Aircraft Engine

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D
Chng 2 GII THIEU ONG C TURBOFAN ONG C PW4084D

2.1. ong c turbofan He thong ong c va lc ay co nhiem vu a may bay vt qua lc can cua khong kh tac dung vao be mat may bay khi bay bang thng eu, ca lc quan tnh cua may bay khi bay tang toc, va ca mot phan trong lng cua may bay khi bay len doc. Nang lng ot chay nhien lieu trong ong c c bien oi e cung cap ong nang cho dong khong kh i qua he thong, lam gia tang van toc cua khoi lng khong kh nay va tao ra lc ay. He thong ong c va lc ay au tien la he thong ong c piston va chong chong. He thong ong c va lc ay nay thch hp cho nhng may bay thi k ban au vi van toc thap. Cong suat ong c piston cang ln cang lam tang toc o may bay, nhng do ac tnh cua chong chong ma toc o nay ch gii han khoang 750 km/gi. Hn na, mot ong c piston cong suat qua ln th khong con phu hp e s dung cho may bay. ong c phan lc ra i, t ong c turbojet thuan tuy nhng nam 1940 en ong c turbofan, turboprop nhng nam 1950, 1960, a mau chong chng to kha nang u viet ca toc o bay lan lc ay va c s dung rong rai trong nganh hang khong ngay nay. ong c turbine may quat turbofan la mot dang sa oi cua ong c turbojet, trong o mot phan nang lng tao ra t ong c c s dung e quay mot may quat (fan) hoat ong trong ong bao quanh ong c. Phan ln dong kh i qua ong c turbofan chuyen ong qua canh quat va vong pha ngoai (bypass) phan loi ong c, lam gia tang van toc dong kh e cung cap lc ay. u iem cua loai ong c nay la tao lc ay ln vi hieu suat cao, hn na, van toc dong kh thoat b giam, se lam giam mat mat nhiet va giam tieng on. So
vi ong c turbojet, ong c turbofan hoat ong van toc nho hn (so Mach khong vt 1), nhng bu lai ong c tao ra lc ay ln hn vi hieu suat cao hn nen thch hp cho muc ch van tai khoi lng ln ma khong can van toc qua ln. ong c turbofan c s dung trong hau het cac may bay van tai quan s va thng mai ngay nay.
Hnh 2.1: He thong ong c va lc ay phan lc
Hnh 2.2: ong c turbofan dang ba guong
Hnh 2.3: S thay oi tnh chat dong kh qua ong c turbofan 2.1.1. Cac bo phan chnh cua ong c turbofan Mot ong c turbofan bao gom mieng hut e hut khong kh t moi trng vao, may nen va fan e nen dong kh, buong ot e cung cap nang lng cho dong kh, turbine e quay may nen va ong xa e xa dong kh tr ra moi trng. a. Mieng hut
Mieng hut ong c c xem la mot phan cua vo ong c, tuy nhien no ong mot vai tro rat quan trong oi vi hoat ong cua toan the ong c. Mieng hut co chc nang lam giam van toc, tang ap suat dong kh trc khi i vao may nen. e may nen hoat ong co hieu suat cao th dong kh qua mieng hut vao may nen phai eu, khong b xao ong, do o be mat trong cua mieng hut phai trn, khong e b an mon, tray xc.
Hnh 2.4: Mieng hut ong c di am b. May nen fan
May nen co chc nang nen dong kh qua ong c en mot ap suat nhat nh. Co hai loai may nen: may nen hng truc va may nen ly tam, ong c turbofan s dung may nen hng truc, nen ay xem xet hoat ong cua may nen hng truc. Ban chat cua fan la mot may nen nen nguyen ly hoat ong cua no cung tng t nh may nen.
Hnh 2.5: Cac loai la canh cua fan
Hnh 2.6: May nen hng truc May nen hng truc la mot he thong c cau tao bi nhieu tang nen noi tiep nhau, moi tang nen gom mot bo cac la canh ong (blade) va mot bo cac la canh tnh (vane), ngoai ra au vao cua may nen con co mot bo cac la canh tnh hng dong (inlet guide vane). Khong kh lu chuyen qua he thong theo phng song song vi truc quay dan ong cac tang canh ong. Mot he thong may nen hng truc co the la mot, hai hoac ba guong (spool) may nen, cac guong may nen khac nhau trong he thong se co toc o quay khac nhau. e co the hnh dung c s thay oi hng, ap suat va van toc cua dong kh khi qua cac tang cua may nen hng truc ta co the phan tch theo s o vect hnh 2.7. Khong kh vao may nen co van toc A qua he thong cac la canh tnh hng dong se c nh hng cho phu hp vi cac la ong cua tang mot. Dong kh ra khoi he thong chnh hng B se gap cac la ong cua tang mot, do tac dung cua van toc quay Y ma van toc tng oi cua dong kh en la ong cua tang mot la C , phan tiet dien lu thong cua dong kh qua hai la canh ong ke nhau tang dan nen khi qua ay van toc tng oi cua dong kh se b giam va ap suat tnh tang len.
r r D , van toc tuyet oi cua dong kh i vao cac la tnh cua tang mot la E . Khoang
r
Dong kh ra khoi cac la canh ong cua tang mot c bieu dien bang vect
cach gia hai la tnh cung tao ra tiet dien lu thong tang dan va nh the dong kh
r E qua ay cung b giam van toc va tang ap suat tnh. Sau o qua trnh lam giam
van toc va tang ap suat tnh cua dong kh tiep tuc dien ra cac tang tiep theo vi cung mot c che. Mot may nen hng truc nhieu tang c thiet ke mot che o nhat nh (lu lng, ty so ap suat va van toc quay). Ty so nen cua moi tang nen kha thap, khoang 1.1 1.2, tuy nhien do so tang nen nhieu nen may nen hng truc co kha nang nen mot lng ln khong kh en ap suat kha cao. Ty so nen toi a cua ca he thong may nen ong c turbofan hien nay la khoang 45.
Hnh 2.7: ng ac tnh cua may nen
Hnh 2.8: S o vector van toc va s gia tang ap suat dong kh qua may nen hng truc Hien tng surge may nen Trong hoat ong cua ong cua ong c turbofan, van e can quan tam may nen la hien tng surge. Hien tng surge la hien tng bat on nh cua may nen gay ra do s bat on nh cua dong kh qua may nen. Co nhieu nguyen nhan gay ra s bat on nh cua dong kh qua may nen: hien tng stall cua cac la ong, s gia tang cong suat ong c ot ngot (tang lc ay, tang lng nhien lieu vao ong c, oi hoi tang so
vong quay, tang lu lng), dong kh trc khi vao ong c b xao ong, cac hong hoc cua cac la canh ong, la canh tnh, Dong kh qua may theo chieu tang ap suat, la chieu hng de gay ra s bat on nh, ieu nay giai thch tai sao ty so nen cua mot tang nen la kha thap. Neu nh dong la eu, khong b xao ong th qua trnh nen qua cac tang nen dien ra de dang, nhng do cac tang nen la lien tuc vi nhau theo chieu tang ap suat, bat k s bat on nh nao cua mot tang nen cung se anh hng en cac tang nen pha sau no. Do cac tang sau co ap suat cao hn nen dong kh thng b don lai (piling up) hay b nghen (choking) va cung co kha nang chuyen ong ngc lai. Hien tng surge lam may nen giam cong suat, dao ong manh, trng hp nguy hiem la kh chay t buong ot co ap suat cao chuyen ong ngc tr lai gay no may nen.
Hien tng surge do hien tng stall cac tang nen Bien dang la ong cua may nen tng t nh bien dang cua canh may bay, v the hien tng stall xay ra canh may bay cung xay ra oi vi cac la ong cua may nen. Hien tng stall xay ra khi van toc tng oi cua dong kh vao la ong nho hn mot gia tr van toc gii han Vstall, hoac goc ti goc gia phng van toc tng oi vao la ong va ng day cung cua la ong (chordline) vt qua gia tr gii han (qua ln positive incidence stall hoac qua nho negative incidence stall). Nh vay, phng va o ln cua van toc tng oi vao la ong, hay phng va o ln cua van toc tuyet oi vao la ong va van toc quay se quyet nh gii han xay ra hien tng stall. Bat k s bat can oi nao gia hai thanh phan van toc tuyet oi vao va van toc quay neu vt qua gii han se gay ra hien tng stall. Hien tng stall ch c nhan biet khi no xay ra nhieu tang cua may nen, gay ra hien tng surge cho ca may nen. Hien tng stall thng xay ra khi ong c khi ong, tang toc, giam toc, hoat ong cao o ln, Hien tng surge do s tang cong suat ong c ot ngot
