Mark Scheme January 2007

GCE

GCE Chemistry (8080/9080)

[International]

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January 2007
Publications Code xxxx
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2
 Contents

Unit 6241/01 page 1

Unit 6242/01 page 14

Unit 6243/01A (Practical Test) page 27

Unit 6243/02 page 36

Unit 6244/01 page 46

Unit 6245/01 Page 66

Unit 6246/01A Page 81

Unit 6246/02 page 90

i
ii
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6241/01

1 (a) Neutrons Electrons Words or numbers

24
12
12Mg
26
14
12Mg
24
10
12Mg2+

1 mark each number 3 marks

(b)
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
(i) Mg ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
(ii) Cl ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Both arrows up or both down Numbers

Arrows can be
2 marks

NOTES:

1
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) Mg(s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s) Multiples

Mg2+(Cl-)2(s) “Mg2++ 2Cl−” for MgCl2
Formulae (1) (0 mark)
State symbols (1) – only if formulae correct or near miss for MgCl2 2 marks
(e.g. MgCl/Mg2Cl)
(d)
(56.25x70) + (37.50 x 72) + (6.25x74) Use of Ar (0 mark)
(1)
100
= 71 (1)
Any unit max 1 Answer ≥ 2 SF Just “71” with no
2nd mark consequential on fraction provided 70, 72 and 74 used working (0 mark)
2 marks
(e) 4.73 moles (1) Consequential if wrong
71 answer to (d) used.

71 used when (d) incorrect

X 30.6 = 2.04 dm3 (1) No or incorrect unit of 2 marks
Answer with no working 1 max Answer ≥ 2 SF volume (loses 1 mark)

NOTES:

2
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(f) Type - Metallic(1)

Attraction between Mg2+ (1) Cations/positive ions atoms/nuclei/ions 3 marks

/magnesium ions “force between” if used
instead of “attraction”
And (surrounding) sea of electrons/delocalised electrons (1)

Stand alone
(g) Ionic (1)

2+
oo oo
o o o o Diagram without brackets Any suggestion of
o
Mg
o 2 o Cl o electrons being shared
oo oo
Mg with no electrons shown
OR ie [Mg]2+ [Mg• ]+
oo 2+ oo
o oo
o o o o o
o Cl o o
Mg
o o Cl o
oo oo oo

Correct charges and number of ions (1)

Correct electronic structures (1) 3 marks
Stand alone
Total 17 marks

NOTES:

3
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

2 (a) Penalise lack of nucleus/atom once only in (i) and (ii)

Penalise use of element each time it occurs
(i) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (of an the number of protons in
element) an element
OR
The number of protons in an atom/nucleus (of an element) the number of protons
1 mark
(ii) The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the “and neutrons” instead of The number of protons
nucleus (of an atom) “plus the number of……” plus neutrons in an
OR element
number of nucleons (in the nucleus of an atom) 1 mark

(b) (i) C and L (1)

(Group 0 elements) have the highest (first) ionisation energy implied e.g. immediately high first I.E.
(of each period) (1) precedes large drop
filled shell
Stand alone Group 0 elements have the
highest peaks on the graph smallest atom

highest (effective) nuclear same shielding 2 marks

charge/highest number of
protons in period

NOTES:

4
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii) F (1)

Third after noble gas/C (1) first mini dip after big drop just “electron in p
orbital”
lowest after Group 1/D in
Or same period (1) just “s orbitals shield p”
first element in period with p electron (1) 2 marks
(In F, e- removed from) p
orbital is at a higher energy
level than s orbital (in E)

(iii) Increase in (effective) nuclear charge (1) Number of protons/atomic Same distance from
number nucleus

Same shielding increased size of 2 marks

OR same number of electrons in inner shell/orbitals (1) nucleus

Stand alone Same number of shells

Electrons in same shell

Total 8 marks

NOTES:

5
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

3 (a) (i) 2Na + O2 →Na2O2 4Na + O2  2Na2O or NaO

IGNORE state symbols
multiples 1 mark

(ii) Ba + 2H2O →Ba(OH)2 + H2 multiples Ba + H2O → BaO + H2

IGNORE state symbols 1 mark
(iii) NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl multiples HNaSO4
OR
2NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl
IGNORE state symbols 1 mark

(b) (i) Green/pale green/apple green yellow-green Any mention of blue e.g.
blue green
OR Any other colour 1 mark

(ii) Red deep/dark red Lilac

/ carmine/crimson /scarlet Any mention of lilac
e.g. lilac-red
OR any other colour 1 mark

NOTES:

6
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) Electrons (absorb heat/energy) and are promoted to higher energy “excited/go” instead of If any reference to
levels (1) “promoted” absorption spectra
e.g. light absorbed (0)
as they drop back/down (1) “orbitals/shells” instead of
“energy levels”
Emit radiation (of characteristic colour) (produce) colours (0)
OR emit light (1) 3 marks

(d) Percentage oxygen (=45.1) (1) Use of atomic numbers Mole calculation – then
÷ Ar (1) 2 max inverted, no
Empirical formula = KO2 (1) consequential marking
use of “O2” Mr ~ 32 but only on formula
e.g. if give formula KO2 (for 3
Percentage of oxygen = 45.1 (1) marks)

K O
54.9 45.1 (1)
39 16
1.41 2.82

KO2 (1) 3 marks

NOTES:

7
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(e) Sigma: end on overlap between s and s OR s and p OR p and p or or

orbitals

Overlap of hybrid orbitals for 1 mark

p
Pi :sideways overlap between p and p orbitals

One or both explanations wrong but correct diagrams (or vice

versa) (1)

1 mark

Total 13 marks

NOTES:

8
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

4 (a) (i) Minimum of one shaded blob and one clear blob labelled (1) Na and Cl
Labels are: (ie no charge)
Na+ or sodium ion and Cl− or chloride ion
sodium
chlorine 1 mark

(ii) Strong (force of) attraction between (oppositely charged) Held together by strong ionic
ions (1) forces/bonds
“attraction” may be implied
by “breaking bonds”
a lot of energy needed to separate ions (1) a lot of energy implies
“strong”
break ionic bonds
Any reference to atoms
or molecules
Or covalent bonds
Or intermolecular forces 2 marks
Or metallic bonds
(scores zero)
All the bonds need to be
broken

break lattice
(b) Covalent between carbon atoms in plane (1) Giant covalent
delocalised e−
Van der Waals’ between planes of carbon atoms (1) Induced dipole/ dispersion/
London forces/temporary
Names not linked to bonds (max 1) dipoles 2 marks

NOTES:

9
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) Covalent Giant covalent 1 mark

Label not needed BUT do not penalise
twice

(d) Covalent bonds in diamond are shorter than the distance between Layers in graphite are far
layers in graphite (1) apart (1)

The atoms in diamond are packed closer together (1) 2 marks

Total 8 marks

NOTES:

10
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

5 (a) HF hydrogen bonding /H bonding (1) just “hydrogen”

HCl
HBr van der Waals’ (1) – all three needed Induced dipole/ dispersion/ dipole-dipole 2 marks
HI London/temporary dipole
forces
any combination
(b) (The boiling temperature of HF is higher) because the hydrogen H bonding strongest/strong Any mention of ions,
bonding between HF molecules is stronger than the intermolecular ionic bonds or covalent
forces in HCl (1) bonds (scores 0)

The rise from HCl to HI is because the strength of the van der
Waals’ forces (etc) increases (1)

with increase in number of electrons (1) Bigger mass/size for 3rd

mark 3 marks

Total 5 marks

NOTES:

11
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

6 (a) (i) 2ClO- + 4H+ + 2e(−) →Cl2 + 2H2O (1) Any multiples 1 mark
(ii) 2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e(−) (1) Any multiples 1 mark

(b) ClO- + 2H+ + Cl− → Cl2 + H2O (1) – stand alone Any multiples

not consequential on wrong equation in (a) 1 mark

(c) (i) Cl2 + 2Br− → 2Cl− + Br2 (1) Any multiples 1 mark
Ignore states

(ii) Oxidising agent To oxidise bromide (ions) just “oxidation”

Ignore “displaces” 1 mark
Mark independently of (c)(i)

NOTES:

12
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(d) 12.3 Any alternative method

Moles of BCl3 = mol (1) = 0.1046/0.105 e.g
117.5
amount of water = 3 x moles BCl3 (1) = 0.3154/0.315 1 mol BCl3 reacts with 3 mol
H2O (1)
Mass of H2O = moles H2O x 18 = 5.65/5.67(g) (1) 117.5 g BCl3 reacts with 54 g
H2O (1)
Answer = 5.4 (g) or 5 (g) - from rounding to 1 s.f. max 2 12.3 g BCl3 reacts with
54 x 12.3 g H2O
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks 117.5
= 5.65 g (1) 3 marks
Mass H2O only (1 max) Answer ≥ 2 SF

