CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

In this era of modernization, electricity has become the cup of life. A moment without electricity makes your thinking go dry. The major source of conventional form of electricity is through wires. The continuous research and development has brought forward a major breakthrough, which provides electricity without the medium of wires. This wonder baby is called WiTricity.

There are certain small but very useful discoveries made in history, which changed the world forever, Newtons gravitational law, Watts steam engine, Thomsons bulb and many more. But a renaissance occurred with the invention of Electromagnetic Waves by Maxwell. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose successfully generated electromagnetic waves having wavelength in the range of 5mm to 25 mm. Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in transmitting electromagnetic waves up to a distance of several miles.

And with this there started a new era called WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY. Today, as we can see the word wireless is common in day to day life. Wireless communication has made the world smaller. Almost each and everything is wireless or cordless. Cordless mouse, cordless keyboard, satellite communication, mobiles, cordless microphones and headphones, wireless internet service i.e. WIFI, etc. And these have definitely increased the standard of living.

In fact it dates back to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla used conduction based systems instead of resonance magnetic fields to transfer wireless power. Nikola Tesla was the first to experiment with wireless electricity, but ultimately failed after losing his key financial backing in the late 1800's. As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and has less efficiency. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding coined the term WiTricity which is being used by the MIT researchers today.
Fig 1.1 Nikola Tesla

Moreover, we all are aware of the use of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) which is quite well known for wireless transfer of information. In addition, lasers have also been used to transmit energy without wires. However, radio waves are not feasible for power transmissions because the nature of the radiation is such that it spreads across the place, resulting into a large amount of radiations being wasted. And in the case of lasers, apart from requirement of uninterrupted line of sight (obstacles hinders the transmission process). It is also very dangerous.

WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy from one object to another without the use of wires is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the cell phones, laptops, iPods and other power hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating the need of plugging them in. Even better, because of WiTricity some of the devices won't require batteries to operate.

In our present electricity generation system we waste more than half of its resources. Especially the transmission and distribution losses are the main concern of the present power technology. Much of this power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated. This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is only 70-74% efficient. We have to think of alternate state - of - art technology to transmit and distribute the electricity. Now- a- days global scenario has been changed a lot and there are tremendous development in every field. If we dont keep pace with the development of new power technology we have to face a decreasing trend in the development of power sector. The transmission of power without wires may be one noble alternative for electricity transmission.

CHAPTER 2 WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY: THE BASICS

WiTricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance without wires, with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up to the WiTricity technology.

2.1 ELECTRICITY

The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one place to another!

2.2 MAGNETISM

A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your refrigerator and the earths magnetic field, are examples of objects having constant magnetic fields. Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines. In Fig 2.2, as electric current, I, flows in a wire, it gives rise to a magnetic field B, represented by blue lines, which wraps around the wire. When the current reverses direction, the magnetic field also reverses its direction.

Fig 2.1 Earth's magnetic field

Fig 2.2 Magnetic Field Lines

2.3 ELECTROMAGNETISM

A term for the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic fields. For example, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.

2.4 MAGNETIC INDUCTION

A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an alternating current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing a magnetic field. If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may capture some portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to power devices. This type of electrical power transfer from one loop or coil to another is well known and referred to as magnetic induction. Some common examples of devices based on magnetic induction are electric transformers and electric generators. Fig 2.3 shows an electric transformer, a device that uses magnetic induction to transfer energy from its primary winding to its secondary winding, without the windings being connected to each other.

Fig 2.3 An electric transformer

2.5 ENERGY / POWER COUPLING

Energy coupling occurs when an energy source has a means of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train car the mechanical

coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train, and overcome the forces of friction and inertia that keep the train stilland, the train moves.

Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object interacts with a second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy can be transferred from a power source to a powered device. In contrast to the example of mechanical coupling given for the train, magnetic coupling does not require any physical contact between the object generating the energy and the object receiving or capturing that energy.