Khi gia tang lng nhien lieu th oi hoi s gia tang so vong quay va ap suat. Tuy nhien, neu gia tang lng nhien lieu ot ngot, do quan tnh ma so vong quay khong the thay oi ot ngot e ap ng ieu kien mi, co ngha la cac tang may nen khong tao ra c s gia tang ap suat can thiet, iem lam viec de dang ri vao vung surge. Cac cach phong chong hien tng surge may nen: S dung cac la hng dong vao (variable inlet guide vane) va la tnh co the ieu chnh c (variable stator vane) cac tang au cua may nen: ieu chnh goc va o ln cua van toc tuyet oi ra cua la tnh hay van toc tuyet oi vao cua la ong tuy theo van toc quay khi ong c khi ong, tang toc, va hoat ong che o mot phan cong suat. Trch kh tang gia cua may nen khi hoat ong cao o ln (lc ay nho). c. Buong ot
Khong kh sau khi qua may nen cao ap tiep tuc i qua ong tang ap (diffuser) e tiep tuc tang ap suat len gia tr ln nhat trc khi vao buong ot. Buong ot la ni nhien lieu va khong kh c hoa tron va ot chay. Mot buong ot ien hnh bao gom vo boc ben ngoai vi ong ot ben trong c uc lo. He thong phun nhien lieu o lng nhien lieu thch hp can thiet va phun nhien lieu vao buong ot di dang tan nho. Nhien lieu c anh la e ot chay, thong thng s dung he thong anh la bang tu ien co nang lng cao, tao ra khoang 60 100 tia la ien trong mot phut. Ngoai ra can mot he thong tieu thoat nhien lieu khong c ot chay het.
Hnh 2.9: S phan bo kh trong buong ot
Hnh 2.10: S chay trong buong ot Yeu cau cua mot he thong buong ot la hoa tron nhien lieu va khong kh mot ty le thch hp, ot c toi a hon hp nhien lieu-khong kh, lam mat kh nong xuong nhiet o ma cac la canh turbine co the chu c, va phan phoi mot cach ong eu kh nong en turbine. 20% kh t ong tang ap co van toc kha cao i thang vao ong ot, qua cac van tao xoay (swirl vane) tao thanh dong kh xoay, 20% kh xuyen qua thanh ong ot vao vung chay (primary zone) tng tac vi dong kh xoay tao thanh mot vung
tuan hoan van toc thap (low velocity recirculation) co tac dung gi on nh ngon la. Tac dung cua viec tao xoay la giup viec hoa tron nhien lieu co hieu qua ong thi lam cho van toc doc truc cua dong kh giam ang ke e s chay co the xay ra. 40% kh qua cac lo cua vung giam nhiet (dilution air hole) vao ong ot e lam mat ong ot bang cach tao ra mot mang kh co nhiet o thap chuyen ong bao quanh thanh trong ong ot, ngan cach ngon la va thanh ong ot. Phan kh con lai khoang 20% dung lam mat dong kh nong trc khi dong kh ra khoi buong ot vao turbine. Phan sau cua buong ot co tiet dien co hep dan lam tang van toc cua dong kh, thong thng dong kh ra khoi buong ot vao turbine co so Mach = 1. Co 3 kieu buong ot ien hnh: buong ot nhieu ong ot (multiple-can), buong ot dang vong (annular), va dang ket hp gia hai dang nay.
Hnh 2.11: Buong ot dang multiple-can
Hnh 2.12: Buong ot dang annular d. Turbine
Turbine lay mot phan ong nang cua kh gian n t buong ot. ong nang nay chuyen oi thanh nang lng quay may nen. Nang lng nay khoang nang lng kh chay cua buong ot. Turbine hng truc (axial-flow turbine) bao gom hai phan: bo cac la canh ong gan vao truc quay va bo cac la canh tnh gan vao khung tnh. Giong nh may nen hng truc, turbine hng truc cung co nhieu tang, nhng so tang t hn, bi v dong kh chuyen ong qua turbine theo chieu giam ap xuat. Turbine hng truc co hai dang c ban: turbine xung lc va turbine phan lc.
Hnh 2.13 : Tubine hng truc Turbine xung lc Tang la canh tnh: co cau tao phan tiet dien lu thong gia hai la canh giam dan nham muc ch chuyen oi ap nang cua dong kh t buong ot thanh ong nang. Ngoai ra tang la canh tnh con co tac dung nh hng dong kh sao cho chung vao cac la canh ong mot goc ti thch hp. Tang la canh ong: la turbine kieu xung lc co tiet dien lu thong gia hai la canh khong thay oi, ngha la van toc tng oi dong kh vao va ra khoi cac la nay khong b thay oi o ln nhng hng i cua dong kh b thay oi. Chnh s oi hng cua van toc la nguyen nhan gay ra xung lc tac dung lam turbine quay. Turbine phan lc So vi turbine xung lc th cac la canh ong cua turbine phan lc c thiet ke sao cho phan tiet dien lu thong gia hai la canh la giam dan. Vi cau tao nh vay van toc tng oi cua dong kh i qua la canh ong cua turbine tang len. Ve phng dien lc do dong kh tac ong len canh ong turbine, ngoai tac dung xung lc, canh turbine con nhan mot phan lc do s chenh lech ap suat gia mat tren va mat di cua la canh.
Hnh 2.14: Dong kh qua turbine dang xung lc goc la canh va dang phan lc mui la canh Van toc quay U tang dan theo v tr ban knh, e phan bo tai ong eu tren la canh turbine ngi ta thiet ke la canh co dang xung lc phan goc va dang phan lc phan mui. Thiet ke nay tao ra s giam ong eu van toc va ap suat tren toan bo chieu dai la canh. Kh thoat ra t buong ot co nhiet o rat cao nen, cung vi viec cai tien vat lieu che tao, viec lam mat bang kh lay t may nen anh hng rat ln en hieu suat lam viec cua turbine. Cac nha che tao co gang nang cao kha nang chu nhiet cua turbnine bang viec cai tien vat lieu. Vi trnh o cong nghe hien nay, nhiet o gii han ma turbine co the chu c la khoang 1500 0C. e. Ong xa
Hnh 2.15: Ong xa
Cong dung cua ong xa la tap trung, lam thang, va ong thi tang van toc dong kh trc khi ra khoi ong xa. ong c phan lc chuyen oi noi nang cua nhien lieu thanh ong nang cua dong kh xa, muon tao ra lc ay ln th ong nang nay phai ln, tc la van toc dong kh xa phai ln. He thong ong xa gom 3 phan chnh noi tiep nhau la: exhaust cone, exhaust duct, exhaust nozzle. Exhaust cone nam ngay sau turbine, bao gom phan ong bao boc (outer duct), op hnh cone (inner cone/tail cone) va cac thanh chong noi op hnh cone va ong bao boc. Muc ch cua op hnh cone la tap trung va hng dong kh t turbine thanh mot dong duy nhat. Van toc dong kh ra khoi turbine kha ln (750 1250 ft/s), van toc ln nay gay ra ton that ma sat. Tiet dien tang dan cua phan exhaust cone phan nao lam giam van toc va tang ap suat cua dong kh, v the lam giam ton that ma sat. Cac thanh chong noi op hnh cone va ong bao boc con co tac dung lam thang dong kh b xoay thoat ra t turbine. Exhaust duct la thanh phan trung gian noi gia exhaust cone va exhaust nozzle. Exhaust duct ch c s dung cho cac ong c gan vao than may bay e bao ve phan khung may bay. Nh a noi tren, van toc kh thoat ln se gay ra
ton that ma sat ln tren ng ong, lam giam van toc dong kh va dan ti giam lc ay. Do o cac ong c c gan trong vo boc th khong s dung exhaust duct. Exhaust nozzle nam phan cuoi cung cua he thong ong xa, bo phan nay co tac dung gian n tang toc dong kh ti gia tr ln nhat trc kh thoat ra ngoai moi trng. Co hai dang exhaust nozzle la: ong xa hoi tu va ong xa hoi tuphan k. Ong xa hoi tu c s dung khi ty so ap suat cua ong xa ty le gia ap suat dng cua ong xa va ap suat tnh cua moi trng nho ( Pt 9 / Pa < 3) , ong xa loai nay dung cho cac ong c may bay di am. (TLTK 2, trang 109). Ong xa hoi tuphan ky c s dung khi ty so ap suat cua ong xa cao
( Pt 9 / Pa > 3) , ong xa loai nay dung cho cac ong c may bay vt am.
2.1.2. Cac thong so hoat ong cua ong c turbofan Vi mot ong c phan lc noi chung can quan tam en lc ay do no tao ra, mc tieu hao nhien lieu rieng va hieu suat. Lc ay chu yeu c tao ra do s gia tang ong lng, ngoai ra con phan lc ay ap suat do s chenh gia ap suat kh thoat va ap suat moi trng.
& & F = mC (V jC V0 ) + m F (V jF V0 ) + (PeC Pa )AC + (PeF Pa )AF
& & mC , m F la lu lng khoi lng dong kh qua phan loi va phan fan cua ong c
V0 la van toc dong kh i vao ong c, cung la van toc bay cua may bay
V jC ,V jF la van toc dong kh ra khoi phan loi va phan fan cua ong c PeC , PeF , Pa la ap suat kh thoat cua phan loi, phan fan, va moi trng AC , AF la dien tch mat thoat cua phan loi va phan fan
Hieu suat
Hieu suat ay cua ong c anh gia mc o cong suat ay hu dung Pd c