(e) Hydrogen ions/H+/H3O+/oxonium ions formed (from HCl and presence of/contains H+ ions HCl/H3BO3 is an acid
H3BO3)(1)
Hydroxonium ions H+ ions from water

just “H+ ions” 1 mark

Total 9 marks

NOTES:

13
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6242/01
1. (a) (i) H H H H H CH3 in branches
C C C C C
But do not allow bond
H C C C C C H
directly to H i.e. C C
H H H
H C H H C H C
H H (1 mark)
CH3

(ii) H Br H H Br H Bond pointing directly to

H in OH i.e.
H C C C H H C C C H
C
H O H H OH H
HO
H Hs missing from carbons
i.e.
Br
C C C
(1 mark)
OH
(b) Isomer 1 90 ° bond angles e.g

C C
H CH3
C C OR

C2H5 H C C
(1)

Isomer 2
ACCEPT
CH3
C2H5
CH3 C
C C
C2H5
H H (1) C
(2 marks)
14
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

If incorrect alkene eg but-2-ene, allow (1) for both cis and trans
isomers

15
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) (i) Nucleophile Any answer containing:

OR “free radical”
nucleophilic reagent “electrophile”

IGNORE type of reaction e.g. substitution

addition (1 mark)
(ii) (free) radical Any answer containing:
IGNORE type of reaction e.g. substitution “nucleophile”
addition “electrophile”
(1 mark)
(iii) Oxidising agent oxidises ethanol/alcohol “oxidation” on its own
OR
oxidant “reduced by ethanol”
any answer containing
“electrophile” (1 mark)
“nucleophile”
“free radical”

Total 7 marks

16
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

2. (a) Enthalpy/heat/energy change for one mole of a “heat released or heat

compound/substance/ a product (1) required” unless both
NOT solid/molecule/species/element mentioned

to be formed from its elements in their standard states (1) “natural state”
ALLOW normal physical state if linked to standard conditions “most stable state”

standard conditions of 1 atm pressure and a stated temperature “room temperature and (3 marks)
(298 K) (1) pressure”

“under standard
conditions”
(b) (i) Bonds broken Bonds made
N≡N (+)945 6N-H (−)2346 (1)
and
3H-H (+)1308 (1)
(+)2253
∆H = 945 +1308 − 2346
= − 93 sign and value (1)
∆H Ο = − 93 = − 46.5 (kJ mol-1) − 46.5 (kJ mol-1) with
sign and value q on 3rd mark (1) working (4)
2
+ 46.5 with working max (3)
+93 with working max (2)
(4 marks)

17
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii)
N2 + (3)H2
-46.5
Enthalpy
H
OR (2)NH3
-93

Correct labelled levels (1) “Reactants” and

“Products” as labels

∆H labelled (1) double headed arrow

direction of arrow must agree with thermicity

Diagram marks cq on sign and value of ∆H in (b)(i)

IGNORE activation energy humps (2 marks)

(iii) 350-500 oC (1) any temperature or range

within this range

higher temperature gives higher rate (1) favours endothermic

but a lower yield because reaction is exothermic (1) reaction more than
exothermic so lower yield

OR (3 marks)
Lower temperature give higher yield because reaction is Lower temp favours
exothermic (1) cq on sign of ∆Hf in (b)(i) or exothermic reaction
but rate is slower (1) levels in (ii)
(iv) Iron / Fe (1) IGNORE any promoters
no effect on yield (1) (2 marks)

18
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(v) temp would have to be much higher for a reasonable rate rate too slow without catalyst to lower activation
then yield would be too low at a temp giving a reasonable energy of reaction (1 mark)
“lower activation energy” implies reasonable rate yield
OR
Allows reaction at a lower temp at a reasonable/fast rate
giving a reasonable yield.
(c) (i) advantage
higher (equilibrium) yield/more NH3 in equilibrium Just “more ammonia”
mixture/equilibrium shifts to right (1)

because smaller number of (gaseous) moles/molecules on rhs (2 marks)

(1)
IGNORE any reference to change in rate
(ii) disadvantage Stronger or withstand high “just more expensive”
(plant more) expensive because thicker pipes would be pressure for thicker “just thicker pipes etc”
needed Vessel/container/plant apparatus
/equipment/reaction vessels
for pipes (1 mark)

OR
cost (of energy) for compressing the gases/cost of pump
OR
Cost of equipment/pressure not justified by higher yield
Total 18 marks

19
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

3. (a) Step 1
NaOH/KOH/sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide (1)

ethanol and heat/reflux/heat under reflux/boil/warm (1) Ethanolic/alcoholic/alcohol/ aqueous ethanol (2 marks)
condition dependent on correct reagent or hydroxide ethanol solution for ethanol

(b) Step 2
H2 / hydrogen (1)

Ni / nickel and heat

OR
Pt/Pd/platinum/palladium IGNORE reference to heat (1) (2 marks)

20
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

4. (a) aluminium oxide/alumina/Al2O3 dissolved in (1) bauxite

molten cryolite or cryolite at temp≥ 800 oC (1) (2 marks)

(b) Al3+ + 3e(-0 → Al (aq) as state symbol (1 mark)

(c) graphite carbon /C charcoal (1 mark)

(d) C+O2 → CO2 Multiples or half

OR 2C +O2 → 2CO (1 mark)

OR C + 202- →C02 + 4e-
OR C +02- → CO + 2e-
(e) mol Al = 1 x106 = 3.7 x 104 (1)
27

mol Al2O3 = ½ mol Al (1)

mass Al2O3 = mol x 102

= 1.9 x106 g / 1.9t(1) value and unit required.
If atomic numbers used max 2
If mol Al2 = 1x106 (0)
54
mol Al2O3 = mol Al2 (1)
mass Al2O3 = 1.9 t (1)
OR
54 g Al made from 102 g Al2O3 (1)
1g Al made from 102 = 1.9 g (1) (3 marks)
54
1 t Al made from 1.9 t / 1.9x106 g (1)

IGNORE s.f.

21
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(f) (i) (energy) to keep the electrolyte/alumina molten (1) to keep aluminium (1 mark)
OR molten
to produce heat energy to maintain temp 800-10000C (1) to melt/heat the
electrolyte
(ii) no (electricity needed for) electrolysis (1)
energy only needed to melt A1 (1)
OR
Low melting point of Al (1)
Compared to high melting point/8000C-1000C for electrolyte Cryolite for electrolyte Bauxite aluminium oxide (2 marks)
(1) for electrolyte
OR
No (electricity needed for) electrolysis (1)
Low melting point of Al (1) Purification of bauxite not
needed
Total 11 marks

22
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

5. (a) (i) (C2H6 + Br2) → C2H5Br + HBr CH3C H2Br or full structural C2H6+3Br2 → 2C
OR formula +6HBr
multiple substitution e.g.
C2H6 + 2Br2 → C2H4Br2 / CH3CHBr2/CH2BrCH2Br + 2HBr (1 mark)
C2H6 + 3Br2 → C3H3Br3 + 3HBr etc
(ii) (C2H4 + Br2) → CH2BrCH2Br C2H4Br2 (1 mark)

(b) (i) ethane C− H bond and ethene C=C bond (1)

ALLOW carbon-carbon if double in type of bond
ethane type: σ/sigma and ethene type: π/pi (1) Reject σ and π for (2 marks)
OR mark horizontally ethene

(ii) π/pi bond is weaker (than the σ/sigma bond) π/pi bond requires less π breaks more easily
energy to break π bond is weak
OR
π/pi bond has lower bond (1 mark)
enthalpy
OR
π/pi bond has higher electron density (than the σ/sigma π/pi bond has more
bond) accessible electron density

Total 5 marks

23
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

6 (a)

(i) Axes labelled (1)

Y: number/fraction of molecules/particles (with energy E)
and X: (kinetic) energy

Correct shape (1)

starting at origin, and asymptotic to x-axis and not
symmetrical

(2 marks)

(ii) line TH with peak to the right of temp T and peak lower than
temp T

(1 mark)

24
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(iii) vertical line well to the right of both peaks (1 mark)

(b) (i) higher temp gives molecules higher (average kinetic) energy
(1)
more collisions per unit time More collisions
so increase in frequency of collisions (1)

area (under curve) to right of Ea greater at TH (1) molecules/particles for

collisions
more collisions have a greater energy ≥ Ea
OR a greater proportion of collisions have energy ≥ Ea
OR “more successful
more of the collisions are successful collisions” (4 marks)
OR a greater proportion of the collisions result in reaction “increase in frequency
/are successful (1) of successful collisions”

