Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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^i^EHJ
Lyj^^
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PL.
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^^^
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BUBASTIS
(1887-1889.)
Br
EDOUAUD NAVILLE.
EIGHTH MEMOIR OE
miiti)
dFtfti!=fout
yutrs.
LONDON:
Messrs.
CO., 57
&
59,
LUDGATE
HILL.
LONDON
GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,
ST.
e.g.
PEEFAC E
The
present volume contains
tlie
been discovered
it
one exception.
the
numerous
By
the great
number
of plates
which
keeping
this
book
and
it
memoir,
When
Tell Basta,
I settled in 1887,
with Mr.
Griffith,
in antiquities have
the
so
much reduced by
encouraging for
scientific exj^lorers
was
far
crop of
monuments belonging
to various epochs of
we
found,
among numerous
inscriptions of
Rameses
and Osorkon
II.,
back
W. MacGregor
may be
appreciated by
what
is
Museum,
at Boston,
Australia.
During that
Therefore
it
Avas
not a
first
excavations.
iv
PREFACE.
in
chvolt
the
city,
and
had
left
in
its
temple important
traces of
their
dominion.
In 18S9 Mr. Griffith was prevented from going to Egypt by his appointment
at the British
Museum.
We excawhere
we had
These names
Thus, each
proved that the antiquity of the temple was higher than we thought.
year modified in certain respects the ideas which I had formed on the age and the
nature of the
edifice,
and therefore
it Avas
me
is
to give a
like
Karnak,
summary
I
have to express
my
M. Grebaut,
he lent
for authorizing
me
and
for the
kind
hel^^
me
a
in
my
work.
The
plates of this
plates.
We
made
much
thank
my
friend, the
llev.
W. MacGregor,
for his
me make
produced
in this volume.
of Brugsch-Bcy.
Thcvoz
In ajipreciating
them
it
W. MacGregor
and
are
amateur photographers
neither of us have
made
and
difficult art.
For
besides,
in the picture, it
hardly possible
to persuade
I
them
to
remain motionless.
am
indebted to
my countryman, M.
E. Cramer,
who
and
to
photographs and for the plan. As for the linear plates, they have been drawn from
paper-casts by
I
sity of
Mme.
who
Naville,
as
the phototypes.
to
And now
may have
can only express the wish that the future excavations which I
work during
may prove
made
at Bubastis.
EDOUARD NAVILLE.
Malagny, near Geneva,
Beptemher^ 1890.
CONTENTS.
Tell Basta
Thk Old
EjirrRE
The Twelfth
DrNASTir
The Hyksos
The Eighteenth Dy'nasty
EEEATA.
Notwithstanding careful revisions a few errors have remained in the linear plates.
PI. xsxvii. F, read
^^zz:^
instead of
{
^:z::7.
PI.
li.
0,
1.
3,
1.
5,
under
"'''
read ^ instead of
BUBASTIS.
TELL BASTA.
TiiK most ancient mention of Biibastis A^bicU
nomo
or province of
we meet
nome
of Heliopolis.
prophesy
of
Bubastis
tioned by
is
against Egypt. ^
men
Aven
;
by the sword
captivity."
and
shall
go
into
The
tlie
thousand said to have existed under Amasis, and of which many were still inhabited in his
time.
Ptoman coins
of the time of
Hadrianus
It
Greek names of
polis,
tlie
two
cities
Aven
;
is
Helio-
bear the
name
of the
nome
of Bubastis.
followed
version.'
It is to
tlie
Vulgate
and
Coptic
among
it
the cities of
was oHe
of
for
Byzantine clirono-
most
Bubastis.
The Greek
first in
was celebrated there annually, and afterwards when lie gives a detailed description of the temple, to which we shall have to revert further.
it
Among
hamlets.
the
provinces of Egypt
was the
district of Bastah,
whicb contained
He
thirty-nine
Bastah
was given
it
as
from the
Nile.
Bubastis was a
Red Sea branched off From his account we learn that large city of Lower Egypt, and
by the narrative of the
is
Afterwards
We
place,
do not
know when
first
it
was abandoned.
found
the
in
and the
to
to
Diodorus."
At Bubastis occurred
for
first
seems
fall
of
He
They
'
"0?^"?
eV fjiaxaipa -rrctruvi'Tai.
from the Nile, and half a league from the canal (the Muizz), on its right side. We saw there
Clu-on. de
'
Bov^dcrrov
p.
rtejui
'
cI>oYR^s,cej
GO, 137.
Quatroiiicre,
Mem.
ii.
xvi. 49.
p.
215.
BUBASTIS.
several remains of
monuments
wliicli
may be
practised
in
the
in the
whole temple,
it
has been
useful for
tlie
most active
the
We
the sculpture of
it is
fairly
may be
eight
and
the
of a very
hard red
it
immense number of chips of red limestone from Gebel Ahmar, the best material for millProbably more towards the east the stones. temple was covered, for Mains would certainly
have mentioned the large columns which would
granite
work
is
most elaborate,
is
made
among
we had not
an obelisk
a length
A more complete description has been given by Sir Gardner AVilkinson. It appeared first
in
The
face of
society,^
whence
passed into
Murray's hand-book.
the sky.
of
The
stars
have
five rays of
two centimetres, and are joined to each Enormous masses other in an irregular order.
of granite, nearly all mutilated, are
in the
Probably some digging had been done by the fellaheen, cither for " sebakh " or
before 1840.
for quarrying, for he
heaped up
difficult to
It is
than Mains.
of a palm-tree
He
conceive what power could break and pile them up in that manner. Several have been cut for making millstones some of them are completely hewn, but have been left on the spot, probably for want of means of transport.
;
.
. .
now
to be seen
and
II.,
This
directions
is
whom
is
he
calls
I.,
Nectanebo
hundred metres.
depression, in the
In the interior
great
mud
monuments which we
This description
is
because
it
first
time in 1SS2.
shows that in the time of Mains the part of the tem]Dle which was visible was the western hall, the hall of Nekhthorheb, the most extensive, and where at present still exists the
greatest
heap
of
blocks.
The monuments
no column or statue, only two pits which were Mariette's attempts at excavations, very soon given up, as they were without
seen, but
results.
which struck him have been published in the great work of the French expedition ; ^ they are the upper cornice, adorned with large asps,
of
exactly the
The appearance of the place was same in 1887 when I settled there
Griffith,
with Mr.
which
fragments, and
is,
in fact,
adorned
been
by
cities
with
stars.
quarrying
has
pi.
29, 9.
'
2.
TELL BASTA.
to a great elcvatiou,
uonc
(I
hall,
so
much
is
as the
town
called
Babastis, where
there
site of
the temple
is
Other tcmjjles
cost
may be
grander, and
is
may have
more
in the
which
none so pleasant
to the
The Babastis
of the
At present
it
is
still
easy to recognize
Egyptians
Greeks.
is
when he
is
was an
sides of
Excepting
island.
the
entrance,
artificial
the
whole
rounded
it
are
traceable.
The
forms an
the Nile,
Two
channels from
by which
it
is
approached.
These
is
which were always rebuilt on the same spot, so that after centuries the ground was considei'It is clear that from them one must have looked down on the stone buildings which had remained at the same level. Here
ably raised.
shaded with
trees.
The gateway
and
is
ornamented with
upon the
and
in
all
is
that of an
worthy of notice.
visible
on
round
it
It
was easy
untouched in
its
original
you
arc.
you look down upon it wheresoever low wall runs round the enclosure,
it,
and
inside
so
much ruined;
besides, so
it
a grove of beautiful
tall
trees
growing
many
was impossible
goddess.
The enclosure
same
is
a furlong in
in breadth.
The entrance
dis-
east, 'the
passes
in
market-place
is
an
grow on each
from
the
which conducts
to
was about eighty feet long and one hundred and sixty wide (pi. liv.). The sculptures were chiefly of Rameses II. and Osorkon I., but there were found the two most ancient kings, Cheops and Chefren. The gateway was adorned
with two large columns, with palm-leaf capitals,
temple
of
Bubastis
that
of
Mercury."
and outside of
statues.
it
The
actly correspond to
we
excavated, for
since the Greek traveller saw it, the King Nekhthorheb of the XXXth dynasty added a
and going towards the west, the next hall was It eighty feet long by one hundred and thirty. had no columns, but a considerable number of
statues of different epochs,
E 2
in inscriptions of various
tiir.cs.
It
underwent
II.,
invaders
Osorkon
and
will
king gave
be designated by the name wliicli the " The Festival Hall." It conit,
through Pithom-Heroopolis.
ments
it
mere
the
he mentions.
to
explore
styles of
them thoroughly
is
obliged to roll
down
It is not possible
it
them
in order to see
what
know
its
width,
but
feet
may be hidden
undei^neath.
long.
The temple
one
hall
of Nekhthorheb, square.
work, which was done by gangs of strong men, called the " shayaleen," took a considerable
time, and
hundred
and sixty
feet
Probably
but
it
yielded
first
the two
been turned,
halls.
Nearly
all
the
so as to
It
show whether it had any inscription. has changed considerably the appearance of
Instead of forming lofty
piles,
has remained.
the place.
the
made
it
The
place
is
less picturesque
is
the ap-
has
disappeared.
of chips
when we
first
show that
clustered in
colossal
regular quarry.
gained considerably.
is
The destruction
Behbeit
el
as complete as at Sun, at
all
great
at
number
of
We
have no clue
ignored.
or
of such
*
wanton
ravage.
on the idea
to
be used as fortresses,
Boethos,
the
of the
second dynasty, a
circumstance
the
chasm opened
day,
itself at
it
it
was was
of
many lives. Up to the present we have not found in any part of Egypt monuments as old as the second dynasty.
the loss of a great
Historical
Bubastis,
like
the present
its
city
Manetho shows
antiquity.
place,
was the
of all the
it
is
represented
in
our
excavations
Their
Dames have been discovered in the first hall, not far from the entrance, on blocks whicli have
evidently been re-used later on
;
occupied, for he was the first in making warHke expeditions to the Sinaitic Peninsula, and
in order to reach
it,
the inscriptions
tlie
the
Wady Tumilat.
tinued by Cheops,
who appears
to
is
called
powerful king.
the standard
find
it
exactly as
we
It
is
on an alabaster vase of the same King." likely that under or near the standard was
Den-
derah, for
plan
Wadi Magis
This
interesting
inscription
enthe
edifice was reconstructed under Thothmes III., had been found " in ancient writings of the
graved
on
an
enormous
It
block
which
time of Cheops."
Chefren has
to Sinai.
"^
stone rendered
in the British
left
no record
of
any expedition
the
first
very
difficult to split.
is
now
It is to
him
that
we owe
written
name
is
written
at Bubastis
Ncferkara of
a standard containing
had reached
in his
The
style
beautiful,
and considering
Old
This
king
has
also
been
discovered
at
Bubastis.
He was
already
known
in the Delta
Empire,^
we have no
and
containing his
name and
titles.'
This
of the kings.
republished
it,
San a
sug-
second, fragment
which
is
of Memphis.
by Eameses
II.
from a building
Upper
its
Wo
Snefru's
left
name
at Bubastis,
some traces
in the Delta,
which he certainly
company
Pepi has
tho
Messrs.
so-called standard
^
is
tlic usual name, without projudging in Maspero and Petrie's opinion that the the name of the Ka.
twice
at
Leps. Denkm.
Leps.
1. 1.
ii.
pi.
d.
iii. pi.
78
k.
pi.
2 b.
les
pi.
mon. des
ixxv.
*
'
Leps.
Leps.
1.
1.
L
1.
pi, 11 G.
pi. 26, pi.
116;
39 d,
c, pi.
Inscr.
Hier.
116,
etc.
i.
pi.
2.
BUBASTIS.
Bubastis.
vertical
lu one case
it
was
at tlie
end
of a
it is
harah.'''
The
Egyptians
column
the other
wliicli
surmounted the
first
on the
trvie
much
The name
is
unfortu-
damaged
in the
It is
researches
of
Lepsius,' seems
It
to
have been
easily restored.
emerald or malachite.
mafl-at
Tanis.
There Pepi
calls
^U ^"^U^.
it
Here he comes forwai'd as the son of Turn, the god of Heliopolis, and of Hathor, the goddess of DenIt is a way of indicating that his sovederah. For reignty extends over both parts of Egypt.
of Hathor, the goddess of Dendei-ah.
the names of Heliopolis and Denderah
of
name
^'
'''
k^y^' k^^the
must not
be taken in a
literal
way
as referring to those
founded or enlarged
goddess at Denderah.
fact
sanctuary of
it
the the
two
cities
proof of
lies in
divisions
situated.
of
realm
in
that
among
the
sacred
objects
which
Thus he was
to
a worshipper of
Tum.
But he seems
of
Denderah
name
of
following text
rolls of skins
of Horns.
side,
means of exchange
coin,
when
was found
in a brick wall
on the south
there
was no
They had
to
defend
and well, like the Sun for ever." Thus a temple, which in its present form is one of the most modern of Egypt, has succeeded to much more ancient buildings which the tradi**
Una
against the
it
Amu
me
and the
Heruscha
besides,
seems to
likely that
tion attributed to
It
the
in
con-
struction of
some
way
the
This brings
Egyptians get
made
some
The quarries
pi. 11 G.
if.
of
Wadi Mag"
Leps.
ii.