& tao ra t s gia tang ong nang KE cua dong kh qua ong c.
Pd & KE Pd = FV0
P =
& & KE = mC
1 2 1 2 & V jC V02 + m F V jF V02 2 2
Hieu suat nhiet cua ong c anh gia mc o gia tang ong nang cua dong
& & kh qua ong c KE so vi lng nhiet nang Q dong kh nhan vao. & KE & Q
T =
& & Q = m f hPR
& m f la lu lng khoi lng nhien lieu vao ong c

hPR la nhiet tr cua mot n v khoi lng nhien lieu
Hieu suat nhiet cua ong c phu thuoc vao ty so nen cua may nen, con hieu suat ay cua ong c phu thuoc vao ty so bypass ty so gia lu lng dong kh i qua phan fan va lu lng dong kh i qua phan loi cua ong c. Hieu suat toan the anh gia mc o cong suat ay hu dung Pd c tao ra
& t lng nhiet nang Q ma dong kh nhan vao. Viec che tao c cac may nen
hng truc co ty so nen ngay cang cao va viec gia tang ty so bypass lam gia tang hieu suat toan the cua ong c turbofan.
0 =
Pd FV0 1 V0 = = & m f hPR SFC hPR & Q
Mc tieu hao nhien lieu rieng

SFC
& mf
F
goi la mc tieu hao nhien lieu rieng (specific fuel consumption),
tc la lng nhien lieu tieu hao trong mot n v thi gian cho mot n v lc ay. mot cao o nhat nh, SFC tang khi van toc bay tang len, gia tr SFC cang nho th may bay cang c lau trong khong kh; nhng oi vi cac may bay
thng mai th muc tieu la best specific range, co ngha la quang ng bay c ln nhat tren mot n v khoi lng nhien lieu, va noi chung la ieu o at c toc o bay ln hn toc o bay cho gia tr SFC nho nhat. 2.2. ong c PW4084D Ho ong c PW4000 do tap oan ong c Pratt & Whitney san xuat, la loai ong c turbofan co ty so bypass cao, hai guong va c s dung cho cac may bay than rong. Ho ong c nay cung cap lc ay trong khoang 50000 98000 lb. Kieu ong c ng knh fan 94 inch c s dung cho may bay Airbus A310/A300, Boeing 767/747, va Boeing MD11. Kieu ong c lc ay cao (high thrust) ng knh fan 100 inch c s dung cho may bay Airbus A300. Kieu ong c lc ay cc cao (ultra-high thrust) ng knh fan 112 inch c s dung cho may bay Boeing 777 hai ong c. ong c PW4084D thuoc kieu ong c 112 fan, hien tai c s dung cho cac may bay Boeing 777 cua Tong Cong Ty Hang Khong Viet Nam.
Hnh 2.16: ong c PW4084D
Hnh 2.17: ong c at trong vo ong c
Hnh 2.18: Cac bo phan cua ong c PW4084D May nen thap ap co 7 tang, tang th nhat la fan, sau tang con lai c anh so la 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, 2, 3, va 4. Cac la canh cua fan nen khong kh i vao phan fan va phan loi cua ong c. Fan cua ong c 112 fan co 22 la canh loai chord ln. La co cau truc dang rong, c che tao bang titanium. Cac la canh cua fan c gan vao moyeu trc cua may nen thap ap, cac la nay co the thay the rieng le khi ong c gan tren may bay. Op chnh dong hnh cone c che tao bang vat lieu composite, c gan vao pha trc cua moyeu trc cua may nen thap ap. Op chnh dong co hnh dang kh ong tao dong kh em khi i vao ong c. May nen cao ap co 11 tang, c anh so t 5 en 15, trong o van hng dong va van tnh cua tang 5, 6, 7 co the c ieu chnh nh he thong ieu khien ien t cua ong c (full authority digital engine control FADEC). Goc at canh cua cac van tnh nay c ieu khien t ong am bao dong kh qua van tnh vao la ong khong gay ra hien tng stall khi hoat ong che o khi ong, che o
tang toc hay che o mot phan cong suat. Kh trch ra t tang th 8 c dung e ieu ap cho may bay; kh trch t tang th 9 e lam mat rotor, ieu ap dau boi trn o so 1.5 va chong surge khi khi ong ong c; kh trch t tang 12 dung e ieu ap dau boi trn o so 3 va lam mat tang th 2 cua turbine cao ap; kh trch t tang 15 e can bang tai ay (thrust load) o so 2, cam bien dong kh trong may nen cao ap, s dung cho may bay, ieu ap dau boi trn o so 3, va lam mat mot phan turbine.
Hnh 2.19: Mat cat cua buong ot Khong kh ra khoi may nen cao ap i vao ong tang ap e tiep tuc tang ap trc khi vao buong ot. Buong ot dang vong co 24 ong phun nhien lieu, s chay xay ra phan au va gia cua buong ot. Turbine cao ap co 2 tang, quay may nen cao ap, turbine thap ap co 7 tang, quay may nen thap ap. Turbine cao ap va thap ap c lam mat bang kh trch ra t may nen cao ap. Phan khung pha sau turbine (turbine exhaust case) tao thanh mot ong chuyen t dong phan ky qua turbine thanh dong hoi tu qua ong xa. Cac o cua truc ong c Truc N1 la truc thap ap noi may nen thap ap va turbine thap ap, truc N2 la truc cao ap noi may nen cao ap va turbine cao ap. Co 5 o gi truc N1 va N2: O bi so 1 (ball bearing) phan trc cua truc N1
O lan so 1.5 (roller bearing) ch chu tai hng knh cho truc N1 O bi so 2 (ball bearing) phan trc cua truc N2 O lan so 3 (roller bearing) phan sau cua truc N2 O lan so 4 (roller bearing) phan sau cua truc N1 Accessory drive c cau truyen chuyen ong e khi ong ong c hoac truyen chuyen ong t ong c e dan ong cac bo phan rieng le Khi ong c chnh khi ong, he thong nay truyen nang lng ben ngoai t ong c phu e quay ong c chnh. Khi ong c chnh hoat ong, he thong nay trch mot phan nang lng t ong c chnh va truyen qua mot loat cac hop truyen ong va truc e quay cac may khac. Co 3 hop truyen ong (gearbox) tren ong c: internal gearbox, angle gearbox, main gearbox. Truc N2 quay truc ng (tower shaft) thong qua internal gearbox, truc ng quay truc nam ngang (lay shaft) thong qua angle gearbox, truc nam ngang quay main gearbox. Main gearbox va quay cac he thong phu tr cua ong c. Phan vo ong c ong c c at trong vo ong c co hnh dang kh ong va c gan tren canh may bay. Phan vo ong c gom mieng hut, phan vo bao boc fan, phan vo co c cau tao lc ay ngc va cac bo phan c gan vao phan khung pha sau turbine thap ap cua ong c tao thanh ong xa cua phan loi ong c. Mieng hut ong c c xem la mot phan cua vo ong c, c gan vao pha trc khung bao boc phan fan. Dong bypass sau khi qua fan va cac la hng dong, tiep tuc c dan ben trong phan vo co c cau tao lc ay ngc va thoat rieng re ra ngoai. ong c s dung dong bypass e tao lc ay ngc. Ong xa cua phan loi ong c co dang hoi tu, con dong bypass c dan qua tiet dien hoi tu-phan k.
Hnh 2.20: ong c PW4084D gan tren canh may bay
Hnh 2.20: Ong xa phan loi ong c
ac iem cua ho ong c PW4000 ac iem PW4084 PW4090 PW4098
ng knh fan, in. Chieu dai, in. Trong lng, lb. ng knh vo fan, in. ac tnh hoat ong (SLS ISA) Lc ay cat canh, lb Flat-rated temperature, 0C Ty so bypass Ty so nen Ty so nen cua fan
112 191.7 14995 118.6 86760 30 6.4 34.2 1.70
112 191.7 15741 118.6 91790 30 6.3 38.6 1.74
112.9 191.7 16260 119.5 98000 30 5.8 42.8 1.80
Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan
Chng 3 C S LY THUYET TNH TOAN NHIET ONG LC HOC ONG C TURBOFAN

Tnh toan nhiet ong lc hoc cho mot ong c phan lc la da vao ieu kien hoat ong va ac tnh cua ong c e xac nh lc ay ong c tao ra. Ngoai ra con xem xet cac thong so bieu th hieu qua hoat ong cua ong c nh mc tieu hao nhien lieu rieng, hieu suat nhiet, hieu suat ay va hieu suat toan the cua ong c. Ly thuyet c ban ve nhiet ong lc hoc va hang khong ong lc hoc la c s ly thuyet e phan tch chu trnh nhiet cua ong c. 3.1. Ly thuyet c ban e tnh toan nhiet ong lc hoc ong c phan lc can co kien thc tong hp ve nhiet ong lc hoc va hang khong ong lc hoc, trong o, ly thuyet dong mot chieu la mot cong cu hu hieu. 3.1.1. Kh va phng trnh trang thai
f ( P, , T ) = 0 goi la phng trnh nhiet cua trang thai (thermal equation of
state); u = u ( P, ) hoac u = u ( , T ) hoac u = u ( P, T ) goi la phng trnh nang lng cua trang thai (energy equation of state). mot trang thai neu xac nh c P, T th se xac nh c , u . Cac nh ngha khac Enthalpy: h u +
P
Nhiet dung rieng ang tch: cv
u T v h Nhiet dung rieng ang ap: c p T P c Ty so nhiet dung rieng: p cv
Van toc am thanh: a 2 = s T Khi kh c xem la kh ly tng, phng trnh trang thai co dang P = RT , noi nang u = u (T ) la mot ham cua nhiet o.
c p = cv + R , cv =
a RT
1 R , cp = R 1 1
Calorically perfect gas la kh ly tng co cv , c p la hang so. 3.1.2. ong lc hoc dong on nh mot chieu Di goc o hang khong ong lc hoc, mot trang thai cua dong kh, ngoai ap suat va nhiet o, con c ac trng bi van toc. Xet dong kh chuyen ong on nh, mot chieu qua mot the tch kiem soat , ac tnh cua dong kh c mo ta bi cac phng trnh tong quat sau:
A out Pout T out wx e out V out
A in
Pin T in e in
V in
Hnh 3.1: Mo hnh dong mot chieu qua the tch kiem soat
1. Phng trnh bao toan khoi lng
& & min = mout
inVin Ain = outVout Aout
Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan 2. Phng trnh bao toan nang lng nh luat 1 nhiet ong lc hoc
& & & & & Q (W x + W flow ) = E out Ein
& Q : nhiet cap vao tren mot n v thi gian & W x : cong sinh ra tren mot n v thi gian
P P & W flow = m m : cong dch chuyen tren mot n v thi gian & & out in
2 & = m u + V + gz : mc nang lng mot trang thai tren mot n v thi E & 2
gian
u : noi nang tren mot n v thi gian tren mot n v lu lng khoi
lng
V2 : ong nang tren mot n v thi gian tren mot n v lu lng khoi 2
lng
gz : the nang tren mot n v thi gian tren mot n v lu lng khoi
lng
P P & & & & & Q W x + m m = E out Ein & in out
Neu lu lng khong thay oi th phng trnh nang lng viet cho mot n v lu lng khoi lng nh sau:
P P V2 V2 q wx = + u + + gz + gz + u + 2 2 in out
3. Phng trnh entropy nh luat 2 nhiet ong lc hoc 1 dQ & & S out S in T dt 4. Phng trnh ong lng nh luat 2 cua chuyen ong r r r r r & & & & F = M out M in = moutVout minVin
ac tnh cua dong kh mot trang thai c ac trng bi cac ai lng: Ap suat P
Nhiet o T Van toc V Muon cho dong kh chuyen t trang thai nay sang trang thai khac th phai tac ong vao no bang mot qua trnh xac nh. Tuy vao qua trnh bien oi cua dong kh ma ta nhan c trang thai mi co cac ac tnh xac nh. oi vi lu chat la chat kh trong hoat ong cua ong c phan lc, s thay oi cua thanh phan the nang la nho so vi s thay oi cua cac thanh phan nang lng khac, nen khi xem xet ve mat nang lng cua dong kh ta co the bo qua. Cung vi nh ngha enthalpy, kh c xem la calorically perfect, phng trnh nang lng c viet lai:
V2 q wx = h + 2 V2 h + 2 out in
in
2 T + V q wx = c p 2c p
2 c p T + V 2c p out
q wx = htout htin = c p Ttout c p Ttin ht h + Tt T + V2 : enthalpy dng hay enthalpy toan phan 2 V2 : nhiet o dng hay nhiet o toan phan 2c p
Xet chuyen ong oan nhiet, khong trao oi cong cua dong kh callorically perfect t van toc V (trang thai 1) ve van toc 0 (trang thai 2). Khi van toc dong kh bang 0 th dong kh at en nhiet o T2 la nhiet o dng cua trang thai 1, bat chap qua trnh o la thuan nghch hay khong thuan nghch (v du do anh hng cua ma sat chang han). Phng trnh entropy bieu dien qua trnh nh sau:
c p ln T2 P R ln 2 = s 2 s1 0 T1 P1
Nhiet o T2 la xac nh nen ap suat P2 tuy thuoc vao s gia tang entropy
( s 2 s1 ) , co ngha la phu thuoc vao mc o thuan nghch cua qua trnh. Neu qua
trnh tren la ang entropy (isentropic oan nhiet va thuan nghch), s 2 s1 = 0 , th ap suat P2 c goi la ap suat dng hay ap suat toan phan Pt cua trang thai 1. T nh ngha o, ap suat dng c xac nh:
T Pt P t T
/( 1)
Trong viec xem xet cac qua trnh bien oi cua dong kh, can phan biet khai niem nhiet o dng, ap suat dng cua mot trang thai (mang tnh nh ngha) vi qua trnh bien oi thc te t trang thai nay sang trang thai kia.
M V V = a RT
1 2 Tt = T 1 + M 2 1 2 Pt = P1 + M 2
/( 1)
Vi nh ngha ve so Mach, ap suat dng va nhiet o dng tai mot trang thai c bieu dien theo so Mach nh tren. Nh vay, ac tnh cua mot dong kh thay v c xac nh bang ba ai lng P, T , V th ta co the xac nh bang ba ai lng tng ng Pt , Tt , M . Lu lng khoi lng cua dong kh tai v tr i co tiet dien Ai :
& mi = iVi Ai = Pti Ai Tti MFP( M i )
Vi MFP( M i ) =
i
Ri
Mi i 1 2 Mi 1 + 2
( i +1) 2 ( i 1)
: mass flow parameter

