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gm_Zm aßJbm. Vm{[`™V gßJUH$ ]wo’]i I{i `mV MmßJbmM Va]{O Pmbm hm{Vm.
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gßJUH$V¡kmZ{ [°O bmdbr. ¯m V¡kmM{ Zmd Om∞Z _∞H$mWu . hr [°O 1000 [m¢S>mßMr
hm{Vr. a∏$_ À`md{ir Ver KgKerV hm{Vr. Om∞Z _∞H$mWu h{ 'Artificial Intelligence'
¯m gßJUH$emÛm¿`m emI{M{ A‰`mgH$ AmoU emÛk hm{V{. S>{ÏhrS> b{Ïhr AmoU
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Zmhr. Am`.]r.E_. Hß$[ZrZ{ 1980 gmbr [ohbm [g©Zb H$m±fl`wQ>a ]mOmamV AmUbm
AmoU gßJUH$ Am[Î`m ‡`m{Jemi{¿`m _`m©Xm Am{bmßSy>Z Am_ AmX_r¿`m Q>{]bmda
gßJUH$ OJV 30
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bT>mB© bdH$a gß[ `mMr oM›h{ oXgV ZÏhVr.
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od⁄m[rR>mV ]wo’]imM{ Iwb{ gm_Z{ [hm`bm J{bm V{Ïhm V{Wrb EH$m —Ì`mZ{ Vm{ W∑H$
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gßJUH$ emÛmM{ oejU ø`m`M{. Am`wÓ`mV ]wo’]imMrhr [mR> gm{S>m`Mr Zmhr. _a{Z{
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OJmV gd©Ã JmOb{. _a{Z{ hr bT>mB© H$er JmOdbr V{ [mh `m[ydu Am[U _a{Mr Jm{Ô>
gwÈdmVr[mgyZ [mhˇ.
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À`mMr _° Ã r Pmbr Vr \| $ J Ò`w ß J gy e r. "gy ' Mm S>m∞ ∑ Q>a{ Q >Mm odf` hm{ V m -
"]wo’]imgmR>r¿`m gßJUH$mVrb VmßoÃH$ aMZm'. \|$J Ò`wßJ gy AmoU _a{ H∞$Â]{b ¯m
Xm{KmßZm Om{S>Uma{ Xm{Z [∑H{$ Xwd{ hm{V{. EH$ gßJUH$ AmoU Xwgam ]wo’]i. gyZ{ hr
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gmbr gy Z{hr Am[br S>m∞∑Q>a{Q> o_idbr. H$mZ}Or _{bZ od⁄m[rR>mV _a{ AmoU gy
`mßMm oVgam o_Ã hm{Vm Wm∞_g AZßVam_Z. À`mZ{ EH$ N>m{Q>m ]wo’]i ‡m{J´m_ V`ma
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V{Ïhm ¯m oVKmßZm ZÏhVr.
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`mM{ gßem{YZ H$a `mßV JwßVb{ hm{V{ V{Ïhm aoe`mVrb APa]°OmZMm EH$ 22 dfm™Mm
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d{ir _a{ AmoU gy `mßMm ]wo’_mZ gßJUH$ O›_mbm Ambm hm{Vm. _a{ AmoU gy `mßZr
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h{ J∞ar¿`m ÒdflZmVhr ZÏhV{ AmoU "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' ¿`m O›_XmÀ`mßZm Am[Î`m A[À`mMr
bT>mB© C⁄m W{Q> OJ¡O{Vm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{der hm{Uma Amh{, h{ ‹`mZr_Zrhr Amb{ ZÏhV{.
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_mZUma ZÏhV{. bT>mB© Omar amhUma hm{Vr.
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Agm ‡H$Î[ ZÏhVm. À`m_wi{ Mmbb{bß h{ H$m_ ÂhUO{ A‰`mg H$aVm H$aVm
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gßJUH$mda O›_bm Agbm Var MmßJbm VJS>m hm{Vm.
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[mohO{ h{ oVKmß¿`m bjmV Ambß. À`m —Ô>rZ{ H$m_ Mmby amohbß.
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_m{R>m Pmbm hm{Vm. AmVm EH$m g{Hß$Xmbm Vm{ 5,00,000 ([mM bmI) gß^mÏ`
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"XmXm" bmdm`bm gwÈdmV H$amdr VgmM hm ‡H$ma hm{Vm.
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gßJUH$ ÂhUO{ [wT>Î`m o[T>rMm gßJUH$ Ambm hm{Vm. À`m_wi{ H$mhr gwYmaUm AmoU
d{J dmT>dU{ e∑` Pmb{. AmVm "oM[Q>{ÒQ>-E_' h{ Zmdhr _mJ{ [S>b{ AmoU "S>r[
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7,20,000 ( gmV bmI drg hOma) MmbtMm odMma H$È bmJbm hm{Vm.
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H$m±fl`wQ>a M{g M∞pÂ[`Zer[' Ò[Y}V CVadb{. "gßJUH$ ndÈ’ gßJUH$' Ag{ h{
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gy AmoU H∞$Â]{b `mßZm Zm{H$ar X{D$ H{$br. H$m_ À`mß¿`m AmdS>rM{M hm{V{. ]wo’]i
gßJUH$ OJV 33
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AZßVam_Zhr "Am`.]r.E_.' _‹`{ Ambm. AmVm H$mQ>H$ga gß[br hm{Vr.
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da Ambm. AmVm Vm{ Xa g{Hß$Xmbm 60 bmI V{ 70 bmI MmbtMm odMma H$arV
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Hß$[Zrbm C⁄m{Jj{ÃmV "]rJ „Î`y" ÂhßQ>b{ OmV{. ¯m "]rJ „Î`y" AmoU "S>r[>
gßJUH$ OJV 34
Wm∞Q>'_YyZ Zd{ Zmd Amb{. \{$]´wdmar 1993 _‹`{ "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' M{ Zd{ Zmd "S>r[
„Î`y' Ag{ H{$b{ J{b{. AmVm "S>r[ „Î`y' bm H$gbmhr Ym{H$m [ÀH$am`Mm ZÏhVm.
A_{naH{$Vrb ]wo’]imMm BßQ>aZ∞eZb J´±S>_mÒQ>a Om{Eb ]|Omo_Z `mbm "S>r[ „Î`y'
gmR>r H$›gÎQ>ßQ> ÂhUyZ Z{_ `mßV Amb{. Vm{ _ohZm hm{Vm oS>g|]a 1995. ]|Omo_Z
"S>r[ „Î`y" bm _mUgm¿`m ∑b•flÀ`m oeH$dy bmJbm.
\{$]´wdmar 1996. _hmeo∫$embr gßJUH$ "Am`.]r.E_. Ama.Eg./6000'
da "S>r[ „Î`y' Òdma Pmbm. AmVm Vm{ Xa g{Hß$Xmbm 10 H$m{Q>r MmbtMm odMma H$Í$
bmJb{bm hm{Vm. hm d{J _hm^`ßH$aM hm{Vm. 1985 gmb¿`m "oM[Q>{ÒQ>' Mm
50,000 MmbtMm d{J Hw$R>{ AmoU 1996 Mm 1,00,000,000 hm AmH$S>m Hw$R>{.
[wbmImbyZ ‡MßS> [mUr dmhˇZ J{b{b{ hm{V{. AmVm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{der [w›hm EH$Xm
I{imd{ Aer Iw_Iw_r `{D$ bmJbr hm{Vr. Vm{ I{i PmÎ`mI{arO "S>r[ „Î`y' Mr
h˛emar H$iy eH$Uma ZÏhVr. I{arO 1989 gmbr 41 MmbrV "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' bm
1997 gmbr gßJUH$mer ]wo’]imMm gm_Zm I{iVmZm J∞ar H∞$Ò[am{d
MrV[Q> H{$Î`mMm S>mJhr YwdyZ H$mT>m`Mm hm{Vm.