'
Lops. Metalle,
Leps.
p. 79,
ii.
'
Cf.
Bunsen, Egypt,
iii.
V.
p.
723,
Mnrictte,
Denderah,
"
Denkm.
137.
i.
p. 55, vol.
pi. 78.
Mariette, Denderah,
pi.
55.
from Syene, from the very banks of the Nile, and could be transported by water on the river
or on the canals with a relative facility.
but
In the long
But
and
taste
changed, as religious
many
who
statues have
is
been carved
prevalent
it
is
still
now
and
riches,
was growing
that of Lepsius,*
believes that
re-
was dug out of the rocks of Hamamat, between Keneh and Kosseir, in the desert. In
which have been found there
mained
names as
at
Denderah.
reasons
of Pepi
one of the
were already worked under the sixth dynasty, and by Pepi himself. This opinion seems very
plausible in the case of kings
why we
and Cheops,
who
ruled over
is
those
who
Where-
from did the Hyksos draw the stones of their statues ? Undoubtedly not from Hamamat.
This question has grown in interest lately by
the remark that the old Chalda^an
name
of
the king.
The
;
monuments
discovered at
Telloh by M.
de Sai'zec were
Among
the numerous
made
of
Egypt.*^
tions the
may
no sculptures or ornaaltera-
Sinaitic peninsula,
illustrious
ments
tions
of
as they
where the stone of those statues was obtained." Others, on the contrary, maintain that the
material was close at hand, and that
There
came Thorough
it
first
by
its
unusual charac-
made by
On
nearly in
remote epoch
frequently engraved.
until
now we have
monument of tliis
And
have
it is
easily comprehensible.
No
buildings
No-
been
so
much
altered, reconstructed,
transformed as temples.
*
difficulty.
Leps. Brief e,
p.
319.
p. 588.
' ^
Eev. Arch. 42, pp. 2G4-272. Taylor, in Porrot, Hist, de I'Art, Assyrie,
been carefully erased, as well on a rectangular tablet above the door, as on the posts, each of
for
on the
left, in
spite
of the erasure,
it is
II. or
by Osorkon
curve of a cartouche, and a disk, probably Ra. Thus the inscriptions of Cheops, Chefren,
Pepi, and the false door are
all
we can with
and
to
expunged.
of great importance seems to have
last king,
No work
the original building which was at Bubastis in It is natural to believe those remote ages.
that
it
The
first of
Ame-
first halls
where we found
of
it
its
remains.
As
for
;
nenha
I.
(pi. xxxiii.
its
only hypothetically
displaced, for
it is
in the hall of
tomb was the eternal abode of the deceased, so the temple was consi;
for as the
who must have taken it in one of the neighbouring halls. The inscription,which is fragmentary,
has two lines
;
we may
"
/iP
erecfcd
Jiis
to
his
in
.
mother Bast: he
.
.
on a similar
made a door or
so there
I, in
room
."
In other
was a
single stone
chamber
without ornamental sculptui'e, containing somewhere, probably opposite the entrance, the false
of
Amenemha
still
the temple
extant
has
left
name
in
the tombs.
we know
of the Old
Empire
shows us that the architecture of the temples was marked by a great simplicity the desire for ornamentation and embellishment came
;
we meet
nearly
all
androgyne
found afterwards at
epochs.
It is probable
that this
first
In order to indi-
which
is
un-
Egypt
known
it
to us,
first
great changes
dynasty.
the
sign
of
them
in
their
hand the plant which is the special emblem of the North or of the South. Representations of
this
AmenemUsertesen
They
is
by
ha
I.,'
Amenemha
11.,^
F. Petrie, Tanis
id. pi.
i.
i.
pi.
i.
3 b.
'
all
4 b.
On
tlie
xxv.
c),
the head
all
at
the
more than two feet high, and having all them the name of Rameses II. Looking at them carefully, we notice that the signs are
well preserved
the
(pi.
representation
xxiv. d).
It
been usurped
twice
been destroyed near the inscription, that here and there an old sign comes out quite distinctly
and the Usertesens were fervent Avorshippers of the god Nile, for images of the god are met
with on other monuments than statues,
cially
esj^e-
there
is
no doubt
name and an
on the temples of Semneh and Kummeh, which, having been built by Usertesen III,, were
completed and repaired by Thothmes III.
hieroglyphs
bearing
all
the
character-
The
place of
the cartouche
traces
is
not so
of the first
and
keeps
of
having
(pi.
worked
a),
dynasties of the
New
Tlie
the
curs
date
of
which
certain,
first
but
usurpations
it
oc-
frequently
under the
It is
Ethiopians,
especially Tahraka."
impossible not to
recognize
in the sculptures
and
in the royal
Rameses II. appear on every stone with hardly an exception the question is whose name he expunged in order to replace it by his cartouche and titles. This interesting
of
:
satisfac-
On
had before
in the reconstructed
by the conqueror
I.
was
Nubia, Usertesen
hidden, the
III.
The
his
inscription of Usertesen
indicates that
Rameses
name on
We may
was
first
xxvi,
c,
xxxiii. e).
block where
extant in
its
primitive simplicity
and with
III., the
name
its
small proportions.
But Usertesen
complete, and followed by the god Sokaris (pi, xxxiii. f), also in a procession of nome-gods carrying offerings besides, it stood on two door(pi, xxxiv. c)
of the
;
adorn Bubastis with a temple which might compete with his constructions in other parts of
posts,
where
it
(pi.
xxxiii. B, D, c.)
The circumstance
name
must
Egypt.
all
Among
of Usertesen is found
on architraves of such
many
other sovereigns
against the
made war
P. Petrie, Tanis
Tanisi.pl.
Leps.
Leps.
iii.
ii.
KcLeslieh,
pi. ix.
Ethiopians
Two
^ '
17 b.
iii.
Denkm.
1.
47, G7.
1.
V. 13.
10
lations wliicli
lie
enforced for
river.
tlio
Nubian boats
eight
1.
9.
going down
tlie
soldiers
His Majesty ordered to pass 123 going out towards the fountain which
. .
and
it
1.
10.
sailing
up
in
alluded
know
the
way
but the
....
taken
alive,
;
11.
as to
(pi.
in the
month
of
...
xxxiv.
It
is
height of Ilua
has been preserved, the others have been destroyed in the reconstruction of the temple, or
....
This
is
an allusion
happy
. .
more
recently,
when
is
13.
nehek.
There
no
Ilua
It
....
is
name
form and
to User-
only a fragment
left
me
to attribute
it
which,
to
remains,
is
much
bo
consists
regretted.
flw hcif/Jit or
"
llir
out, of
the
which
^^ ^^
quoted
i >^^
IIii'T' is
one of the
among
the
southern
countries
quered by Eameses
III.,
Bubastis
were
considerable.
Another region
West
IM
"^
is
Khasi'f
"
Ivhaskhet
frequently
met
Undoubtedly they transformed the old building raised by Cheops and Chefren, traces of which were found in the two first halls. But they
were not
satisfied
with
it
Brugsch' translates
It
is difficult
it
we must
to determine the
referred to
it
dation of what
was the
inscription, however,
natural to consider
list
it
as a southern locality
III. engi'aved
West
according to the
of
Thothmes
to
be speaking.
1.
4>
and
capitals of columns,
colossal architraves,
It is
may
be
known
Hathor heads
by
far the
....
them himself with
of
It
5.
may be
that
it
his
1.
mass
....
veteran
soldiers
mud
be-
8 mentions
;
. . .
former
palace.
of
times
the
much sought
making
after, as
....
iii.
mill-stones.
What
only
Leps.
Donkm.
which composed
Petrie, Tunis
ii.
the edifice
:
the
carried aw^ay
pos-
except by conjecture.
in
remains discovered
the
.shafts
ending in
of
capital
palm-leaves.
The top
o.bacus,
the
surmounting
has a
forms a
columus
in
red
granite
{]A.
-with
vii.).
in the
form of a lotns-lnid
monolith,
as
it
much
larger diameter
This type,
Otherwise
it
tomb
;
at
there
column
thin
it
to
considerably
is
whole length.
may
be seen in
is
curious fact
capital are
form the
"While the
the
work
MM.
Art
ribs
in
Ancient Egypt."
The
oldest belong to
composed
of eight vertical
Rameses
or less
II.,
completely by Osorkon
On
to
the the
papyrus.
specimen
which
has
all
been
brought
bold swell.
British ]\Iuseum
and tapers as
The
may
of
be followed. Although it bears the name Rameses IL, the older date of the column is
cut across an ornament of the capital,
if
ribs. The buds which form the capital are also surrounded
the
the
his order
and
in his
Avere
As
when one
of the
columns
was thrown down, its fall raised the base on its side. None of the columns are intact they are all four broken in several pieces. One capital only is complete; it has been carried away
;
same ratio as the columns. The two groups have one point of similarity. The goddess is represented only on two opposite
sides of the capital,
and stands now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. Apart from the beauty and the vigour of the workmanship, it is remarkable by
its fine polish,
and not on
all four, as
may
them
The
great Hathors
above seven
feet high.
One
it
of
had one
rested on
through
many
and which
is
a charac-
the ground;
is
now
in the
less
Boston Museum.
The other
Berlin.
three,
more or
(pi.
damaged, are at
Museum, and
xxhi. a,
:
at
Leps.
Plate
Dcnkm.
liii.
i.
47.
ii.
The head
ix.,
xxiv. b)
p. 99.
of
a broad
that heautiful
monument.
BUBASTIS.
instead of falling vertically, curls up outwards.
capitals of Bubastis
is
Here and
traces of
colour were still even quite vivid, but faded away after a few
that
it
may be
Looking must be seen some way off. them close by, they seem flat, and destitute
expression
;
air.
is
shrine
which
particularly
is
come out with a striking liveliness. In fact, they were meant to be placed at a height
equal to
that
of the
the
temple
of
Denderah,
neighbouring columns.
reduced to a cornice adorned with asps bearing a solar disk. On the other sides are the
We
in
manner
emblems
Egypt,
either
of
Northern
or
Southern
viz.,
were disposed. But I cannot help thinking that the Hathors were on
which the
capitals
of these regions.
wearing
the
corresponding
and
placed in such a
way
There were
Medineh."
two
capitals with
As
to the inequality in
one of the
II.
contiguous
colonnades each
differing
in in
its
and following
other either
On
the
I.
surface
Osorkon
had a
width as at Karnak,
Judging
I believe
xxiii.
r.).
The
top
of
Eight and
left of
probably stood
South
and Osorkon
II.
capitals,
and two
engraved on them
specimen
has
cartouche.
The
best
Museum
of
Sydney.
When we
still
as
may be
seen at
Karnak.'
Or the lower
These two
varieties of
Hathor
capital
higher, to
entrance,
The only
some
Sedeinga.^
of
which may be
found in Upper
a
Ramesseum
or that of the
of the
similarity, is
It
temple of Luxor.^
Nubia
nade.
is
at
crowns
an
column
colon-
extensive
yards,
we met with
As
at Bubastis the
much
only on two sides, and there seems to be an attempt to figure the plant of the North on
the
They seem
i.
to
have belonged to
other faces.
Leps. Lricfe,
The workmanship
p.
Leps.
of
the
Denkm.
1.
88.
c'gypt. vigu. 70.
vigii.
77.
Denkm.
i.
114, 115.
the others.
of
In reference to the
absolutely
first,
the column
that
the Labyrinth,
similar to
The reader
induce
of Bubastis, seems to
me
convincing evidence.
me
to
attribute these
to
is
columns and
dynasty.
I
Hathor
capitals
the twelfth
Both columns must be contemporaneous; in both of them there is the same simplicity and
elegance of workmanship
;
may be questioned,
bo
particu-
besides, the
column
of
columns.
the
But
if
these
which
erased
appears
also
on
the
architraves
twelfth
dynasty,
they are
the
eighteenth.
two
styles of
by Rameses
TI.
columns
types
upon;
I believe
therefore
that
Thothmes III. used the lotus-bud at Karnak a large column of the same style lying on the ground at the entrance of the temple of Phthah in Memphis belongs also to him. Amenophis III. seems to have had a special liking for it, as
work
of
But
we may
see at
especially in
the temple
Soleb in Nubia.
do at
first
sight.
There
is
absolutely no in-
we
They
Besides,
it
can-
met with
el
in temples of the
Bahari, where
it
would have recorded his high and pious His inscriptions would less likely have deeds. been usurped by Eameses II. than those of the
III.
El Kab
another
aiid
Sedeinga, where
it
dates from
All the
monuments
Bubas-
Amenophis
is
III.
bearing the
tis
name
of
Amenophis
III. at
similarity
of
the
of the
building.
to
may
These are the reasons why I attribute the twelfth dynasty the Hathor heads and the
Bubastis
name
the excavations.