2.6 RESONANCE

Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that is determined by the length of the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if she properly coordinates her arm and leg action with the motion of the swing. The swing is oscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements of the child efficiently transfer energy to the system. Another example of resonance is the way in which a singer can shatter a wine glass by singing a single loud, clear note. In this example, the wine glass is the resonant oscillating system. Sound waves traveling through the air are captured by the glass, and the sound energy is converted to mechanical vibrations of the glass itself. When the singer hits the note that matches the resonant frequency of the glass, the glass absorbs energy, begins vibrating, and can eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of the glass depends on the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in it.

2.7 RESONANT MAGNETIC COUPLING

Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same. Fig 2.4 shows two idealized resonant magnetic coils, shown

in yellow. The blue and red color bands illustrate their magnetic fields. The coupling of their respective magnetic fields is indicated by the connection of the color bands.

Fig 2.4 Resonant Magnetic Coupling

2.8 WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY

WiTricity power sources and capture devices are specially designed magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via the magnetic near-field. These proprietary source and device designs and the electronic systems that control them support efficient energy transfer over distances that are many times the size of the sources/devices themselves. Fig 2.5 shows the WiTricity power source, left, is connected to AC power. The blue lines represent the magnetic near field induced by the power source. The yellow lines represent the flow of energy from the source to the WiTicity capture coil, which is shown powering a light bulb. Note that this diagram also shows how the magnetic field (blue lines) can wrap around a conductive obstacle between the power source and the capture device.

Fig 2.5 Witricity technology

CHAPTER 3 EARLIER TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 TESLA COIL

In this remarkable discovery of the "True Wireless" and the principles upon which transmission and reception, even in the present day systems, are based, Dr. Nikola Tesla shows us that he is indeed the "Father of the Wireless." The most well known and famous Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) was designed and constructed mainly for wireless transmission of electrical power, rather than telegraphy . The most popular concept known is Tesla Theory in which it was firmly believed that Wardenclyffe would permit wireless transmission and reception across large distances with negligible losses. In spite of this he had made numerous experiments of high quality to validate his claim of possibility of wireless transmission of electricity. But this was an unfortunate incidence that people of that century was not in a position to recognize his splendid work otherwise today we may transmit electricity wirelessly and will convert our mother earth a wonderful adobe full of electricity. Fig 3.1 shows the 187 - foot Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) in 1903. This was to be the first broadcasting system in the world. Tesla wanted to transmit electricity from this Tower to the whole globe without wires using the Ionosphere. The source of the transmitted electricity was to be the Niagara Falls power plant.
Fig 3.1 Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) in 1903.

Nikolo Tesla generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil. Harmlessly passes through human tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking effects. He was developing a system for wireless telegraphy, telephony and the transmission of power, experimented with high-voltage electricity and the possibility of wireless transmitting and distributing large amounts of electrical energy over long distances. Tesla discovered terrestrial stationary waves within the earth. He demonstrated that the Earth behaves as a smooth polished conductor and possesses electrical vibrations. He lit hundreds of lamps wirelessly at a distance of up to twenty-

five miles (40 km). He transmitted signals several kilometers and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground.

A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge transformer coils, named after the inventor, Nikolo Tesla. Tesla coils are composed of coupled resonant electric circuits. It is a special transformer that can take the 110v electricity from our house and capable of converting it rapidly to a great deal of high-voltage highfrequency, low amperage power. The high frequency output of even a small Tesla coil can light up fluorescent tubes held several feet away without any wire connections. The high frequency high-voltage energy produced possesses qualities unlike conventional electricity. It defies most insulation material , transmits energy without wires, produces heat , light , and noise yet harmlessly passes through human tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking effects. A large number of spent or discarded fluorescent tubes (their burned out cathodes are irrelevant) will light up if hung near a long wire running from a Tesla coil while using less than 100 watts drawn by the coil itself when plugged into an electrical outlet. Tesla, described new and useful combinations employed in transformer coils. The transmitting coil or conductor arranged and excited to cause currents or oscillation to propagate through conduction through the natural medium from one point to another remote point at receiver, coil or conductor of the transmitted signals. The production of currents of very high potential could be attained in these coils. Some of Tesla's later coils were considerably larger and operated at much higher power levels. Tesla coils achieve great gain in voltage by loosely coupling two resonant LC circuits together, using an air-core (ironless) transformer. Tesla coils' voltage gain is proportional to the square root of the ratio of secondary and primary inductances. Later coil types are an air-core, dual-tuned resonant transformer that generates very high voltages at radio frequencies (RF). The coil achieves a great gain in voltage by transferring energy from one resonant circuit (the primary) to the other (the secondary) over a number of cycles. Modern Tesla Coils are designed to generate long sparks, Tesla's. Tesla coils' outer conducting surfaces, which are charged to a high potential, have large radii of curvature to minimize leakage of the oscillating charges through corona discharges or sparks. The intensity of the voltage gain of the circuit with a free or elevated toroid is proportional to the quantity of charge displaced, which is determined by the product of the capacitance of the circuit, the voltage and the frequency of the currents employed.