(ii) Energy of collisions (1 mark)

Total 9 marks

25
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

7. (a) (i) alcohol/OH hydroxyl Hydroxide/OH−

Any additional
functional group (1 mark)

(ii) W (CH3)3COH (1) full structural formulae

(2 marks)

IGNORE
X (CH3)3CCl must be conseq on their W (1)

(iii) Butanoic acid / CH3CHeCH2COOH but not if W is butan-1-ol

OR
(2) methylpropanoic acid/(CH3)2CHCOOH but not if W is (1 mark)
2-methylpropan-1-ol
if name and formula given, both must be correct

(b) both isomers (1) full structural formulae

CH3CH2CH2Br/ C2H5CH2Br and CH3CHBrCH3 H H H
H C C C Br
H H H

H H H
H C C C H
H Br H
identification of 2-bromo as the major product (1)
(2 marks)

26
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6243/01A

1. (a) Observation lilac (1) Mauve / purple Other colours

Inference K+ / potassium ion (1) potassium Just “K” on its own (2 marks)
Ignore K
(b) (i) Observation (any) yellow precipitate (1) White / cream

insoluble in ammonia (1)

Inference AgI / Silver iodide (1) Just “I- / iodide” on its (3 marks)
[may have inference from first observation alone] own
(ii) Observation brown (solution) (1) Any brown “Red” alone
Ignore ppte Any yellow “Orange” alone

Blue-black (1) Black purple

Ignore ppte

Inference iodine / I2 (1) Iodine / I2 from any equation

(4 marks)
I- oxidised (to I2) (1) Cl2 oxidises I- / displaces I2/I- Redox alone
Cl- oxidises I-
Or Cl- displaces I2
(c) KI only – stand alone mark K+I− Incorrect ionic charges (1 mark)
Total 10 marks

27
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(a) Table 1
Check subtractions and averaging arithmetic, correcting if necessary.

All volumes recorded to 0.05 cm3 (1)

ALLOW one slip but withhold this mark if any readings are in the wrong
boxes.
ALLOW 0 as initial volume NOT 50 as initial volume

All subtractions correct (1)

[99top RHS of Table 1]

Mean titre
For correct averaging of chosen values / choosing identical values
and for recording the average correct to 2 or 3 dps or to nearest
0.05 cm3 (1)

Do not penalise lack of 2nd d.p. in mean if this has been penalised
in Table 1.

[9 by the mean in space or near the dotted line in paragraph below]

Accuracy
If the candidate has made an arithmetical error in the Table 1
volumes used in the mean or in averaging the examiner must
calculate a new average.
• For an averaging error simply calculate a new value using the
candidate’s chosen titres.
• If a wrongly subtracted titre has been used in the mean then
choose any two identical titres or take an average of the closest
two titres.

28
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

Calculate the difference between the candidate’s mean titre and

that of the examiner or supervisor.
Record the difference on the scripts as d =

Examiner’s titre = 24.20 cm3 (to be confirmed at standardisation)

Award marks for accuracy as follows.

Difference +0.20 +0.30 +0.40 +0.60 +0.80 +1.00

d=
Mark 6 5 4 3 2 1
Range
Award a mark on the range of titres used by the candidate to
calculate the mean. The range(r) is the difference between the
outermost titres used to calculate the mean. If the examiner has
corrected titres because of incorrect subtraction then award the
range mark on the corrected titres used by the examiner to re-
calculate the mean
Range of
titres/cm3
r=
+0.20 +0.30 +0.50

Mark 3 2 1

Examiner to show the marks awarded for accuracy and range as

d= value r = value
6max
9 9 3 max
Then the mark out of 12 written in margin.
(12 marks)

29
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

[Overseas scripts: examiner to write “SR = titre value” on each

script]

(b) Penalise sf once only in (i)-(iv)

(i) Mean titre x 0.100 Mark is for answer to ≥ 2sf. Answer with no working. (1 mark)
1000

(ii) Answer to (i) Mark is for answer to ≥ 2sf. Answer with no working.
2 (1 mark)

(iii) Answer to (ii) x 1000 Mark is for answer to ≥ 2sf. Answer with no working. (1 mark)
25

(iv) 6.00 Mark is for answer to ≥ 2sf. Answer with no working. (1 mark)
answer to (iii)

(v) Molar mass Na2CO3 = 106.0 or implied (1) 106

Answer to (iv) − 106.0
(2 marks)
18
Expected answer x = 1.0 (1)
(Note 1.0 not 10.0) 1 / Fractional values
Ignore S.F.

(c) Will react with Na2CO3 / will neutralise Na2CO3 Just “more accurate”
(1 mark)
Total 19 marks

30
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

3. (a) Table 2
Both weighings recorded in correct spaces to at least 2 dp (1)
Weighings correctly subtracted (1)
Mass of D used – allow loss of 2nd dp if O and both dp if both 0
[Ticks to rhs of Table 2]
Table 3
Both temperatures recorded in correct spaces (1)
Both to at least 1 dp (1)
[Ticks to rhs of Table 3]
∆T correctly calculated (1) ∆T negative value

The examiner ratio ∆T / mass A = 1.61 (to be confirmed at

standardisation) e.g. 3.8g → 6.1OC increase in temperature.
For the candidate calculate (mass A x examiner ratio) = expected
∆T
Compare candidate’s expected ∆T with the actual ∆T and record
the difference between the two as d = on the script.
[∆T : ignore dp’s if zero]
Award marks for accuracy as follows.
Difference + 0.5 + 1.0 + 1.5 + 2.0
d=
94 93 92 91
Marks
(9 marks)

31
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(b) (i) Mass D Answer with no working.

106
IGNORE sf (1 mark)

(ii) 50 x 4.18 x ∆T OR 50 x 4.18 x ∆T

1000
Units must be given and must be correct; J or kJ
IGNORE sf
IGNORE sign both of ∆T and answer (1 mark)

(iii) Answer to (ii) (1)

Answer to (i)

Consequential answer in kJ mol-1, sign(negative only) and 2

significant figures (1) (2 marks)
[Units need not be written but answer must be in kJ mol-1
(iv) All Na2CO3 dissolves with effervescence. All Na2CO3 dissolves
(1 mark)

Total 14
marks

32
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

4. (a) Add hydrochloric acid/HCl(aq)/dilute HCl(1) Add nitric acid/HNO3(aq)/ “add hydrochloric acid
dilute HNO3 until carbonate
destroyed”
“HCl”

Observation “until hydrochloric acid

until no more effervescence (1) in excess”

Add barium chloride solution to give white precipitate. (1)

OR
Add barium chloride solution to give white ppte (1)
Add nitric acid/HNO3(aq)/
Then add hydrochloric acid/HCl(aq)/dilute HCl (1)
dilute HNO3

Observation (3 marks)
no more fizzing + white ppte (remains)(1)

33
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(b) Heat (1)

Cool and weigh (1)
Repeat (1) allow lack of “cool” here
Until constant mass (1)
IGNORE any initial weighing

OR
Heat (1)
Methods of collecting CO2 / accurate diagram/method of detecting
CO2 e.g. limewater/observing bubbles (1)
Measure volume CO2 (1)
Heat until constant volume/no more bubbles/limewater not cloudy
(1)
(4 marks)
[If solution at end max (3)]
(Total 7
marks)

34
35
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6243/02

1 (a) Lilac (flame/colour) mauve/purple Any other colour on its

Ignore any references to blue glass own or in combination
with lilac (1 mark)

(b) Add nitric acid/HNO3 and silver nitrate (solution)/AgNO3(aq) given in either order (1 mark)
If put these two in and then
add ammonia allow
(c) Sulphur dioxide/SO2 (1)

Sulphite / sulphate(IV) / SO32-(1) HSO3−/hydrogen- Error carried forward e.g

sulphite CO2 (2 marks)

(d) White precipitate/solid/suspension Goes milky/cloudy (1 mark)

(e) Aluminium/Al/Devarda’s Alloy (1)

ignore any references to foil or powder or turnings given in any order
and sodium hydroxide (solution)/NaOH((aq))/KOH((aq))(1) (2 marks)

(f) (red then) bleached/goes white/ goes colourless (1 mark)

Total 8 marks

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 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

2 Notes: candidates may achieve answer with two tests. If they carry out more than two tests penalise those tests that are wrong
If minor error in the test allow correct observation e.g inaccuracy in formula
Test Observation
P Any carbonate or Group Gas evolved that turns limewater esterification i.e.
1 hydrogencarbonate as cloudy(1) Test: Add alcohol + conc.
solid or in solution H2SO4 (1)
OR Obs: smell (1)
correct formula for
above including anions Fizzing/effervescence/
ions bubbles