Rameses II. The more excavations are made in Egypt, the better we shall kuow the twelfth dynasty
older than
In answering
must
New Empire
of the lotus-bud
on a much larger
scale than
was
columns
is
now
in the
Louvr
supposed.
Every temple
is like
a roll of vellum
It
"^""
w-liicli
ou
figure,
probably
Avrittcn,
one over
other.
In
the
Delta,
where the distance from the quarries was considerable, the temptation must havo been very
groat.
The
two
inscriptions,
As
the temples of
tlic
twelfth dynasty
had
inscriptions only on
the doorposts, but not on the walls or the columns, it was easy for Amenophis or Rameses
to use these flat
Rameses
to
II.
preserved them.
It
is
may have we
for
two standing
own glory, and thus attributing to himself the work of former generations. The statues have not fared better. They
celebrating his
and
there.
headdress,
and
They both wear the southern one of them had the eyes
of
this
have not been spared more than the temples. the is evident that we sliall have to change names of a great many statues exhibited in our
It
No monuments
name
Bast
is
of the localit3^
the last
museums where they havo been labelled from name inscribed upon them. The his-
mentioned
in the inscription of
Amen-
emha
tesen
of User-
Phthah
(pi.
most
of
It is
numerous,
call
the
gods
ai'e
whose
the gods
made
of
of them,
it
worshippers they
of
themselves,
bow many
Rameses II. were never made for him, and are older works of which he took possession.
lie
sanctuary
that
city,
-|^ \
anJch
toui.
of inscriptions preserved at
In so doing,
Tliothmcs
him, as
III.
and Amenophis
If
had given
we may
Bubastis does not allow us to ascertain to what god the sanctuary was dedicated whether it was to the local divinity. Bast, or to the great
;
that of Turin.
chiefly set aside
now
it
be asked
who was
I
II.
by such usurpations,
the thirteenth
have no
dynasty,
was
to the last,
much
was
chiefly
One
c).
represented a procession of
xxxiv.
sign
is
leave any
I have
name except
own.
monuments
reading of the
nome
in the
left
museum
of Heliopolis, to which
of Sydney,
even
much
later, it
much damaged
c).
to
be carried
away
flat
(pi.
type of
the inscriptions
dis-
Upper Egypt,
I.
Amenemha
I.
and Usertesen
i.
at Tanis.
pi. 1, 3 a, 3 c, 3 d,
iii.
IG
a,
IG b, 17 b.
it
must have
The
and
scarce,
remote
epoch.
This
as
cartouche
has
to
generally
been
I.,
considered
belonging
New
Empire.,
We
Sebekhotep
inscriptions
from the thirteenth to the fourteenth dynasty, nor can we fix exactly the epoch when the
invasion of the
less, it
which ho
on
the
rocks
of
Semneh
Until
in
Hyksos took
pkice.
Neverthe-
now
his
Judging
what
was
found
at
Bubastis, he
It
builder.
but
much
Upper Nubia.
list
of one
dynasty,
hundred and thirty-six kings quoted by the Turin papyrus between the twelfth dynasty and It agrees nearly with the number the Hyksos.
given by Manetho for the thirteenth and the
fourteenth put together.
assigns
believed, at
They
possession of Nubia,
military expeditions
The Sebennyte
place
priest
for
the
called Barbaras
monuments of one of them have been found not far from Mount Barkal, in the island of Argo.^ They belong to Sebekhotep III., who seems to
have been the most powerful, and of
are
several statues.
;
whom there
may
be right in so
came out
of the Delta,
and
Louvre
it is
One
that
wo have
as
to interpret the
name
of Dios-
Tanis, where
its
duplicate
still exists,^
and one
struck
polites,
given by Manetho to
signifying
the thirteenth
dynasty,
natives
not
from
Delta
Looking
at those
monuments, one
cities of the
it
at first sight
Amou, whether
bo the city
Parva or another.
In the list of the papyrus of Turin wc find as the sixteenth the cartouche given on pi. xxxiii.
1,0.
flat
on the
and
In other texts
it it
it
of Sebekhotep.
been worked.
but the legs
one case
thirds of
is
complete, in
be a portrait
a kind of
coarse,
made with
found
also
clumsiness, as
the knee-pan
"
is
is
the king
Q"^^.
The
inLc.ps.
Denkm.
ii.
in the wall in
monu-
iiients,
^
pp. 15 et IG.
Iiiscr. pi.
Kougc,
76.
Petric, Tanis
i.
pi.
iii.
p. 8.
Id
JSUI5.
thick and rouglily marked. These characteristics remind us not only of works of the twelfth dynasty, but also of statues several of which
Geneva
it is
at the Britisb
Museum, where
it
have
been preserved, bearing the name of Eameses II. I shall mention only two. One
at Boston,
;
is
Nebesheh
is
and was discovered by Mr. Petrie at the other comes from Bubastls, and
astonish-
now
in the
xiv.).'
It
is
quite different
Ramessides, and
in addition to
me
object
peculiar
from
the
name
of the king.
of the Louvre.
state
we do not know,
neither Seti
there
is
is
only a slight
It
wanting.
waist.
was
base
Rameses considered the Sebekhoteps as legitimate kings, and they did not admit them in the royal lists which were engraved at Abydos and
Sakkarah,
eighteenth
III.,
broken
1887
in
two
at
in
the
The
appeared already
;
my
first
excavations in
in
The Thothmes
he
but
it
water, and I
did not
same
of
feeling, as
left it until I
list
Karnak.
The
tlie
part.
The inundation
it
mer
head
may
explain
why
its
monu-
had
fallen
ments are
so scarce.
From
the
destruction
possess only
"When
it
was raised
we
and turned, the colours Avere seen quite fresh. The stripes of the diadem A^ere painted alternately blue and yellow, and there were traces of The colours soon vanished red on the face. after they had been exposed to the air two or
three days
of the use
;
what has been saved either because the island of Argo was very far off, or because the inscription was hidden in a wall as in Bubastis, or because the old name had been thoroughly expunged.
We
must attribute
to
fortunate
The
result
is
that
chromy.
They
painted
their
statues
even
which
lias
played an
is
when they were made of black granite. Thus I should attribute the Rameses
among
Geneva to a king of the thirteenth dynasty. The statue has a curious peculiarity. Seen from the side, in profile, the head seems disproportionate, and mucli too large for the torso,
while the
singularity
*
But we can hope to derive more information about it from careful researches among the materials with which the
the least
known.
later temples
were
the
nineteenth dynasty.
chest
is
l^o
somewhat hollow.
seen
also
This
statue
may
in
is
THE HYKSOS.
Another monument of the same kind
the liamcses of
p.
tlie
19 and
20.
'L'HE
IIYKSOS.
Tl-
sacred
language,
is
king,
and
Nci.s,
in
the
Egypt during
demotic,
She/iJicrd
and
ShepJiprdf<.
Some
and on a sudden, men from the east countr}^ of an ignoble race, audaciously invaded the land.
This
adds
the
:
"
is all
that
It is
They
it,
and estabhshcd
Avord
Hi/k
but
shepherd prisoners.
Egyptian,
likely,
jirisuiK'rs,
or
//(;/,,
signifies in
and
this
All
and more
'
in
conformity
ancient
most brutal
history."
manner
It is useless to
repeat here
all
the opinions
duced to slavery with their wives and children. " Subsequently, also, they chose a king out of
their
which have been expressed on this important and much controverted passage. Few texts
have been the object of so much discussion.
shall only state I
own body,
Salatis
lished himself at
what seems
the
in the conflict of
garrisons
fortified
the
He
rise.
;
more
especially
We
it is
do not
know when
still
whose
at its height,
would make an
her
own master
if
the
it
ivas
He
found
in the Sethroite
uome
of the
not as invaders nor as conquerors. In the obscure period of the fourteenth dynasty, when,
arm
A carls,
he
according to the papyrus of Turin and Manetho, the kings succeeded each other at short
intervals, after reigns
This
repaired
and
it
fortified
with
of
a garrison
In summer he
country,
of an
in person, for-the
purpose of recruiting
The contemptuous
qualifica-
them with a
their salaries,
shows were not a distinct nation, whose name and original settlement were well known. They were more or less barbarous hordes driven
that
by Manetho
to the strangers,
they
from
their
Egypt
Roman
Empire.
Their
preserved
months; then
Ajjophis, sixty-one
years; then
;
month
first
and
lastly
mention
although the
Egyptian
They
The general
which means
in
most minute when they describe the adversaries of Rameses II. mustering at Kadesh, or the invaders who threatened the empire under Merenphthah or Rameses III.
texts are
name
'
of their people
;
'
was
for
Tlyhsus,
Tfyl-
Shepherd Kings
signifies,
the
vol.
ii.
BUBASTIS.
Whenever
the
Hyksos arc
spoken of
it
is
is
undisputed
not by their name, they are described in vague words or even abusive epithets. They are the
'f=A
one of the countries where the different races have been fused together at the
earliest epoch.
\^\
'^'^
|
There
is
the
Aamn,
the
nomads of
the events
in
Mesopotamia
In the year
plague or
the festilence.
If therefore
they had
King
of
the
Elamites,
Khudur
Rameses II. had to fight, it would be strange that no specific name should be applied to them, and that nothing should connect them with a
definite
of the city of
Urukh.
To
country
known
to the Egyptians.
We
an
of
did
we
are indebted
are compelled to
admit
that
they were
knowledge
of the
campaign of Khudur
command
They
Nakhunta.
Egyptian |z]
////.
It
must
not belong to the Semitic or to the Turanian stock alone ; to class them exclusively in one of
these two races seems to
in the in-
me
an error; they
in
must be considered as a crowd of mixed origin, which the two elements may be recognized. Their inroad into Egypt was probably not
spontaneous, they were driven to the valley of
the Nile
"
who
and who
"
in his
in
and
in eastern
gods
They did not worship the same was enough to make them enemies, and more than 1000 years afterwards, the people of Accad had not lost the tradition of the mis;
it
in stating that,
from
and retained on her productive soil ethnical elements of various origins," which in the end
were mingled together.
Kossscans
quarrelled
B.C.
Mesopotamia was twenty-two centuries the scene of great wars and bloody
it
is
invasions,
not
unreasonable to suppose
felt as far as
Semites, Kuschites or
in this
;
was
the banks of
have
for
met
region
they
turn
the Nile.
the
dominion
;
each in
last
and at
they formed
It is a
the storm which came from Elam overflooded Egypt. In Mesopotamia there have always been nomads
as well as a settled population.
The
waves raised by
From
in
there a
multitude, not
much advanced
civilization,
and of mixed
to
the
other.
origin, thus justifying to a certain degree the predicate of " ignoble " given them by
p.
17.
'
Lcnormant, Hist.
aiic. iv.
92.
was driven out by the niouutaiiiccr.s of it pushed on us far as Eg-yi)t. It is evident that liere we launch out into conManetlio,
employed as an
actual prisoners.
e})ithet,
Eiam, and
jecture
prccodes the
name
we
see
on the
but
in
this
hypothesis seems to
rae
to
account
the best
way
brought to Egypt.
names assigned
;
the
first
syllable of the
" Phoeniinvaders
word
Hyksos
must
be
deinved
cJbivf.
from
the
is
meaning,
in
my
opinion,
Egyptian
M^
is
a iirince or a
in
tlif
There
that
ilie
nothing extraordinary
the
fact
the
whole nation
called
chiefs of
Shasu.
in
We
tions of a specific
name connecting
The wanderer
the
chiefs
the Hyksos
land of
of the
Tennu,
is
obliged
to
repel
1
Ihe
tlte
iiomach,
and the
like.
mouittuiiis,
\/}'v\(S.^\^
hiku setu.
There
Such
qualifications
may very
well apply to a
the
of hiohlanders.
setu,
made
several intermediate
by
JtTr(
"^l y M
it
the
expression Hyksos.
As
the
second
without great
clearly
'
of recent formation,
and certainly
I.
later than
II.
word
which
Iilil'%^^1-'^
is
*^^i'3
^"^st
and Rameses
in
vomad
or slwpherd,
form in the
it is
Egyptian inscriptions
but
it is
certain that
formed
in a regular
way, and
it
reminds one of
Egyptologists
vagrants, the Bedouins of the present day, wandering over the eastern portion of Egypt, iu the desert, the crossing of which they en-
dangered.
If the
word
MjI'^^^cLi
Semitic
>^?^,
^^
j
"^
be given to
Some,
like
Prof.
and
is
because of
its
origin.
to
It
is
derive
it
^'f-^^'j
meaning
iuIUkjc,
and
Ain-'iaoner.
such as
we
often
meet with.
W^'%M=^
'^
Thus
prisoners, or bound ivith cliains, ai^/AaXcurot
/LieVesj
in the
ttol-
would be
and other
It
expressions
of the
same nature.
may
is
be
not
^
"
\chiefs,
.UJ
Do
hah
of the Delta.
facilitated, if
ii.
p.
G9 ct seq.
de Berlin,
i.
1.
98.
Leps. Kocnigsb.
