improper, signals are received in the areas which are covered by this site. Therefore interferences to other areas cause pilot pollution. Even worse, interferences might cause call drop. Improper PICH Power When the NodeBs are densely distributed with a small planned coverage rang and the PICH power is over high, the pilot covers an area larger than the planned area. This causes pilot pollution. Ambient Factors The signals cannot reach the planned state due to the following factors of radio environment:

Landform Building distribution Street distribution Waters The ambient factors include:

High buildings or mountains block signals from spreading The signals of a NodeB to cover a target area are blocked by high buildings or mountains, so the target area will have no primary pilot. This causes pilot pollution. Streets or waters influences signals When the antenna direction is pointing a street, the coverage range is expanded by the street. When the coverage range of a NodeB overlaps with the coverage range of other NodeBs, pilot pollution occurs. High buildings reflect signals When high glassed buildings stand near a NodeB, they will reflect signals to the coverage range of other NodeBs. This causes pilot pollution.

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6.3.2 Influence Analysis

Pilot pollution causes the following network problems. Ec/Io Deterioration Multiple strong pilots interferes useful functional signals, so Io increases, Ec/Io decreases, BLER increases, and network quality declines. Call Drop Due to Handover More than three strong pilots or no primary pilot exists in multiple pilots, frequent handover occurs among these pilots. This might cause call drop. Capacity Decline The interference of the areas with pilot pollution increases, the system capacity declines.

6.4 Solutions to Pilot Pollution

6.4.1 Antenna Adjustment
According to the test, pilot signal strength of an area with pilot pollution is changed by adjusting antenna down tilt and azimuth. This changes the distribution of pilot signals in the area. The principle for adjustment is enhancing primary pilot and weakening other pilots. To enhance pilot coverage of an area, adjust the antenna azimuth pointing the area. To weakening pilot coverage of an area, adjust the antenna azimuth pointing the opposite direction of the area. Adjusting down tilt is similar. You can increase the cell coverage range by reducing antenna down tilt and reduce cell coverage range by increasing antenna down tilt. Adjusting antennas is restricted to a range. If the down tilt is over small, you might enhance cell coverage but causes cross-cell coverage. If the down tilt is over large, you might weaken cell coverage but you might change the antenna pattern. 6.4.1 shows the pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth.

Figure 1.20 Pilot pollution due to improper antenna azimuth

In 6.4.1, the area marked in black encounters pilot pollution due to improper azimuth of the antenna of SC100 sector (scramble No. is 100). The SC100 sector covers the area with an antenna azimuth of 90, so the coverage is poor with weak signals and no primary pilot, which cause pilot pollution. After adjustment of the antenna azimuth from 90 to 170, the primary pilot signals become stronger and pilot pollution is eliminated. 6.4.1 shows the pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt.

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Figure 1.21 Pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt

In 6.4.1, the area marked in blacked encounters pilot pollution due to improper antenna down tilt. The down tilt of SC360 cell is 2, so the coverage area is large, cross-cell coverage is difficult to control, and interferences to other areas form. After adjustment of antenna down tilt of SC360 cell from 2 to 7, the cross-cell coverage by SC360 cell is eliminated and pilot pollution is eliminated. Some areas with pilot pollution are inapplicable to the previous adjustment. You can use the following methods based on actual situation:

Change the antenna to a different type Add reflection device or isolation device Adjust installation position of antenna Adjust NodeB location

6.4.2 PICH Power Adjustment

Pilot pollution is caused by the coverage by multiple pilots. A direct method to solve the problem is to form a primary pilot by increasing the power of a cell and decreasing the power of other cells. An over large down tilt causes aberration of antenna pattern. To reduce coverage range by pilot, you can decrease PICH power. Over small down tilt causes cross-cell coverage. To increase coverage range by pilot, you can increase PICH power. Adjusting power and adjusting antenna must cooperate. 6.4.2 shows the pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells.

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Figure 1.22 Pilot pollution due to improper distribution of cells

In 6.4.2,

The distance between NodeB A and NodeB B is 1260 meters. The distance between NodeB A and NodeB C is 2820 meters. The distance between NodeB B and NodeB C is 2360 meters. The distance is unbalanced, so the pilot pollution is difficult to eliminate. The optimization is to reduce weak pilot strength and eliminate pilot pollution, detailed as below:

Ensure seamless coverage between cells by not adjusting transmit power of SC20 and SC30 cells. Decrease the PICH power of SC10, SC40, and SC50 cells by 3 dB. These cells have little impact on seamless coverage.