OR P Add magnesium (1) Gas evolved burns (with ‘pop’) (1) Fizzing/effervescence/ Gas evolved
bubbles

OR P add blue litmus paper (Blue litmus) goes red (1)

add litmus solution goes red (2 marks)
add pH indicator paper goes yellow/orange/red
add universal indicator
paper or solution
Use pH meter (1) pH below 6

Q Add bromine water(1) (Brown/red-brown/orange esterification i.e. Add PCl5

Bromine in non-aqueous solution) decolourised/goes Test: Add carboxylic acid + Bromine
solvent or stated e.g colourless (1) conc. H2SO4 (1)
hexane Obs: smell (1)

OR Q Add (acidified /alkaline) (Purple solution goes ) If not specified as acidic or

potassium colourless if acidified alkaline or neutral, accept
manganate(VII)/permang green if alkaline colourless or brown (ppt) for
anate observation
OR
Add(neutral) solution of

37
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

potassium (2 marks)
manganate(VII)/permang brown (ppt) if neutral (1)
anate(1)
OR
Heat with acidified /H+ goes green/blue
dichromate Cr2O72- / Dichromate paper
CrO42- (solution)

Note: If more than one

test is given and both
tests are reactions that P
and Q would show but
one test does not
distinguish between P
and Q, allow 1 mark.

Total 4 marks

38
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

3 Magnesium ions/ Mg2+ magnesium compound / contains magnesium Be ions/Be2+ / beryllium Mg+ (1 mark)
OR compound / contains
NOT Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ (ALL THREE) or Ca2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ ABSENT beryllium
Iodine produced /contains iodine bromide
OR iodine ions
Z is an Iodide /iodide ions /I- (1 mark)

MgI2 BeI2 if Be2+ Name e.g. magnesium

Consequential marking: iodide (1 mark)
Allow cq on metal stated provided it is Group 2 and not barium
No cq on halide
Total 3 marks

39
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

4 (a) (i) How it works

(Liquid boils and) gas/vapour is condensed (in condenser and
runs back) (1)

Why it is used
Reaction slow /reaction has high activation energy /increase
rate / for more time/to enable reactants to be heated for a (3 marks)
prolonged period (1)

When using volatile liquids/ to prevent loss of materials / to

prevent escape of reactants (and products)/ to minimise loss
of reactants (and products)(1)

(ii) Apparatus
Flask properly drawn and thermometer and heat (1)

Condenser properly drawn with water jacket with correct

water flow(1)

Set up
Top of still head closed and collection end open (3 marks)
Thermometer at correct point in neck (still head)
Condenser at angle (1) ALL THREE for 1 mark

Ignore any attempts to draw a fractionation column and a

dropping funnel in a side arm.

(b) Use a water bath/electric heater/electric hot plate/sand bath/ oil Do not use a Bunsen (1 mark)
bath (unless qualified with
Ignore what should be used)
Keep away from naked flame / use a fume cupboard
Total 7 marks

40
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

5 (a) (from) colourless (to) pink pale red (From) clear to…….
OR
….to magenta/
purple/cerise
(1 mark)

(b) The first titre is outside the 0.2 (cm3)limit usually set for not concordant Very similar
volumetric analysis closest

OR (1 mark)

the first titre is rough/trial too far out /overshot Not accurate
(c) 23.40 cm3 23.4 (1 mark)

(d) (i) (25.00 x 0.110) = 0.00275 mol / 2.75 x 10-3 (1) 0.0028 0.003
(1000) 0.0027 (1 mark)

(ii) (23.40 x 0.235) = 0.005499 mol / 5.499 x 10-3 (1) 0.0055

(1000) (1 mark)
cq on (c)
(iii) (Answer (ii) ) (1)
(Answer (i) )

ie 0.005499 = 2
0.00275 (1 mark)
Cq on (i) and (ii) used to at least 2 sig figs.
(iv) 2 Allow mark if no answer to Any number that is not
consequential on (iii) as long as rounded to interger and (iii) but (i) and (ii) are an integer (1 mark)
sensible correct Any number > 4
⋝ .8 rounded up
⋜ .2 rounded down

41
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(e) C H O Calculation of percentages

32 4 64 I II
12 1 16
= 2.67 4 4 (1) %C= (C =
48 x 100 0.32 × 150 = 4 )
150 12
= 32
1 1.5 1.5 (1) %H= (H =
6 x 100 0.04 × 150 = 6 )
150 1
=4
2 3 3 %O= (O =
96 x 100 0.64 × 150 = 6 )
150 16
= 64 (4 marks)
Empirical formula mass = 75 (1) x 2 (1) Molar formula C4H6O6 All correct (4)
2 correct (2)
1 correct (1)
Notes
OR
These are in the ratio 4 to 6 to 6 (1) which adds up to 150 molar
mass(1) Molar formula C4H6O6
OR
C1H1.5O1.5 = 37.5 (1) x 4 = 150 (1) so Molar formula C4H6O6

If calculation stops at C2H3O3 may be out of clip send to review.

(f) HO COOHCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH CO2H
OH
C CH(OH) CH(OH) C OR
HOOCCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH
O O
OR
HOOCC(OH)2CH2COOH
OR (1 mark)
42
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

COOHC(OH)2CH2COOH

(g) First mark general statement about the larger volume means it is
more accurate
Second or both marks for justification based on data given

First mark (2 marks)

(Percentage/relative )error is less with large titre / error
minimised/ reduces error(1)

Second mark calculation (1)

Calculation of percentage error e.g 0.05 x 100 = 0.67%
7.5
0.05 x 100 = 0.2%
25

If do both calculations correctly give both marks

Total 14 marks

43
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

6 (a) IGNORE sig figs provided 2 or better in (i) and (ii)

(i) ∆T=26 °C (1) STAND ALONE If use 100g answer is 1063(4)

Heat change =104x26.0x4.09=11060 J (1) ignore sign at this And gives 355 as the final
point answer (2 marks)
The second mark may be appearing in part (ii) If use 4 g gives 425.2 and
gives 14.2 kJ mol-1
(ii) Moles = 4.00 (1) = 0.02996 0.03
133.5

Answer in (i) x 1 (1)

moles 1000

= -369 (kJ mol-1) (1) -369 (kJ mol-1) with some -369000 kJ mol-1 does
working (3) not score 3rd marking
Error carried forward if wrong Mr point
-1
-369000 J mol (max 2) (3 marks)

(b) Record temp of water at intervals add solid (and stir), continue Methods based on
recording temperature (1) increasing insulation
alone
(Plot)graph(1) this could be implied

Extrapolate back to time of adding solute (to find actual

temperature change) (1) (3 marks)
Note
An annotated sketch graph showing
clear time intervals and temperature plots
a vertical line at correct point
and evidence at what point the solid was added score all three
marks
Total 8 marks

44
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

7 Weigh crucible empty and with solid/ find mass of solid / take known If say take equal
mass of solid(1) amounts do not give first
Heat (,cool) and reweigh (1) mark since this indicates
Reheat and reweigh/ heat to constant weight / make sure no gas is being a misunderstanding of
evolved (1) the whole exercise.

to ensure reaction is complete (1)

Compare ratio of mass produced (1)

mass taken
If 106 reaction I Compare ratio of mass of
168 product with mass of
reactant (1)
If 40 reaction II (1) If rxn I:
84 mass of product =
mass of NaHCO3 x 106
If 62 reaction III 2 x 84
168 If rxn II:
OR Mass taken (1) mass of product =
mass produced mass of NaHCO3 x 40 (1)
If 168 reaction I etc 84
106 If rxn III:
OR mass of product =
Calculate actual mass of product or mass lost based on a stated mass mass of NaHCO3 x 62
taken e.g 10 g gives 6.7 or less of 3.3 2x84
10g gives 4.8 or loss of 5.3
10g gives 3.7 or loss of 6.3 (1) for calculation
Relate answer to which solid taken (1)
Could measure volume of gas produced but it breaks down if temp
not above 100 oC max 3 ( the first 3 marks) since this is not the
question asked (6 marks)

45
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6244/01

1. IGNORE s.f. throughout this question

(a) Acid
Proton or H+ donor
Or forms H+ or H3O+ (1)

Weak
dissociates to a small extent few molecules dissociate “not fully dissociated”
Or ionises to a small extent(1) Or incomplete dissociation Or “not dissociated fully”
Or partial dissociation (2 marks)

(b) 2HCOOH(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2HCOONa(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) … → 2HCOONa(aq) +

Or H2CO3(aq)
HCOOH(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → HCOONa(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)
HCO2H for the acid
HCO2Na or HCOO-Na+ for
Species + balancing (1) salt (2 marks)
State symbols (1) Consequential on correct species