They advanced of tlie royal power. probably as far as Merapliis. Undoubtedly the invasion was marked by the acts of savagery
weakness
appointment.
and the
the
depredations with
which
Manetho
was not
invasion.
turbance,
appreciate,
length of
which
settled
Ave
country
down
to
fertility
which contrasted
still
and what
more
But the
superiority of the
different.
had been before. The worship alone was Thus the continuity was preserved
Egyptian
civilization.
race
ing
their
prevalent.
in the progress of
is
There
New
conquerors
customs.
of
submit
invaders
subjects
to
their habits
and
The
their
adopted
all
the
civilization
religion.
in
but the
"We may even suppose that when they settled in the land, the Hyksos maintained
the
Empire and the Middle, for the Hyksos had not put an end to the former state of things. Under their rule there was a weakening in the life of the nation, a kind of temporary paiise in
its artistic
and
intellectual
growth
but as the
off, it
Egyptian
administi^ation.
The
officials,
very
in Egypt, and
At the same
the
it
jU
the
cliief
discrepancy between
scribe
or
irrtfer,
Hyksos and
their subjects
lay in rehgion,
knew
of
writing,
country.
;
con-
officials
^
was so at the time of the Arab conquest the remained the same as before, they were But we have a more striking example, Copts.
it
sidered
as impure
Manetho, quoted
that the
so.
Hyksos reigned over Egypt 511 years, and that their kings formed the fifteenth and
sixteenth
their
dynasties.
Africanus^
assigns
to
It is
governors of the
cities of
which had been subdued by the kings of the eighteenth dynasty, and which were thus under
Egyptian dominion.
in
by the various chronographers at this obscure period. The two sources from which we derive
the most extensive information are Josephus
in the following
way
the
list
of the kings.
Josephus.
inter-
whom Thothmes
or
Amenophis had
left their
I'utrie,
Tanis
THE IIYKSOS
In both authors these kings are indicated
as being the first
;
in his
On
the arms of
two
the
fifteenth dynasty, to
is
sixteenth,
speak
of
the
that
other
engraved the cartouches of Apepi, which he at first deciphered incorrectly, but which must be
read as follows
:
Eusebius or the Old Chronicle, do not mention this subsequent dynasty, the statement of the
two chronographers
Egyptian texts
;
is
contradicted
by the
king
1JC^;S] (Mlil
god,
^'-^-^
for
we
Uaahenen,
one of the
who had
of the
is sufiicient to show Hyksos were no more the conquerors described by Manetho. They
seventeenth dynasty.
is
names on the
statues
made
chronographers, and
we
consider the
kings of
dynasty.
It
is
whom
in a
they give a
list
as the sixteenth
called Sallier
At
of
the
king has
first
been discovered.
This document,
discovered other
Hyksos
been
applied.
They on
Quite recentl}^
it
lated
the
narrative considers
and
of
it
end
mane.
As
for the
it
It probably
different
The nose
is
wide
war between
the
and
aquiline,
mouth
projecting, with
In spite of
legendai'y appearance
At
first sight it
we gather from
information.
called
the
see
document
that the
important
^^^^
We
strangers are
we have here
an art which
doubt the
by the
offensive epithet of u
;
"v^
^^
"^
No
artist
who
;
sculptured
all
them was
the characfaces,
who
resides
but on the
which
%
>$:_J
i^
is
are portraits,
to
we
Sutekh, exclusive of
others.
"^
versary
King 8ckenen-Ba, 1
(op^^l^j|
of the
south,
first
attributed
them
to
who
resides in
-^^T
in
'^'-'^
c'7//
Hyksos, and
he was
confirmed in
his
Thebes.
further
knowledge of the
of each sphinx
is
discoveries of Mariette
tlie
words 11,
The whole was so like the inscriptions of Apepi that he did not hesitate in reading his name on the sphinxes, and even in attributing
their execution to his reign.
word
I
instead of
the
^.^.^ j
n,
power instead of
stn-nr/tJi,
sense
of both
words
is
nearl}^
identical.
list
of
Hyksos
known
viz. at
two
standing
figures
with
"
the
CSiSI
'^
CS^B] '*"*'''""*
;
Fayoom,
in
now
at
and
another which
Lenormant found
Museum, Co
^Vj f^^^i^
Rn Set
nouh.
collection at
The
first is
name,
it is
uncontradicted.
these
beyond
at
least
dispute
as
that
we
shall
monuments
are
old as the
Hyksos, in spite of the numerous usurpations which they have undergone, even as late as
the twenty-fii'st
still
dynasty, and
of
which they
now the city which was pre-eminently Hyksos, was Tanis. There the name of
been discovered as well as
the
bear traces.
is
it
really
The question
shall revert to
much
debated, and
Hyksos? we
first
Apepi had
presently.
It is nearly certain
we know that Eameses II. dedicated monuments to Set or Sutekh, the god of the foreign invaders. Thus we could
sphinxes, there also
justly consider Tanis as their capital.
usurper
dedicated
of
the
the
engraved his
scription
who monuments would not have name on the shoulder the insphinxes.
The
king
B. de
would not be in lightly cut characters at a place where it more or less defaces the statue. However, the usurpation may have
been made on the work of another Hyksos.
Rouge even suggested that Tanis was another name for Avaris, the fortified city mentioned by Manetho in his narrative. We did not expect
that the result of our excavations would be to reveal the greatest likeness between Tanis
and
Bubastis.
This
last
city
has
also
been an
The
it
fact
that
it
was not
for
of the
same
race.
aa Kenen
is
who
There
is
is
another
P
On
the
way from
Co ^[^ j
columns,
Ba
aa user, and
who
is
originally stood
PI. xxii.
an inscription
which
name be
first,
nevertheless,
it is
quite legible.
second
fragment,
which
THE HYKSOS.
evidently was the
coronation
that
erasure
is
so
complete,
left
only
Thothmes ITT., which undoubtedly are usurped. The feet rest on the nine bows. In spite of the most active and persevering researches
On one
we
we could not
If
it
find the
read
(pi.
xxxv.
c), the
may be
in
some
European
meant by
it is
this
god
that
Set.
On
unknown
This king,
who
first hall
we found
(pi.
the schent,
of
Apepi
xxxv.
b),
on an altar
in the
museum
We
of
made constructions in his reign. It is not a mere usurpation as we found on the monument of it is a document inscribed with his Tanis name and recording that he increased the temple of Bubastis. The size of the inscription which relates it shows that his work must have been of importance. Once more we
learn from these two texts that Apepi
;
Lower Egypt,
dynasty.
like
is
the kings
tlie
the
twelfth
He
simply 11
"^
he
tlie
son of Ba.
The standard
"J ()
j^,
It is followed
by
/^"^ (^'^
written
rulers.
They have
V^^ k
J.
occurs as
a
II.''
variant
in
the
first
cartouche of Rameses
They
giving
Ba ;
the epithet of ^
-f-
in
my
opinion be
read
and the
titles of
to those of
and laying
it is
upon the
stood, a little
disk
is
which
not in
The statue,
;
It
may
which is sitting, is broken at the waist the two hands are stretched on the knees as in the statues of the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties;
a narrow band
style is vigorous
falls
;
side, just
above
between the
legs.
The
also
hollowed out,
is
a manifest intention
of
workmanship reminds us either of the great statues of which we shall speak further, or of the statues of Turin bearing the name of
Erugsch, Diet,
10G8, gives
making the
'
'
ii. pi.
2.
pi.
33.
in Athens,
which Mr.
liier.
p.
tlic
word || ,"^,
which he
translates masfs.
word |||
Pano-
me, show a flattened disk, or even an<:ri>, hut not a . As for the cylinder of Prof. Lanzone, I have seen it and examined
it
a wider sense
polis
^
pillars.
There was
in the temples of
and Memphis a
hall called
pi. 38.
j^]^j^
mnch
longer, in
which
occui'S
tinct siqns.
of the cartouche, as
is
there
may
is
king An, f^^~^ of the fifth dynasty," who seems have had special titles to the reverto
j
cartouches as in the
sign
ijO
name
of Apries.
The
was
ence
of
posterity, since,
many
centuries
I.
clearly too
short, the
sculptor
It
after his
VZ^
reign, the
king Usertesen
of
obliged
to
put
it
in
as he could.
seems
him a statue
which he
room
[1
[|
in regular
king of the
fifth
dynasty.
proportions.
If he
l:)Ound to
put
must
be done for the name of Ea in other words, if the disk had been a Ich, instead of lla o
nothing prevented him from writing the on
the side of the
l|l|,
now
at
British
Museum.'
It has
been slightly
the
quite legible,
we can compare
is
with
|](|
as
is
with
the
another which
is
cartouche of Xerxes.
striking.
The
p is
easily
Another
the
curious peculiarity to
of
l)e
noticed
recognizable, as well
is
as
the head,
and
the
dedication
it
the
statue.
lan-Ra
has
equally.
As
the form of
it
dedicated
image.
was
He
is
himself his
own worshipper.
?
?
Where
In which
Is
the god Set 7^, though the head is not that of the god. The below has been widened
dynasty are
we
to
classify
him
he
a
?
by the erasure, and was interpreted as f%s^ nnh. The result is that the king B.a Set nnb, whom
Deveria believed he had discovered on
lion, rests
The
one,
first
if
cartouche
is
the
we do not take
detail.
graphic
The
letter
x,
which we
"^
said
is
must be struck out of the lists of the kings. The cartouche of the Bagdad lion is not
spMnxes
place
we had
here an intensitive
of
Tanis,
but
on the
chest,
in
the
We
the
migkt take
other
it
where according
for
whom
his
artist, if
written,
had
safely
reign,
the monument was made would have name written. "We may therefore
believe, therefore,
that we cannot identify it with the cartouche '^'7^ User en Ea, which belonged to two kings of
J,
conclude that it was under lan-Ra's and for him that the lion was sculptured.
is
This lion
because
particularly
interesting
to
us,
it is
monument
of the
It
is
found in the
Hyksos
style.
'
among kings
name
The head is not human, it is that of the animal, but the mane is exactly similar to the sphinxes
'
dynasty
It is
also
the coronation
it
of
'
Abraham,
Lepsins classified
in
tlie
Vid. Dcv('ria, Rev. Arch. 1861, ii. p. 25G. Tomkins Maspero, Introd. aux iiion. divers de p. IGO.
clevpnth.
]\raviette, p. 21.
THE HYKSOS.
of Tanis.
Thus we have
at last
Hyksos
divinity.
Clearly there
was a great
difference
as to
religion
lan-Ra had monuments which has been considered as the work of the Hyksos.
well
established.
Egyptians,
who
made
for
him
own
gods.
make a
is
extraordinary that
his
Is
name does not appear on the statue of lau-Ra, who seems to have had no other god than himself.
Apepi inscribed
his
name on
monu-
ment had on the chest another name wliich he did not wish to erase, and whicli we do not
see now, because a later king, of the twentyfirst
by Apepi, and
it
altogether
and replaced
by
his
own.
It is natural to
by Rameses II. It would explain why the name of Set is absent from the statue of lan-Ra while it exists in
of the year 400, dedicated
was lan-Ra, since we have another monument of the same style as the sphinxes bearing it at
the regular place.
the
insci'iptions
of the
sphinxes
of
Tanis.
when he
erected at Bubastis
this
important
known name of the god in honour of whom the monument is made, is found at the end, after the name of the
It is well
has
been
"1
preserved.
They were
made
in
honour of
for
dedicator,
loves,
\l\l\
who
it would be rash to draw any conclusion from the spot where the stones have been unearthed. In a temple which has been over-
who
It
is
useless
to
quote
thrown so often and so completely as Bubastis, no conclusive evidence may be derived from
the
vicinit}'-
But here
occurs the
is
extraordinary circum-
of
two
stones. of
name
person: JU-k.=^
double,
is
[1[^,
loves,
he worshi'ps his
1 ,v^
''"'^'
i/^^
Ms
oion image.
It
reminds us of what
the Hyksos.
The
inscription of Stabl
Antar
"""'
in
Ra, the worshipper of himself, we cannot infer that the divinity which Apepi had in mind was the same lan-Ra, whom he might have worshipped as his ancestor or as a deified preThis hypothesis, without being decessor.
impossible,
in
is
-y^
('
s)-
li^Prnk^^sf?.
Ba,
Ra,
reigned,
hostility
ignoring
against
in
meaning
altliough
hereby
the
Nevertheless,
god
this strange
is
the
statue
of
is
appeared
Sallier
their
is
papyrus
The
state-
lan-Ra, there
ment.
exception of
not in conformity with what we usually see in the truly Egyptian statues ; and in my opinion
it is
believe
another proof that lan-Ra was a Hyksos. even that lan-Ra is one of the
kings
mentioned
by
Josephus
as
'lai^ias
BUBASTIS.
or
'Avi>a^,
which
must
perhaps
bo
read
on
xxvi. l).
It
was
'lavpaq.