Later coils consist of a primary tank circuit, which is a series LC circuit composed of a high voltage capacitor, spark gap, and primary coil; and the secondary LC circuit, a series resonant circuit consisting of the secondary coil and the toroid. Most modern coils use only a single secondary coil. The toroid actually forms one terminal of a capacitor, the other terminal being the Earth ("ground"). The primary LC circuit is "tuned" so that it will resonate at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer; a Tesla Coil's windings are "loosely" coupled, with the primary and secondary typically sharing only 10-20% of their respective magnetic fields. Tesla Coils spread their electric field over a large distance to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air. Most modern Tesla coils use simple toroids, to control the high electrical field near the top of the secondary and to direct spark outward, and away, from the primary and secondary windings. The circuit consists of a secondary coil that is inductively coupled to the primary, one end of which is connected to ground, while its other end is usually connected to a smoothly shaped discharge terminal (called a topload). The important requirement is that the primary and secondary sides must be tuned to the same resonant frequency to allow efficient transfer of energy between the primary and secondary LC circuits. Modern Tesla coils use vacuum tube or power transistor oscillators to excite the primary and generate high frequency current.

Fig 3.2 Typical Tesla Coil Schematic

3.2 MICROWAVE

The modern ideas are dominated by microwave power transmission called Solar power satellite to be built in high earth orbit to collect sunlight and convert that energy into microwaves, then beamed to a very large antenna on earth, the microwaves would be converted into conventional electrical power. William C. Brown, the leading authority on wireless power transmission technology, has loaned this demonstration unit to the Texas Space Grant Consortium to show how power can be transferred through free space by microwaves. A block diagram of the demonstration components is shown below. The primary components include a microwave source, a transmitting antenna, and a receiving rectenna.

Fig 3.3 Block diagram of Microwave power transmission

The microwave source consists of a microwave oven magnetron with electronics to control the output power. The output microwave power ranges from 50 W to 200 W at 2.45 GHz. A coaxial cable connects the output of the microwave source to a coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator which protects the microwave source from reflected power. The circulator is connected to a tuning waveguide section to match the waveguide impedance to the antenna input impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots on each section. These 64 slots radiate the power uniformly

through free space to the rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high power handling capability.

A rectifying antenna called a rectenna receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power to direct current (DC) power. This demonstration rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each row. Each row is connected to a rectifying circuit which consists of low pass filters and a rectifier. The rectifier is a GaAs Schottky barrier diode that is impedance matched to the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6 rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs for indicating that the power is received. The light bulbs also dissipated the received power. This rectenna has a 25% collection and conversion efficiency, but rectennas have been tested with greater than 90% efficiency at 2.45 GHz. 3.3 DIRECTIONAL ULTRASOUND

Power transmission system using directional ultrasound for power transmission includes a transmitting device and a receiving device. The transmitting device has a set of ultrasound transducers forming an ultrasound transducer array, wherein the array is a set of spaced individual transducers placed in the X-Y plane disposed to generate an ultrasound beam in the Z direction.