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H∞$Ò[am{der I{iUma hm{Vm. À`m AJm{XaMm "S>r[ Wm∞Q>' Mm AdVmaM H{$di
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gßJUH$ OJV 35
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eH$bm Zmhr. Xwgam S>md H∞$Ò[am{d Ajae: MdVmiyZ I{ibm AmoU qOH$bm.
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gßJUH$ OJV 36
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Zmhr.
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V{Ïhm hr gmar MMm© aßJmV Ambr. "S>r[ „Î`y' AmoU "H∞$Ò[am{d' EH$_{H$modÈ’
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gßJUH$ OJV 37
AI (Artificial Intelligence)
oMÃ[Q>mMm oXΩXe©H$ ÒQ>rÏhZ pÒ[b]J©
AmoU À`m oMÃ[Q>mM{ EH$ [m{ÒQ>a
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pÒ[b]J©¿`m A I ¯m oMÃ[Q>mV 2056-2057 gmbMr H$mÎ[oZH$ —Ì`{ XmIodbr
gßJUH$ OJV 38
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d{S> Agb{Î`m EH$m _ohb{g odaßJwim ÂhUyZ hm am{]m{ Kar AmUbm OmVm{. À`m 11
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Vm|S>mZ{ gmaIm ''[mUr@@ [mUr@@'' Mm AmH$mßV H$arV AgVm{. ‡À`j `w’^y_rda
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gßJUH$ OJV 39
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oS>ÏhroZQ>r' ÂhUO{ H•$oÃ_ X{dÀdm[`™V gßJUH$ OmB©b H$m? Hw$Umg R>mD$H$,
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K{Vb{ AmoU À`mM ]mV_rZ{ À`mM{ gma{ Am`wÓ`M ]XbyZ J{b{. BVH{$ ]XbyZ J{b{
H$s 1999 gmbMm OJmVrb gdm™V bjd{Yr _mUyZ ÂhUyZ "Q>mB_'gmaª`m
oZ`VH$mobH$mZ{ À`mMr oZdS> H{$br. hr oZdS> Pmbr V{Ïhm Vm{ \$∫$ 34 dfm™Mm
hm{Vm, ÂhUO{ Amh{. 1994 ¿`m _{ _oh›`mVÎ`m À`m gH$mir Vr Aer H$m{UVr
]mV_r hm{Vr H$s À`mM{ Am`wÓ` EdT>{ ]Xbb{ AmoU Vm{ OJmVbm gdm™V bjd{Yr
_mUyg ]Zbm? Ag{ H$m` KS>b{ À`m¿`m Am`wÓ`mV? H$gbr ]mV_r hm{Vr Vr? -
AmoU _wª` ÂhUO{ hm _mUyg H$m{U?
Vr ]mV_r hm{Vr "BßQ>aZ{Q>Mm ‡gma Xadfu 2300 Q>∑H{$ d{JmZ{ hm{Vm{ Amh{' hr.
gßJUH$ OJV 42
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Amh{ ¯m gwIdÒVy Zm{H$arV MmaMm°KmßgmaIm! _bm H$mhrVar d{Ji{ H{$b{
[mohO{ !'' À`mZ{ EH$mEH$s AmoU VS>H$m\$S>H$s Zm{H$ar gm{S>br. [wT>{ H$m` H$am`Mß
h{ H$mhrhr Z R>adVm. hm Iaß Va AÏ`dhma hm{Vm. [U ]h˛Ym AÏ`dhmamVyZ è,
h{M À`mMß èmMß g_rH$aU Agmdß. H$maU J{br AmR> df} ¯mM AemM AÏ`dhmamVyZ
Vm{ Mmbbm Amh{ AmoU Varhr OJmVbm gdm™V bjd{Yr _mUyg R>aVm{ Amh{. hß, Va
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]MVrVyZ gmR>b{br Wm{S>rer [wßOr À`m¿`mH$S>{ hm{Vr, [U A_{naH{$VÎ`m Ò[Ym©erb
OJmV Ï`dgm` H$am`bm Vr AoO]mV [wa{er ZÏhVr. Vm{ AmoU À`mMr H$mXß]arH$ma
[ÀZr À`m¿`m H$ma_‹`{ ]gb{. À`mMr [ÀZr H$ma MmbdV hm{Vr AmoU e{Omar hm
Am[bm _m{]mB©b \$m{Z H$mZmer YÍ$Z AmoU _mßS>rda b∞[Q>m∞[ H$m±fl`wQ>a K{D$Z
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R>ab{bß ZgÎ`mZ{ À`m¿`m KamVbß \$oZ©Mahr M∑H$ Kam]mh{a ZÏ`m KamMr dmQ>
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Om`Mß Hw$R>{ AmoU H$am`Mß H$m`'' À`m¿`m [ÀZrbm ‡˝ [S>bm. oVbm h{ Hw$R>{ _mhrV
hm{Vß H$s Vm{ EH$ Xm{Z dfm™VM gw_ma{ 1500 H$m{Q>r È[`mßMm _mbH$ AmoU OJmVbm
EH$ ‡MßS> _hŒdmMm _mUyg ]ZUma Amh{. JmS>r grA∞Q>b_‹`{ [m{hm{Mbr. _mJyZ
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H$maU Odi Agb{b{ S>m∞bg© AJXrM VwQ>[wßO{ hm{V{. Zm{H$ar gm{S>Î`mZ{ AmdH$ ]ßX
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AoZo¸VVm hm{Vr. ""_r ÒdVßÃ Ï`dgm`mV [S>m`Mß R>adb`'', À`mZ{ grA∞Q>bbm
[m{hm{MVm [m{hm{MVm [ÀZrbm gmßoJVbß hm{Vß. ""_r BßQ>aZ{Q>¿`m Ï`dgm`mV [S>Uma
Amh{. ÒdV:Mr EH$ d{]gmB©Q> V`ma H$Í$Z À`mdÍ$Z [wÒVHß$ odH$Uma Amh{.'' À`mZ{
À`mMm odMma gmßoJVbm. [ÀZrMm À`m¿`m H$V•©Àdmda odúmg hm{Vm. [U Z{_H$m ]{V
oVbm H$iV ZÏhVm. oVMr O]m]Xmar Iy[M dmT>br hm{Vr.
Am[Î`m Qy> ]{S>Í$_ ‚b∞Q>¿`m ]mh{a¿`m J∞a{O¿`m OmJ{V À`mZ{ Am[b{ Am∞o\$g
gßJUH$ OJV 43
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hm{Uma hm{Vm. Zdm Ï`dgm` oZXmZ EH$ df© Var AmdH$ X{Uma ZÏhVm. V{ 1994
gmb hm{V{, A_{naH{$Vhr BßQ>aZ{Q>Mm ‡gma `Wm`WmM hm{Vm. hmVm¿`m ]m{Q>mda
_m{O `mEdT>ÁmM d{]gmB©Q>g≤ V{Ïhm hm{À`m. [napÒWVr AoO]mVM AZwHy$b ZÏhVr.
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gßJUH$sH•$V `m⁄m V`ma hm{À`m. À`mMm C[`m{J À`mbm hm{Uma hm{Vm. Am[Î`m
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odúmgmda JwßVdUwH$XmamßMm odúmg hm{Vm. 1997, 1998 AmoU 1999 hr oV›hr
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H∞$_{Ë`m_mJM{ À`mM{ VŒdkmZhr Jß_VrXma Amh{. Vm{ ÂhUVm{ H$s ""_m¬`m Am`wÓ`mV
EdT>Ám P[mQ>ÁmZ{ KQ>Zm KS>Vmh{V H$s À`m gd©M bjmV R>{dU{ _bm e∑` Zmhr.
À`m_wi{ V{ jU _r H∞$_{Ë`mV [H$Sy>Z R>{dVm{. O{Ïhm _r E|er dfm™Mm hm{B©Z V{Ïhm _bm
V{ [mhVm `{Vrb.'' O{\$ ]{Pm∞gM{ hgU{ hmhr A_{naH{$V EH$ odf` Amh{. Iaß Va
¡`mMr Hß$[Zr J{br Mma df} hOmam{ H$m{Q>r È[`mßMm Vm{Q>m ghZ H$arV Amh{, ¡`m¿`m
Hß$[ZrV 1600 [{jm AoYH$ H$_©Mmar H$m_ H$aVmV, ¡`m Hß$[ZrMm H$ma^ma AmVm
H$mhr X{emß_‹`{ [gab{bm Amh{ Agm _mUyg oXbIwbmg[U{ gmaIm hgV amhVm{
`mM{ bm{H$mßZm Am¸`© dmQ>V{. ]{Pm∞gM{ hgU{ JS>JS>mQ>r Amh{. Vm{ H$gb{hr H$m_
H$aVm{. À`m¿`m Hß$[ZrM{ Jm{S>mD$Z 8,50,000 Mm°ag \y$Q> Ag{ ‡MßS> Amh{. V{W{
bmIm{ [wÒVH{$, grS>rO, Q>rÏhr g{Q>g≤ AmXr dÒVyßMm T>rJ¿`m T>rJ AgVm{.
Jm{S>mD$Z¿`m Mhˇ]mOyg JmB© MaV AgmÏ`mV Vg{ Q≠>∑g, _mbdmhˇ dmhZ{ [gab{br
AgVmV. AÔ>m°‡ha bmIm{ oS>brÏharO OmV `{V AgVmV AmoU jUmjUmbm ZÏ`m
Am∞S>©g© `{V AgVmV. O{\$ Am[Î`m H$_©MmË`mß]am{]a W{Q> gßdmX gmYVm{. ""‡MßS>
_{hZV H$am, Y_mb H$am, AmoU ââmQ> H$Í$Z ø`m'' hm O{\$Mm gßX{e AgVm{.
oºg_g, Zd{ df© dJ°a{ d{ir O{Ïhm H$m_ ‡MßS> AgV{ V{Ïhm O{\$ Am[Î`m
H$_©MmË`mß]am{]a ÒdV: H$m_ H$arV AgVm{. Vm{ bm∞arV MTy>Z _mb M{H$ H$arV AgVm{
qH$dm EImX{ [mg©b ÒdV:¿`m hmVmZ{ _mbdmhˇ Q≠>{ba_‹`{ R>{dVmZm oXgVm{. ¯mV
Hw$R>{hr ]gÎ`mZ{, Q>{H$Î`mZ{ À`mM{ H$[S>{ _ib{b{ AgVmV. hm hOmam{ H$m{Q>r
È[`mß¿`m Hß$[ZrMm _mbH$ Amh{ `mda H$m{Ur odúmghr R>{dUma Zmhr. H$_©MmË`mßZm
]m{Zg ÂhUyZ Hß$[ZrM{ e{Ag© X{ `mMr ‡Wm "A∞_{Pm∞Z'_‹`{ Amh{. Xadfu Ag{
e{Ag© o_imÎ`mZ{ d [wT>{ e{Ag©Mm ^mJ dmT>V J{Î`mZ{ oH$À`{H$ H$_©Mmar H$am{S>[Vr
Pmb{b{ Amh{V. ÒdV: O{\$ ]{Pm∞gH$S>{ Hß$[ZrM{ 50 Q>∑H{$ e{Ag© Amh{V. Vgm Vm{
AmŒmmM 1500 H$m{Q>r È[`mßMm _mbH$ Amh{. "A∞_{Pm∞Z'Mm X]X]m BVH$m Amh{ H$s
EIm⁄m [wÒVH$m¿`m XwH$mZmV XwH$mZXma Oa ÂhUmbm H$s A_wH$ [wÒVH$ C[b„Y
Zmhr Va J´mhH$ ÂhUVm{ H$s, ""gm{Sy>Z ⁄m, V{ _r "A∞_{Pm∞Z'dÍ$Z K{Vm{.'' O{\$
]{Pm∞gM{ EH$ ]´rXdm∑` Amh{. Ia{ Va dm∑` Zmhr EH$ e„X‡`m{J Amh{.
"]r.E_.Ïhr.[r. 2000' `mMm AW© ]w∑g, Â`woPH$, pÏhS>rAm{, AmoU [wT>{ 2000
gßJUH$ OJV 47
gmbmZßVa ‡m∞o\$Q>∞]rbrQ>r. ]{Pm∞gMr Hß$[Zr H$Yr Z\$m o_iodb H$m` `mda
A_{naH{$V Iy[ o^fi _V‡dmh Amh{V. H$mht¿`m _V{ "A∞_{Pm∞Z'Mm ‡`m{J \$gUma
Amh{. Va H$mht¿`m _V{ Vm{ ‡MßS> èÒdr hm{Uma Amh{. H$m{Ur H$mhrhr ÂhUm{, [U
AmO Var JwßVdUwH$XmamßMm À`m¿`mda odúmg Amh{. O{\$ ‡MßS> _{hZV H$aVm{.
À`mZ{ ÒdV:¿`m Amam{Ω`mMr h{igmßS> H$Í$ Z`{ AmoU pÏhQ>∞o_Z¿`m Jm{˘`m Z MwH$Vm
d{i{da ø`mÏ`m `mgmR>r À`mMr [ÀZr À`m¿`m [m`_m{¡`mß¿`m AmV À`m Jm{˘`m R>{dV{.
ÂhUO{ ]yQ> Kmb `m[ydu À`mbm Vr Am°fYr ø`mdrM bmJVrb. "A∞_{Pm∞Z' AmVm
obbmdm¿`m Ï`dgm`mVhr CVabr Amh{. V{W{ À`mßMr B©]{ ¯m Hß$[Zrer dm "B©]{ S>m∞Q>
H$m∞_'er Ò[Ym© Amh{. O{\$da Ò[Y©H$ Hß$[›`mßZr ¯m Zm À`m H$maUmßZr IQ>b{hr
KmVb{. [U O{\$ H$Yr Am[Î`m Ò[Y©H$mßodf`r dmB©Q> ]m{bbm Zmhr. ]h˛V{H$ IQ>b{
À`mZ{ o_Q>dyZ Q>mH$b{. J´mhH$mbm Vm{ _hŒdmMm _mZVm{. AÎ[mdYrV Z\$m
o_id `m[{jm J´mhH$ Om{Sy>Z R>{dUß AmoU À`mbm Am[Î`mer Ï`dhma H$a `mMr
gd` bmdUß h{ AoYH$ AmdÌ`H$ AgÎ`mMß O{\$ gJirH$S>{ gmßJV AgVm{. AmOhr
hr "A∞_{Pm∞ZMr Jm{Ô>' MmbyM Amh{. Vw_¿`mH$S>{ BßQ>aZ{Q> Ag{b Va "A∞_{Pm∞Z S>m∞Q>
H$m∞_'da VwÂhr EÏhmZm J{b{bmM AgUma. Zgmb Va AdÌ` Om. B© H$m∞_g©¿`m
amOmMß gm_´m¡` VwÂhmbm oVW{ oXg{b. Agm amOm H$s "Q>mB©_' _∞JPrZZ{ À`mbm