Notes:

46
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) (i) one acid: HCOOH Correct acids and conjugate

Conjugate base: HCOO− bases in either order
1 mark for both ACCEPT
HCO2H and HCO2−
OR
O
HC
OH

O
HC
O-

other acid: H3O+ H+ for H3O+

Conjugate base: H2O
1 mark for both (2 marks)

(ii) (Ka) = [HCOO−][H3O+] [ H + ] instead of [ H 3 O + ]

[HCOOH]
(1 mark)
Must use square brackets [HCO2−] and [HCO2H]

Notes:

47
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(iii) [H+]2 = Ka × [HCOOH] Any correct expression with

[H+]2 or correct numbers
OR
Ka = [H+]2 If [H+] = √(Ka×c) quoted
[HCOOH] Scores first two marks

OR
[H+]2 = 1.60 × 10-4 × 0.100 (1)

pH = 4.8 scores (2) as

[ H + ] = 1.60 × 10 −4 × 0.100
square root has not been
= 4.0 × 10 −3 (mol dm −3 ) (1) taken

IGNORE sig figs

Max 1 if [H+]2 expression incorrect

pH = − log 10 [ H + ]
any pH value consequential pH = 2.39 (is a rounding
pH = 2.40 (1)
on [ H + ] , provided pH < 7 error) so no third mark
Alternative method

pKa = 3.80 (1)

1 1
pH = pKa − log[acid ] (1)
2 2
pH = 1.90 − (−0.50)

pH = 2.39 (is a rounding (3 marks)

pH = 2.40 (1)
error) so no third mark
Notes:

48
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(d) (i) [acid ]

[ H + ] = Ka ×
[ salt ]
OR
0.0500 0.100
[ H + ] = 1.60 × 10 − 4 × (1) 0.400
0.200

= 4.00 × 10 −5 (mol dm −3 ) (1)

pH = 4.40 (1) IGNORE sig figs 4.39 (rounding error) so

no third mark
OR
⎧[ HCOOH ] ⎫
pH = pKa − log 10 ⎨ − ⎬
(1)
⎩ [ HCOO ] ⎭
⎧ 0.0500 ⎫
pH = − log 10 (1.60 × 10 − 4 ) − log10 ⎨ ⎬ (1) 0.100
⎩ 0.200 ⎭
0.400
pH = 3.80 − (−0.60)
pH = 4.40 (1) IGNORE sig figs 4.39 (rounding error) so
no third mark

(3 marks)

Notes:

49
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii) Addition of H+ ions:

HCOO − + H + → HCOOH (1) If described in terms of
HA ⇌H+ + A− shifting to left
Addition of OH- ions:
HCOOH + OH − → HCOO − + H 2 O (1) Addition of OH- ions:
H + + OH − → H 2 O must be
If the ionisation of sodium methanoate shown with followed by more dissociation
⇌ then max (1) out of 2 for above equations of HCOOH (to restore [ H + ] )

“molecular” equations or
equations described in words
or notation involving HA, H+
and A− .

Just “large reservoir of both (3 marks)

(buffer solution has) high concentrations HCOOH and HCOO−”
Or a large reservoir of both HCOOH and HCOO − relative to
added H + / OH − (1)
(hence virtually no change in [H+] )
Total 16 Marks

Notes:

50
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

2 (a) IGNORE s.f. throughout this question

(i) moles SO2 (10.0 – 9.00) = 1.00 (mol) Multiples of the stated
moles O2 (5.00 – 4.50) = 0.500 (mol) moles
moles SO3 9.00 (mol)
all 3 correct → (2)
2 correct → (1) (2 marks)

(ii) All three ÷ total number of moles (1) Rounding to 1 sig fig
i.e.

1.00
X SO 2 = (= 0.0952) or 2/21
10.5
0.500
XO2 = (= 0.0476) or 1/21
10.5
9.00
X SO 3 = (= 0.857) or 18/21 or 6/7
10.5
(1 mark)
Mark consequential on (a)(i)

Notes:

51
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(iii) All three × total pressure (1)

i.e.
1.00
pSO 2 = × 2.00 or 4/21
10.5
= 0.190(atm)
0.500
pO 2 = × 2.00 or 2/21
10.5
= 0.0952(atm)
9.00
pSO3 = × 2.00 or 36/21 or 12/7
10.5
= 1.71(atm) (1 mark)
Mark consequential on (a)(ii)
(iv) (1.71) 2
Kp =
(0.190) 2 × (0.0952)

K p = 851 (1) atm −1 (1) Answer with units and no Wrong units e.g. mol-1
working (2) dm3
Mark consequential on (a)(iii) and (a)(iv) “Correct answers” between (2 marks)
845 and 855 as this covers
rounding up etc
Notes:

52
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(b) (i) (Kp) decreases (1 mark)

(ii) (Kp decreases so) Any Le Chatelier

argument (this prevents
p 2 SO3 access to 1st mark)
fraction / quotient
p 2 SO 2 × pO 2
has to decrease (to equal new kp) (1)
Shifts to right, even if
so shifts to left hand side (1) – this mark only available if (b)(i) answer to (b)(i) was kp
answer was kp decreases. increases

(as p SO3 decreases whereas p SO2 and p O increase)

2

(2 marks)

NOTES:

53
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) (i) No effect/none/zero (effect) (1 mark)

(ii) Increases
OR
more SO3/more sulphur trioxide
OR
increases amount of SO3/sulphur trioxide (1 mark)

(d) (i) No effect/none/zero (effect) (1 mark)

(ii) No effect/none/zero (effect) (1mark)

Total 13 marks

Notes:

54
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

3 (a) Compound A
H H H O
H C C C C
H H H H

OR
a branched chain isomer
H
H C H
H
O
H C C C
H -CH3 as side chain
H H (1)

Compound B
H O H H
H C C C C H
H H H (1)

Penalise “compressed” formula once only

e.g. CH3CH2CH2CHO -COH for aldehyde (2 marks)
CH3COCH2CH3
(2 marks)
Notes:

55
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(b) O2N
H H C3H7 OR
CH3CH2CH2 C N N NO2 C 2 H 5 CH 2 for CH 3 CH 2 CH 2

H
C N CH=N
linkage (1)
NO2 groups in wrong position
Remainder of the molecule (1) for remainder of molecule Lack of circle in benzene
mark ring for second mark

(2 marks)
Mark consequential on structure given for Compound A in (a).

(c) (i) triiodomethane (1) Iodoform

Or “triodomethane”
H

CHI3 or I C I CH3I

(2 marks)
I (1)
Notes:

56
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii) butan(-)2(-)ol 2(-)butanol But-2-ol (1)

IGNORE punctuation
Or iso-butanol 2-hydroxybutane
CH 3 CH (OH )C 2 H 5 or
Or butane-2-ol
H OH H H

H C C C C H (1)

H H H H
Only penalise if bond is clearly shown pointing to H ie
OH
is OK

OH
is wrong

(2 marks)
(d) (i) (It is not) superimposable on its mirror image OWTTE Just “four different
groups on the same
Or molecule”
Does not have a plane of symmetry
OR
Or Just “ (has an)
does not have a centre of symmetry (1) asymmetric C atom” (1 mark)

Notes:

57
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii) Rotate (the) plane (of plane ) polarised (monochromatic) light

(equally) in opposite directions (1)

OR
pass polarised light through sample
OR use a polarimeter
rotates the plane (equally) in opposite directions (1)
(1 mark)
(e) H 3C CH2OH 90 ° formula (1)
C C
e.g.
H H

and C C

CH2OH
H
C C
C C
CH3 H
1 mark for each cis and trans acid scores (1)
2nd isomer cq if first isomer is carboxylic acid consequentially (2 marks)
Total 12 marks

Notes:

58
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

4 (a) (i) ½Br2 → Br (1) Wrong halogen or use of

state symbols (1) “X” (0)
½ Br2(g) → Br(g) scores only one

e.g.
½Br2(l)→ Br(g) (2)
Br2(l)→ 2Br(g) (1) ie for state symbols (2 marks)
Br2→ Br (0)

(ii) Energy change when 1 mol (1) Heat or enthalpy for energy; “energy required”
energy released instead of
energy change

Just balanced equation

of a solid/crystal/lattice (1) e.g. Na+(g) + Cl−(g) →
NaCl(s)
is formed from its (isolated) gaseous ions (1) can score only last two marks
IGNORE standard states (3 marks)

Notes:

59
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(b) (i) ∆Hf = ∆Ha[Mg] + IE1[Mg] + IE2[Mg] + 2∆Ha [chlorine]+ 2EA[Cl] +