To
fmesfc
were two twin statues, and as we had the head of one, we could reasonably hope to find the other.
of
which
is
at the
otlier at the
mean
the two
happened two days afterwards. The second head was discovered in a much better state of preservation than the first ; it is now in tho
It
which
hall,
British
entrance
colossal statues of
and both on the same side of the great columns which adorned the doorway. Unfortunately
they are in pieces.
find even one of
It has been impossible to
them complete. The first fragment which appeared was the top of a headthe forehead was dress, wearing the royal asp
;
had been most wantonly destroyed, so that it was not possible to reconstitute one of them, in spite of the most careful researches. PI. xxvi. b exhibits the manner in which the fragments
were
light.
'
j^laced
first
exposed to
It
of the Britisli
Museum,
broken horizontally, at the height of the eyes, which were hollowed out. A few strokes on the
eyelids look like lashes,
torso and the knees, which are one block, the extremity of the legs,
first.
and
duced the
is
illusion
the toes
not certain that the hollow of the eyes Avas A few days after-
wards the lower part of the head was unearthed (pi. xi.), and we recognized directly the same the type of the sphinxes of Tan is
appeai-ed.
side.
from tho waist to the neck has disThe other base was lying on its
"When
it
wc found
that
had been
split
is
in
two from
left.
high and strongly marked cheek-bone, while the cheeks are rather hollow, the projecting
carried to the
first
museum
;
mouth with
stout lips
and the
fleshy protuber-
head
discovered
it is
The
its
nose,
which has
is
PL
xxiv. d
shows
whole length,
time
it
it
and aquiline. This was not a sphinx which had been found,
as
of lan-Ra.
Unfor-
we
often see
tliirtcenth
we
the kings
dynast}^.
the
twelfth or the
whom
they represent.
which evidently was part of the same monument (pi. iv. and xxv. d). But when, the infiltration water having receded, we were able to excavate, we quite unexpectedly came upon
granite,
two heads together one is tho same the foreign characteristics which belong to the Hyksos face are marked as much in one as in the other ;
Looking at the
;
but there
faces.
is
tw^o
is
The head
Museum
It is not so full
it
on the whole
It
has a more
same
size
juvenile appearance.
may
TKE HYKSOS.
the portraits of two different men, for instance
I
am
brought back by
my
excavations to the
I
hut
at
it is
believe
that the
two epochs of his life, one young, perhaps, when he had but shor tly
the same
man
monuments which ho assigned to the Hyksos are really the work of the foreign kings. It
seems well established that they are later than
the twelfth dynasty, with which they have no
likeness in the type.
of
when he was
more
advanced
in
years.
Notwithstandhij^
minute examinations of the two statues, wo could not find out the name of the king or the
kings whose likenesses they are.
said
the thirteenth
neither the
Sebekhoteps,
of
Mermashu
There
(pi.
xxiv. d).
The group
two
remains the
is
fourteenth
dynasty,
the
we
recognized before on
history of which
Above
it
Rameses
II.
Hyksos.
But
if
the fourteenth
a dynasty
His standard
is still
of native princes, as
was adopted
why
formed or engraved with the name of Osorkon II. This king usurped both statues. His na me and his titles may be seen on the base of the one
at the British Museum. of
and sphinxes a decidedly strange character ? Is it not more natural to suppose that the Asiatic type was introduced into Egypt by the Asiatics
themselves
?
Is
the
coincidence
not
suffi-
we may conclude
origin ?
that
it
The place where the name the king who erected the statues must have
is
proceeded from a
limits of the
common
Now
the
stood,
narrowed.
We
problem have been very much have the choice only between
on both
Museum shows
can
still
we
and "^^
the signs
are nearly
"We do not know when the fourteenth dynasty began, nor can wo tell when the thirteenth ended but the scanty information which we possess
does not point between the two to an abrupt
At Ghizeh
Rameses
it
name
of
II.
cannot liave
Admitting
Diospolite,
was
we can
assign a
and what seems most natural is to give them the same as to the It may be either Apepi or sphinxes of Tanis. lan-Ra. Apepi, Ave know through his inscripto these statues
;
name
tion,
made such
that he
portrait
may
had arrived seems to me by far the most satisfactory, and I consider that the group of monuments to which he gave
the
in the
As
for
lan-Ra we
name
of
Hyksos
he had monuments of
the
same kind
However, the share which they have contributed in works such as the great statues, is
merely the type, the character of the face.
All
that renfards the execution, the technical side.
Thus
after
is essentially
Egyptian, even
tlie attitude.
The
for
Shepherd kings
employed native
artists
a more
positive
way on
is
the Mongoloid
is
affinities of
the Hyksos.
There
nothing in
in
to the ascendency
"will
these
statements
which
not
perfect
but
their
historical facts
which are
of
may understand
their
desire
that
The presence
it
as well as a
good
en-
obvious
that
the
artist
epoch
is
deavoured to give an exact likeness of the king ; it is shown by the great difference which
exists
logists.
no more questioned by most AssyrioIt does not mean that the whole bulk
entire
population which
origin.
It
was of Turanian
a less
clever
easily traceable.
Certainly under
would be contrary to well-established historical facts. It is certain that all that remained in Egypt
of the
in
Hyksos Egyptian art had not degenerated. The two heads of Bubastis are among the most beautiful monuments which, have been prethe
served.
It is impossible not
the
Hyksos, in the language, in the worship, name of Aamu, by which they were
a decidedly Semitic
well not
to
admire the
influence.
There
have been Semites. How often do we see in eastern monarchies and even in European
states
difference
of
origin
tlio
between
royal
the
than
Eamessides, whose
ruling
class,
to
which
family
features are
more
refined
and gracious
but
it
mass of the
people.
We
we
need
find
comes
which
we
was the
which they do not belong, although they have adopted their religion. In the same way as the
country the
Hyksos
consulting
Turks of Bagdad, who are Finns, now reign over Semites, Turanian kings may have led into Egypt and governed a population of mixed
oi'igin
ments.
On
this point
we
If
we
Prof. Flower
the spot, a
The
of
which
it
was the
Museum on
there
is
nothing
extraordinary that
it
populations coming
published a drawing of
Berlin Academy.
first
Prof. Yirchow
was struck
at
have presented a variety of races and origins. Therefore I believe that though we cannot
derive a direct evidence from ethnological considerations, they do
tures,
it
was very
diSicult to
not
" It
starting
the
may
invasion of the
for in
belonging to the fourth or the fifth; but nothing whatever of the seventeenth or of the eighteenth.
of
museum
tis
of
Ghizeh,
Amenophis
III., before
would be
dynasty that
we must
begun the war against the Hyksos, and having embarked in a struggle which ended in the deliverance of the country from the yoke of the foreign dynasty. However, notwithstanding their great and persevering efforts, Ahmes and Sekenen-Ra did not succeed in achieving this arduous task. The invaders were finally driven out by the kings who followed, and who were
not their immediate successors.
Tanis, Pithom, Nebesheh, Tell Mokdam, Khataanah, Tell el Yahoodieh, Saft el Henneh, especially in the
localities
where
ancient
monuments
have
been discovered, precisely those of the seventeenth and eighteenth dynasties should have
disappeared.
bastis
who have
to
The seem
writers
to
of Amenophis IV.
me
Samanood a large tablet bearing the names and Horemheb. The explanation of these facts seems to me
In an inscription at Stabl Antar,
quite natural.
campaign related
Alimes.
and
guardian
III.,
of
the
Ahmes
I.
speaks in this
way
uj)
flte
I restored
ivhat
was in
ruins,
and I
of
built
This narrative, engraved in his tomb, has often been considered as describing the final deliverance of Egypt, which, however, does not seem to
Aamu
Efjijpt
the
the
Shcphcrds^^^
noring
until
^^^
on. the
^f^m
^corJcs.
They reigned
ig-
Ii'a,
and disobeying
his divine
commands,
I sat dua-n
by the kings
the
first
and by
throne of It a.
Making
is
usual
some
in
it is
was
far
monument
Aamu,
of their time
had been
predecessors or by
ourselves,
if
not statues or
an administrative organization could hardly bo said to exist. However, before her reign, Ahmes, Amenophis I., Thothmes I., had carried
'
discovered of
the
twelfth
the
3G
iii.
p. 2, vol, vi.
1.
thirteenth, or even of
much more
ancient kings
De
war into Syria and even as far as Mesopotamia, and could not liavc done it without marcliing tlirough the Delta. Wo must admit that their wars had not been sufficient to overthrow and
finally
destroy the
in
Asiatics, Avho
may have
But it was different with tlie conquests of Thothmes III., which had a lasting result, since we know from the tablets of Tell clAmarna,that under his successors Amcnophis III. and Amenophis IV., Syria and part of
had a party
Egypt.
word Misphi'agmuthosls consists in two different names fused in one Mlsaphris or Mesphres and Thouthmosis. Misaphris or Mesphres is a Greek transcription, easily explained, of Menhheperra, the coronation name of Thothmes III. The name quoted by Josephus and Eusebius is only the two cartouches of Thothmes III. combined in one -word.
II.
(pl.xxxv. d)
is
Mesopotamia were still tributary to Egypt. The first campaign of Thothmes III. was
directed
against
of
;
his
in
two panels. It was at the entrance of the liall of Nekhthorheb, the most western in the temple. It was brought from another part of the edifice for though we rolled
;
nomads
its
and
many of
we
final
In turning over
remem-
we saw
It
the reason
why
it
has
been preserved.
was put
in later times as
suMucs
This
nomads (ora^J
is
% ^:^ ^^^
it
and the
slot-holes
ai-e
still
visible,
in
"^ ^^^^"
name
con-
nected with
tlie
On
sculptured panels in
scription of Ilashepsu.
after
Moreover, immediately
tlie
In both of
Thotlimes III.
monuments appear
is
II. is
seen standing
the
These
different
it
and making offerings to the god Amon, who sits on his throne. The king promises him as a
reward, health,
strength, happiness, courage,
It
is
me to
Egypt
strange
at that
we
find
no mention
of Bast,
who
for
it is
certain tliat a
seems to
me
of the j^lace
is
where he
J^ast,
considered as
said,
residing.
We
the usual
case,
not the
different
This name
that the
who
uvo/xa
vtt
euat
'Mio-i^pay/xou'^oxTts
fxiv
eis ttJs
on a tablet of the museum of Ghizeh, which speaks of a controller of the workWe must infer shops, in the city of rerunefer.
^
ijTTdifj.tvov'i
Tous TTOt/xeVas
iKTrecriiv
ii.
avTov Ik
S'
aA.Aij9
. .
AiyWTOV
Avopiv.
KaTnK\iiar67jvai.
p.
tottov
Mnllor, Fragiii.
5G7.
Zeitsclir.
1883,
p. 9.
II., tliat
generals acting in
a similar
in
the
oldest
name
to
of
Bubastis.
Bast as early
had
to fight the
Shasu on the
to
empire.
mised to
perhaps
heretical
Amon
suffered
repair
the
II.,
constructions
was not the most important in the city, the sanctuary of which was the abode of the Theban god Amon. We do not know in what consisted the constructions of Amenophis II., but they must have
had a certain importance, since a following king thought it necessai'y to renew them. Between the two panels is a vertical inscription in two
columns, Avhich contains the following text
:
erected there by
Amenophis
duricg
the
of
the
is
nothing
more
all
in accordance
times.
Amenophis
king,
IE.
Thothmrs
IV., after
whom
one of
the
The
Icing
of Upper and
tJie
ilie
renovation of
huildings of
The son of
prosper the
Seti I. re-
these
monuments were
Ba,
Seti meri en
Phthah caused
to
Jioiise
Thus
mounds
local
of
Tell Basta,
deposited in the
museum of
the
by
bis predecessor.
The same
fact occurs at
in the city of
Thebes,''
Athribis
of
now
time
called
of
Benha.
The monuments
IH.
Karnak.
the
Anwaopliis
which
avc
Amenophis
striking a
group of enemies,
hair,
whom
following description
before the
God Amon.
god
is
the
Two
men, a higher
These statues
called
Amenophis.
(pi. xiii.),
to that of Bubastis,
It
"^^;^M (3^1
monuments was made
everlasting.
to Avorkmanship.
is in
That
which
is
the
museum
skilled
in the British
Museum.
by the King
Bamenma,
The
works of
II.
first
:
was sculptured by a
clever
and
artist
it is
to build
to restore the
his
predecessor.
I believe that
when he renewed
he was
body, which
is
the
monuments
Amenophis
at the
two braces.
in a position
Amon, perhaps
moment when
which
not
detached.
He
holds in the
left
hand a papyrus
;
was an
It
offering
which he unrolls with the right on his lap from the left hand hangs also a kind of purse
or bag, the use of which I cannot
tell.
vow.
On
the
papyrus
is
an inscription to which we
shall
have
Leps.
Dcnkm.
iii,
Gl.
to revert.
The date
of
the
monument was
furnished
XXV.
b).
tJic
heloved.
of
broach or
scription
slide,
on which
(jT^^^lT|'
of
'^"^
Ma
Fid, heloved
of
Ma, which is -the first cartouche Amenophis III. The same ornament and
found on the second statue,
of this statue,
& Si
T^
'
T^"^
first,
though
it is
clear that
it
inscription are
which
to
is
my
the
before,
which
same man. But as the titles are different, we must admit that he had the two statues sculptui-ed at two different epochs of his life. As the other one is of better workmanship, and as it contains titles which on the whole
indicate a higher position than the second,
we
or
official is indicated.
left
The
sign
is
placed
may
on the
shoulder in such a
way
that the
the British
on the
chest.