\´$m›g¿`m A‹`jmß¿`m VwbZ{V AoYH$ JwU oXb{ AmoU "AmD$Q>ÒQ>±S>tJ [g©Z Am∞\$
oX Bà 1999' Agm À`mMm AmßVaamÔ≠>r` Jm°ad H{$bm. ]{Pm∞g AmO \$∫$ 37
dfm™Mm Amh{. EdT>Ám bhmZ d`mV hm g›_mZ o_imb{br \$∫$ MmaM _mUg{ Amh{V.
À`mV _mQ>r©Z Î`wWa qH$J (37), amUr EobPm]{W g{Hß$S> (29), Mmb©g≤ qbS>]J©
(28) AmoU Mm°Wm O{\$ ]{Pm∞g (37). Am[Î`mH$S>{ [wÒVH$mßMr AdÒWm o]H$Q>
hm{V AgVmZm AmoU XwgarH$S>{ Am[U A_{naH{$M{ o_iVrb V{ AmXe© AmßYi{[UmZ{
ÒdrH$maV Mmbb{bm{ AgVmZm "A∞_{Pm∞ZMr Jm{Ô>' BßQ>aZ{Q>da [wÒVH$mß¿`m OJmVyZ
oZ_m©U Ïhmdr h{ AO]M Zmhr H$m?
gßJUH$ OJV 48
"obZ∑g'Mß am_mÙ
"qdS>m{O'Mm OZH$ o]b J{Q>g≤Mm [ohbm H´$_mßH$ ZwH$VmM h˛H$bm. AmVm o]b
OJmVbm gdm™V qH$dm [ohÎ`m H´$_mßH$mMm lr_ßV Zmhr. À`mMm AmVm Xwgam H´$_mßH$
Ambm Amh{. [U h{ dJm©VÎ`m [ohÎ`m-XwgË`m H´$_mßH$mgmaIß Amh{. Hw$Ur gmßJmdß
o]b [w›hm [wT>Î`m dfu [ohbm H´$_mßH$ [Q>H$md{b gw’m. AmO o]b¿`m _m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q>
Hß$[ZrV oH$À`{H$ hOma bm{H$ Zm{H$arg Amh{V. hm o]J ]m∞g g_m{Í$Z Ambm Va ¯m
hOmam{ bm{H$mß¿`m ˆX`mV EH$ ^rVr`w∫$ AmXamMr YS>H$Z gmhoOH$M C_Q>V{.
hOmam|Zm YS>H$mdUmam hm o]b J{Q>g≤ ZmdmMm _mUyg EH$m _mUgmbm AmoU À`m¿`m
H$V•©Àdmbm _mÃ Km]aVm{. À`m _mUgmMß Zmd Amh{ "bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤'.
"qdS>m{O'bm [`m©` ÂhUyZ C^r amohb{br "obZ∑g' hr Or bm{H$o‡` "Am∞[a{Q>tJ
gßJUH$ OJV 49
bm`Zg¿`m M{h{Ë`mMm CÎb{I
Z{h_rM "\$Zr' Agm H{$bm J{bm.
ogÒQ>_' Amh{ oVMm OZH$ ÂhUO{ bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤. Vm{ AmO \$∫$ 36 dfm™Mm
Amh{. À`m¿`m "bm`Zg' ¯m ZmdmdÍ$Z ¯m Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_bm "obZ∑g' h{
Zmd o_imbß Amh{. "qdS>m{O'M{ ˆX` ^rVrZ{ YS>H$mdUmË`m "obZ∑g'Mm oZ_m©Vm
AmO H$m` H$aVm{? Vm{ A_{naH{$Vrb "Q≠>m›g_{Q>m' h`m Hß$[ZrV Zm{H$ar H$aVm{. Vm{
o]b J{Q>g≤gmaIm A„Om{[Vr ]Zy eH$bm ZgVm H$m? ghO ]Zy eH$bm AgVm.
_J Vm{ H$m ]Zy eH$bm Zmhr A„Om{[Vr? AmnU o]b _mÃ H$gm ]Zbm oZId©[Vr?
Xm{K{hr EH{$H$m "Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_'M{ OZH$M Amh{V. Xm{›hr Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>Âg
AmOhr OJmVb{ bmIm{ bm{H$ dm[aVmh{V. _J hm \$aH$ H$m [S>bm? hm \$aH$
[S>bm H$maU o]b J{Q>g≤Z{ Am[br "qdS>m{O' hr ogÒQ>_ ÒdV:Mr _mbH$s amIyZ
O[br. oV¿`m ‡À`{H$ ‡VrMr qH$_V OJmH$Sy>Z _m{OyZ K{Vbr. "qdS>m{O' ‡m{J´m_M{
gm{g© H$m{S> \$∫$ _m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q>H$S>{M JwbXÒÀ`mV R>{db{. V{ OJm[wT>{ CKS> H{$b{
Zmhr. bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Z{ V{ H{$b{ Zmhr. Am[Î`m Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_M{ gm{g©
H$m{S> À`mZ{ BßQ>aZ{Q>da OJmgmR>r Iwb{ H$Í$Z Q>mH$b{. gß[yU© "MH$Q>\y$. ¯m gm{g©
H$m{S> _mJ{ bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mr ‡MßS> _{hZV hm{Vr, ]w’r hm{Vr AmoU
‡m{J´mq_J_Yb{ Agm_m›` H$m°eÎ`hr hm{V{. 1991 gmbr Am[br hr _{hZV
Q>m{admÎS>g≤Z{ OJm[wT>{ CYiyZ Q>mH$br V{Ïhm Vm{ \$∫$ 21 dfm™Mm hm{Vm. Ï`mdgmo`H$
—Ô>rH$m{Z AmoU Jmß^r`© "ey›`' hm{V{. OJm[wT>{ hm ‡m{J´m_ R>{dVmZm À`mMm gßX{e hm{Vm-
'... just a hobby. Won't be big and professional....' ""gm{g© H$m{S>
Iwbm Amh{ ¡`mZ{ À`mZ{ À`mbm hdr Ver gwYmaUm H$Í$Z ø`mdr. hm ‡m{J´m_ gVV
odH$ogV H$arV Omd{'' hm Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mm gßX{e OJmZ{ _mÃ Jmß^r`m©Z{ K{Vbm. À`mVyZ
gßJUH$ OJV 50
"obZ∑g' O›_mbm Amb{ .
"obZ∑g'gmR>r OJmVÎ`m bmIm{
‡m{J´m_g© AmoU S>{Ïhb[g©Zr Am[m[br
ImarMr ^yo_H$m ]Omdbr Amh{. À`mVyZM
"obZ∑g'Mm g{Vy ]mßYbm J{bm Amh{.
À`m_w i { bm`Zg Q>m{ a dmÎS>g≤ hm
"obZ∑g'Mm OZH$ Agbm Var
"obZ∑g'Mm _mbH$ _mÃ Zmhr.
"obZ∑g'Mr _mbH$s Hw$Um EH$mMr Zmhr.
"obZ∑g' AmoU "qdS>m{O'_‹`{ _hŒdmMm
\$aH$ hm Amh{. ¯m \$aH$m_wi{M o]b AmoU
bm`Zg ¯m Xm{Z _mUgmß¿`m AmoW©H$
pÒWVrV O_rZ-AÒ_mZmM{ AßVa Amh{.
AmO AZ{H$mßZm "qdS>m{O' [{jm "obZ∑g' obZ∑g¿`m èm_wi{ bm`Zg
ogÒQ>_ AmdS>V{ h{ gÀ` Amh{. "H$mhr Q> m { a dmÎS>Z{ d`m¿`m oVerVM Am[b{
]m]VrV "obZ∑g' qdS>m{O[{jmhr gag "OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h{ AmÀ_MnaÃ
obohb{. À`m [wÒVH$mM{ _wI[•>
Amh{' Aer MMm© ]mam _ohZ{ Mmbb{br
AgV{. "obZ∑g'gmR>r qH$_V _m{Omdr
bmJV Zmhr AmoU "qdS>m{O'gmR>r N>m[rb qH$_V _m{Omdr bmJV{ `m_wi{hr "obZ∑g'
bm{H$o‡` Amh{.
bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤M{ 288 [mZmßM{ h{ AmÀ_MnaÃ À`mZ{ ÒdV: AmoU "dm`S>©'
gm`]a _mogH$mMm [ÃH$ma S>{pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> ¯m Xm{KmßZr o_iyZ obohb{ Amh{.
[wÒVH$mMr qH$_V 26 S>m∞bg© (AX_mg{ 1300 È[`{) Amh{. È[Q>© _aS>m∞H$ `mß¿`m
"hm[©a H$m∞ob›g' ¯m OJ‡og’ ‡H$meZmZ{ V{ ‡H$moeV H{$b{ AgyZ "A∞_{Pm∞Z',
"]mZ}g A±S> Zm∞]b' dJ°a{ Hß$[›`mßZr À`mMr odH´$s ‡H$meZm[yduM Yw_YS>m∑`mZ{
gwÍ$ H{$br. d`m¿`m 30 Ï`m dfu obohb{ J{b{b{ AmÀ_MnaÃ em{YyZ gm[S>U{ H$R>rU.
gm[S>b{M Va bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤bm AmO ¯m AmÀ_MnaÃm_wi{ Or hr Xwgar
[wadUr ‡og’r OJâ o_iV{ Amh{ Vg{ CXmhaU Ae∑` H$m{Q>rVb{M. Aa{, VwÂhmbm
À`m AmÀ_MnaÃmM{ Zmd gmßJm`M{M amohb{. 'Just for fun, The story of an
Accidental Revolutionary' Ag{ À`mM{ bmß ] bMH$ Zmd Amh{ . hr
gßJUH$ OJV 51
AmÀ_MnaÃmMr H$Î[Zm Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mr Zmhr. Vr Amh{ S>{pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> ¯m
[ÃH$mamMr. S>{pÏhS> S>m`_ßS> agmi AmoU ^wai [mS>UmË`m e°brV obohUmam ÂhUyZ
‡og’ Amh{. À`mZ{M ‡W_ Q>m{admÎS>g≤bm \$m{Z H{$bm. AmÀ_MnaÃmMr H$Î[Zm
gmßoJVbr. Q>m{admÎS>g≤ ÂhUmbm "Am{h ewAa. gm{ bm±J A∞O BQ> BO \$Z.' À`mVyZM
_J "OÒQ> \$m∞a \$Z' h{ Zmd o_imb{. ¯m [wÒVH$mV VmßoÃH$ AdS>ß]a AoO]mV
Zmhr. [U "obZ∑g'Mr Jm{Ô> AmoU bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤M{ ]mb[U _mÃ odÒVmamZ{
Amh{. 1991 gmbr gwÍ$ Pmb{br "obZ∑g'Mr Jm{ÓQ> Iaß Va V{am df} CbQy>Z
AmOhr MmbyM Amh{. bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤¿`m ]mb[UmV bm{H$mßZm \$magm ag
Zmhr, [U 1991 V{ 2001 ¯m H$mimV Z{_H{$ H$m` H$m` Pmb{, H$g{ H$g{ hm{V
J{b{, MT>-CVma Amb{ H$m, bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤bm Hw$Ur eÃy V`ma Pmb{ H$m?
dJ°a{ ‡˝mßMr CŒma{ OmUyZ K{ `mMr ‡MßS> CÀgwH$Vm bm{H$mßZm AmO Amh{.
"bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mm MmßJbm \$m{Q>m{ XmIdm, AmoU bmI È[`{ o_idm'
Aer Ò[Ym© Oa Hw$Ur bmdbr Va Hw$Urhr bmI È[`{ qOH$Uma Zmhr. H$maU
"bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤'Mm M{h{am "ogbr ogbr' Amh{. À`m¿`m M{h{Ë`m]‘b O{
BßJÓrV obohbß J{bß Amh{ À`mMß _amR>r ^mfmßVa H$am`Mß Va "EH$ ]mdiQ> ‹`mZ'
h{ e„X obhmd{M bmJUma. À`m_wi{M H$s H$m` [U Just for fun [wÒVH$m¿`m
_wI[•>mda bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤Mm \$m{Q>m{ Zmhr. AmÀ_MnaÃ AmnU _wI[•>mda
AmÀ_MnaÃH$mamMm \$m{Q>m{ Zmhr hm ‡H$mahr AÀ`ßV Xwo_©i ... Q>m{admÎS>g≤¿`m
[wÒVH$mMß V{hr EH$ d°oeÓQ>Á ]Zb`.
1971 gmb h{ Am[Î`mH$S>{ ]mßJbm X{em¿`m O›_m¿`m `w’mMß df© Am[U
_mZVm{. BßoXam JmßYt¿`m _wÀg‘{oJarMm AÀ`w¿M jU ¯m dfm©V BoVhmgmZ{ Zm|Xdbm.
[U, Hw$UmMß H$m` AmoU Hw$UmMß H$m` AgVß ]Km. gßJUH$m¿`m BoVhmgmV 1971
gmbr "`woZ∑g'Mr [ohbr gÏh©a Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_ Amd•Œmr "]{b b∞„g' Hß$[ZrZ{
odVnaV H{ $ br. "`w o Z∑g'M{ H$m{ S > ododY od⁄m[rR>mß Z m AmoU Hß $ [›`mß Z m
dm[a `mgmR>r _m{\$V dmQ> `mV Amb{. bm{H$mßZm "`woZ∑g' dm[a `mMr gd` hm{D$
bmJbr. [wT>{ [wT>{ "`woZ∑g' _hmJ hm{V J{b{. "`woZ∑g' ‡m{J´m_ odH$UmË`m odH´{$À`mßM{
CIi [mßT>a{ hm{D$ bmJb{. H$_mB© H$a `mMr Ò[Ym© dmTy> bmJbr.
Am[Î`m Jm{ÓQ>rMm Zm`H$ bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>g≤ 1971 gmbr Xw[Q>Ámda [Sy>Z
Q>m{[S>ÁmV S>m{Hß$ hbdV hm{Vm. À`mMr O›_VmarI 29 oS>g|]a 1969. ÂhUO{ Vm{
gßJUH$ OJV 52
A±S≠>`y V∞Z{Z]m∞_ naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z
bm`Zg Q>m{admÎS>da Ima ImUma{ o_oZ∑g `m ^mf{M{ O›_XmV{ A±S≤´`y V{Z{Z]m∞_