LE[MgCl2]

Or
this in words

Or
2EA = −(2× +122) −(+1450) −(+736) − (+150) + (−642) −
(−2526) (1)

= −696(kJ mol −1 ) (1) cq on first mark

−696
EA =
2

= −348(kJ mol −1 ) (1) must ÷2

[some likely outcomes – but working must be shown]

-348 scores (3)
-696 or -287 or (+) 348 scores (2)
-574 or (+) 696 or (+) 287 scores (1)
(+) 574 scores (0)

(3 marks)

Notes:

60
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii) MgCl2 has (a degree of ) covalent character (1) Mention of “atoms” or

“molecules” scores (0)
for all of (b)(ii)

due to polarisation of the anion (1) Just “Mg2+ (strongly)

(by Mg 2 + cation) polarising” (2 marks)
(c) As group descended, radius of M 2 + (ion) increases Reverse arguments Mention specifically of
OR cation increases (1) atoms (e.g. Mg atoms) or
“size” instead of “radius” molecules (MgCl2
molecules) scores (0) for
all of part (c)
Charge on ions remains the same/2+ (1) Correct formulae of cations
for charge mark
“charge density decreases”
scores one of the first two
marks
(down group) weaker forces of attraction between ions (1) “weaker bonds” (3 marks)
OR “weaker bonding”
Total 13 marks
Notes:

61
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

5 (a) Na Mg Al Si P PCl4+, PCl6−

NaCl MgCl AlCl3 PCl3
2 OR OR
Al2Cl6 PCl5
All 4 → (2)
3 → (1)
None, one or two correct (0)
(2 marks)

(b) (i) NaCl(s) + aq → Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) NaCl(s) + H2O(l) →

Or NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq)
NaCl(s) + H2O(l) → Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) (1)

PCl 3 + 3H 2 O → H 3 PO3 + 3HCl

OR
PCl 5 + H 2 O → POCl 3 + 2 HCl
(2 marks)
OR
PCl 5 + 4 H 2 O → H 3 PO 4 + 5 HCl (1)
(ii) NaCl: Ionic (so) dissolves (in water) (1) – both needed

PClx: Covalent (so) reacts (in water)

OR hydrolyses (in water) (1) – both needed (2 marks)

Notes:

62
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) SiCl 4 reacts/hydrolyses, CCl 4 does not (1)

[This must be clearly stated and not just implied]

(lone) pair of electrons (from the oxygen atom) in a water molecule “lone pair” for “(lone) pair of
(1) electrons”

cannot form a bond with/be donated to the C atom reverse argument for Si atom
Or cannot be accepted by C atom (1)
CCl4 has no d orbitals
because C has no available orbital [see below]
OR no 2d orbitals in C Or “CCl4 has no 2d
OR C is a small atom surrounded by Cl atoms orbital(s)”
OR Cl atoms are large and surround C atom (so attack is sterically Just “C has no d-
hindered) (1) orbital(s)”

Si has (available) 3d orbital(s) (1)

(5 marks)
SiCl4 has available 3d
orbitals (but penalise this
only once)
(d) (i) PbO 2 + 4 HCl → PbCl 2 + 2 H 2 O + Cl 2 Multiples

Species and balancing (1) (1 mark)

(ii) +2 (oxidation state) becomes more stable down the group Relative stabilities of Pb and
relative to +4 Si oxidation states

MUST have comparison of +2 and +4 oxidation states

(1 mark)

Total 13 marks
Notes:

63
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

6 (a) (i) Ethanenitrile phonetic spelling Ethenenitrile

OR Methyl cyanide e.g. ethanenitrille
OR ethanitrile
OR ethanonitrile
IGNORE any formula (1 mark)

(ii) (Acid) hydrolysis phonetic spelling

IGNORE word “acid” before hydrolysis e.g. hydrolisis (1 mark)

(iii) Step 1: any named mineral acid (eg. hydrochloric acid) or Using a named alkali or
formula formula , then acidify
Just “HCl” or “H2SO4” Conc H2SO4

Step 2: PCl 5 / SOCl 2 PCl3 (2 marks)

Cl2

(iv) CH 3 COCl + CH 3 NH 2 → CH 3 CONHCH 3 + HCl

OR
CH3COCl + 2CH3NH2 → CH3CONHCH3 + CH3NH3Cl (1)
(1 mark)

Notes:

64
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

(b) L:
H H H

H C C C H

H H H (1)

M:
H H H H H

H C C C C C H

H O-H H H H Allow OH
(1)
Only penalise if bond is clearly shown pointing to H atom

N:
H H H
O

C C C C H
Allow OH (3 marks)
H-O H H H − COOH
(1)
Or − CO2H
Penalise omissions of H atoms once only
If –CH3, –CH2 are used max (2)
Total 8 marks

Notes:

65
 ACCEPT REJECT MARK
EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6245/01

1. (a) (i) The sum of the powers to which the concentrations are “The sum of the The sum of the
raised in the rate equation partial/individual orders” if partial/individual
Note if candidates choose to define order with respect to one exemplified by a rate orders” on its own
species or give complete rate equation in terms of powers of equation
‘x’ and ‘y’ and explain that the order is x or y or x+ y 1 mark OR number of (1 mark)
species/reactants involved in
(up to and including) the
rate determining step

(ii) 1st order because rate halves as [A] halves

in expt. 1 → 2 or [B] constant (1)

2nd order because rate quadruples / increases by 22 as [B]

doubles in expt. 2 → 3 or [A] constant (1)

1 (out of 2) if incomplete or no reasons given

rate = k[A][B]2 (1)

consequential on their orders (3 marks)

(iii) k = 0.0080 (1) mol-2 dm6 s-1 (1)

both marks consequential on rate equation
IGNORE SF (2 marks)

(iv) (k) increases Any reference to (1 mark)

endothermic reaction
scores zero

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(b) (i)

Shape i.e. start at origin skewed and asymptotic to x-axis

(1 mark)
(ii) Ecat to left of Euncat and both to the right of hump If draw energy profile could (1 mark)
get this mark if the Es are
correct and clearly marked
on the profile
(iii) Peak ( more ) to the right (1) Any reference to
Peak lower (1) increase in area under
OR shown on diagram graph deduct 1 mark (2 marks)

(iv) Manufacture of ammonia (1) “Haber process” on its

Iron (1) MUST be a metal not a compound own
OR
e.g. Sulphuric acid
Hydrogenation of oils (1) manufacture with V2O5
Ni/Pt/Pd (1)

Manufacture of H2 from CH4 (1)

Ni (1) Must have a least three
Explanation oxidation states
uses d orbitals to bond with reactants( at active sites) (1) – Variable /more than
stand alone 1/several oxidation states (3 marks)
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EXPECTED ANSWER

(v) Catalysed k bigger/Higher

OR
uncatalysed k lower (1 mark)

Total 15 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

2 (a) Pt electrode (1)

chlorine gas at 1 atm (1) 101 kPa

chloride ions at 1.0 md dm-3 (1)

IGNORE references to temperature (3 marks)

(b) (i) 2Cu+(aq) → Cu(s) + Cu2+(aq)

IGNORE state symbols (1 mark)

(ii) Ecell = +0.37 V Could argue reverses

OR reaction is not feasible
E Ο for Cu+/Cu > E Ο for Cu2+/Cu+ (1) because…..

Is positive (and thus feasible) (1) (2 marks)

(iii) (Copper) oxidised from +1 to +2 (1) A definition of

disproportionation alone
and also reduced to zero (1) does not score
(2 marks)
OR

The Cu+ is oxidised to Cu2+ (1)

and Cu+ also reduced to Cu (1)

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(c) (1s2) 2s22p63s23p63d10

OR
(1s2)2s22p63s23p64s03d10
OR
(1s2) 2s22p63s23p63d104s0
Ignore spaces between items
Ignore punctuation (1 mark)

(d) (i) ligand exchange “Nucleophilic substitution” “Substitution” on its

OR own
ligand substitution (1) OR
Any type of blue that is “deprotonation”
deep/dark blue (1) darker than hydrated Cu(II)
ions (2 marks)

(ii) d-orbitals split (in energy) by ligands / become non- d-sublevel

degenerate in presence of ligands (1)
The first mark may be “UV light”
absorbs energy(light in visible region) (1) awarded provided at some
point in the answer it is
electron is promoted clear that there a d – orbitals
OR of different energy
electron moves to a higher energy level (1)

Any mention of emission of light can only score 1st mark

Any implication of electron promotion before absorption of (3 marks)
light can only score 1st mark

(iii) full d subshell / all d orbitals full (1)

Therefore d-d transitions impossible / a clear idea that
promotion of electrons by absorbing energy is not possible(1)
(2 marks)
No d orbital splitting max 1 mark
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EXPECTED ANSWER

(e) tetrahedral (1) OR Sq planar (1)

90 ° (1)
o
range 109 – 110 (1) with comparison with Ni or
Pt complex (1)
4 (bonding) pairs of electrons repel to a position of maximum Bonds/atoms repelling
separation/minimum repulsion (1) if say square planar and then
Accept diagram to show shape( ignore charges) argue that 4 pairs of (3 marks)
electrons repel as far as
possible max 1
Total 19 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

3 (a) All hydrogen nuclei / hydrogens atoms/ protons in same (chemical) (1 mark)
environment

(b) (i) reagent (1)

ethanoyl chloride / CH3COCl Fe

catalyst (1)
(anhydrous) aluminium chloride / AlCl3/Al2Cl6 AlBr3 FeBr3 , FeCl3 (2 marks))

(ii) electrophilic substitution (1) acylation

Friedel-Crafts (1 mark)

(iii) Any arrows to C of CH3

rather than of CO

(1) this could be shown as part of the mechanism

…………………………………………………………………….