Ultrasound power unit

Ultrasound receiver and transponder

To battery charging circuit

Receiving device

Fig 3.4 Directional ultrasound transmission

3.4 SATELLITE The immense power which we can generate from the Tesla coils can be transmitted to far flung areas by the aid of lasers. If we can somehow this huge energy in high density and high power lasers, then by using the satellite network around the earth we can transmit through out the globe.

3.5 OPTICAL FIBRE

The generated energy is in the RF range can be transformed into optical domain by optical transducers or by the help of LEDs or LASERS. Then this energy can be transmitted via optical fibres to the different sub stations and from there to base stations. These stations will then transform the optical energy into required electrical energy and transmits it through the directive antennas termed as towers.

CHAPTER 4 THE INVENTION OF WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY

4.1 HOW IT STARTED

The story started late one night a few years ago, with MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Professor Marin Soljai standing in his pyjamas, staring at his cell phone on the kitchen counter. It was probably the sixth time that month that he was awakened by his mobile phone beeping to let him know that he had forgotten to charge it. At that moment, it occurred to him: There is electricity wired all through this house, all through my officeeverywhere. This phone should take care of its own charging! But to make this possible, one would have to find a way to transfer power from the existing wired infrastructure to the cell phonewithout wires. Soljai started thinking of physical phenomena that could make this dream a reality.

4.2 COUPLED RESONATORS

To achieve wireless power transfer in a way that is practical and safe, one needs to use a physical phenomenon that enables the power source and the device (in this case, the mobile phone) to exchange energy strongly, while interacting only weakly with living beings and other environmental objects, like furniture and walls. The phenomenon of coupled resonators precisely fits this description. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy efficiently, while interacting weakly with extraneous off-resonant objects. A child on a swing is a good example of a resonant system. A swing exhibits a type of mechanical resonance, so only when the child pumps her legs at the natural frequency of the swing is she able to impart substantial energy into the motion of the swing. Another example involves acoustic resonances: imagine a room with 100 identical wine glasses, but each filled with wine up to a different level, so that each resonates at a different frequency (that is, they each emit a different tone or note when tapped, by a utensil, for example). If an opera singer enters that room and sings a very loud single note, the glass having the corresponding resonant frequency can accumulate enough energy to shatter, while the other glasses are unaffected.

4.3 STRONG COUPLING

Coupled resonators are said to operate in a strongly coupled regime if their energy transfer rate is substantially higher than the rate at which they lose energy due to factors such as material absorption and radiation. In the strongly coupled regime, energy transfer can be very efficient. These considerations are universal, applying to all kinds of resonances (e.g., acoustic, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.). Soljai and his colleagues at MIT (Karalis and Joannopoulos) set out to explore and develop the physical theory of how to enable strongly coupled magnetic resonators to transfer power over distances that would enable the kind of wireless device charging that Soljai first imagined. Their theoretical results were published first in 2006, and again in 2008 in the Annals of Physics. Once the physical theories were developed, Soljai and his team (Kurs, Karalis, Moffatt, Joannopoulos, Fisher) set out to validate them experimentally. The theory was developed to cover a broad range of coupled resonator systems, but the experimental work focused on proving that magnetically coupled resonators could exchange energy in the manner predicted by the theory and required for the wireless charging or devices, such as cell phones. The team explored a system of two electro-magnetic resonators coupled through their magnetic fields. They were able to identify the strongly coupled regime in this system, and showed that strong coupling could be achieved over distances that greatly exceeded the size of the resonant objects themselves. The team had proven that in this strongly coupled regime, efficient wireless power transfer could be enabled. Their successful experiment was published in the journal, Science, in 2007.

4.4 WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS BORN

The experimental design consisted of two copper coils, each a self-resonant system. One of the coils, connected to an AC power supply, was the resonant source. The other coil, the resonant capture device, was connected to a 60 watt light bulb. The power source and capture device were suspended in midair with nylon thread, at distances that ranged from a few centimeters to over 2.5 meters (8.2 ft). Not only was the light bulb illuminated, but the

theoretical predictions of high efficiency over distance were proven experimentally. By placing various objects between the source and capture device, the team demonstrated how the magnetic near field can transfer power through certain materials and around metallic obstacles.