It is to
;
be regretted
it
if it
shows
takes
political
and
the
numerous
;
the
frince
wlio
tin'
care
of
The second
statue
is
domains cf
the temjiles,
is
to 1)0 read utelni,
domains.
II.
(pi.
It is
met with
also in
of the
man
y37
ttie
The
following text
(pi.
is
statue :-'
xsxT.p)
'^^iJl^^P^;
domains of the lonians (Brugsch, Diet, suppl. p. 171 et7G5). 1 do not know of any other instance where it follows tho word .<2^ which 1 translate here, 7oho faJces care of, who
loolis after.
this word,
~=^
^ '-^
^^
lit.
the chief
why
'^feTlS^
cstahlislihicj
TO.
7,;,,, ./(.,,,;,
Egypt, should
be mentioned
nf
Ma,
same
title
^^.
who
loves his
It refers to
festivals of
Horus
head of
all the
is
the festival.
neighbouring city should play an important part in But at Bubastis, in Lower Egypt, it would be
extraordinary.
'
In
my
opinion,
considered as a mere
P legislative
title,
^^
^^^-
eefaMish
the tnith
or jmtirc, indicates
literal sense,
which may be
tho expression must bo and we must leave aside the which has
so
work.
Vi
meaning, as
often
titles.
the
case
at the
of
o^
which occurs
in the
titles of
several
kings,
must be
translated legidator.
T'^*^
meaning of
or
-^
reading of
-f^ -^
translates
course,
tclio
stops,
priestly right
['
privilege analogous to
to
find elsewhere
_P
[I
^^
2^a?^ure,
and Brugsch
(Diet. Sappl. p.
plain.
go
iji
and
out.
33
march in
is
Bubastis.
we
Amenophis who
lices again.
tlie
land of
Nehhen
properly the
name
of
city
is
of
The expression
"
nomes
of
marshes,"
El Kab, whicli
;
often
but I be-
which
is
must entirely put aside the geographical sense, and take the expression chief of Nclchen as meaning a certain employment in the great religious festivals, as we know
from an inscription
of Esuch, and as
of late
nomes
as
of
they were
epoch
infer
in the
temple
title
of Seti
I.,
where we
we may
from the
of water districts.
They do not appear on the find in their stead names Under Amenophis III. the
it
which follows.
This
priest
not be so complete as
later, considering that it
Avas
many
centuries
and
civil duties."
He had
to
was not long since the land had been wn-ested from the hands of the
foreign invaders.
of the kings, as
officials
he was the
first in
among
those
who occur
already in very
time
of
Ame-
early inscriptions.
there
man
is
no name we expect
only this:
of
city
or of
a nome.
Wiicre
and
tion
his wife.
The head
of the
woman
g).
alone
to find Bubastis
mentioned we find
'^'^
am
Jj^^
IiM
(pi.
xxxv.
It is
all
pro-
the priest
It
is
the
spoken elsewhere
of Buhastis.
of,
~^~^
^,^ the
marsh
He
land in
So there must have been pasture the vicinity of Bubastis, and this re-
chief
-=^|^,
all
and
that
the
king
put
him
above
his retinue.
He
minds us of what is said in the great inscription of Merenphthah, of the country around the city of Bailos- (Belbeis), which was only at a short
distance,
'
of the king.
The cartouche
Amenophis
III.,
and belonged
to the
tliu
same nome
of
Gliizeli
as
lias
luusciim
of
We
of
Avell
which the
must not omit the base of a small statue, feet alone have been preserved, as
statue of ]3ubastis.
attitude
is
made
painted sandstone.
as
tlie
The
well
characteristic
ornament
jiQ],
and the
It Avas
statue,
is
made
'
The broocli is not visible, because it is covered by the long and thick liair. The statue conies from Gurnah, one of the villages situate on the site of Thebes. I believe it is the same man who had not yet been promoted to the hi"h dignities which lie attained at Lubastis. His name
complete.
^'>^f]
AViCj/'t (pi.
XXXV. h,h').
The Berlin
ax^
title
are:
ft
museum * contains a kneeling statue of the same man, with the name of Amenophis III., which has furnished the date for the monument of
Bubastis.
^'-
m-iter of the
'
lioolis
of
ItoUj icortls
of Anion, Amenopld.
of several officers of
Thus our excavations have yielded monuments Amenophis III. The state
Goshen,
p.
The Mound of
the
Jew,
U and
If.
Catalogue, p. Gl.
of destruction in
III.,
his
successful wars
shows that the temple may have contained more Bubastis of them, which have disappeared. was a good starting point for a sovereign like Amenophis III., who made both miUtary and
hunting expeditions into Mesopotamia, and who had contracted family ties with the kings of
struck
bours.
Hyksos were
still
felt.
Perhaps the foreigners had not yet been completely driven out, in spite of the victories of
capture of Avaris
perhaps, also,
we learn from the tablets of Tell The same documents show that el Amarna. imder Amenophis IV. the kings of Mesopotamia who had been tributary to the father were also
NaJtarain, as
vassals to the son.
its
re-
He must
In
fact, his
therefore have
Taking
this
been attracted
same purposes
presence there
slab of red
Hashepsu's word,
difficult task.
it
as Amenopliis III.
A thick
must
recall
which probably was the base of a statue or of an altar, bears on its edge the
two
sorts of columns
name of the particular god Avorshipped by Amenophis IV. (pi. xxxv. i) after ho had made his religious reform, and adopted himself The name of the god the name of Khuenaten. has been preserved, as in many other instances,
because the stone w^as inserted in a wall
the king, has been
;
and two
sorts of Hathor-capitals.
I believe
it
must be attributed
stand
and
to under-
how no
for,
have remained on the architraves where we discovered traces of the twelfth. Surely the columns
hammered
out.
Tlic surfixcc
on which lay the statue or the altar dedicated by Amenophis IV. bears two large cartouches The stone is now in the of Rameses II.
architecture.
It is
much
to be regretted that
museum
The
of Ghizeh,
two of the most important temples bearing the names of Amenophis III., Soleb and Sedeinga in
Nubia, are
from the
inscrip-
now
inaccessible,
owing
to the dis-
tions of Bubastis,
has been to show that the eighteenth dynasty had left important traces in
;
Researches in
really
the Delta
and
this result
Amenophis
III.
who
those
important
at
Samanood
of a great
_
buildings, whether
cartouches of Amenophis IV
and Horemheb.
not find
it
am
inclined
but at present
III.,
we do
and
gave Rameses
II.
the example of
than Thothmes
the great
conqueror
who subdued
Syria, Palestine,
part of Mesopotamia.
may
strange
monument
(pi. xxi.
v,
of which
is
be upset to-morrow by further explorations, is that the dominion of the Pharaohs over the
Delta Avas re-established only after Thothmes
now
in the
Ghizeh
disk
and
c).
It consists of a large
35
One
of tliem
is
Hoi'us as a
left,
cliikl, tlic
otlicr
on the disk
a
Anion.
Eight and
and
in
the
interval
f it
two
disk
figures.
is
a frince.
its
;
prop
it
such
is
grows
of anything ornamental,
would havo'produccd a
filled
bad
effect,
therefore
they
up the blank
Amon, two
ness
the
top
its
vertical
section
is
triangle.
glyphs
the
and the disk are on a ornaments like hierozigzags which are the letter n -w^, and
Tlie figures
worshipped in the temple, besides the three signs Avhich were part of the name of
[
the god.
We
also
god Ra on
xxxix.
u)
;
(pi.
F=^ sh. They are still visible in front, but on the sides they have been cut off, and the
surface has been levelled in order to engrave on
it
bearing the
ihe
words
^|q^^(],
'^'f'
adorer of
spiri/s
the cartouche of
?V?
Rameses
of the
II.,
followed
by the
of
On
{Ifcliojwlu^),
which implies
words \
surface
Ba
jmnccs.
fit
The lower
exactly on a
fixed.
had a hawk's
is
concave so as to
head
there
is
no fragment which we
may
with
it,
There
older than
Rameses
which
tions engraved
of the
under the
is
figures.
;
The nature
is
monument
of
obvious
statue
it
the head-
would have the right proportions. We have here a veiy rare example of a statue made of several pieces, in which the headdress was not
part of the monolith out of which the rest had
dress
a gigantic
of
the god
Ra.
been carved.
It
is
heignt, the
It
statue
was
from
22
been found
till
now.
27
feet high.
;
name
of
Rameses
of which Mr. Petrie discovered at San,^ and which was 92 feet in height. The statue "which had this curious ornament was a statue
of Ra, as
in
One
is
of
now
disk,
Museum.
we
learn
from the
inscription,
is
Ba
of
the princes.
very high,
it
it
merely on a flattened
which
statue
as
is
Ra
is
a solar disk
on a
when
is
sculptured on a wall
it
was
means
which
we
see in a
xv.).
statue of
Rameses
"
II.
restored the
constructions of
Ameno-
Petrie, Tunis
p. '22,
anything
fifc
Bubastis.
II., as lie
On
the
contraiy,
liis
in the building
we
son Eameses
whole temple with his name. At first sight it looks as if he alone and the Bubastites had
to
which was
temple.
of
in
a corner.
He may
even have
be
credited
with
the foundation
of the
beautiful sanctuary,
ol)jcct of the
is
admiration of Herodotus.
reverse
;
But
it
just the
Khuenaten
it is
has revealed
that
all
the
great
architraves
;
which
l)car his
and
had more or less damaged it out of hatred towards the god Amon who was worshipped there. Perhaps, also, the
temple had been ruined from an
eai"lier
that nearly
date.
,
engraved on older texts. Sometimes part of the original name has been preserved (pi. xxvi.
c),
We
in those
remote ages
from what
it
is
now.
in
but
that
surrounded
(pi.
the
cartouche has
a)
;
How many
Cairo
half-ruined
remained untouched
nothing
is left
xxiv.
sometimes
used for
by
a very
they crumble
takes
to
pieces,
or
until
pasha
the inscription
II.
Ilis
first
seems
to
I believe it
name
is
found profnsely
the
was much the same three or four thousand A Pharaoh ascending the throne, years ago. and finding in his empire a number of temples
more or
less ruined in
halls
of
temple,
the
part of
;
consequence of wars or
himself at
edifice
walls,
which existed before his time on the and on separate monuments, such as
all
he had other
tablets or statues.
On
are
like
architraves,
tliere
which un-
doubtedly were made for him, and must be He had every facility attributed to his reign.
for engraving all he desired, for the
In
it
required
custom of
is
ous state.
that
in
Therefore
it
necessarily happened
of
many
localities
the
sacred buildings
I believe that
in
this
remained
in the condition in
respect
the
kings of
the
twelfth
and the
thirteenth dynasties
of simplicity of
and
it
inscriptions,
on the on the
went on
door-posts and
perhaps
basements
but
wo do not
find
any great
adorned
it
dynasty, and
ing inscriptions.
II. did for the
may
be what Rameses
Rameses
II. certainly
alterations
to
avail
himself as
much
as possible of
what
done
by
liis
predecessors,
and
of of
employed by Osorkon
of the Festival Hall.
II. in
the reconstruction
He
erected a considerable
nnmber
most important
more or
were
less
which were the following. Beginning with those he nsurped, I mentioned already one, the head of which is at
Sometimes
walled
in
also,
the
fragments
;
have
been
as
they
the
number
of these
was so
large, that
when we
c), Avhilo
on the spot, being too much damaged to be Near the king was another carried away.
figure, the foot of
which
is still visible,
and one
sculpture
festival,
of
the hands
holding
the
headdress.
The
this
cartouches of Rameses are on the back, and on the sides of the Nile gods.
statue to the twelfth dynasty. I believe the statue at Geneva (pi. xiv.) to
I attribute
we discovered something which had been part of a statue of Rameses II. Frequently it was a group of two or three figures, where the king was sitting between divinities.
Several heads discovered in that
carried to
be
later,
and
I classified
it
in
the thirteenth
dynasty.
monuby which
sides
The
there
is
European museums. There were a great number of groups where Rameses was associated to one or two gods some of them were standing, others sitting though several of them are of natural size, they, generally speaking, are on larger proportions.
;
4^^
also
find
under the
feet.
On
lines.
Rameses was very fond of putting himself among divinities, and of worshipping his own
image, to which he presented offerings at the
on the back
left
in
the
two
middle
Right and
^^ 1?=^
^^'V'
[j^g^^
(|
^"^''>'
f^"^-
^Ml
Phthah or Amon, near whom Such groups abound in the temples of Lower Egypt; for instance, there were two at Tell el Maskhutah, and a great number in Tanis, where they are more or less
same time
as to
he was enthroned.
y^
ruined.
momiments are prosperous, King Rameses. An older date must be assigned also to two
colossal
statues,
on the
way leading
to
it.
