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Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. Collect measurements showing the location of natural features such as trees, rivers, hills, valleys, and man-made features such as roads, sidewalks, pipelines, etc.
Then, Surveying can be classify according to The earths shape The instruments used Its purpose Measurement systems Survey measurements: Linear measurements Angular measurements Linear measurements are divided into three types: Distance measurement Vertical Distance measurement Slope Distance measurement Angle measurements are divided into two types: Horizontal Angle Measurement Vertical Angle Measurement
Units of measurement
There are two systems units of measurement SI units (Metric system) The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from French: Systme international d'units) is the modern form of the metric system and is generally a system of units of measurement devised around seven base units and the convenience of the number ten. It forms part of the
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world's most widely used system of measurement, which is used both in everyday commerce and in science. length mass time electric current thermo- dynamic temperature amount of substance English system meter kilogram second Ampere Kelvin mole m kg s A k mol
Used by some countries such as Britain and the United States and Canada
Ft Lb s
Units of length measurements In the metric system Some other units used in this system to measure length Unit Micrometer Millimeter Centimeter Kilometer Code m mm cm km Equivalent m
Problem: The length of the door 1.97 m, What is the length in mm? Solution: 1 m = 100 cm 1 cm = 10 mm 1.97 *100 *10 = 1970 mm
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Problem: The length of the rib agricultural land 5500 cm, What is the length in km? Solution: 55000/(100*1000) = 0.55 km Units of length measurements In the English system Some units used in this system Unit Inch Foot Yard Mile 1 ft = 12 in 1 yd = 3 ft 1 mi = 1760 yd code In(//) Ft(/) yd mi
Problem: The length of the measuring tape 300 ft. What is the length in mi? Solution: 300/ (3*1760) =0.0568 mi
The relationship between the units of length measurements in metric and English systems
Problem: If the road between Mecca and Riyadh 880 km, What is the length in mi Solution: 800*1000*100/(2.54*12*3*1760) =546.8066 mi Problem: If the length of the tape measure 100yd, What is the length in m?
Solution: 100*3*12*2.54/100=91.440 m
1 Liter = 1000 1 Gallon = 4.546 Liter Problem: The volume of ground water reservoir 36 liters?
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1 circle = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60
78 45 34
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The decimal or centesimal system in the centesimal system, a right angle is divided into 100 centesimal degrees; each centesimal degree, into 100 centesimal minutes; and each centesimal minute into 100 centesimal seconds.
51.6731 g Radian system One radian is the angle of an arc created by wrapping the radius of a circle around its circumference.
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Radian is the ratio between the length of an arc and its radius. The radian is the standard unit of angular measure, used in many areas of mathematics. IN THE RADIAN SYSTEM of angular measurement, the measure of one revolution is 2.
The relationship between systems and units of measurement angles A comparison Circumference 1 1g 1 rad Degree 360 = 1 = = = 0.9 system Gradian 400 g = =1 = Radian 2 = = =1
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Convert 64 18 20 into Radian system? 64+(18/60) +(20/3600) =64.30555556 64.30555556*( /180) =1.122344 Rad Convert 227.4589 g into sexayesimal and Radian system? Sexayesimal system 227.4589*0.9 = 204.713010 204.71301 - 204 = 0.71301 0.71301*60 = 42.7806 0.7806*60 = 46.84 Radian system 227.4589*(/200)= 3.572916 rad Convert 2.137524 rad into sexayesimal and centesimal system? Sexayesimal system 2.137524*( /180) =122.471104 =122 28 16 centesimal system 2.137524*( /200) = 136.0790 g (204 degrees) (Minutes) (Seconds)
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