The system worked with 40% efficiency and the power that wasn't utilized remained in the vicinity of the transmitter itself, and did not radiate to the surrounding environment. Thus Prof. Soljais dream of finding a method to wirelessly connect mobile electric devices to the existing electric grid was realized. WiTricity Corp. was soon launched to carry this technology forward from the MIT laboratories to commercial production.

Fig 4.2 MIT Experiment without obstruction

Fig 4.3 MIT Experiment with obstruction

CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLE AND WORKING

WiTricity - Wireless Electricity, these words are simpler said than done. The concept behind this fascinating term is a little complex. Consider two self resonating copper coils of same resonating frequency with a diameter 20 inches each. One copper wire is connected to the power source (WiTricity transmitter), while the other copper wire is connected to the device (WiTricity Receiver). The electric power from the power source causes the copper coil connected to it to start oscillating at a particular (MHz) frequency. Subsequently, the space around the copper coil gets filled with nonmagnetic radiations. This generated magnetic field further transfers the power to the other copper coil connected to the receiver. Since this coil is also of the same frequency, it starts oscillating at the same frequency as the first coil. This is known as 'coupled resonance' and is the principle behind WiTricity. The concept is that the curved coil of wire acts as an inductor, a capacitance plate, which can hold a charge, attaches to each end of the coil. An LC circuit can store electrical energy vibrating at its resonant frequency. A capacitor stores energy in the electric field between its plates, depending on the voltage across it, and an inductor stores energy in its magnetic field, depending on the current through it. If a charged capacitor is connected across an inductor, charge will start to flow through the inductor, building up a magnetic field around it, and reducing the voltage on the capacitor. Eventually all the charge on the capacitor will be gone. However, the current will continue, because inductors resist changes in current, and energy will be extracted from the magnetic field to keep it flowing. The current will begin to charge the capacitor with a voltage of opposite polarity to its original charge. When the magnetic field is completely dissipated the current will stop and the charge will again be stored in the capacitor (with the opposite polarity) and the cycle will begin again, with the current in the opposite direction. The charge flows back and forth between the plates of the capacitor, through the inductor. The energy oscillates back and forth between the capacitor and the inductor until internal resistance makes the oscillations die out.

Fig 5.1 Antenna

The simple tuner consists of a circuit in which an inductor and a capacitor are connected in parallel, as shown in Fig 5.2 . The capacitor is usually made to be variable (although the inductor can made variable it requires a more complex mechanism and is rarely used). This creates a resonant circuit which responds to an alternating current of one frequency. Last winter, physicists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposed they could extend induction's reach by projecting a magnetic field from a length of wire coiled so its ends nearly touch. The gap between ends forces electrons to whoosh back and forth through the coild at a specific rate, creating a magnetic field that oscillates at a characteristic frequency. The electrons in a matching coil would have the same frequency, so they would pick up the magnetic field in the same way that a wine glass shatters when an opera singer belts out the right note. LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. They are key components in many applications such as oscillators, filters, tuners and frequency mixers. An LC circuit is an idealized model since it assumes there is no dissipation of energy due to resistance.

5V DC

AC

Fig 5.2 Frequency oscillator

Principle of primary coil (Fig 5.3) is projecting magnetic field. It is represented by the magnetic vector equation , where B is magnetic flux density and H is magnetic field intensity,

dB udH

Fig 5.3 Primary coil

Principle of receiving coil (Fig 5.4) is that, the changing in flux creates an induced emf. The induced voltage is represented by the equation, where N is number of turns of coil,

Vemf N

d B ds dt

Fig 5.4 Receiving coil

The Fig 5.5 represents the graph plotted between efficiency and distance.