6.4.3 Using RRU and BBU

If adjusting power and antenna is not effective to solving pilot pollution, use RRU and BBU. Using RRU and BBU cells aims to bring strong-signal coverage in the area with pilot pollution, so the relative strength of other signals decreases. When a network expansion is necessary or more requirements is on network quality, using RRU. RRU install easy, it can cover far areas, and it is cheap too. 6.4.3 shows pilot pollution due to ambient factors.

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Figure 1.23 Pilot pollution due to ambient factors

The area marked in black encounters pilot pollution due to ambient factors. The area is covered by SC60 cell of NodeB A, SC110 cell or NodeB B, and SC130 cell of NodeB C. However, shown in 6.4.3, hills prevent NodeB A from transmitting signal; high buildings prevent NodeB B and NodeB C from transmitting signals, so the signals from NodeB A, NodeB B, and NodeB C are weak. On the contrary, SC240 and SC250 cells of NodeB D have good propagation conditions in this direction. Therefore the cross-cell coverage is serious and pilot pollution occurs.

Figure 1.24 Survey photo of each cell related to pilot pollution

High buildings or hills block the area, so no strong pilot is present in the area. For this problem, adjusting antenna down tilt has little effect on eliminating pilot pollution. Instead adding RRU helps solve the problem.

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6.5 Optimization Cases for Eliminating Pilot Pollution

The following sections take an optimization by a project and describe the process for analyzing pilot pollution. 1

6.5.1 Data Analysis before Optimization

Locating Pilot Pollution Point 6.5.1 shows the pilot pollution point near Yuxing Rd. SC270 cell is planned to cover the area with pilot pollution.

Figure 1.25 Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd.

Analyzing Signal Distribution of Cells Near Pilot Pollution Point

Figure 1.26 Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

No new complete case is available, so an old case is used here. The future version will provide new cases.

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Figure 1.27 The 2nd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

Figure 1.28 The 3rd best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

Figure 1.29 The 4th best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

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Figure 1.30 Composition of pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd.

From 6.5.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.1, 6.5.1, and 6.5.1, though SC20 cell is planned to cover the area, but the best ServiceCell is as listed in the following table: Best ServiceCell 1st best ServiceCell 2nd best ServiceCell 3rd best ServiceCell 4th best ServiceCell 6.5.1 shows the RSSI near Yuxing Rd.. Primary SC220 SC270 SC200 SC200 Others SC260 and SC270 SC260, SC220, and SC200 SC270 and SC260 SC270 and SC260

Analyzing RSSI Distribution Near Pilot Pollution Point

Figure 1.31 RSSI near Yuxing Rd.

6.5.1 shows the RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd..

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Figure 1.32 RSCP of Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd.

As shown in 6.5.1, the RSSI of the areas with pilot pollution is not large, about 100 dBm to 90 dBm. As shown in 6.5.1, the RSCP of Best ServiceCell is between 105 dBm to 100 dBm. The pilot pollution of the area is caused by no strong pilot, so you can solve the problem by strengthening a strong pilot. Analyzing RSCP Distribution of Related Cells 6.5.1 shows the RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd.

Figure 1.33 RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd.

The SC270 cell is planned to cover the area. 6.5.1 shows RSCP of RSCP distribution of SC270 cell. The signals from SC270 cell are weak in the area with pilot pollution. According to on-site survey, the residential area is densely distributed by 6-floor or 7-floor buildings. The test route fails to cover the major streets, and is performed in narrow streets with buildings around, so the signals are blocked. The suggestion is to adjust the azimuth of SC270 cell from 150 to 130 and the down tilt from 5 to 3. This enhances the coverage of SC270 cell.

6.5.2 Data Analysis after Optimization

After analysis of DT data, the expected result after adjustment is that the coverage area by SC270 cell increases and the coverage is enhanced. 6.5.2 shows the pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd after optimization.

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Figure 1.34 Pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization

6.5.2 shows the best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd after optimization.

Figure 1.35 Best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization

6.5.2 shows the RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd after optimization

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Figure 1.36 RSCP of best ServiceCell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization

6.5.2 shows the RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization.

Figure 1.37 RSCP of SC270 cell near Yuxing Rd. after optimization

According to the DT data, the pilot pollution near Yuxing Rd. after optimization is eliminated, the signals from SC270 cell after optimization are stronger, and the SC270 becomes the best ServiceCell. This complies with the expected result.