AmoU OJâ _m{\$V gm∞‚Q>d{Aa¿`m H$Î[Z{Mm ‡gma H$aUmam naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z.
EH$-XrS> dfm™Mm AgVmZm A_{naH{$Vrb ododY od⁄m[rR>mß_‹`{ "`woZ∑g' ogÒQ>Âg

ZmßXV hm{À`m. ¯m "`woZ∑g' H$m{S>Mß gmaU ^Í$ZM [wT>{ gZ _m`H´$m{ogÒQ>ÂgMr
"gm{barg', "]H©$b{'Mr \´$s ]rEgS>r, ogbrH$m∞Z J´m\$s∑gMr "Amàr∑g' ¯m
‡m{J´mÂg¿`m H$aß¡`m V`ma PmÎ`m.
OgOgm gßJUH$mMm ‡Mma dmT>V J{bm AmoU XwgarH$S>{ "`woZ∑g' odH´$sVyZ
Z\{$]mOr dmTy> bmJbr VgVer EH$ Zdr JaO oZ_m©U Pmbr. _hmJS>Ám `woZ∑gbm
ÒdÒV qH$dm _m{\$V [`m©` Agm`bm hdm hr JaOhr EH$sH$S>{ dmTy> bmJbr. 1983
gmbr naMS>© ÒQ>m∞b_Z ¯m gXJ•hÒWmßZr Am[Î`m G N U Zmdm¿`m [`m©`r
Am∞[a{Q>tJ ogÒQ>_da H$m_ gwÍ$ H{$b{. 'G N U is not Unix' Agm G N U Mm
H$mZm_mJyZ Kmg K{VÎ`mgmaIm bm±J \$m∞_© Amh{. `woZ∑ggmaImM [U Om{ `woZ∑g
Zmhr Agm ÂhUO{ GNU. ¯m ‡`ÀZmV Am[bm ‡m{J´m_ Iwbm H$Í$Z ÂhUO{ Am{[Z
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_m{\$V hm{V{. _m{\$V AgÎ`mZ{ H$m{S> b[od `mMr JaO ZÏhVr.
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won't be big and professional like GNU) for 386 (486)". hm bm`Zg
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kernel in 1991 is a fundamental error. Be thankful you are not
my student..."
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being a professor and researcher. That's one hell of a good
excuse for some of the brain-damages of minix." hm M∑H$ ]m∞∑gtJ
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eH$Vm{. À`mgmR>r H$gbmhr d{Jim IM© `{V Zmhr. Iy[ MmßJbm d{i OmVm{. [U
IßS>{amd À`m —Ô>rZ{ [mD$bM Q>mH$V ZgVmV. Oa IßS>{amd Wm{S>ß oeH$ `mMr qh_V
qH$dm V`mar XmIdVrb Va gm°. IßS>{amd gw’m ÒdV:hˇZ [wT>{ `{Vrb. À`mV S>m{Hß$
KmbVrb. d{i [S>br Va Amb{Î`m BßoOZrAabm gßJUH$mbm H$m` Pmb` h{hr
ÒdV: [wT>{ `{D$Z gmßJy eH$Vrb. Wm{S>m d{i oXbm Va Q>m`q[J gw’m _ohZmâmV
oeHy$ eH$Vrb. ]mh{aMr Q>m`q[JMr Mma H$m_{ o_idy eH$Vrb. Mma [°g{ o_im{V dm
Zm o_im{V [U H$mhrVar Zdß H{$Î`mMß g_mYmZ Va Z∑H$sM o_idy eH$Vrb.
lr AmoU gm°. IßS>{amd gßJUH$mMm _w‘m Ambm H$s [yU©[U{ hV]b hm{D$Z Am[Î`m
_wbr¿`m kmZmda H$m Adbß]yZ amhVmV?. C⁄m _wbJr bæ hm{D$Z J{br H$s
oV¿`m]am{]a gßJUH$mbmhr V{ gmgar [mR>dUma H$m? Vm{[`™V À`mßMr [mnadmnaH$
g_Ò`m H$YrM gwQ>Uma Zmhr H$m? IßS>{amdmßMß Z{_Hß$ MwH$V` Hw$R>{ ?
gßJUH$ OJV 109