Fig 5.5 Graph between efficiency and distance

WORKING

Fig 5.6 Working

1) Power from mains is applied to antenna, which is made of copper 2) Antenna resonates at a frequency of 6.4MHz, emitting electromagnetic waves 3) 'Tails' of energy from antenna 'tunnels' up to 5m (16.4ft)

4) Electricity picked up by laptop's antenna, which must also be resonating at 6.4MHz. Energy is used to re-charge device 5) Energy not transferred to laptop re-absorbed by source antenna. People/other objects not affected as they are not resonating at 6.4MHz

CHAPTER 6 WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS MORE THAN

In this chapter we will discuss about how WiTricity technology is different than other technologies like

6.1 TRADITIONAL MAGNETIC INDUCTION

At first glance, WiTricity technology for power transfer appears to be traditional magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers, where conductive coils transmit power to each other wirelessly, over very short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in a sending coil (or primary winding) induces another current in a receiving coil (or secondary winding). The two coils must be very close together, and may even overlap, but the coils do not make direct electrical contact with each other. However, the efficiency of the power exchange in traditional magnetic induction systems drops by orders of magnitude when the distance between the coils becomes larger than their sizes. In addition to electric transformers, other devices based on traditional magnetic induction include rechargeable electric toothbrushes, and inductive charging pads which require that the object being charged be placed directly on top of, or very close to, the base or pad supplying the power.

The power exchange efficiency of some induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant circuits. These so-called resonantly enhanced induction techniques are used in certain medical implants and high-frequency RFIDs for example. However, to the best of our knowledge, WiTricity founding technical team was the first to discover that by specially designing the magnetic resonators, one could achieve strong coupling and highly efficient energy exchange over distances much larger than the size of the resonator coils, distances very large compared to traditional schemes.

6.2 RADIATIVE POWER TRANSFER

WiTricity technology for power transfer is non-radiative and relies on near-field magnetic coupling. Many other techniques for wireless power transfer rely on radiative techniques, either broadcasted or narrow beam (directed radiation) transmission of radio, or light waves. Broadcasted radiation of radio frequency energy is commonly used for wireless information transfer because information can be transmitted over a wide area to multiple users. The power received by each radio or wireless receiver is miniscule, and must be amplified in a receiving unit using an external power supply. Because the vast majority of radiated power is wasted into free space, radio transmission is considered to be an inefficient means of power transfer. Note that while more energy can be supplied to the receiver by cranking up the power of the transmitters in these systems, such high power levels may pose a safety hazard and may interfere with other radio frequency devices. Directed radiation, using highly directional antennas, is another means of using radio transmission to beam energy from a source to a receiver. However, directed radiationin particular microwave radiationmay interact strongly with living organisms and certain metallic objects. Such energy transfer methods may pose safety hazards to people or objects that obstruct the line-of-sight between the transmitter and receiver. These limitations make directed radio transmission impractical for delivering substantial levels of wireless power in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial application. In fact, defense researchers are exploring the use of directed energy systems to deliver lethal doses of power to targets in space and on the battlefield.

In addition to radio waves, visible and invisible light waves can also be used to transfer energy. The sun is an excellent radiative source of light energy, and industry and academia are working hard to develop photovoltaic technologies to convert sunlight to electrical energy. A laser beam is a form of directed light radiation, in which visible or invisible light waves may be formed into a collimated beam, delivering energy in a targeted way. However, as in the case of directed radio waves, safe and efficient transmission of laser power requires a clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver.

As mentioned at the beginning of this section, WiTricity technology is based on nonradiative energy transfer. It does not require a clear line of sight between the power sources and capture devices and it is safe for use in typical home, hospital, office, or industrial environments.

6.3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ( MRI ) MRI machines use magnetic resonance imaging to produce diagnostic images of soft tissue. Many people assume that WiTricity Resonant Magnetic Coupling must be similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, however, the technologies are similar in name only. MRI is, as its name suggests, a technology for using magnetism as a basis for diagnostic imaging of soft tissue in the human body. It utilizes a strong DC magnet to orient the magnetic fields of atoms within tissues, and radio frequency fields to manipulate those atoms in a selective way, so that tissues and structures can be imaged clearly. The resonance referred to in MRI refers to the resonance of atomic structures. MRI is not considered to be a method for wireless power transfer.