(1) for arrow (1) for intermediate-

needs +ve charge
……………………………………………………………………..
Either:

(1) for arrow

from C-H bond

OR:

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(1) for arrow

………………………………………………………………………
ALTERNATIVE Kekulé

(1) (1)

(1)

Notes:

1st curved arrow from benzene ring of electrons towards C of COCH3

(1)
ALLOW the “+” anywhere on COCH3

Curved arrow from C-H bond back into benzene ring (1) (4 marks)
IGNORE if towards the “+”

(c) (i) HCN (1) + KCN (1) CN− for KCN

OR
KCN (1) + Acid (1) EXCEPT conc H2SO4 If KCN, HCN and acid max1
OR
HCN (1) + Base / alkali(1)
OR
HCN/KCN (1) pH 5 - 9 (1)
Names or formulae can be given (2 marks)

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EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii) nucleophilic addition

Both needed (1 mark)

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(iii) EITHER

(1) (1) for intermediate

(1)

OR

(1) (1) for intermediate

(1)

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• The intermediate is not consequential on their first step

• The minus of the cyanide ion can be on either the C or
the N
• The arrow can start from the minus of –CN in step 1 (but
not from the minus of CN-) and can start from the minus
of O- in step 2
• The arrow from the bond must not go past the O atom
• Lone pairs not essential
• Single step addition of HCN scores zero
• Autoionisation of C=O can only score the last two marks (3 marks)
ie max 2

(d) (i) 2 enantiomers drawn

C6H5 C or C C
C6H5
C CH C CN
NC 3 H3 C
OH OH
(1 mark)

(ii) (No effect) as ketone planar (1)

Attack possible from top or bottom (1)

Producing racemic/50:50 mixture (of enantiomers) / (3 marks)

rotations cancel out (1) no effect could appear here in the
answer

(e) No absorption corresponding to C=O / carbonyl Peak / band Ketone group

OR
No absorption around 1700 cm-1 (1 mark)

Total 19 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

4 (a) (i) (free) radical substitution phonetic spelling e.g. radicle “radical nucleophilic
substitution”
(1 mark)

(ii) UV radiation “light” on its own

OR sunlight
OR ultraviolet radiation NOT hν
OR UV
OR UV light NOT strong light
OR white light
OR heat (1 mark)

(b) Diagram The curve must not

labelled axes, lozenge and b.pt. values (1) noticeably go above or
below the boiling points
At least 2 horizontal + 2 vertical tie lines from anywhere except indicating a max or min
100% (1) on the curve

Explanation
Vapour richer in more volatile/chloropropane (1)

Condense and then reboil (1)

Pure chloropropane distilled off / bromopropane left as residue (1)

If heat to 46 (or when at 46) all chloropropane boils off then……. (5 marks)
scores (0) for explanation

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(c) heat with NaOH (1) Methods based on

displacement
add excess HNO3
OR acidify with HNO3 (1)

add AgNO3 (1)

chloro gives white and bromo gives cream ppt (1)

white/off white/ pale yellow ppt soluble in dil NH3, cream ppt
slightly/partially soluble in dil NH3 , (or soluble in conc NH3) (1)

If fail to add NaOH or fail to add HNO3 3 max (5 marks)

(d) MS shows different m/e values for molecular ion (1)

Because molar masses different / or reason why different(1)

Nmr give same number/3 peaks with both (1) Hydrogens in same
environment in both
OR molecules
Nmr shows different chemical shifts (1)

Due to different halides (1)

In MS molecular ion peak often absent (1)

(3 marks)
Must be a statement about both MS and NMR to score 3 marks
Total 15 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

5 (a) Moles manganate = 0.0239 x 0.2 (1) = 0.00478 Answers that start from
the equation and then
Moles bromide = 2.46 (1) = 0.0239 use it to derive ratio
103

ratio MnO4− : Br− = 1:5

OR ratio Br− : MnO4− = 5:1 (1)

MnO4- + 5Br- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 2.5Br2 Multiples

species (1)
balance (1) (5 marks)
If no calculation allow correct equation marks
If calculation wrong equation must be consequential on the ratio
calculatedfor balance mark

(b) (i) Not oxidised by manganate(VII)/ does not react with oxidising Cannot be oxidised unreactive
agents
OR (1 mark)
Not hydrolysed by acid
(ii) non-biodegradable therefore fills landfill sites Non-biodegradable therefore toxic gas if burned
persists in environment (1 mark)

Total 7 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6246/01A

1. (a) Observation Pale violet/pale Purple/green/yellow

Violet/pink/amethyst (1) purple/(pale) brown
Inference
d-block/transition metal (ion) (1) Accept inference from any
colour
“s” block from “s” block ions
colourless/white

Fe3+/ Fe (III) (1) Iron(III) OR ferric

Chromium (III) ion
OR formula
Fe(III)/Fe3+ ONLY from Cr(VI) from yellow
yellow
Mn2+ from “pink” (3 marks)

(b) (i) Observation

Any brown precipitate/ solid (1) Foxy-red
Inference
Fe(OH)3 / Iron(III) hydroxide (1) iron hydroxide
Fe(III)/ Fe3+ alone (2 marks)

(ii) Observation
(litmus) turns blue (1)

Inference
ammonia/NH3 (evolved) (1) ammonium (2 marks)

(iii) Fe3+/iron(III) (1)

NH4+ /ammonium (1) (2 marks)

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(iv) Observation
(turns) red (1)

Inference
Ligand exchange (1) (Ligand) substitution Complex formation (2 marks)

(v) Observation
White precipitate/solid (1)
Inference
sulphate/SO4 2− (1) hydrogen sulphate/ HSO4−/ BaSO4/barium sulphate
sulphate from any colour ppt (2 marks)

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2 (a) Observation
Glue-like/ nail varnish/remover/fruity smell (1) sweet pungent

Inference
Type : ester (1) NOT from “pungent”
Functional group: carboxylic acid/-CO2H/ -COOH (1) carboxyl
Follows “ester” (3 marks)

(b) (i) Observation

Yellow precipitate/solid (1) Orange ppt/solid Red ppt/solid

Inference
Ketone (1)

Aldehyde (1)

“carbonyl” on its own max 1 (3 marks)

(ii) Observation No change “Nothing”

Remains orange/yellow (1) No reaction

Inference
Ketone/“not aldehyde” (1) Redox alone
conditional on b(i) inference (2 marks)

(c) Observation
(pale) yellow precipitate/solid (1)
Inference
Triiodomethane/Iodoform/ CHI3 (1) CH3I
Methyl ketone / methyl carbonyl if KETONE given in b(ii) or Structural inference from CH3CH(OH) (3 marks)
structure: CH3I

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EXPECTED ANSWER

H O

H C C
R CH3—
H
All from ppt
(d) (i) (M+) marked on spectrum (1) Other designations to (1 mark)
identify molecular ion
(ii) 88 (1 mark)

(iii) H O − OH

H C C C O CH3—

H
H O
fully correct (2)

Otherwise:
methyl ketone group /Carboxylic acid (1) max
(2 marks)

Total 15 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

3 Table 1
Check subtractions and averaging arithmetic, correcting if necessary.

All volumes recorded to 0.05 cm3

Initial reading as 0 ; 0.0 ;
All subtractions completed correctly 0.00
Allow one slip in recording to
[9 top RHS of Table 1] 0.05 cm3 but withhold if any
readings are in the wrong (1)
boxes
Mean titre:
for correctly averaging of chosen titres or for choosing identical titre
and for recording the mean to 0.05 or two or three dp Do not penalise bad
[9 by the mean] recording a second time
(1)

Accuracy: Award
If the candidate has made an arithmetical error in Table 1 volumes used marks for
in the mean or in averaging the examiner must calculate a new average. accuracy as
• For an averaging error simply calculate a new value using the follows:
candidate’s chosen titres
• If a wrongly subtracted titre has been used in the mean then d= ±0.20
choose any two identical titres or take an average of the closest mark = 5
two titres. d= ±0.25
mark = 4
Calculate the difference between the candidate’s mean and that of the d = ±0.30
examiner or supervisor. mark = 3
Record the difference on the scripts as d = d = ± 0.40
mark = 2
EXAMINER’S TITRE TBC BY THE CENTRE d= ±0.50
Examiner to write SV = titre value on each spt mark = 1
d > 0.50
mark = 0

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EXPECTED ANSWER

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Range: Award
Award a mark on the range of titres used by the candidate to calculate marks for
the mean. The range [r] is the difference between the outermost titres range as
used to calculate the mean. If the examiner has corrected titres because follows:
of incorrect subtraction then award the range mark on the corrected
titres used by the examiner to recalculate the mean.