Am`.Q>r. AmoU _amR>r
"Am`.Q>r.' H$s "_amR>r' hm dmX AmVm BV∑`m Wambm J{bm` H$s H$mhrOU
Jß_VrZ{ À`mbm "Am`-_m`]m{br' Agß ÂhUm`bm bmJb{V. XyaXe©Z¿`m gßX^m©V
_mJ{ EH$Xm Agm CÎb{I Pmbm hm{Vm H$s ""_amR>r Cß]Ë`mV C^r Amh{.'' AmVm
H$mi ]Xbbm Amh{. "_amR>r"bm dmohb{Î`m ÒdVßÃ dmoh›`m (M∞ZÎg) AmO BVa
ÒQ>mg© ]am{]a M_H$Vmh{V. [U "Am`.Q>r.'¿`m Xa]mamV AmO [w›hm EH$Xm "_amR>r'
Cß]aR>ÁmV C^r Amh{, AmoU oVZß C^ß amhˇZ ]amM H$mi _mJ{ [S>bm Amh{.
AH$amdr¿`m dJm©V _hmod⁄mb`mV "Am`.Q>r.' odf` odÈ’ "_amR>r odf`' ¯m
dmXm[waVM h{ oV>V C^ß amhUß Amh{ Agß Zmhr. _hmod⁄mb`mVrb odf` hm
"Am`.Q>r.'¿`m AdmT>Ï` hd{brVbm H{$di "EH$ Cß]aR>m' Amh{. "Am`.Q>r.' ¿`m
hd{brV Ag{ Cß]aR>{ e{H$S>ÁmßZr Amh{V. _hmod⁄mb`rZ oejUmgß]ßYrMm hm Cß]aR>m
""dmX Iy[ Pmbm'' Agß ÂhUV jUâmgmR>r ]mOyg R>{dbm Var BVa Cß]aR>ÁmßVrb
[napÒWVr \$maer d{Jir Zmhr. EH$ _hmamÔ≠> gaH$ma gm{S>bß Va BVamßMß oVW{ \$magß
bjhr Zmhr. gaH$mar go_À`mßMß ¯m gßX^m©Vrb H$m_ Hw$R>da Amb` `mMr _mohVr
ZrQ>er ‡g•V hm{V ZgÎ`mZ{ AmUIr oH$Vr H$mi oV>V ahmdß bmJUma Amh{,
`mMm AßXmO _m`_amR>rbm AmO Zmhr.
gw_ma{ Mm°Xm dfm™[yduMr Jm{Ô> gmßJVm{. gßJUH$mdarb _amR>r ob[rg_m{a _amR>r
X°oZH$m¿`m gß[mXH$s` od^mJmbm H$em ‡H$ma{ hV]b Ïhmdß bmJV Amh{, `m
gßX^m©Vrb b{I Iw‘ À`m X°oZH$m¿`m gß[mXH$mßZrM obohbm hm{Vm. h{ obohUß
‡moVoZoYH$ hm{V.ß À`md{ir ""Q>{∑ZrH$b' hm e„X "Q>{›H$sH$b' AgmM N>m[mdm
bmJVm{, À`mbm Am_Mm BbmO Zmhr. H$maU gßJUH$mdarb _amR>r ob[rVM Vr
gßJUH$ OJV 110