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Handover Problem Analysis

During RF optimization stage, the involved handover problem is about neighbor cell optimization and SHO Factor based on DT control. Control the size and location of handover areas by adjusting RF parameters. You can eliminate handover call drop due to sharp fluctuation and increase handover success rate. For other handover problems, see WCDMA Handover and Call Drop Problem Optimization Guide.

7.1 Neighbor Cell Optimization

The neighbor cell optimization includes adding and removing neighbor cells. Missing neighbor cells causes that a strong-pilot cell cannot be listed into the active set so the interference increases as strong as call drop occurs. For missing neighbor cell, you must add necessary neighbor cells. Redundant neighbor cells causes that the neighbor cell information is excessive and unnecessary signals cost occurs. When the neighbor cell list is fully configured, the needed neighbor cell cannot be listed. For this problem, remove redundant neighbor cells. The relative content about neighbor cell optimization can check <<KPI monitor and optimization guide>>. To avoid overfull miss neighbor cells or redundant neighbor cell, we should plan neighbor cell reasonably, according neighbor cell plan rules, complete intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter-system neighbor cell plan. The relative content about neighbor cell plan can check <<Wradio network plan guide>>.

During RF optimization stage, missing neighbor cell is a key problem. The methods for adding neighbor cells are listed below.

7.1.1 DT Data Analysis

Scanner Data Analysis The daemon analysis tools can usually check for missing neighbor cells. The principle is as below:

Compare the pilots scanned by scanner and the configured pilots of neighbor cell list. Locate these pilot scrambles that meet the handover conditions and that are not in the neighbor cell list. Output them as a missing neighbor cell report.

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Internal Open The following checks and methods related to missing neighbor cells are based on Assistant. 1. Type information about NodeB and neighbor cells For details, see Assistant User Manual. 2. Decide conditions for judging neighbor cells Change the conditions for judging neighbor cells by selecting Modify Dataset Property. The default configuration is that if the difference between the pilot of candidate cell and the base cell is within 5 dB the candidate cell can be listed as a neighbor cell. The configuration must comply with the actual configuration of system (overall parameters), as shown in 7.1.1.

Table 37.1 Changing conditions for judging neighbor cells

The parameters and meanings are as below (according to default configuration of RNC1.5, you just list the parameters to be changed): Parameter 1A Threshold 1A Hysteresis 1A Time to Trigger 1B Threshold 1B Hysteresis 1C Hysteresis 1D hysteresis Count Threshold Meaning 1A event threshold 1A event hysteresis Time to trigger 1A event 1B event threshold 1B event hysteresis 1C event hysteresis 1D event hysteresis Times threshold for judging neighbor cells Recommended value 3 dB 0 dB 0.320s 6 dB 0 dB 4 dB 4 dB 10

3. Generate a missing neighbor cell report

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Figure 1.38 Generating neighbor cell analysis report by using Assistant

Proceed as shown in 7.1.1; the Assistant generates a neighbor cell analysis report in the format of Excel. This Excel-formatted report contains four sheets: Scanner Statistic, Scanner Result, Imported Config and Scanner vs Config. Wherein, the Scanner vs Config sheet is for comparing neighbor cells generated by scanner and the configured neighbor cells. 7.1.1 shows the result of missing neighbor cells.

Figure 1.39 Result of missing neighbor cells

For the missing neighbor cells generated automatically by Assistant, you must check according to the location information of the cell on the map whether to add the missing neighbor cells to the neighbor cell list. For the missing neighbor cells due to cross-cell coverage, the primary task 2008-11-29 All rights reserved Page55 , Total63