( i +1)
i
i 2 2 ( 1) = i MFP( M i = 1) = + 1 Ri i Ri
2 2 ( i 1) vi i i +1 i
( i +1)
Cac qua trnh lam thay oi trang thai cua dong kh Xet dong on nh mot chieu, s thay oi ac tnh cua dong kh gay ra bi cac nguyen nhan: S thay oi tiet dien Qua trnh thu-cap nhiet Tac dung cua ma sat Dong ch chu s thay oi cua tiet dien (dong ang entropy) th nhiet o, ap suat, so Mach thay oi theo tiet dien dong kh, trong khi o nhiet o toan phan, ap suat toan phan khong thay oi. Van e ap ng cua ong kh ong oi vi s thay oi ieu kien moi trng can c xem xet v ieu kien kh thoat thiet ke trong cac che o hoat ong khac nhau khong phai luc nao cung tng thch vi ieu kien moi trng. Ong xa cua ong c phan lc la mot dang ong kh ong can c xem xet ac biet kha canh nay bi v pham vi hoat ong cua may bay thay oi rat rong. Mot ong kh ong c thiet ke vi ieu kien dng nhat nh (Pt, Tt) gian n en mot ap suat nhat nh can bang vi ap suat moi trng. Goi ap suat tai mat thoat la Pe, ap suat moi trng la Pa, xet ap ng cua ong kh ong khi thay oi ap suat moi trng so vi ieu kien thiet ke.
Hnh 3.2: ap ng cua ong kh ong hoi tu phan k vi moi trng Ong hoi tu-phan ky: so Mach thiet ke tai mat thoat M > 1, lu lng dong kh qua ong la toi a Trng hp Pa < Pe (underexpanded) th dong ben trong cua ong hoi tuphan k khong co g thay oi. Dong kh thoat ra ngoai vi ap suat Pe tai mat thoat va ap suat kh thoat se can bang vi ap suat moi trng vung hau lu. Trng hp Pa = Pe (design expansion) th dong ben trong cua ong hoi tuphan k se dan n en ap suat Pe = Pa nh thiet ke va khong co bat k mot xao ong nao xay ra. Trng hp Pa > Pe (overexpanded): xay ra s bat lien tuc cua dong kh ngay sau mat thoat cua ong. S chuyen oi t ap suat kh thoat Pe thap tai mat thoat len ap suat moi trng cao hn buoc phai trai qua mot he thong song shock. Neu chenh lech gia Pe va Pa khong ln th song shock la oblique shock, neu chenh lech ln hn th song shock la song obliquenormal shock ket hp.
Neu chenh lech ap suat ln hn en mot gia tr nao o th song obliquenormal shock se dch chuyen lai tai mat thoat thanh nomal shock (normal shock at exit).
Neu nh chenh lech nay tiep tuc tang len na th se lam dch chuyen normal shock vao ben trong ong (normal shock inside). Bat thuan nghch nay xay ra trong ong, dong kh sau normal shock la di am, ap suat dng b giam i.
Neu nh tiep tuc tang Pa en mot gia tr nhat nh th normal shock se dch chuyen dan vao trong en v tr co ong kh ong va mat i, dong kh at van toc am thanh tai co va di am cac cho khac.
Neu tiep tuc tang Pa na th dong kh khong con at van toc am thanh tai co va lu lng dong kh se giam xuong.
Ong hoi tu: c thiet ke at so M = 1 tai co, ap suat tai co can bang vi ap suat moi trng, lu lng dong kh qua ong la toi a Trng hp Pa < Pe th dong ben trong cua ong khong co g thay oi. Dong kh thoat ra ngoai vi ap suat Pe tai mat thoat va ap suat kh thoat se can bang vi ap suat moi trng vung hau lu. Trng hp Pa = Pe th dong ben trong cua ong hoi tu-phan k se dan n en ap suat Pe = Pa nh thiet ke va khong co bat k mot xao ong nao xay ra. Trng hp ap suat moi trng ln hn ap suat kh thoat cua ieu kien so Mach = 1 tai co th ieu kien van toc at van toc am thanh tai co khong con na, kh o lu lng dong kh b giam xuong, ong ch n thuan la mot ong hoi tu, ap suat tai co can bang vi ap suat moi trng. Khi cap hay thu nhiet, tuy vao ieu kien so Mach au vao ma xac nh chieu hng thay oi. Dong kh co so Mach au vao < 1, neu cap nhiet qua trnh tang entropy dien ra, so Mach se tang len, ap suat giam, nhiet o tang, ap suat toan phan giam mot t. Con anh hng cua ma sat th phu thuoc vao chieu dai oan
chuyen ong, luon lam gia tang entropy cua dong kh, ap suat dng cua dong kh se b giam. Trong thc te, s thay oi ac tnh cua dong kh khong n thuan do mot ma do nhieu nguyen nhan gay ra. Tuy nhien, tuy tng trng hp ma chung ta xac nh nguyen nhan nao ong vai tro chu yeu, nguyen nhan nao anh hng khong ang ke ma co c oan va tnh toan cho phu hp. ieu nay rat co y ngha trong viec xem xet s thay oi ac tnh cua dong kh qua ong c.
3.2. Phan tch chu trnh nhiet ong lc hoc cua ong c turbofan Phan tch chu trnh nhiet cua ong c la nghien cu nhng thay oi nhiet ong lc hoc cua dong kh qua tng bo phan cua ong c, t o xac nh c cac thong so ac tnh cua ong c. Khi thiet ke ong c, ngi ta thng thiet ke ieu kien nhat nh (design point or reference point condition), thong thng o la che o hoat ong on nh nhat cua ong c. Tuy nhien, trong qua trnh hoat ong, khong phai luc nao ong c cung hoat ong che o thiet ke. cac che o hoat ong khac (off-design condition), ap ng cua ong c phai c tnh toan lai. 3.2.1. Phan tch chu trnh dang thong so Phan tch chu trnh dang thong so (parametric cycle analysis) la cong viec mang tnh thiet ke: ong c lam viec mot che o xac nh (cao o bay, toc o bay, mc cong suat tay ga), vi mot may nen co ty so nen xac nh, ac tnh cua turbine phu hp vi ac tnh cua may nen e cho ty so nen o, va ket qua la tao ra mot lc ay xac nh.
Hnh 3.3: Mo hnh ong c turbofan
T t13
Pt13 Pt19 T t19
T t0 Pt0 T0
T t2
Pt2 T 19
P19 s
P0
Hnh 3.4: Bieu o nhiet o entropy cua dong kh qua fan
T Pt3 T t3 T t2.5 Pt0 T t0 T t2 Pt2.5 Pt2 P0 T t4
Pt4 Pt4.5 Pt5 Pt9 T t4.5 T t5
T t9 P9 T9
T0
s
Hnh 3.5: Bieu o nhiet o entropy cua dong kh qua core Phng phap chung e phan tch chu trnh mot ong c phan lc la kiem soat s hay oi ac tnh cua dong kh qua tng bo phan ong c, hai thong so c ban phan anh ac tnh dong kh la nhiet o toan phan va ap suat toan phan. a. Ky hieu va gia thiet Ky hieu
& m F : lu lng khoi lng cua dong kh i vao phan fan
& mC : lu lng khoi lng cua dong kh i vao phan core
Ty so bypass:
& mF & mC
& Lu lng kh trch ra t may nen thap ap la 1 mC & Lu lng kh trch ra t may nen cao ap la 2 mC & mf & mC
Ty so gia lu lng nhien lieu va lu lng dong kh qua core: f Dong t do:

T P 1 2 1 2 M0 M 0 , r = t 0 = 1 + r = t0 = 1 + P0 T0 2 2
/( 1)
Ty so enthalpy gia ca thoat buong ot va moi trng:

=
ht ,burner exit h0 = (C p Tt ) burner exit (C p T ) 0 = c pt Tt 4 c pc T0
a la ty so nhiet o dng gia sau va trc bo phan a a la ty so ap suat dng gia sau va trc bo phan a
Diffuser/Inlet/Intake Fan Low-pressure compressor High-pressure compressor Burner High-pressure turbine Low-pressure turbine Core exhaust nozzle Fan exhaust nozzle Cac gia thiet
Tt 2 Tt 0 T f = t13 Tt 2 T cL = t 2.5 Tt 2 T cH = t 3 Tt 2.5 T b = t4 Tt 3 T tH = t 4.5 Tt 4 T tL = t 5 Tt 4.5 T n = t9 Tt 5 T fn = t19 Tt13
d =
Pt 2 Pt 0 P f = t13 Pt 2
d =
Pt 2.5 Pt 2 P f = t3 Pt 2.5 P b = t4 Pt 3 P tH = t 4.5 Pt 4 P tL = t 5 Pt 4.5 P n = t9 Pt 5 P fn = t19 Pt13
cL =
Tnh chat cua dong kh qua ong c Nhiet dung rieng va ty so nhiet dung rieng cua kh thay oi theo nhiet o va ty le nhien lieu trong hon hp nhien lieu-khong kh. S thay oi nhiet o cua dong kh qua buong ot cua ong c la ln nhat. e n gian trong tnh toan ta xem s thay oi nhiet dung rieng cua dong kh c xap x bang gia thiet dong kh la ly
tng vi nhiet dung rieng khong oi c pc pha trc buong ot va nhiet dung rieng khong oi c pt pha sau buong ot, tng ng vi gia tr c va t . oi vi nhien lieu loai hydrocarbon th san pham chay cua no co hang so kh R thay oi khong ang ke. Ty so nhiet dung rieng giam theo nhiet o va ty le nhien lieu-khong kh. Hang so kh R = 287.3 J/kgK, khong kh pha trc buong ot co c = 1.40 th c pc = 1005 J/kgK, hon hp kh pha sau buong ot co c = 1.32 th c pc = 1185 J/kgK. Cac gia tr nay c s dung cho tnh toan cho ong c turbofan. ac tnh cac bo phan cua ong c turbofan Cac thong so nay c oan cac qua trnh thc te xay ra khi dong kh i qua tng bo phan cua ong c. Thc te cac qua trnh nhiet-kh ong luon bat thuan nghch, co ngha la luon lam gia tang entropy. Mieng hut: ma sat vi thanh mieng hut la nguyen nhan gay ra s giam ap suat dng qua mieng hut (khong thuan nghch), qua trnh qua mieng hut co the xem la oan nhiet: d = 1 , d < 1 . Fan: qua trnh nen kh qua fan, may nen c xem la oan nhiet nhng lam gia tang entropy. Hieu suat e o hoat ong cua fan, may nen c goi la hieu suat ang entropy (isentropic efficiency). Hieu suat ang entropy cua fan: w fi ht13i ht 2 Tt13i Tt 2 fi 1 = = f = = wf ht13 ht 2 Tt13 Tt 2 f 1
fi = (fi
c 1) / c
= (f c 1) / c
f =
(f 1) / 1 f 1
c c
Trong thc te ta co the tnh hieu suat ang entropy bang hieu suat a bien
e f (polytropic efficiency) nh sau:
f = f
( c 1) /( c e f )
(f 1) / 1 (f 1) / 1 f = = ( 1) /( e ) f 1 f 1
c c c c c c f
May nen thap ap May nen cao ap

( cL = cL 1) /( e
c c c c cL )
( ( cL 1) / 1 cL 1) / 1 cL = = ( 1) /( e ) c 1 cL 1
c c c c cL
( cH = cH 1) /( e
c
c cH
cH =
( cH 1) / 1 ( 1) / 1 = ( cH1) /( e ) c 1 cH 1
c c c c c c cH
Buong ot: buong ot ta quan tam en s chay khong hoan toan cua nhien lieu va s mat mat ap suat dng do ma sat va cap nhiet. Hieu suat chay b (combustion efficiency) c anh gia bang:
b =
& & & (mC + m f )c pt Tt 4 mC c pcTt 3 & m f hPR
S mat mat ap suat dng xay ra do hai anh hng: mat mat do tnh nht ben trong buong ot va mat mat do cap nhiet mot so Mach xac nh (M<1):
b < 1.
Turbine cao ap Turbine thap ap: qua trnh gian n kh qua turbine c xem la oan nhiet (bo qua viec lam mat) nhng lam gia tang entropy. Hieu suat ang entropy cua turbine cao ap c nh ngha nh sau: 1 tH h h T T tH = t 4 t 4.5 = t 4 t 4.5 = ht 4 h4.5i Tt 4 Tt 4.5i 1 tHi
( ( tHi = tHi 1) / = tH 1) /
t t t t
tH =
1 tH ( 1 tH t 1) / t
Trong thc te ta co the tnh hieu suat ang entropy cua turbine bang hieu suat a bien etH nh sau:
[e tH = tH
tH
( t 1) ] / t

[e 1 tH 1 tH 1 tHtH ( t 1) ] / t = = ( 1/ ( 1 tH t ) / t 1 tH etH 1 tH t 1) / t
tL ( t 1)
tH =
[e tL = tL
]/ t
tL =
[e 1 tH 1 tL 1 tLtL ( t 1) ] / t = = ( 1 ( 1 tL t ) / t 1 tL/ etL 1 tL t 1) / t
Ong xa phan core Ong xa phan fan: mat mat chu yeu ong xa la do tnh chat gian n cua dong kh e at c ap suat kh thoat so vi ap suat moi trng, ngoai ra con ke en mat mat do ma sat. Qua trnh gian n trong ong xa c xem la oan nhiet va khong thuan nghch.
P9 P0 , P19 P0 , n = 1 , n < 1 , fn = 1 , fn < 1
Gia tr cac thong so anh gia cac qua trnh thc te qua tng bo phan cua ong c tham khao bang sau: Bo phan Inlet Thong so d Loai A B C 1 0.900 0.880 0.850 0.80 0.90 0.85 Uncooled Cooled D E F 0.80 Mc o cong nghe 2 3 4 0.950 0.980 0.995 0.930 0.960 0.980 0.900 0.940 0.960 0.84 0.92 0.91 0.85 0.83 0.970 0.960 0.930 1390 0.88 0.94 0.98 0.89 0.87 0.980 0.970 0.950 1780 0.90 0.95 0.99 0.90 0.89 0.995 0.980 0.970 2000
Compressor Burner
ec
b b
et
Turbine
Nozzle
0.950 0.930 0.900 1110
MaxTt 4 (K)
A : May bay di am ong c co vo boc B : May bay di am ong c trong khung may bay C : May bay vt am ong c trong khung may bay D : Ong xa hoi tu dien tch co nh E : Ong xa hoi tu dien tch thay oi F : Ong xa hoi tu phan k dien tch thay oi b. Cac bc phan tch Fan stream Bc1:
& FF = m F (V19 V0 ) + A19 (P19 P0 )
V T / T 1 P0 / P19 FF = a 0 19 M 0 + 19 0 a & mF c V19 / a 0 0
Bc 2:
V19 a2 M 2 R T M 2 T 2 = 19 2 19 = c c 19 19 = 19 M 19 a c RcT0 T0 a0 0
2
Bc 3:
Pt19 1 2 = P19 1 + c M 19 2
c / ( c 1)
2 19
2 Pt19 = c 1 P19
( c 1) / c
Pt19 = P0
Pt 0 Pt 2 Pt13 Pt19 = P0 r d f fn P0 Pt 0 Pt 2 Pt 3
Pt19 P = 0 r d f fn P19 P19
Bc 4:
Tt19 = T0 Tt 0 Tt 2 Tt13 Tt19 = T0 r d f fn = T0 r f T0 Tt 0 Tt 2 Tt13
r f T19 Tt19 / T0 = = T0 Tt19 / T19 (Pt19 / P19 )( c 1) / c
Core stream Bc1:

& FC = mC [(1 1 2 + f )V9 V0 ] + A9 (P9 P0 )
FC V R T / T 1 P0 / P9 = a 0 (1 1 2 + f ) 9 M 0 + (1 1 2 + f ) t 9 0 & c mC a0 Rc V9 / a 0
Bc 2:
V9 a 0 a2M 2 R T M 2 R T = 9 2 9 = t t 9 9 = t t 9 M 92 c RcT0 c Rc T0 a0
2
Bc 3:
1 2 Pt 9 = P9 1 + t M9 2 Pt 9 = P0
t /( t 1)
2 Pt 9 M = t 1 P9
2 9
( t 1) / t
Pt 0 Pt 2 Pt 2.5 Pt 3 Pt 4 Pt 4.5 Pt 5 Pt 9 = P0 r d cL cH b tH tL n P0 Pt 0 Pt 2 Pt 2.5 Pt 3 Pt 4 Pt 4.5 Pt 5
Pt 9 P0 = r d cL cH b tH tL n P9 P9
Bc 4:
Tt 9 = T0 Tt 0 Tt 2 Tt 2.5 Tt 3 Tt 4 Tt 4.5 Tt 5 Tt 9 = T0 r d cL cH b tH tL n = T0 r cL cH b tH tL T0 Tt 0 Tt 2 Tt 2.5 Tt 3 Tt 4 Tt 4.5 Tt 5
T9 Tt 9 / T0 r cL cH b tH tL = = T0 Tt 9 / T9 (Pt 9 / P9 )( t 1) / t
Bc 5: Ap dung phng trnh nang lng cho kh vao va ra buong ot & & & (1 1 2 )mC c pc Tt 3 + b m f hPR = (1 1 2 + f )mC c pt Tt 4
(1 1 2 ) r cL cH + f
f =
b hPR
c pcT0
= (1 1 2 + f )
(1 1 2 )( r cL cH ) b hPR /(c pc T0 )
Bc 6: High-pressure spool Cong suat do HPT phat ra:

& & WtH = (1 1 2 + f )mC c pt (Tt 4 Tt 4.5 )
Cong suat can quay HPC:

& & WcH = mC c pc [(1 1 2 )Tt 3 (1 1 )Tt 2.5 ]
Suy ra:
& & mC c pc [(1 1 2 )Tt 3 (1 1 )Tt 2.5 ] = mH (1 1 2 + f )mC c pt (Tt 4 Tt 4.5 )
c pcTt 2.5 [(1 1 2 ) cH (1 1 )] = mH (1 1 2 + f )c pt Tt 4 (1 tH )
1 tH =
c pc T0 Tt 2.5 [(1 1 2 ) cH (1 1 )] mH (1 1 2 + f ) c pt Tt 4 T0
tH = 1
r cL [(1 1 2 ) cH (1 1 )] mH (1 1 2 + f )
1
Low-pressure spool Cong suat do LPT phat ra:

& & WtL = (1 1 2 + f )mC c pt (Tt 4.5 Tt 5 )
Cong suat can quay LPC va fan:

& & & & WcL + WF = mC c pc [(1 1 )Tt 2.5 Tt 2 ] + m F c pc (Tt13 Tt 2 )
Suy ra:
& & & mC c pc [(1 1 )Tt 2.5 Tt 2 ] + m F c pc (Tt13 Tt 2 ) = mL (1 1 2 + f )mC c pt (Tt 4.5 Tt 5 )
c pcTt 2 { (1 1 ) cL 1] + ( f 1)} = mL (1 1 2 + f )c pt Tt 4.5 (1 tL ) [
1 tL =
c pc T0 Tt 4 Tt 2 1 {[(1 1 ) cL 1] + ( f 1)} mL (1 1 2 + f ) c pt Tt 4 T4.5 T0
tL = 1
r 1 {[(1 1 ) cL 1] + ( f 1)} mL (1 1 2 + f ) tH
Bc 7:
V R T / T 1 P0 / P9 F 1 a 0 (1 1 2 + f ) 9 M 0 + (1 1 2 + f ) t 9 0 = & c m0 1 + a0 Rc V9 / a 0 V T / T 1 P0 / P19 + 19 M 0 + 19 0 a c V19 / a0 0
Bc 8:
SFC = & mf F = f f = & & F / mC (1 + )( F / m0 ) & KE
Bc 9: Hieu suat nhiet: T = & Qin

& KE =
1 1 2 & & mC (1 1 2 + f )V92 V02 + m F V19 V02 2 2
)
2 M 02
2 V V9 1 2 & = mC a 0 (1 1 2 + f ) M 02 + 19 a 2 a0 0
& & Qin = m f hPR

2 V V9 a (1 1 2 + f ) M 02 + 19 a a 0 0 T = 2 fhPR 2 0 2 M 02
Hieu suat lc ay
P =
FV0 & K E
V R T / T 1 P0 / P9 & 2 FV0 = mC a 0 M 0 (1 1 2 + f ) 9 M 0 + (1 1 2 + f ) t 9 0 c a0 Rc V9 / a 0 V T / T 1 P0 / P19 + 19 M 0 + 19 0 a c V19 / a 0 0
Hieu suat toan the O = T P Cac ket qua khac Ty so ap suat cua ong c:
EPR = Pt 5 = cL cH b tH tL Pt 2
Ty le lc ay do core tren mot n v lu lng khoi lng dong kh qua core va lc ay do fan tren mot n v lu lng khoi lng dong kh qua fan:
FR & & FC / mC & & FF / m F
Ty le lc ay do fan tao ra:

& FF (FF / m F ) = & & F (FF / m F ) + (FC / mC )
Ty le lc ay do core tao ra:

& (FC / mC ) FF = & & F (FF / m F ) + (FC / mC )
ieu kien ap suat kh xa: Ong xa phan loi ong c Kh sau low-pressure turbine se dan n tang toc theo tiet dien nho dan cua ong xa, ap ng cua ong xa nh ap ng cua mot ong kh ong vi ieu kien moi trng. Trng hp 1: neu kh dan n en v tr co cua ong xa ma ap suat tai co ln hn hoac bang ap suat moi trng ( P9 P0 ) th hien tng choked ( M 9 = 1 ) xay ra.
P + 1 M 9 = 1: t9 = t P9 2
t /( t 1)
P0 Pt 9 / P9 = = 1 P9 Pt 9 / P0 r d cL cH b tH tL n
t +1 2
t /( t 1)
Trng hp 2: neu kh dan n en v tr co cua ong xa ma ap suat tai co nho hn ap suat moi trng, khi o ap suat thc te ap ng tai mieng thoat phai can bang vi ap suat moi trng ( P9 = P0 ) va van toc kh thoat la di am ( M 9 < 1 ). Ong xa phan fan ong c co dang hoi tu-phan k c thiet ke cho ieu kien bay bang ( 11000 m), khi o ap suat kh xa can bang vi ap suat moi trng. Van toc dong kh i qua ong c Dong kh vao ong c co van toc tng oi la van toc chuyen ong cua may bay. Qua mieng hut, van toc dong kh giam e tang ap suat. Dong kh tiep tuc qua may nen, ap suat cua dong kh tang, trong khi o van toc dong kh gan nh khong thay oi. Ra khoi may nen, van toc cua dong kh con kha cao (khoang 400 500 ft/s), toc o nay kha cao khong thch hp cho viec ot chay nhien lieu, nen van toc cua dong kh c lam giam bt, ap suat dong kh tiep tuc tang en gia tr ap suat ln nhat trong ong c bang cach dan dong kh qua bo phan diffuser co tiet dien phan ky trc khi vao buong ot. Phan sau buong ot co tiet dien hoi tu lam gia tang toc o cua dong kh en so Mach = 1 trc khi vao turbine. Dong kh ra khoi turbine co van toc 750 1200 ft/s, dong kh tiep tuc tang toc qua ong xa trc khi thoat ra ngoai. Gia thiet dong kh qua ong c la dong mot chieu, viec c oan van toc dong kh qua cac bo phan cua ong c cho phep ta xac nh c cac ac tnh tnh cua dong kh qua ong c.
3.2.2. Phan tch hoat ong cua ong c Phan tch hoat ong cua ong c (engine performance analysis) la xem xet ac tnh cua mot ong c xac nh a c thiet ke hoac a c che tao hoat ong trong cac ieu kien khac vi ieu kien thiet ke (off-design). Viec phan tch la xac nh nhng ai lng oc lap, nhng ai lng phu thuoc va quan he gia chung.
ieu nay het sc co y ngha trong van e ieu khien may bay, am bao cho ca ong c va may bay hoat ong trong gii han cho phep. Khi mot ong c turbine c gan vao may bay, ac tnh cua no thay oi theo ieu kien bay (flight condition) va mc tay ga (throttle setting) va b gii han bi he thong ieu khien ong c. Trong khi bay, phi cong ieu khien hoat ong cua ong c trc tiep bang mc tay ga va gian tiep bang s thay oi ieu kien bay. Cac gia thiet Dong kh b choked mieng vao turbine cao ap va turbine thap ap
( M 4 = 1, M 4.5 = 1) .
Ty so ap suat toan phan cua diffuser, buong ot, core nozzle, fan nozzle ( d , b , n , fn ) khong thay oi trong cac che o hoat ong khac nhau. Hieu suat ang entropy cua cac bo phan ( f , cL , cH , b , tH , tL ) va hieu suat c kh ( mH , mL ) khong khong thay oi trong cac che o hoat ong khac nhau. Bo qua anh hng cua viec lam mat turbine, ty le trch ( 1 , 2 ) kh la khong oi. Khong co cong suat c trch ra t turbine e tai cac he thong phu (hoac co the hieu la mH , mL bao gom ca cong suat c trch ra e tai cac he thong phu nhng ty le nay la khong oi). Kh c xem la calorically perfect gas ( c p , cv la hang so) trc va sau buong ot, t va c pt khong thay oi khi thay oi mc cong suat ( Tt 4 ). ai lng f c xem la hang so. Gas generator Gas generator la s ket hp cua compressor-burner-turbine, la bo phan khong the thieu cua mot ong c phan lc. ap ng cua gas generator mang tnh quyet
nh oi vi ap ng cua ong c, v vay ta i vao khao sat tng bo phan, tm ra quan he gia chung cung nh anh hng chung len ong c. High-pressure turbine Tai v tr 4 (ra khoi buong ot va vao turbine cao ap) va v tr 4.5 (ra khoi turbine cao ap va vao turbine thap ap) dong kh b choked ( M 4 = 1, M 4.5 = 1) . Lu lng khoi lng dong kh vao HPT = Lu lng khoi lng dong kh vao LPT cho:
& m4 =
Pt 4 A4 Tt 4
& MFP( M 4 = 1) = m4.5 =
Pt 4.5 A4.5 Tt 4.5
MFP( M 4.5 = 1)
Tt 4.5 / Tt 4 Pt 4.5 / Pt 4
A4.5 4.5 / R4.5 = const A4 4 / R4
tH A / R4.5 = 4.5 4.5 = const tH A4 4 / R4
vi tH
1 tH = 1 tH
t /( t 1)
Nhan xet: tH , , R, A4 , A4.5 la khong thay oi, dong kh b choked tai 4, 4.5 th gia tr tH , tH la xac nh duy nhat, co ngha la, vi mot ong c xac nh ng vi mot ieu kien thiet ke xac nh, ac tnh cua turbine cao ap van gi khong oi cac che o bay khac vi che o bay thiet ke. Low-pressure turbine Lu lng khoi lng dong kh vao LPT = Lu lng khoi lng dong kh qua co ong xa:
& m4.5 =
Pt 4.5 A4.5 Tt 4.5
& MFP( M 4.5 ) = m8 =
Pt 8 A8 Tt 8
MFP( M 8 )
Tt 8 Tt 5 Tt 5 Tt 4.5 A 1 1 = 8 = const Pt 8 Pt 5 MFP( M 8 ) A4.5 MFP( M 4.5 ) Pt 5 Pt 4.5
Neu
Tt 8 / Tt 5 Pt 8 / Pt 5
= const , tiet dien co ong xa A8 khong thay oi th
tL P / P A8 1 1 = t8 t5 = const tL MFP( M 8 ) Tt 8 / Tt 5 A4.5 MFP( M 4.5 )
vi tL
1 tL = 1 tL
t /( t 1)
Nhan xet: tL , , R la hang so, tiet dien A4.5 , A8 la khong thay oi, dong kh b choked tai 4.5 ( M 4.5 = 1 ) th gia tr tL , tL la phu thuoc vao gia tr so Mach tai v tr co cua ong xa ( M 8 ). Compressor Can bang nang lng cua high-pessure spool va low-pessure spool a. High-pessure spool: gia HPT va HPC
cH =
c pt Tt 4 Tt 2 (1 tH ) (1 1 ) + mH (1 1 2 + f ) (1 1 2 ) c pc Tt 2 Tt 2.5
1
cH =
c pt Tt 4 1 (1 tH ) (1 1 ) + mH (1 1 2 + f ) (1 1 2 ) c pc Tt 2 cL
1
b.
Low-pessure spool: gia LPT va LPC-fan
[(1 1 ) cL 1] + ( f [(1 1 ) cL 1] + ( f
1) = mL (1 1 2 + f ) 1) = mL (1 1 2 + f )
c pt Tt 4.5 Tt 4 (1 tL ) c pc Tt 4 Tt 2 c pt c pc
tH
Tt 4 (1 tL ) Tt 2
Do LPC va fan noi ong truc, trong cac che o hoat ong thong thng, s gia tang enthalpy qua LPC ty le vi s gia tang enthalpy qua fan:
(1 1 )Tt 2.5 Tt 2 = K (Tt13 Tt 2 )
(1 1 ) cL 1 = K ' ( f 1)
Nhan xet chung: khi thay oi che o bay (van toc, cao o va tay ga) th ac tnh cua HPT khong thay oi. ac tnh cac bo phan con lai se thay oi e ap ng theo trang thai mi. Tnh toan cu the cho ong c turbofan e de dang trong tnh toan ta a cac so vo th nguyen ve dang so sanh vi cac gia tr tham chieu tng ng. Low-pressure turbine
tL 1 = const tL MFP( M 9 ) tL = tLR tL MFP( M 9 R ) tLR MFP( M 9 )

t /( t 1)
tL
1 tL = 1 tL
tL = 1 tL (1 tL (
t 1) / t
Bypass ratio
& mC = & Pt 4 A4 m4 1 MFP( M 4 ) = (1 1 2 + f ) (1 1 2 + f ) Tt 4
& mC P = t4 & mCR Pt 4 R
Tt 4 R Tt 4
& mF =
Pt19 A19 Tt19
MFP( M 19 )
Tt19 R MFP( M 19 ) Tt19 MFP( M 19 R ) Tt 4 / Tt 9 MFP( M 19 ) Tt 4 R / Tt 9 R MFP( M 19 R )
& P mF = t19 & m FR Pt19 R
& & & & P /P mF m m m = F FR CR = R t 4 R t 9 R & & & & mC m FR mCR mC Pt 4 / Pt 9
= R
[ cL cH / f ] R
cL cH / f
/( r f ) MFP( M 19 ) [ /( r f )] R MFP( M 19 R )
Engine mass flow