_`m©Xm Amh{'' Agß ‡oV[mXZ _mZZr` gß[mXH$mßZr H{$bß hm{Vß AmoU EH$m _hŒdm¿`m
_w⁄mbm Vm|S> \$m{S>bß hm{Vß. AmO Mm°Xm df} CbQy>Z J{Î`mZßVa gßJUH$mdarb "_amR>r'
ob[rV H´$mßVrH$maH$ ]Xb dm gwYmaUm PmÎ`m Amh{V Agß AoO]mV Zmhr. ZÏ`m
diUmM{ Q>mB©[ (\$m∞›Q>g≤) e{H$S>ÁmßZr Amb{. \$m∞›Q>g≤ odH$UmË`m H$mhr ZÏ`m
Hß$[›`mhr AmÎ`m. [U ¯m gdm™_‹`{ EH$gyÃr[U AmOhr Amb{bm Zmhr hr
dÒVwpÒWVr Amh{. BßJÓr Q>m`q[J H$am`Mß Va gß[yU© OJmV H{$di EH$M [’V
Amh{. À`m [’Vr]a h˛Hy$_ Q>mB©[am`Q>g©M{ AmoU gßJUH$mM{ H$s]m{S>©g≤ ]ZVmV. [U
_amR>rMß Vgß Zmhr. \$m∞›Q>g≤ odH$UmË`m Hß$[›`m O{dT>Ám gßª`{Z{ V{dT>ÁmM gßª`{Z{
_amR>r Q>mB©[ H$a `m¿`m [’Vr gw’m d{Jd{J˘`m. Hw$Um¿`m [’VrV d{bmßQ>r [´W_
Q>mH$m`Mr, Va Hw$R>{ d{bmßQ>r ZßVa Q>mH$m`Mr. CXmhaUmW© "od_mZ' hm e„X ø`m.
EH$m [’VrV ‡W_ "d' Aja Q>mB©[ H$am`M{, AmoU ZßVa [ohbr d{bmßQ>r Q>mH$m`Mr.
Va XwgË`m [’VrV ‡W_ ZwgVr d{bmßQ>r Q>mB©[ H$am`Mr AmoU ZßVa "d' Q>mB©[
H$am`Mm. "‡', "H´$' dJ°a{ Q>mB©[ H$a `m¿`m [’Vrhr d{Jd{J˘`m. ¯m I{arO [w›hm
Jm{Xa{O Q>mB©[am`Q>aMm "_VOb' H$s ]m{S>©, a{q_ΩQ>ZMm "_VOb'M [U [w›hm d{Jim
H$s]m{S>© `m_wi{ gßJUH$mdarb _amR>r Q>m`q[J¿`m odúmV J{bß EH$ gß[yU© V[ ‡MßS>
Jm|Yi Amh{. _amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ gßJUH$mgmR>r odH$UmË`m Hß$[›`m _m{R>Ám Ao^_mZmZ{
OmohamV H$aVmV H$s AmÂhr ZD$ H$s]m{S>©g≤Mr gm{` X{Vm{, Xhm H$s]m{S>©g≤Mr gm{`
X{Vm{. À`mV a{q_ΩQ>Zhr Amh{, Jm{Xa{Ohr Amh{, AmH•$Vrhr Amh{, lrob[rhr Amh{,
X{d`mZrhr Amh{, dJ°a{ dJ°a{ `mXr AgV{. H|$– gaH$ma¿`m Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZ∑g ImÀ`mZ{
‡_moUV H{$b{Î`m H$s]m{S>© b{AmD$Q>bm "S>rAm{B©' H$s]m{S>© ÂhUVmV. [U AOyZ
Var Vm{ [yU©[U{ Èib{bm Zmhr. "AOyZ Var' ÂhUO{ Xhm df} CbQy>Z J{br Var.
Xwgar Jm{Ô> ÂhUO{ H|$– gaH$maZ{ hm H$s]m{S>©-b{AmD$Q> _wª`Àd{ X{dZmJargmR>r,
ÂhUO{ À`mV qhXrhr Ambr AmoU _amR>rgh gßÒH•$Vhr Amb{, Aem [’VrZ{
‡_moUV H{$bm Amh{. h{ ‡_moUH$aU ‡_mU _mZyZ Oa "_amR>r'bm bmJy H{$b{ J{b{
AgV{ AmoU \$m∞›Q>g≤ ‡m{J´mÂg X{UmË`m Hß$[›`mßZm V{ emgZmH$Sy>Z ]ßYZH$maH$ H{$b{
J{b{ AgV{ Va AmOMr gß[yU© o[T>r hr "_amR>r'Mm EH$M odoeÔ> H$s]m{S>© b{AmD$Q>
dm[aV AgVr. AmO gßJUH$mgmR>r Q>mò[ÒQ> ø`m`Mm Va À`mbm [ohbm ‡˝
odMmamdm bmJVm{ H$s "VwPm oH$]m{S>© Hß$Mm? Q>m`q[J Ò[rS> AmoU Ï`mH$aUmM{ kmZ
dJ°a{ ZßVa¿`m Jm{Ô>r.
gßJUH$mdaM{ _amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ hr AmOhr EH$ _m{R>r AS>W˘`mMr e`©V Amh{.
gßJUH$ OJV 111