Internal Open is to solve coverage problem by adjusting RF parameters. If this fails, you can temporarily solve the problem by adding neighbor cells. Caution: make sure whether neighbor cell is missing or not by check in the latest configuration file, avoid add neighbor cell repeatedly. UE Data Analysis The daemon analysis tool can seldom analyze UE data automatically and generate missing neighbor cells, so RNO engineers must analyze the missing neighbor cells one by one for confirmation. Missing neighbor cell might cause call drop or access failure or cause Ec/Io to deteriorate for a period. Based on data analysis by scanner, you can easily locate these points with missing neighbor cells, detailed as below: 1. Compare the active set Ec/Io distribution diagram measured by UE and that measured by scanner The spots with missing neighbor cells has a poor Ec/Io measured by UE and a strong Ec/Io scanned by scanner. Locate the areas for further analysis. 2. Check the points with poor Ec/Io and check whether the strongest scramble by scanner is neither in active set nor in monitoring set. If yes, move to the third step for confirmation. If the scramble exists in the monitoring set, the problem is not about missing neighbor cell but about Ec/Io deterioration due to handover (reselection) delay and soft handover failure. 3. Check the latest intra-frequency measurement control whether the neighbor cell list contains the strong scrambles by scanner You can also directly check the neighbor cells continuation of the base cell under the RNC for deciding missing neighbor cells. The following paragraphs describe a case about call drop due to missing neighbor cell. Check the Ec/Io coverage information of active set measured by UE, and you can find that the Ec/Io of the active set is weak near call drop point and the signals are weaker than 15 dB. The base cell is SC209 cell, as shown in 7.1.1.

Figure 1.40 Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by UE before call drop

You also need to check data from scanner about the call drop point for the points with poor signals. The signals from SC128 cell, measured by scanner are strong, as shown in 7.1.1.

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Figure 1.41 Variation of active set Ec/Io recorded by scanner before call drop

From 7.1.1 and 7.1.1, SC128 encounters missing neighbor cell. For confirmation, check the message process behind to front for intra-frequency measurement control message. Check whether SC128 exists in the list of intra-frequency neighbor cells. The result is that SC128 is not in the list of intra-frequency neighbor cells, therefore the call drop is caused by missing neighbor cell. If only UE recorded data in the test without data from scanner, confirm by the following method whether the problem is caused by missing neighbor cell: 1. Check scrambles of all cells listed in active set measured by UE before call drop 2. Check scramble information of the cell where UE camps again after call drop and check whether the scrambles are in active set and monitoring set before call drop If yes, the call drop might be due to missing neighbor cell. 3. Check the list of neighbor cells

7.1.2 Removing Redundant Neighbor Cells

According to the protocol, the maximum WCDMA neighbor cells are 32. The base cell itself is also included in the intra-frequency neighbor cell list, so the actual intra-frequency neighbor cell is 31 at most. If there are already 31 or more neighbor cells, adding necessary neighbor cells in optimization is difficult. Therefore, you must remove some redundant neighbor cells. Principles You must be very careful to remove redundant neighbor cells. If the necessary neighbor cells are removed, problems like call drop occur. Therefore follow the principles below:

Before removing neighbor cells, check the revision records of neighbor cells whether the neighbor cells to be removed are those that were added in previous DT and optimization. After removing neighbor cells, perform comprehensive test, including DT and call quality test (CQT) in important indoor spots, and check for abnormalities. If there are abnormalities, restore the data configuration. Possible Removals During RF optimization stage, you might remove neighbor cells in the following situations:

Remove the neighbor cells related to cross-cell coverage on the precondition that the cross-cell coverage problem is solved and no new weak coverage areas are appear. Remove neighbor cells according to experiences while referring to the network topology

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structure. This applies to that the original neighbor cell list is full and new neighbor relations must be added. Perform test after removal and confirm that the removal does not cause bigger problems. Otherwise, you must reselect the neighbor cells to be removed. In the later stages, it can refer to the traffic measurement statistics to remove.

7.2 SHO Factor based on DT Analysis

7.2.1 Definition of SHO Factor based on DT
According to the DT data from scanner, you can obtain the SHO Factor based on DT, defined as below:

Soft Handover

Ratio

Number of scanner - collected points in DT that meet the handover conditions Number of total scanner - collected points in DT

No subscribers are using the network during RF optimization stage, so UE DT data of entire network in a time is used and geographically averaged by 5 meters. You can obtain the ratio of the points in soft handover state to all DT points. Set the scanner consistent to the system parameters with default configuration, such as 1A and 1B threshold.