Fig 6.1 MRI machines

6.4 TESLAS VISION OF A WIRELESS WORLD In the late 1800s and early 1900s, at the dawn of the electrification of the modern world, some scientists and engineers believed that using wires to transfer electricity from every place it was generated to every place that it could be used would be too expensive to be practical. Nikola Tesla, one of the most well known of these scientists, had a vision for a wireless world in which wireless electric power and communications would reach around the world, delivering

information and power to ships at sea, factories, and every home on the planet. Tesla contributed significantly to our understanding of electricity and electrical systems and is credited with inventing three-phase AC power systems, induction motors, fluorescent lamps, radio transmission, and various modes of wireless electric power transfer. WiTricity technology for power transfer is different than the technologies proposed by Tesla, but his work is referenced and acknowledged in the scientific articles published by WiTricity founding technical team.

CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

7.1 ADVANTAGES Highly Resonant Strong Coupling Provides High Efficiency Over Distance

WiTricity mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from centimeters to several meters. Efficiency may be defined as the amount of usable electrical energy that is available to the device being powered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by the WiTricity source. In many applications, efficiency can exceed 90%. And WiTricity sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When a WiTricity powered device no longer needs to capture additional energy, the WiTricity power source will automatically reduce its power consumption to a power saving idle state. Energy Transfer via Magnetic Near Field Can Penetrate and Wrap Around Obstacles

The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means of transferring energy in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most common building and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics, textiles, glass, brick, and concrete are essentially transparent to magnetic fieldsenabling WiTricity technology to efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the magnetic near field has the ability to wrap around many metallic obstacles that might otherwise block the magnetic fields. WiTricity applications engineering team will work with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless energy transfer in your application. Non-Radiative Energy Transfer is Safe for People and Animals

WiTricity technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organismspeople and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial

College London, a world renowned physicist, explains: The body really responds strongly to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave. But it doesn't respond to magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost zero response to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of power it absorbs." Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cooktops. Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost completely contained within the source. This design results in levels of electric and magnetic fields which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus WiTricity technology doesnt give rise to radio frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals. Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC (Federal Communications Commission), ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection), and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. WiTricity technology is being developed to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation. Scalable Design Enables Solutions from milliwatts to Kilowatts

WiTricity systems can be designed to handle a broad range of power levels. The benefits of highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging from milliwatts to several kilowatts. This enables WiTricity technology to be used in applications as diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (milliwatts) to recharging an electric passenger vehicle (kilowatts). WiTricity technology operates in a load following mode, transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires. Flexible Geometry Allows WiTricity Devices to be Embedded Into OEM Products

WiTricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded into a wide variety of products and systems. The physics of resonant magnetic coupling enables WiTricity engineers to design power sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and the power transfer requirements in a given Original Equipment

Manufacturers (OEM) application. WiTricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone. Omni directional The power is delivered in every direction. So it is called omni directional It does not require an uninterrupted line of sight. So it can be setup in any place. Less accidents compared to electricity through wires WiTricity technology will make your products : More Convenient: No manual recharging or changing batteries. Eliminate unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords.

More Reliable: Never run out of battery power. Reduce product failure rates by fixing the weakest link like flexing wiring and mechanical interconnects. More Environmentally Friendly Reduce use of disposable batteries. Use efficient electric grid power directly instead of inefficient battery charging. 7.2 DISADVANTAGES As it is wireless there is possibility of energy theft. Purchasing new equipments could become very expensive. It is not safe , living in a house with low power witricity network. Efficiency varies by distance (40-90%). When distance is less efficiency increases and viceversa

CHATER 8 WITRICITY APPLICATIONS

WiTricity wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient, reliable, and environmentally friendly.

WiTricity technology can be used to provide: Direct Wireless Powerwhen all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of its WiTricity power source. Automatic Wireless Chargingwhen a device with rechargeable batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its WiTricity power source. WiTricity technology is designed for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to embed directly in their products and systems.