ÒdÒVmV ÒdÒV ÂhUO{ 300 È[`{ MmßJÎ`mV MmßJbm \$m∞›Q> ‡m{J´m_ 10,000/-
V{ 12,000/- È[`{, ¯mV [w›hm AZ{H$ AQ>r. _amR>r Q>m`q[JgmR>r gßJUH$mbm
EH$ hmS>©d{Aa bm∞H$ ( À`mbm "S>m|Jb' Agm BßJÓr e„X Amh{. _amR>r Q>mò[ÒQ>
¯m"S>m|Jb' ¿`m Ãmgm_wi{ "_mPß S>m|]b' Agm gam©g CÎb{I H$aVmV) bmdm`M{,
qH$dm "oH$ oS>ÒH{$Q>' (‚bm∞[r) AgÎ`moedm` _amR>r Q>m`q[J H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr,
qH$dm Om{[`™V grS>r S≠>mB©Ïh_‹`{ _amR>r ‡m{J´m_Mr grS>r Amh{ Vm{[`™VM Q>m`q[J
hm{B©b Ag{ AZ{H$ AS>Wi{ AgVmV. _amR>r Q>m`q[J AmoU VÀg_ AjaaMZmßer
gß]ßoYV H$bmÀ_H$ H$m_mßgmR>r AmO dm[abr OmUmar ‡_wI gm∞‚Q>d{Ag© ÂhUO{
[{O_{H$a (A∞S>m{]), H$m{ab S≠>m∞, \$m{Q>m{em∞[, _m`H´$m{gm∞‚Q> dS>©, ∑dmH©$ E∑Ò‡{g,
A∞S>m{] Bb{ÒQ≠>{Q>a dJ°a{. ¯m gd©¿`m gd© bm{H$o[´` gm∞‚Q>d{Ag©er gmaª`mM
ghO[UmZ{ d gß[yU©V: oZXm}f [’VrZ{ MmbUma{ _amR>r ^mf{M{ gm∞‚Q>d{Aa AmOhr
em{Ymd{ bmJV{. em{YyZ o_imb{M Va À`mMr qH$_V 10,000/- ¿`m AmV-]mh{a
AgV{. ¯m ‡H$mam_wi{ _J H$m{S> Vm{S>b{br [mà{Q>{S> _amR>r gm∞‚Q>d{Ag©
dm[aUmË`mßMr gßª`m dmT>V{. Mm{ÈZ odH$UmË`mßM{ CIi [mßT>a{ hm{V{, H$mhr hOma
_m{OyZ oaVga ‡m{J´mÂg odH$V K{Uma{ _yI© R>aVmV AmoU "C⁄m Oa Mm{Í$Z H$m∞[r
H{$brM OmUma Amh{ Va Ag{ ‡m{J´m_ V`ma H$am`M{M H$embm?' hm _{hZVr
‡m{J´m_g©Zm [S>Umam ‡˝ Aem AZ{H$ g_Ò`m C‰`m amhVmV.
dÒVwV: EÏhmZm _hmamÔ≠> gaH$maZ{ "_amR>r' \$m∞›Q>g≤Mr OZVm grS>r [ßMdrg
È[`mßV gd©Ã C[b„Y H$am`bm hdr hm{Vr. gw_ma{ 50 ‡_wI \$m∞›Q>g≤, dgßVamd
ZmB©H$mß[mgyZ V{ èdßVamd MÏhmUmß[`™V AmoU eaXamd [dmamß[mgyZ V{ Jm{o[ZmWOr
_wßS>{ AmoU odbmgamdmß[`™V VgßM ]mimgmh{] R>mH$Ë`mß[mgyZ V{ am_ JU{e
JS>H$ar[`™V gdm™M{ \$m{Q>m{/a{ImoMÃ{ (∑br[mQ>©), ÒdpÒVH$, H$_i dJ°a{ ‡VrH$oM›h{
AmqXZr `w∫$ d EH$m odoeÔ> H$s]m{S>© b{AmD$Q>Mm g[m{Q>© Agb{br gaH$mar grS>r
gd© emim, H$m∞b{O{g, gaH$mar H$M{Ë`m dJ°a|_‹`{ Oa odVnaV Pmbr Va \$ma
_m{R>r gwgyÃVm ¯m odf`mgß]ßYr gm‹` hm{B©b. ¡`mßZm "B© _{b' Z{ _amR>r \$mB©Îg
A∞Q>∞M H$Í$Z [mR>dm`¿`m Amh{V, AmoU ¡`mßZm À`m o_imd`m¿`m Amh{V À`m
Xm{KmßH$S>{hr O{Ïhm gmaI{M \$m∞›Q>g≤ AgVmV V{Ïhm Vr Iy[ _m{R>r gm{` AgV{.
AmO AmÂhr ÂhUVm{ H$s "" _m¬`mH$S>{ _amR>r Q>mB©[ hm{D$Z V`ma Amh{, [U Vwbm
H$gß [mR>dy? Vw¬`mH$S>{ V{ \$m∞›Q>g≤ ZmhrV Va C[`m{J H$m` ?'' gdm™H$S>{ gmaI{
_amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ ZmhrV `mM{ H$maU gdm™Zm V{ gmaª`m [’VrZ{ [adS>Uma{ ZmhrV.
gßJUH$ OJV 112