& & m0 = (1 + )mC
& & m0 1 + mC = & & m0 R 1 + R mCR & & m0 = m0 R
1 + Pt 4 1 + R Pt 4 R
Tt 4 R 1 + P0 r cL cH & = m0 R Tt 4 1 + R ( P0 r cL cH ) R
Tt 4 R Tt 4
High-pressure compressor Can bang cong suat gia HPT va HPC

[(1 1 2 ) cH (1 1 )] =
c pt Tt 4 c T pc t 2.5
mH
(1 1 2 + f )(1 tH ) = const
r cL [(1 1 2 ) cH (1 1 )] = mH (1 1 2 + f )(1 tH ) = const
Suy ra:

( r cL ) R [(1 1 2 ) cHR (1 1 )] (1 1 ) + R r cL (1 1 2 ) 1
c
cH =
cH = [1 + cH ( cH 1)]
/( c 1)
Low pressure compressor Do LPC va fan noi ong truc, trong che o hoat ong thong thng, s gia tang enthalpy qua LPC ty le vi s gia tang enthalpy qua fan:
(1 1 )Tt 2.5 Tt 2 = K (Tt13 Tt 2 )
(1 1 ) cL 1 = K ' ( f 1)
cL =
1 1 1
( f 1) [(1 1 ) cLR 1] 1 + ( fR 1)
c
cL = [1 + cL ( cL 1)]
/( c 1)
Can bang cong suat gia LPT va LPC, fan:

[(1 1 ) cL 1] + ( f
1) = mL (1 1 2 + f )
c pt Tt 4.5 Tt 4 (1 tL ) c pc Tt 4 Tt 2
r {[(1 1 ) cL 1] + ( f 1)} = mL (1 1 2 + f ) tH = const (1 tL )
Thay gia tr cL = Suy ra:

f = 1 + ( fR 1)
1 1 1
( f 1) [(1 1 ) cLR 1] 1 + ( fR 1)
1 tL 1 tLR
/ r [(1 1 ) cLR 1] + R ( fR 1) ( / r ) R [(1 1 ) cLR 1] + ( fR 1)
So vong quay cua truc thap ap N1 va truc cao ap N2 Theo ly thuyet may turbine, s bien oi nang lng qua may nen ty le vi bnh phng so vong quay.
Tt13 Tt 2 = K 1 N12 Tt13 Tt 2 Tt13 R Tt 2 R = N12 N12 R
N1 N1 R
T0 r f 1 = T0 R rR fR 1
Tt 3 Tt 2.5 = K 2 N 2 2 Tt 3 Tt 2.5 Tt 3 R Tt 2.5 R = N 22 N 22 R
N2 N2 R
T0 r cL cH 1 (T0 r cL ) R cHR 1
M 19 = f 7 ( f ) M 9 = f 8 ( f , cH , tL )
cH = f1 ( cL ) cH = f 2 ( cH ) f = f 3 ( tL , ) f = f 4 ( f ) cL = f 5 ( f ) cL = f 6 ( cL )
tL = f 9 ( tL , M 9 ) tL = f10 ( tL ) = f11 ( f , cH , M 19 )
Nh vay co tat ca 11 ai lng co quan he phi tuyen vi nhau, ta giai bang phng phap lap, bat au bang gia tr reference tL , tL , f , cL cho en khi tL at sai so yeu cau (0.0001). at cac gia tr ban au: tL = tLR , f = fR , cL = cLR , tL = tLR 1. Bc 1
( r cL ) R [(1 1 2 ) cHR (1 1 )] (1 1 ) + R r cL (1 1 2 ) 1
/( c 1)
cH =
2. 3.
Bc 2
c
cH = [1 + cH ( cH 1)]
f = [1 + f ( f 1)]
Bc 3
/( c 1)
4.
Bc 4
Pt19 Pt19 = = r d f fn P19 P0
M 19
2 Pt19 = c 1 P19
( c 1) / c
5.
Bc 5
Pt 9 = r d cL cH b tL tH n P0 P + 1 Neu t 9 < t P0 2
t /( t 1)
th lay
1
Pt 9 Pt 8 = P9 P0
2 Pt 9 M9 = t 1 P9
( t 1) / t
P + 1 Neu khong th lay t 9 = t P9 2
t /( t 1)
M9 =1
6.
Bc 6
[ cL cH / f ] R
= R
cL cH / f
1 tL 1 tLR
/( r f ) MFP( M 19 ) [ /( r f )] R MFP( M 19 R )
7.
Bc 7
/ r [(1 1 ) cLR 1] + R ( fR 1) ( / r ) R [(1 1 ) cLR 1] + ( fR 1)
f = 1 + ( fR 1)
8.
Bc 8
1 1 1 ( f 1) [(1 1 ) cLR 1] 1 + ( fR 1)
/( c 1)
cL =
9.
Bc 9
c
cL = [1 + cL ( cL 1)]
10. Bc 10
tL = tLR tL MFP( M 9 R ) tLR MFP( M 9 )
11. Bc 11
tL = 1 tL (1 tL (
t
1) / t
Khi tm c cac gia tr mi nay, viec tnh toan con lai giong nh phan tch chu trnh ong c dang thong so. ap ng cua ong c theo ieu kien bay the hien s thay oi cac ac tnh c bieu dien cac hnh di ay:
Hnh 3.6: ap ng cua lc ay mot che o tay ga nhat nh, lc ay se giam theo cao o va so Mach, cao o ln th anh hng cua so Mach la nho.
Hnh 3.7: ap ng cua mc tieu hao nhien lieu rieng mot che o tay ga nhat nh, SFC tang theo so Mach va giam theo cao o.
Hnh 3.8: ap ng cua lu lng khoi lng dong kh qua ong c
mot che o tay ga nhat nh, lu lng khoi lng dong kh qua ong c giam theo cao o va so Mach.
Hnh 3.9: ap ng cua ty so bypass mot che o tay ga nhat nh, ty so bypass tang theo so Mach, giam theo cao o.
Hinh 3.10: ap ng cua ty so nen cua fan mot che o tay ga nhat nh, ty so nen giam theo so Mach va tang theo cao o.
Hinh 3.11: ap ng cua ty so nen cua may nen cao ap mot che o tay ga nhat nh, ty so nen giam theo so Mach va tang theo cao o.
Hnh 3.12: ap ng cua ong c mot che o tay ga va so Mach theo cao o
Hnh 3.13: ap ng ong c cao o mat bien vi so Mach theo che o tay ga Ngoai tr ty so bypass, lc ay, lu lng khoi lng dong kh vao ong c va mc tieu hao nhien lieu eu tang theo che o tay ga.
Hnh 3.14: ap ng cua ong c theo so vong quay cua truc thap ap
Hnh 3.15: ap ng cua ong c theo so vong quay cua truc cao ap
ng vi mot cao o va so Mach, lc ay ty le thuan vi so vong quay, so vong quay ty le thuan vi v tr tay ga, ngi phi cong se ieu khien v tr tay ga e at lc ay yeu cau.
Chng 5: Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C PW4048D
Chng 4 TURBOMACHINES AXIALE

Des objectifs contradictoires Puissance (maxi pour une turbine) Pousse (mini pour un compresseur) Performances (consommation spcifique) Volume minimum Surface frontale minimum (traine externe ) flux de masse/unite de surface lev vitesse axiale leve vitesse de rotation leve Pb de compressibilit Pb de rsistance mcanique Longueur minimale (poids et traine de frottement ) nombre dtages reduit taux de compression par tage lev avec bonne efficacit ( pb de dcrochage et pb de dcollement par choc) Fiabilit et simplicit de construction Pb de vibration et fatigue Pb de maintenance Pb de cout 4.1. Compresseur axial
2
2
w v
u
1
1 1
1
Assumer:
r r V1 = V3
1 = 3
Roue (mobile) Redressseur (fixe)
Donnes Choix taux de compression dbits pression totale et temprature totale lentre
forme de la veine nombre dtages et distribution de la charge entre les tages degr de raction (rpartition entre rotor et stator) volutions radiales des angles nombre daubes et allongement
Wu 2 Vu 2 = 1 tg 2 = u u 1 H u 2 tg 1 V2 u
V2 tg 2 u V2 u
tg 2 =
W2 V 2 1 = u u cos 2 W1 V2 1 = u u cos 1
W2 cos 1 = W1 cos 2
V3 V2 1 V3 V1 cos 2 = = = u u cos 2 V2 V2 cos 1