Examiner to show the marks for accuracy and rang as: r = ± 0.20
mark = 3
d = value [mark] r = value [mark]
r= ± 0.30
mark = 2

r = ±0.40
mark 1

r > 0.4 mark

=0
Calculations
Final answers to at least 2 sig fig. Penalise once only
(b) (i) 0.02 x titre
1000 (1 mark)

(ii) Answer (i) x 5 (1 mark)

(iii) Answer (ii) x 10 (1 mark)

(iv) Answer (iii) x 56 (1 mark)

(v) Answer (iv) x 100 %

9.50
[Calculated 14.28 %] (1 mark)

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EXPECTED ANSWER

4 Known volumes of silver nitrate and ionic chloride solution solids

9V (1)
named chloride solution 9N (1) Hydrochloric acid

Known / stated concentrations

OR
known /stated concentration of one and excess of the other 9C (1)

Mix and measure temperature change 9T (1)

in polystyrene cup (held in beaker) 9P (1)

Use of q = mc∆T 9Q (1)

∆H = q 9H (1) (7 marks)
moles

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EXPECTED ANSWER

Unit 6246/02

1 (a) (i) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e(−) (1)

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e(−) → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (1)

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 3Cu → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3Cu2+ (1) (3 marks)

(ii) initial moles Cr2O72- = 0.00750 (1)

moles Cr2O72- reacted = 0.00750 − 0.00342=0.00408 (1)

moles Cu = 3 x 0.00408 = 0.01224 (1)

mass Cu = 63.5 x 0.01224 = 0.77724 g (1)

% purity = 97.2 % (1)

consequential on equation in (i)

if >100 % do not award % mark unless commented on
If not 3SF loses last mark (5 marks)

(iii) Cu(OH)2 / [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (1)

Cr(OH)3 / [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] (1) (2 marks)

(iv) [Cr(OH)6]3−/ [Cr(H2O)(OH)5]2− / [Cr(H2O)2(OH)4] − (1) Cr(OH)4 −

green (1) pale/light/dark/ (2 marks)

bright green

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(b) dissolve in minimum vol of boiling/hot water (1)

filter through heated funnel / filter while hot (1)

cool and filter (under reduced pressure) (1)

wash in minimum/cold water (and dry) (1) (4 marks)

Total 16 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

2 (a) H3CO

H3C C
O

OR
OCH3

H3C C
O
(1 mark)

(b) (i) 4 peaks (1)

area 3 : 2 : 2 : 3 (1) (can score (2) because 4 peaks clearly

implied)

3 peaks area 3 : 4 : 3 (1 out of 2) (2 marks)

3 peaks area 6 : 2 : 2 / 3 : 1 : 1 (1 out of 2)

(ii) [COC6H4OCH3]+ / [CH3COC6H4O]+ charge essential (1 mark)

(c) (i) LiAlH4 / NaBH4 (1) H2+Ni/Pt/Pd,

OR
Na + ethanol
Reduction / nucleophilic addition (1)

secondary alcohol (1) (3 marks)

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(ii) Molecule cannot be superimposed on its mirror image asymmetric C atom OR

OR C atom to which four different groups are joined (1) no plane/centre of symmetry

(1 mark)

(d) (i) concentrated H2SO4

OR conc. H3PO4
OR Al2O3
OR names (1)
(2 marks)
dehydration OR elimination (1)
(ii) has two H atoms/two atoms the same at one end of the “can be rotated about
double bond (1) double bond” (1 mark)

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EXPECTED ANSWER

(e) (1) for both arrows (1) for intermediate

(1) for arrow

Notes:
• If the wrong carbocation is shown i.e. Br is on the wrong
carbon atom, only 1st and 3rd marks are available
• Lone pair is not essential but if shown arrow must start from (3 marks)
it
• allow arrow from negative charge
• allow arrow to “+”

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EXPECTED ANSWER

QWC (f) A has van der Waals’/dispersion/London forces and dipole-

dipole forces (1)

C has H bonding and van der Waals/dispersion/London and

dipole-dipole forces (1)

H bonding stronger than van der Waals/dispersion/ London van der Waals in C is greater
forces and dipole-dipole forces (1) than in A because C has
(therefore more energy required) more electrons

Penalise lack of dipole-dipole once only (3 marks)

Total 17 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

3 (a) (i) working: ((4x 90.4) + (6x −242) ) − (4x −46.2)

OR
∆H = Σ∆Hf(Products) – Σ∆Hf(Reactants) (1)

-905.6 kJ mol-1 (1) OR - 906 kJ mol-1

Must have the sign and the units.
IGNORE SF (2 marks)

(ii) high temp = high rate (1)

more mols > Eact (1) If endothermic in (i)

high temp = low yield because reaction exothermic (1) opposite argument

QWC so compromise temp used to balance rate and yield (1)

catalyst causes higher rate by alternative route of lower

Eact (1)

but same yield as speeds up forward and back reactions (6 marks)

OR same yield as k unchanged (1)
(b) heat change = 50 x 4.18 x 6.5 = 1358.5 J (1) for 0.025 mol 1359 to give – 54.4 or
– 54.36
÷ heat (J or kJ) by 0.025 mol (1) 1360 to give – 54.4 only

∆H = −54.3 kJ mol-1 / 54300 J mol-1

value, sign and unit (1)

IGNORE SF (3 marks)

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(c) (i) Add NaOH and warm (1)

(Damp) red litmus in gas unchanged (showing no NH4+) (1)

Add Al OR Devarda’s alloy OR zinc + NaOH and warm; gas

evolved turns red litmus blue (shows NO3−) (1) (3 marks)

(ii) cation same charge atom gets bigger

OR weakens bonds less
are all +1 (1)

but ionic radius gets bigger (1)

so polarises anion less (1) distorts anion less (3 marks)

Total 17 marks

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EXPECTED ANSWER

4 (a) (i) correct diag (only outer electrons needed) all dots/crosses
i.e.
oo inner electrons too
o o
H x F o
oo
(1 mark)

(ii) Hδ+ and Fδ- (1)

Large electronegativity difference OR forms strong

intermolecular bond (1)

Through lone pair

OR because of small size of (H and) F atom(s) (1)
(3 marks)
st rd
Diagram can score 1 and 3 marks
(b) (i) HF + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + F− (1) must show that water is there HF ⇌ H+ + F-

Ka = [H3O+][F−]
[HF]

OR

Ka = [H+][F-] (1)
[HF]

(2 marks)
IGNORE state symbols

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EXPECTED ANSWER

(ii) moles HF at start = 0.1 × 0.025 = 0.0025 (1)

moles NaOH = moles F− = 0.12 × 0.01 = 0.0012 (1)

moles HF left = 0.0025 − 0.0012 = 0.0013 (1)

÷ both moles by 0.35 (1)

ie
[HF]eqm = 0.0013 = 0.03714 (mol dm-3)
0.035

[F−]eqm = 0.0012 = 0.03429 (mol dm-3)

0.035

[H+] = ka × [HF] = 0.000562 × 0.03714

[F−] 0.03429

= 0.000609 (mol dm-3) (1)

pH = −log [H+]= 3.22 (1)

(6 marks)
IGNORE SF
QWC (iii) Large reservoir of both HF and F- is needed (to absorb both
acid and base) (1)
(2 marks)
however [F-] is small (so cannot absorb acid) (1)

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EXPECTED ANSWER

(c) (i)
F
B
F F (1 mark)

(ii) from 120 ° Æ 109.5 ° / 109 °

OR
changes by 10.5/11 ° (1)

Boron (goes from 3) to 4 electron pairs (around atom) (1)

(2 marks)

Total 17 marks

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