7.2.2 General Principles and Methods in Optimization

The SHO Factor based on DT during RF optimization stage must be 5%10% 2 lower than the KPI target value, because the following optimizations cause SHO Factor based on DT to increase and brings difficulties in ensuring traffic measurement SHO Factor based on DT. At the end of large-scale coverage optimization and pilot pollution optimization, the SHO Factor based on DT will be within or close to the target range. Upon this, no specific optimization on SHO Factor based on DT is necessary, and you can adjust the ratio during parameter optimization. If the SHO Factor based on DT still cannot meet the requirements after large-scale adjustment, you must optimize the SHO Factor based on DT. If the SHO Factor based on DT is over large, decrease or change the handover areas by using the following methods for shrinking coverage areas:

Increase the down tilt Adjust azimuth Decrease the antenna height Decrease the PICH power The precondition for adjustment is that the adjustment will not cause new coverage voids, coverage blind zone, and more pilot pollution. The adjustment proceeds as below: 1. Start Assistant 2. Analyze scanner-based RSCP for 4th Best ServiceCell and RSCP for 3rd Best ServiceCell

3. Select candidate cells in the 4th Best ServiceCell and 3rd Best ServiceCell 7.2.2 shows the RSCP for the candidates in 4th Best ServiceCell. List the SC136 cell as a candidate cell. At this stage, the pilot pollution comes to an end. RSCP for 3rd Best ServiceCell is more useful in terms of reference. Select the sites or cells to which the adjustment is applicable and does not break the preconditions. If the actual SHO Factor based on DT after adjustment is still different from the KPI one, select candidate cells from RSCP for 2nd Best ServiceCell. The sites
2

Further research will be on how to define the range of difference of SHO Factor based on DT between RF optimization and KPI

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Internal Open are densely distributed in microcell coverage areas, so the SHO Factor based on DT is much higher.

Figure 1.42 RSCP for candidate of 4th Best ServiceCell

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Adjustment Methods

The adjustment during RF optimization stage includes adjusting neighbor cell list and adjusting engineering parameters. Most coverage and interference problems can be solved after adjusting the following site engineering parameters (from superior to inferior): Adjust antenna down tilt Adjust antenna azimuth Adjust antenna height Adjust antenna location Change antenna type Add TMAs Change site type (such as changing a site supporting 20 W power amplifier to a site supporting 40 W power amplifier) Change site location Construct new site or add RRU

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Summary

This document describes the content of RF optimization in network optimization. RF optimization concern the improvement of signal distribution, and it helps to provide a good radio signal environment for the following parameter optimization. The test during RF optimization is usually DT, with other tests as supplementary. The problems to be analyzed during RF optimization are primarily about coverage, pilot pollution, and handover, with problem as supplementary. RF optimization help to solve handover, call drop, access, and interference problems. The parameters to be adjusted during RF optimization are primarily engineering parameters. Cell parameters are adjusted during parameter optimization stage. This document is mainly for RF optimization of new network. How to optimize an existing network for expansion, the operate method is similar. The methods for optimize SHO Factor based on DT is still under research, and they will be supplemented in the future versions.

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10
10.1.1 TMAs

Appendix: Coverage

Enhancement Technologies
10.1 Coverage-enhancing Technologies
Using TMAs helps to reduce the total noise figure of NodeB receiver subsystem, so the uplink coverage performance is improved. The coverage gain depends on the mechanism of receiver subsystem and loss of related feeders. If the system downlink capacity is restricted, using TMAs will shrink system capacity. The typical capacity shrinkage is 6%10%.

10.1.2 Receive and Transmit Diversity

Increase the number and improve the quality of RAKE receivers of UE by using time switched transmit diversity (TSTD) and space and time transmit diversity (STTD) in the downlink. Therefore the coverage range is expanded, system capacity increases, and the number of NodeBs decreases. Using four-antenna receiver diversity reduces requirements on Eb/No needed in demodulation. In line of sight, compared with the gains of 2 antennas with 2-receiver diversity, the gain of 2 antennas with 4 receiver diversity is 2.53.0 dB. You can adjust the uplink sensitivity by 2.53.0 dB and reduce the sites by 25%30%.

10.1.3 RRU
Remote radio unit (RRU) physically detach NodeB RF module from baseband module, so you can place RF module afar without using very long feeders. The uplink and downlink link budget is improved. Remote RF indicates that the coverage performance is improved but the system capacity remains the same. Compared with remote RF, using TMAs increases maximum path loss and lowers NodeB EIRP due to bringing insertion loss.

10.1.4 Micro Cells

NodeBs are densely distributed in urban and dense urban areas, so selecting a site is difficult. Using micro cells is a solution to high capacity and caters for urban and dense urban environment. A feature of using micro cells is that buildings are used to block signals so that the interference from neighbor cells is lowered and downlink capacity is increased. 2008-11-29 All rights reserved Page62 , Total63

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References
1GENEX Probe User Manual 2GENEX Assistant User Manual 2GENEX Nastar WCDMA User Manual

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