Relations avec - la charge par tage H ou = 2 u - le degr de raction
Wu W + Wu 2 = u1 u 2u
Compresseur axial avec conservation de la vitesse axiale
u=1
w /u
1
w /u
2
w /u
u2
w /u
u1
v /u
2
v /u
1
v /u
u1
V1 V2 1 = u u cos 1 Wu1 Vu1 = 1 u u
Vu1 V2 = tg 1 u u tg 1 = Wu1 V2
V2 tg 1 u tg1 = V2 u Thorme dEuler: E = H = u (Vu 2 Vu1 ) H Vu 2 Vu1 V2 = = ( tg 2 tg 1 ) u u u u2 1
H V2 + tg 1 u u2 tg 2 = V2 u V 1 H 1 = u1 + 2 + u 2 u
1=
V2 tg1 + + u 2
= 1+
Vu1 = u
w
2
v
Vu1 = 2 u
w
1
w
=1
w
1
= 1
Vu1 =0 u
w
1
v v
1
Vu1 = 1 u
w w v
2 1
w
=0
Vu1 = 1 2 u
v
1
Les trois schma ci-dessous illustrent cet nonce
v =V v w w
1er cas
1 3 2 1
2me cas
3me cas
3
v =V v w w
1 2 1
v =V v w w
1 2 1
Faible inclinaison Forte inclinaison
Mobile
Fixe
Mobile
Fixe
Faible inclinaison
Forte inclinaison
Mobile
Fixe
4.2. Compresseur coulement amont supersonique Notion dincidence unique
A' M>1 M<1 A B

choc choc
Lcoulement supersonique dans le domaine ABA est completement determin par la donne du mach amont M1 et de la portion AB du profil.
Conservation du dbit

A'
V cos ds =
A A'
V cos s
1 V cos ds = 1 s V cos A
fonction de M et larsque la portion AB du profil est donne Pour une grille supersonique (aimorce) on ne peut pas imposer la fois le Mach amont M et lincidence .
Rendement Isentropique
H is H V 2 H is = his + = his Mais 2 car V3 = V1 par hypothse

Rendement
is =
dh = Tds +
dP
dP
is =
P / H
En introduisant le coefficient de dbit =
V2 u 2 2 2 + (1 tg 1 ) S + ( + tg 1 ) 2 is = 1 R 2 2
Le colcul dequilibre radial qui pournit levolution radiale des angles absolus ( ) ou relatifs ( ) dpend des pertes pertes par frottement sur les profils
pertes par choc pertes par coulements secondaires couches limites moyeux et carter jeux pertes de culot dues lpaisseur finiz des bords de fuite.
4.3. Determination du rendement dtage -A- ROTOR
tR1 Coefficient de perte R = 1
P PtR 2 2
W12
W12 PtR1 = P1 + 2 Hypothse dincompressibilit 2 P = P + W2 2 tR 2 2 1 P2 P1 = W12 W22 R W12 2 2
Mais W1 W 2 = W u1 W u 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 Et Wu1 Wu 2 =
Wu2 Wu22 = 1
H 2u 2 2 u
u (Wu1 Wu 2 ) (Wu1 Wu 2 ) 2 2u 2u u2
(car V2 = cte)
2 H R W1 Soit PR = P2 P1 = u 2 2 u u 2
2 2 H R V2 V2 + 1 tg1 PR = u 2 2 u u u 2
Coefficient de perte S =
PtR1 PtR 2 1 V22 2
-B- STATOR
V22 PtS 1 = P2 + 2 2 Hypothse: incompressibilit P = P + V3 3 tS 2 2 1 P3 P2 = (V 22 V32 ) S V 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 V2 V3 = Vu 2 Vu 3 = Vu 2 Vu2 1 = (Vu 2 Vu1 )(Vu 2 + Vu1 ) Mais = (Wu 2 Wu1 )(Vu 2 + Vu1 ) (Vu 2 + Vu1 ) Wu1 + Wu 2 +1 Comme 2u 2u 2 S V2 2 H PS = P3 P2 = u 2 (1 ) 2 u u
H PS = u 2 S 2 u
2 2 V2 2 H V2 + + tg1 u u 2 u
Optimisation de is en fonction du degr de raction Hypothse On se donne
H u2 V le coefficient de dbit = 2 u On cherche is optimum en fonction de 1. On sait que

la charge par tage =
1 = tg 1 +
+ 2 donc ( , , ) 1 (et 2 )
R = FR ( D) 3. On en dduit S = FS ( D)
is ( , , )
2. On calcule le facteur de diffusion D en fonction de 1 et
is
0.95
= 0.3
0.90 0.5
= 0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
2.0
is = 0.5
0.95 0.8 0.7 0.90
1 0.9
1.5
0.6
0.5
0.80
= 0.4
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Fonctionnement hors adaptation Hypothse Compresseur dfini pour , et fix (conditions nominales) 1 donn par 1 = tg 1 + + et 2 donn par tg 2 =
tg 1
1 , 2
1.
constants on fait varier =
V2 u
H = 1 (tg 2 + tg 1 ) u2
Quand =
V2 H la charge = 2 u u
2. On a tg 1 =
Quand
tg 1
tg1 et 1 W2 cos 1 = 3. On a W1 cos 2

Quand
W2 W1
4. On a tg 2 =
Quand
1 tg 2
tg 2
5. On a
tg 2 et 2 V3 cos 2 = V2 cos 1
Quand
V3 V2
Si le coefficient de dbit
V2 u
H u2
V W2 2 3 W1 V2
La charge mais les angles incidents sur la roue ( 1 ) et le redresseur ( 2 ) et les ralentissements dans les grilles deviennent plus svres risque dinstabilit et pompage Problme: 1' est trop grand Remde augmenter 1 Directrice dent calage varial (ou redresseur calage variable) Ventelles ou vannes dantipompage
1' 1
v
4.4. Performances Diagramme compresseur
v
2'
Taux de compression
age pom p de linge
iso-regime
N1
N2
N3
Debit
La ligne de pompage divise le champ compresseur en 2 domaines: stable/instable Les diffrents fonctionnement instables: 1. Dcollement tournant

rotation
1 2 3 4
Propagation en sens inverse de la rotation
Mcanisme - Dcollement extrados aube 1 - Blocage du passage entre 1 et 2 - Dviation de lcoulement incident sur laube 2 - Augmentation de lincidence aube 2 - Dcollement extrados aube - etc Le dcollement tournant fluctuation spatiale du dbit (une fraction du rotor est dcolle) mais il ny a pas de fluctuation temporelle du dbit moyen (rgime stationnaire pour le dbit globe) 2. Pompage Fortes fluctuation du dbit et du taux de compression dues des dcollement sur les aubes ou sur les carters 3. Flottement Couplage entre excitation arodynamique et vibrations des aubes. La frquence propre des aubes foue un role important
extrados intrados
extrados intrados
Vmax extrados V2
Vmax
extrados V2 intrados
intrados
% corde
% corde
dteste
Vmax 1.4 V2
Compression
Vmax 2 V2
Maximum de vitesse prs du bord d + recompression
Maximum de vitesse lextrados vers CL turbulent larrire du profil progressive . CL laminaire
Criteres De Pompage
Taux de compression
ligne de fonctionnement transitoire plein gas Ralenti regime stabilise Debit
La marge de pompage temps dacclration du moteur Facteurs influencant le pompage 1. Facteurs internes A/ Facteur de diffusion 0.6
D=
Wmax W2 W 1 s Wu 1 2 + 0.6 Wmax W1 2 c W1
B/ Pour les dcollements parietaux sur les carters
C/ Stator calage variable pour radapter les incidences sur les rotors faible rgime (fermeture au ralenti) 2. Facteurs externes Pompage li aux htrognits
P2 P1 0.6 1 W12 2
Vent de travers Avion civil
Dcollement dans les entres dair grande incidence Avion de combat
Quelques ordres de grandeurs 1. Conditions sur la triangulation A/ Mach incidence sur le rayon mini (diminution des pertes secondaires)
M Wi ou M Vi 0.9
D 0.55
B/ Ralentissement - Sur les aubes -
Pour la Cl sur les carters
W2 0.64 W1
C/ Dviation (phnomnes secondaires) 0 0 - en subsonique: ou 45 50 - en supersonique: quelques degrs 2. Vitesse axiale lentre
Q = 0.0404
Pt Tt
0
Ac
pour Tt = 15 C = 288 K
5 et Pt = 10 Pa Q 240 ( kg / s ) / m 2 Ac limite du blocage sonique En pratique - 205 210 (kg/s)/m2 pour un premier tage de soufflante (eclt sain) - 190 195 (kg/s)/m2 pour dun compresseur HP ( de CL paritales + sillage des aubes BP)
3. Evolution de la vitesse axiale Mach lentre de la chambre de combustion 0.25 0.3
Mach axial
z entree
Optimiser la distribution pour limiter la diffusion dans les rous 4. Rgime de rotation et taux de compression Rappel La triangulation est determine par la donne de
V H = 2 et u u2 H is C p Tt 2is H = = 1 Tt1 is is Tt1

Cp
1 Pt 2 H 1 1 = 2 = 2 is u Pt1 u T t1
u P Pour fix le taux de compression t 2 dpend de T P t1 t1

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Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2 GII THIEU ONG C TURBOFAN ONG C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.1: He thong ong c va lc ay phan lc

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.2: ong c turbofan dang ba guong

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.4: Mieng hut ong c di am b. May nen fan

Hnh 2.5: Cac loai la canh cua fan

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.7: ng ac tnh cua may nen

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.9: S phan bo kh trong buong ot

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.11: Buong ot dang multiple-can

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.12: Buong ot dang annular d. Turbine

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.15: Ong xa

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hieu suat ay cua ong c anh gia mc o cong suat ay hu dung Pd c

1 2 1 2 & V jC V02 + m F V jF V02 2 2

& & Q = m f hPR

& m f la lu lng khoi lng nhien lieu vao ong c

Mc tieu hao nhien lieu rieng

goi la mc tieu hao nhien lieu rieng (specific fuel consumption),

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.16: ong c PW4084D

Hnh 2.17: ong c at trong vo ong c

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

Hnh 2.20: ong c PW4084D gan tren canh may bay

Hnh 2.20: Ong xa phan loi ong c

ac iem cua ho ong c PW4000 ac iem PW4084 PW4090 PW4098

Chng 2: Gii Thieu ong C Turbofan ong C PW4084D

112 191.7 14995 118.6 86760 30 6.4 34.2 1.70

112 191.7 15741 118.6 91790 30 6.3 38.6 1.74

112.9 191.7 16260 119.5 98000 30 5.8 42.8 1.80

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

Chng 3 C S LY THUYET TNH TOAN NHIET ONG LC HOC ONG C TURBOFAN

Nhiet dung rieng ang tch: cv

u T v h Nhiet dung rieng ang ap: c p T P c Ty so nhiet dung rieng: p cv

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

A out Pout T out wx e out V out

& & min = mout

inVin Ain = outVout Aout

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

: mass flow parameter

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan

Chng 3: C S Ly Thuyet Tnh Toan Nhiet ong Lc Hoc ong C Turbofan