¯m odf_V{_wi{ "_amR>r'VyZ gß[H©$ hr EH$ \$ma _m{R>r g_Ò`m AmO Amh{. am¡`
gaH$maZ{ ¯mda A‰`mg go_À`m Z{_b{Î`m Amh{V. À`mßM{ H$m_ H$Yr gß[Uma h{
_mhrV Zmhr. [U Vm{[`™V hm Jm|Yi Wmß] `mMr gwVam_ e∑`Vm Zmhr.
O{Ïhm BßQ>aZ{Q>da ^mofH$ d{] gmB©Q>g≤ PiHy$ bmJÎ`m V{Ïhm Va "_amR>r'Mr
Hw$Mß]Um AoYH$M OmUdy bmJbr. AmOhr oH$VrVar _amR>r X°oZH{$ Aer Amh{V H$s
¡`mß¿`m d{]gmB©Q>g≤ _amR>r \$m∞›Q>g≤ S>mD$Zbm{S> H{$Î`moedm` oXgV ZmhrV.
gd©gm_m›`mßZm h{ \$m∞›Q>g≤ S>mD$Zbm{S> H$aU{, qdS>m{V H$m∞[r H$aU{ O_V{M Ag{
Zmhr. _J _amR>r dmMVm `{V AgyZhr, AmoU gmB©Q> _amR>r AgyZhr dmMy eH$V
Zmhr Aer pÒWVr Amh{. `mV Oem BßJÓr gmB©Q>g≤ odZmgm`mg oXgVmV, Vem
_amR>rhr oXgVmV. ¯mV \$m∞›Q> S>mD$Zbm{S> dJ°a{ H$Q>H$Q>r ZgVmV. oMZr, O[mZr,
H$m{na`Z, aoe`Z dJ°a{ ^mfmß¿`m obfl`m H$_r JwßVmJwßVr¿`m ZmhrV. [U S>m`Z∞o_H$
\$m∞›Q>g≤_wi{ À`m BßQ>aZ{Q>da dmMÎ`m OmVmV. [ohÎ`m OmVmV, AmoU ÂhUyZM
bm{H$o‡`hr hm{VmV. Am[Î`mH$S>{ AmOhr AJXr hmVm¿`m ]m{Q>mda _m{OÎ`m
OmUmË`m d{] gmB©Q>g≤ Aem Amh{V H$s ¡`mßV _amR>r S>m`Z∞o_H$ \$m∞›Q>g≤Mm dm[a
Amh{. h{ \$m∞›Q>g≤ dm[Í$Z Iaß Va [ß. b˙_UemÛr Om{etM{ odúH$m{e EÏhmZm _hmamÔ≠>
gaH$ma¿`m ÒdVßÃ d{]gmB©Q>da `m`bm hd{ hm{V{. [U Iw‘ _hmamÔ≠> gaH$ma¿`m
AoYH•$V d{]gmB©Q>da S>m`Z∞o_H$ \$m∞›Q>g≤Mm dm[a AOyZ gwÍ$ Pmb{bm Zmhr hr
dÒVwpÒWVr Amh{.
AZ{H$ _amR>r J´ßW, Xwo_©i H$mJX[Ã{, hÒVoboIV{ AmO _hmamÔ≠>mVrb ododY
J´ßWmb`mß_‹`{ Amh{V. H$mhr dfm™Zr Vm{ XÒVmd{O Zm_e{f hm{B©b. À`mßMr N>m`moMÃ{,
ÒH∞$›S> B_{O{g dJ°a{ gmR>dyZ A‰`mgH$mßgmR>r À`m "d{]' da C[b„Y H$aU{ JaO{M{
Amh{. EH{$ H$mir h{ gma{ VßÃkmZ IoM©H$ hm{V{. N>m{Q>Ám N>m{Q>Ám gßÒWmß¿`m VmH$Xr¿`m
[brH$S>M{ hm{V{. À`m_wi{ À`mßMr Aß_b]OmdUr AdKS> hm{Vr. [U AmO [ßMdrg
hOmamß_‹`{ gßJUH$ `{Vm{ AmoU [mM hOmamßZm ÒH∞$Za o_iVm{. À`mßMm dm[a _amR>r
J´ßWmb`mßZr H$em ‡H$ma{ H$amdm `mM{ _mJ©Xe©Z J´ßWmb`mßZm, V{Wrb g{dH$mßZm d
[XmoYH$mË`mßZm emgZmH$Sy>Z H{$Ïhm oXb{ OmUma ?
BßJÓr-_amR>rMm e„XH$m{e C¿Mmam¿`m ‹dZrgh V`ma H{$bm OmU{ AmO
_ÎQ>ro_oS>`m VßÃm_wi{ e∑` Amh{. A_amR>r ^mofH$, [aX{er Ï`∫$s MwH$sM{ _amR>r
C¿Mma H$aVmV. Am[U À`mßZm hgVm{. [U À`mßZm hm e„XH$m{e Am[UM, "d{]' dm
gßJUH$ OJV 113

"grS>r' da C[b„Y H$Í$Z X{U{ ÂhUO{ Am[UM "_amR>r'Mr g{dm d ‡Mma
H$a `mgmaI{ Amh{. BßJÓrV AmO g_J´ e{∑go[à, g_J´ _mH©$ Q≤>d{Z, g_J´
dwS>hmD$g dJ°a{ d{]da C[b„Y Amh{V. [U _amR>rV Agm EH$hr b{IH$ Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$
‡H$meZmda (d{]/grS>r) AmO C[b„Y Zmhr.
_amR>r Zdb{IH$mßgmR>r AmO AZwXmZ `m{OZm Amh{. [U S>m`Z∞o_H$ \$m∞›Q>g≤
dm[ÈZ gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, gmohpÀ`H$ dm VÀg_ odYm`H$ d{] gmB©Q>g≤
]ZodUmË`mßH$S>{ gaH$maM{ gmY{ bjhr J{b{b{ Zmhr. À`mß¿`mgmR>r AmO Aer `m{OZm
AgU{ AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. IË`m AWm©Z{ Vr H$mimMr JaO Amh{.
H{$di dmX, dmXmV amOH$maU, [m` Am{T> `mMr Ò[Ym© AmoU EH$_{H$mßda
h{Àdmam{[ `mVyZ [napÒWVr ]XbUma Zmhr. "_amR>r' AmoU "_mohVr-VßÃkmZ' h{
Xm{›hr odf` gmaI{M AmdÌ`H$ Amh{V. [U bjmV H$m{U K{Vm{ ?
gßJUH$ OJV 114

gmh{]mMr ^mfm AmoU BßQ>aZ{Q>
emi{V AgVmZm BßJÓr odf` AmoU À`mM{ Ï`mH$aU oeH$m`bm AgV{. [U

À`md{ir Am[b{ bj [arjm AmoU JwU o_iod `mH$S>{ AoYH$ AgÎ`mZ{ ]Ë`mM
Jm{Ô>r IË`m AWm©Z{ oeH$m`¿`m amhˇZ OmVmV. BßJÓr Ï`mH$aUmgß]ßYrM{ Jm|Yi h{
emim d ZßVa H$m∞b{OmVyZ [Xdr K{D$Z ]mh{a [S>Î`mZßVahr Am[bm o[¿N>m gm{S>V
ZmhrV. Am[U emim AmoU H$m∞b{O_‹`{ BßJÓr h{ KmB©Z{ d A‰`mgH´$_m[waV{ oeH$Vm{
H$maU BßJÓr]am{]a BVa odf`hr oeH$m`M{ AgVmV. h{ BVa odf` À`md{ir
_hŒdmM{ AgVmV. [naUm_r BßJÓrVb{ Am[b{ amhˇZ J{b{b{ Xm{f Am[U Zm{H$ar
Ï`dgm`mV J{Î`mZßVa Am[Î`mbm OmUdy bmJVmV. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [Ã{ obohVmZm,
EImXm na[m{Q>© obohVmZm, EImXm b{I V`ma H$aVmZm _J AmÀ_odúmg dmQ>V
Zmhr. ¯m Q>flfl`mbm Am[U MmßJb{M "o]Pr' Pmb{bm{ AgVm{. oedm` "AmVm Hw$R>{
BßJÓr Ï`mH$aU oeH$ `mgmR>rMr CŒm_ d{]gmB©Q>
gßJUH$ OJV 115

oeH$Uma' Aer d•Œmr _ZmV ]imdy bmJb{br AgV{. Z{_Hß$ ¯mM Q>flfl`mda Iaß
ÂhUO{ VwÂhr http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar ¯m d{] gmB©Q>da Om`bm
hdß. BßJÓr Ï`mH$aU CŒm_ ‡H$ma{ oeH$odUmar hr gdm}Œm_ gmB©Q> Amh{. Iaß Va
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gßJUH$ OJV 144

Sanganak Jagat

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gßJUH$ OJV

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EH$ `w’ gßJUH$mer ....................... 28

"obZ∑g'Mß am_m`U ....................... 49

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