In
localities like
Pithom,
They
are
both of red granite, wearing the headdress of Upper Egypt ; one of them has eyes hollowed
out
like
where the enclosure of the temple was made of bricks and had no stone-wall or pylon where inscriptions might be engraved, such groups
are
invariably
placed
as
substitutes
for
the
Hyksos.
They
wei-e
usurped
The same may after Rameses by Osorkon II. be said of the great Hyksos statues which were
described above.
and Avhich
is
The
texts
Among
to
may be
are
attributed
to
him, a
great
number
they
difficult
recognize,
because
wei'e
broken,
and
the
east
side
entrance.
It
was
threefold,
and consisted of
It
is
The composition
of
it
Phthah,
the
king,
and
Ea.
much
is
elegant,
carved.
Moreover, in order
as: <2=-^_5
froviicrs
vJtere
^^3:?'^^^
tJioii
^^
^
like,
creator of thy
leauties,
and the
with the
On
the
main void, thus producing a bad effect when the monument was seen in profile, he sculptured on both lateral faces of the headdress a hawk
opening his wings, wdiich has a pleasing decorative effect.
is
The
which
to
the others
of
Eameses
II.
Sitting
groups
the
in
The
granite
statues of the
;
discovered, and which must have adorned the entrance of the Festival They were all four Hall (pi. xxi. A, xxiv. c).
absolutely similar, of equal size, of a height of
we
made
seven to eight
feet,
ment head
of the structure.
(pi.
I shall first
mention a
xv.),
now
in the
museum
have been carried away. One is in the British Museum, another in Boston, another in Berlin.
The statue was standing, and held The king wears the headdress called in Egyptian atef, and which consists of two plumes supported by a ram's horns. Kings are often seen in religious
a standard with the left hand.
II.
all
bases,
On
the
back of one of those statues, I read these two fragments of a sentence, celebrating the high
deeds of the king
:
ceremonies
stance,
wearing
Eameses
'iiiiif
Eameses
II. himself, in
the sculptures of
is
the
xxxvi. a).
It
.interesting to
d^
who
<==;:
QUI
vlio
compare the way the artist worked in both cases. In a statue he was obliged to avoid all thin and
fragile projections.
makes jyrisoner
the
Having
to use such
hard
diadems,
Barneses.
the
"^^
|
t^^^
^^^ ?f|
loho
detach
he
annihilates
followed in
land of the Thehennu. These heads are of a kind wliich is not rare in Upper
Egypt.
Tell
el
They remind us
Eamleh
of the
colossus
of
in the
Therefore he
discovered at
They
is
are retied
exceed the
Besides,
instead of connecting the skull with the headdress through a kind of stem, out of which the
by a band on the forehead and on the sides, and the details of which arc worked with great
markable for their thick
'
which
The Mound of
tlie
Jew,
frontispiece.
The top
of the head
is
quite
it.
flat,
as
if
and
it.
in particular
We might
of the
He
more or
less
we
It
complicated headdress, and holding a standard. Several such specimens have been found at San
Greek
iu
art, is
unknown
it
in
Egypt.
and elsewhere.
Tlie
conclusion to
is
be derived
the
was made
review
that
among
is
name
of
One
of
Rameses
as
II.,
there
it
had been
the colossi
statue
of
It
is
now
in the Berlin
the
his
museum. These statues must have produced an effect similar to the four sitting colossi placed before the temple of Aboo Simbel. "Wo must not look for portraits in these
statues.
image.
Nev^crtheless,
we
consider
all
The
faces arc
flat,
we can boldly assert that the temple was one of those containing the greatest number of statues bearing his name. The religious and historical inscriptions of
remain,
of Bubastis
this
Rameses.
There
is
nothing characteristic
bad
is
nor expression.
said to exist';
no complete
tablet
is
tablet of
Rameses
of
and
other sovereign.
The reason
is
obvious.
Hyksos statues, where it is admirable. The workmanship is far from being perfect, and, especially when they are seen close
opposite of the
by, those heads cannot be called masterpieces
it
A
is
may be employed
for
many
dered,
is
second-rate art.
In
truth,
rightly
to in
appreciate
the white
were
intended.
Let us
suppose
heads
that
are
the
at
statues are
feet, seen from below and at a distance, as when they adorned the
it
was an
is
1.
1., it
and we
shall under-
Bdcnnn
are
with
valiant
sivord.
The
Retennu
1.
the
posing
effect, of
3., the
Thehennu
tian taste.
their
the
remembrance of
his victories
chief purpose
and we are
likely to misappreartist,
of the
when we
4.
speaks of
1.
prisoners
brought
Egypt.
is
5.,
9.,
he
The
nearly
teenth dynasty.
The
successors of Rameses
II.,
is
not much to be
regretted;
it
of the
the region of
of the
king written
stereotyped
wliicli
lie
sentences,
and
not
Gulf of Tajurra.
mentioning victories
gained, and nations
certain that he ever
against
is
inII.
had
to fight.
is
An
list
we do not know
in
of
of prisoners, representing of
conquered nations,
left,
e,
made
Libya, or on tho
two fragments
sculpture
is
on blocks
d).
and sxxvi.
The
is
Upper Nile against the negroes. ever, if he had made them, and
relate
if
much
faces
weathered, but
we can recognize
that the
in boastful .words
have
all
a Semitic
on the walls of
expedition
beards;
there are
Khetas.
Such docu-'
names engraved in the Most of the names ovals below refer to Africa. are well known, and mean countries of a conalthough some of
siderable extent.
Jl'^t^Mi llw
ments warn us
ordered to
be
engraved,
and
which
some-
and
m m
their history.
When
these
inscriptions
can-
are
often
quoted
together."
They arc
dif-
According
to
we run
tlie
Keti
is
Flat
Cilicia,
and also
those
official
panegyrics.
Few
kings have
the eyes
a province of which was still designated under the Romans by the name of Naharaiu is the country between the KrJTi^.
II.
the
first
who
first
soutli
and west
of the
for centuries
n^.,,
and character
had
been
studied
more
on the
hall,
,Sf./,-/;t'v.
Whether
it
or
not
in
it
be
closely.
was certainly
t^i^i]
."^y^
KcshliCsh,
Mesowhich
IT. in
of the
temple,
first
of
Rameses
nbv
J'**"'!
-f]
J''l"<I
the
Mash nash,
are an African
and not far also from the Hyksos statues, was found a fragment of a tablet in black granite, which has l)cen carried to the museum of
Ghizeh.
It
who
oc-
may have
served as back-part to a
it is
cupied what
is
now
a part of Tunisia.
group of
are
figures, for
l\\^
is
Afar, written
elsewhere,
two
on the
horitlie
Odl)!''^
edge.
zontal.
The
It
was
Mariette had
second part.
Lep.s.
It
is
to be noticed that
Chabas, Voyage,
Leps.
p.
1
109.
i5.
Rccufil, X. p. 210.
Rccuoi!, X. p. 97.
Donkm.
iii.
Dcnlcm.
14.-.,
17G.
name
of the king
is
mentioned,
J_^
All around
the
first
hall
ran a basement
a
list
followed
by the predicate
^-i
he
bearing
geographical
inscriptions,
of
who
2^ossesses EijijpL
to be
nomes, of which very little is left. It consists of standing figures bringing an offering of two
vases,
or
between which
are
is
the sign
before each
Vertical lines.
everlasting.
two columns of texts containing The emblems of promises made to the king.
figure
Thou art on the throne of Ra festivals are made to thee as to hiin. Rameses, etc. Thou art like Ncfertum,
thou art beloved like Phthah.
1.
s^, the
in
nomc
lists
of
Libya,
lists,
the
older
Ptolemaic
of
of
and eleventh
much
I.^
Abydos
long
The
the
1.
Rameses,
to
possessor
of
Egypt,
nomc name
everlasting.
1.
organized,
Bubastite,
2.
...
. .
of Avhich
priest of Bast,
1.
born of Sekhct.
suckled by
Sati,
The sentences
3.
nursed by Uoti,
over
1.
thou hast
is
"...
...
... ... ...
send thee
I
all
thy sword,
4.
...
the
of
Egypt,
like
Nefertum.
Ra,
sends
;
His
life,
thou
mother,
stability,
daughter
of
the
I bring
them
to thy house.
inhabitants,
1.
5.
ses,
1.
royalty,
the
of
the
well
made monuments
is
lonians.
well pleased in
...
enemies.
.
give
thee
all
the
lauds
of
thy
my
prisoners
1.
7.
Rameses,
etc.
strangers."
and
I rejoice at thy
coming
thou hast
On
multiplied
1.
my
.
8.
in order to enrich
my
of
altar every
all
day,
my
9.
. .
We
the
the sign
is
am on
T which means
thy
fo
join.
the
head,
of Egypt, ever-
lasting.
L 10.
its interior,
with her
and opposite, there must have been another Nile god, a hand of whom only is seen. No cartouche indicates to what
goddess of the
east,
son
the gods
who
am
a remnant of the
great joy.
This tablet
is
twelfth dynasty.
It is
and
we
Ducm. Goog.
InsL-hr.
i.
derive from
pi. 01,
1.
11.
offerings discovered
by M. Petric at
tliat
Nebeslieli,''
dynasty.
Phthah of Barneses
This divinity had a
Eameses
sentations
II.
is
shown
making
that
offerings
to
met with
he
at Bubastis.
various divinities.
we must observe
Eameses
is
temple
is
statues of him''
it
name
on the architraves
where usually
is
said to
It It
whom
is
the temple
the
same
with
was dedicated to the Those who occur most great gods of Egypt. frequently are Amon, Phthah, and the Hyksos
god, Set.
was on certain personifications only of the divinity, that Eameses II. claimed a kind of right of property or possession, for the same god may be quoted in the same inscription with his general and his particular form. For
instance, at the beginning of the treaty with
The
last
the Kheta,
city
it is
was
in the
his
of
Eameses, making
to
offerings ." io
to
father yimon-B.a,
lord of the
Ilarmahhis,
to
Tarn, the
to
he whose represen-
two
On,
jhnoii of Barneses,
to
most numerous.
Ho
is
found on the on on
he
capitals, especially
We
Amon
of
Museum
is
Eameses
his
at Bubastis, but
also.
probable that
as
and on scenes
"We
before,
Amon,
;
we saw
II.
to
whom Amenophis
when
many
places
it,
the
had dedicated his constructions large blocks coming from ai'chitraves bear after the name
of
name
without
''f/'O
^oorshil^s
destroying
completely.
Eameses
II., is
the
Amon-Ba. It is the same for Merenphthah, and even Osorkon I. Another god whose mention is frequent under Eameses II. and afterwards, is Shu, the
son of Ea.
Oa
the gods, in
coupling his
name with
theirs.
we read: B.ameses
^vorships
^^i\^^^^\^\\\
son
^oho
same with Amon and Phthah (pi. xxxvi. c, g). Set of Eameses is found on a vertical inscription, where the head of the god has been slightly
Shu,
the
Merenphthah, who
respects
hammered out
(pi.
xx., xxxvi.
i).
was
also a worshipper of
Shu
On
we
II.
Museum
also
(pi.
xxxvi. k).
of
Eameses have
left their
It is probable there
were
The same
habit
may be
observed in the
of Eameses,
temple of Tanis.^
The son
who
of
^
Kush"
Petrie,
1.1.
pi.
5a.
'
Potrie, Tanis
ii.,
IS'cIh
A,
pi. ix.
"
See
Ibid. Tanis
i.,
pi. iv.
Phthah.
family.
The
first is
the cele-
office)-
of his father,
who
looks
brated KJiaemuas,
who
inscribed his
name on
meaning
also the
war
for horses
which followed
ii).
his
name have
is
disappeared
(pi.
sxxvi.
This prince
famous
Menthuhershepshef
Rameses
II.
son
of
in several
l), is
upon him,
tion of
sculptured representations
Mcreivphthah,
TI.
xxxvi. K,
after
which he took part, for the high sacerdotal dignities with which he was invested. His name, like that of a saint, became legendary,
since
Rameses
Shu.
He
and he makes
His
titles,
:
Amon and
we
find it in the
romance
of Sctna.
if
It
would
have
been
extraordinary,
iu
his
San,^ are
'
<^Q,
'
the royal
///e
^
officer, the
He
is
is
called
here
the
^|^1|||
field.
the
1ho^
%&=t "^^^
first
'.
general,
Merenphthah, j^Ti
friest lierseslda in
liolij
This last
word
the usual
name
of the country
around
separate
name
the qualification of
which
is
is
made a
title,
seen
noma
of
it.
The
sacerdotal
which prois
name
of
Rameses
I. is
of
who
I.
stjded in
later,
Comparing the
the
titles of
and
the
inscriptions concerning
before,
known
the
at
The two others are military officers. One of them is known, thanks to a crouching statue now
for
It has been usurped, an inscription for which that of the prince has been substituted, and on the side is another which has simply been scraped
in the
it
sons of
museum of Boston.
in front
had
When
the
Ramesseum
off
without
anything
else
being
engraved
was engraved, it was long before the monuments of Bubastis were dedicated. At that time the family was complete, the eldest
sons of Rameses were
still living.
instead.