8.1 Consumer Electronics Automatic wireless charging of mobile electronics (phones, laptops, game controllers...) in home, car, office, Wi-Fi hotspots while devices are in use and mobile. Direct wireless powering of stationary devices (flat screen TVs, digital picture frames, home theater accessories, wireless loudspeakers, etc.) eliminating expensive custom wiring, unsightly cables and wall-wart power supplies. Direct wireless powering of desktop PC peripherals: wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, display, etc eliminating disposable batteries and awkward cabling.

Fig 8.1 Consumer Electronics

8.2 Industrial applications Direct wireless power and communication interconnections across rotating and moving joints (robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools) eliminating costly and failure-prone wiring. Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at points of use in harsh environments (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to run wires. Direct wireless power for wireless sensors and actuators, eliminating the need for expensive power wiring or battery replacement and disposal.

Fig 8.2 Industrial applications

8.3 Transportation Automatic wireless charging for existing electric vehicle classes: golf carts, industrial vehicles. Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks. Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings.

Fig 8.3 Transportation

8.4 Other Applications Direct wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrilator, etc.). Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, etc.). Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc.

Fig 8.4 Other applications

CHAPTER 9 MY INPUT TO THE TOPIC

The concept being so new and innovative brings in so many questions. Hereafter, some questions are being answered on the basis of study done on the topic and relevant topics. Is WiTricity technology safe? Human beings or other objects placed between the transmitter and receiver do not hinder the transmission of power. WiTricity technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organismspeople and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be safe. WiTricity products are being designed to comply with applicable safety standards and regulations. How much power can be transferred? Till now, Scientists has been able to transfer more than 60W power. The technology by itself is capable of scaling from applications requiring milliwatts to those requiring several kilowatts of power. Over what distance can WiTricity technology transfer power? WiTricity technology is designed for mid-range distances, which we consider to be anywhere from a centimeter to several meters. The actual operating range for a given application is determined by many factors, including power source and capture device sizes, desired efficiency, and the amount of power to be transferred. 9 How efficient is WiTricity technology? The power transfer efficiency of a WiTricity solution depends on the relative sizes of the power source and capture devices, and on the distance between the devices. Maximum efficiency is achieved when the devices are relatively close to one another, and can exceed 95%.

 What's the Future of WiTricity?

MIT's WiTricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Soljacic, they have to be twice as efficient to compete with the traditional chemical batteries. The team's next aim is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the room and even robots on factory floors. The researchers are also currently working on the health issues related to this concept and have said that in another three to five years time, they will come up with a WiTricity system for commercial use.

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION
The wireless power generation and distribution concept can open up a new dimension is the field of science and technology. With the slowly depletion of natural reserves like oil, natural gas and coal, the world is nearing a already situation of steep energy crunch. A fully developed Global Wireless Energy System would, conceivably, allow for the removal of many existing high-tension power transmission lines, and facilitate the interconnection of electrical generation plants on a global scale. The electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance. Many researchers have established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of this invention. It eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers, and substations thus reducing the cost. It has a tremendous economic impact to human society. WiTricity, if successful will definitely change the way we live. Imagine cellphones, laptops, digital camera's getting self charged! Engineers have got job on hand to research and commercialize the technology. Till then, it is a wait in anticipation.

CHAPTER 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXTBOOKS A Textbook of Electrical Technology, B.L THERAJA, volume 1 & 2. IEEE Spectrum, May 2009 An article published in the Science Magazine as Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances by Andre kurs, Science 317, 83(2007); Dol:10.1126/science.1143254. Efficient Non-Radiative Midrange Energy Transfer by Aristeidies karalis, Marlin Soljacic. WEBSITES http://www.WiTricity.com http://www.WiTricitypower.com http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/1143254/DC1/1 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1143254 http://www.breakingnewsenglish.com/0706/070613-WiTricity.html http://www.witric.com/2007/06/10/WiTricity-impact/ http://electron9.phys.utk.edu/optics507/modules/m6/coupled_resonators.htm