The
first-
born
and
heir
pi-esumptive
was
Amonhereasily
one of
marks
of the princes of
shepshef,
Amon
loields his
sword, a
name
royal blood.
which
The cartouche
otherwise
we
might have taken him for the son of Kameses III., who had the same name, and who died
Rameses had obtained in his wars against the Kheta, the credit of which he desired to give This name was a favourite with to the god.
when he was
heir presumptive.*
(pi.
He
c',
is
called
Menthxiherskepshef
xxxviii. o,
c"),
which
are
His
titles
was given in succession to Rameses III., who became Rameses V. and Rameses VI. The heir presumptive was plume-hearer at the right hand of
the Ramessides
;
it
two
of the sons of
Zeitsclir.
Petrio, Tanis
i.
pi. i. 4a.
the triuj,
title
the distincd of
titles of
is
prince,
is
tions
which were
^^Ti"^?*
to
him were
fird
of
and
first
infantry, but he
not
is
p-ince,
or
'S!r=fQc=o
general
because he
is
not the
first
born, he
the infantry.
Rameses was
n
.
title,
only general of
third,
but not
The
on
^"^f
^^
since
it is
Phraherunemef
l.^\l
Ba
q^
lord,
of the
These two
last titles
might
Kenvn,
of the
indicate that he
infantry.
thing like
The Kennu must have been somea colonel, a rank which was eviat
throne,^ which
is
have
chief of the
cJiariofs
going to war.
and
cavalry
o{)icer
of His Majesty.
father
in
As
ex-
The
his
00^
Uoti, the
goddess of
against
Ivadesli.
After him
came
Bubastis.
Khaemuas, who begins the series of the sons who have no special title, then Menthuhershepshef.
was used
only to
may have
it is
applied
Merenphthah
is
the
part of the
sanctuary specially
certain that
in the
temple as
in the family.
become a
celebrity.
priest,
him
adorers of
the
and he has
Here
also
we
find
liis
command,
MJl
'^''^
who
is
bastis,
and also a
city
-^^
which undoubtedly
by
whose
of
must be read
This
statue
we discovered
at Bubastis,
The next
tablets
city, as well as
Bubastis and
its territory,
changes
Silsilis.^
may be
traced
in
the
when
the
tive, is
as the
new
chief of the
is still
Bubastite
nome was
it
>
organized, Belbeis
the
was
cavalry
annexed to
Sekhet
one of
forms of Bast,
alive as well as
between his
younger,
11
^^=_
S)
Merenphthah.
The
in
thirtieth dynasty.'
I attribute also to
Rameses
11.
the statue of
family of Rameses
already
much thinned
Silsilis
which
must be
Later
to the
besides two
we come
inscriptions of Bubastis.
Leps.
Denkm.
iii.
G.
p. 410.
Leps. Denlnn.
iii.
174.
'
Brugscb, Diet. Gcog. pp. 2G4 and 54G. JSTaville, The Mound of the Jew, p. 22.
45
military
command.
He
down
to the feet.
One
tlie
been carried to
titles
:
America
(pi.
it
has on
on the north
side, close to
xxxvi. n) the royal son [of Kuah, llie chief of the southern countries, Ike governor (the
.
hall of Nekhthoi'heb.
Very
the
monu-
left,
The
other,
which
is
much
as the wliite.
The
statue
tlio
name
of Turn, the
god of
Both statues were in black granite. monuments of some importance, or of the inscriptions of Kameses II., to which must be added a considerable number
of the gods.
They
On
the throne
we
find
also the
name
of
tlie
This
prince,
who
is
called elsewhere 1
Osorkon
II.
Not
far
1^,^ ra
firsl-horn,^
who from
a small tribe
had grown
to be a large multitude,
and who
He
is
As
I stated in another
Goshen was
only a few
the
It
broken through, and the Israelites spread in the south towards Heliopolis, and
we meet with
It
all
monuments
of this dynasty.
seems that
which foreign
invaders would
enter Egypt.
Nothing remains
of the kings
One may
who followed Seti II., and whose legitimacy is The state of anarchy into which the doubtful.
country had
fallen,
kingdom was weakened, grew anxious number of strangers occupying the very gate of Egypt, and that he
much
his
and which
is
described by
Rameses
was
Egypt.
and must have rather contributed to destroy what existed before. The first king we meet
with
is
fortresses,
to
Rameses
they
III.,
As we may
resort
of
served
arc
most
worked,
large
city
was
favourite
Rameses and
the
his family, it is
quite possible
they have sandals with the end turned upwards according to the fashion of the nineteenth
dynasty.
when
the events
preceding
of
place,
the
king
was
at
at Tanis, as
was generally
on the
base
Lo
We
and heir
Erutrsoli et Buuriant,
No. 499.
(pi. xxxviii.
g)
it
monument
A
tions
was dedicated to Bast of the city of Bast. Eameses III. raised many monuments in the Delta, whicli was the theatre of his great wars
;
from a
fellah, a slab
bearing also
there are
had procured at Benha, coming from a tomb, and Thus the name of Eameses VI.
I
in the
we had not yet discovered north of Memphis one of his successors who was also his son, and who seems to have been the most
but
two places
Delta where we
found
this kino:.
powerful of the series of the Eamessides, after Eameses III., his father. No. VI. has been
given him in the
list
of
the
Eameses
dynasty, which
has
his
been
the object of so
trace at Bubastis.
much
We
base
found
of
1.
the
statue,
in
black
is
name
of the
is
lost
(pi.
xxv. a).
It
wears
at
Khataanah.^
we
pass without
to the twentyis
transition
under the
(pi.
feet,
1
are
the names
pre-
of
Eameses VI.
is
xxxviii.
1').
As
the engraving
not deep,
it
may be
statue,
usurpation.
The monu-
left at Tell
Basta.
smaller, in red lime-
it
has
Another
the
much
stone, of
which
alone remains,
(pi.
commanders
Shesho7i]i, the
has
names
It
is
of
Eameses VI.
xxxviii.
whom,
n-n").
3.
now
in the
museum
of Ghizeli.^
is
The
largest
the
at
by giving
of
now
museum
of
Ghizeh
It is
above
own
son.
;
the dynasty
crown.
On
the back
is
an inscription, of which
(lie
we have only
expedition, which he
described in an
his father
inscription of the great temple of Amon at Thebes, in the part called " the portico of the
Ba
hih
Ma ...
am
inclined
Bubastites."
city,
Eameses VI. The type is different from Eameses II., the woi-kmanship alone is the same. The head has not the commonplace and
of
indifferent character
have
bound
to adorn
its
no inscription of Shishak
It is
of the statues
made
for
an architectural purpose.
a likeness.
the end.
It is intended to be
The nose is aquiline, and wide at The eyes are prominent, and the. lips
m m
rather thick.
"
when Sheshonk ascended the throne, he, who was of foreign origin and a native of Lower Egypt, found some resistance at
quite possible that
'
It
is
is
of pi. vi.
Goshen,
p. 21.
upper part of
tlio
country,
there
to
is
no positive
twelfth
proof,
we must
to
assign
them
III.,
and
tliat it
was
the
dynasty,
Usertesen
who enlarged
hall.
With Osorkon
tions
I.
On
we cannot admit
that
Osorkon
I.
inscribe his
name underneath.
his
We are thus
led
to conclude that in
xxxix.).
ruined,
met with in great number they adorned the outward walls, and many fragments of them
are
It is impossible not to be
by the beauty
of the
work-
pillars and columns had been was not the hypostyle hall alone which had been so badly treated it was the same with the two first halls for we sec there that a block which, under Rameses II., was
and the
overthrown.
It
manship
in
(pi.
sviii.),
which may be
observed
the
I. in
museums.
it
The good traditions are not yet lost may even be said that more care has been
was
hall,
II.,
many
The second
works of Rameses
negligence.
II.,
made
of
The reason
it is
was
that
Bubastites
tends
was
more and moi'e to go over to the Delta Thebes is abandoned to the high priests of Amon, while the King lives in Lower Egypt, probably because of the wars with which he was constantly threatened by the Asiatics or the Libyans. Judging from what Osorkon I. and Osorkon 11. made at Bubastis, which is not seen in any other edifice of Egypt, I am inclined to think that this city was their capital and their customary residence. The sculptures of Osorkon I, are chiefly in
the
first
pieces
Rameses IL
which he employed
We
devastations
took place
is
not probable
such as an earthquake
a
war or an
invasion.
wo adopt
this last
alternative,
they must
be
attributed to
the
III.,
when
hall
and tyrannized over the country, persecuting gods and men, until, as is related by Rameses III., Setnchht ascended the throne and reestablished
where
where they could not be seen, and was not possible to engrave them unless the monument was lying on the ground and had not yet been raised. It is exactly as with the cartouches of Rameses II., which are under the obelisks, on the surface touching the
in places
it
the
worship
dynasty.
It is certain that
where most
of his sculptures
found.
With the
rebuilding
coincides
ground.
in
change in the dedication, which was not completed under Osorkon I., but which was definitive after
what
must have
Hathor
Osorkon
II.
Bast,
who had
only a
been
throne.
capitals
;
secondary rank under the twelfth dynasty or Rameses II. ; to whom statues or tablets were
dedicated, but
yet
the
great
and
first
Anion and other Egyptian gods may be seen on the walls of the first hall, but Bast occurs more frequently, and has taken a place like Horus at Edfoo or Hathor at Denderah. The sculptured representations of Osorkon I. have the same appearance as those made under With the figures are the nineteenth dynasty. The gods mensentences always the same.
Set.
I.
which he made
gods,
show that
must
tioned
may belong
of Takelothis
I.,
an
Amonof Tliehcs,
whom we know
who resides at BaM (pi. si. d) the same with Mut, Harmakhis, Phthah Anebi-esef, the lord of Ankhtoui (Memphis), Turn, the lord of Heliopolis, Shu, the son of Ra, and Menthu. The promises made by the gods consist in a long and successful reign, long life, strength and health, and other stereotyped sentences.
He
and he
seems
not only to imitate his predecessor as fully as he could, but also to throw into the shade, if
possible, his
memory.
His name
is
found as
The blocks
same standard,
to those of
the
mighty
divinity of the
nomo
of Arabia,
which at that
Rameses II., making the usurpation If the name and titles of Rameses
Osorkon,
name from
the goddess,
is
accom-
had
the
transformation
was
very
simple.
first
The
Ra,
She has
be
the
also the
name
In the
cartouche.
Her
sotep en
Ba,
\
the elect of
soteii
^^ ^^
en Amen,
Bast herself
is
priestess of Turn.
She has the same title as Khaemuas, the son of Rameses II. The intention of Osorkon I. to consecrate
original dedication, is best
and thus to change its shown by the three inscriptions which are engraved underneath the Hathor capitals (pi. xli. a, b, c). There Osorkon comes forward as the Avorshipper of Bast, the
the temple to Bast,
was made in this way. was room for the letter the first of the name of Amen, the disk O was made into a rectangle, over which were added small strokes so as to make the sign i*^^*^ Nowhere can the whole process be men. followed as well as on the column of the British Museum. On the base of the Hyksos statue which is at the museum of Ghizeh, the disk is quite distinct under the sign t^^, even on the
It
Under the
(|
sign
"]
nser, there
jyrofects
the
As
where
for the
it is
Ba, the
first syllable
being opposite
Amon, and
Set
ho ordered
it
to be
hammered out
II.,
but, as
tion
all
the
work
in a very imperfect
way.
On
made
into a
and a sceptre
m his hands
lion, so as. to give
in
many places
widened so as to become a
also has been modified,
lion
the headdress
made
si,
oval so as to look like an egg, which reads and means son ; so the sign which was originally Ra became si Bast, the son of Bast,
a predicate which
is
name
Osorkon.
This
kind of usurpation
occurs
it
The
alteration
is
plain on
Museum.
them
scientiously
it
It is visible
on the
in-
the
name name
of
traceable
(pi. xx.).
Sometimes, as on
of
Ra
been forgotten.
first syllable
of
Rameses
A great number
II. in
of the sculptures of
has been
left,
and the
of
come down
find
to us, but
like.
The usurpations
There
his
we
them on a build-
name
is
traves,
on capitals ;
name
II.,
u)
it
of a road
paved
in basalt
all
which led
that
to the temple.
Four
;
columns are
of this construction
One
is
to
be noticed in
in a to
good
the history of the temple during Osorkon II. 's reign is the final establishment of the worship
of Bast as the prevailing worship in the locality.
the Louvre.
Thus we
same
two
It
is
In this respect the Osorkons justify their name of Bubastites, which is given them byManetho.
made
Henceforth the name of the goddess occurs in large characters, not on statues or tablets only,
On
men-
fixed
hall.
The name of
by the inscriptions of tlie Nav. Goshen, pi. ii. C, pi. vii. .5.
Besides the
close
by
lies
more probable
On
and of very good workmanship. one of the sides is seen Osorkou offering
ruined, respecting
and that he made use only of what was what had escaped intact, such
multiplies
Rameses
II.,
numher, and
The goddess
is
called licre
seshta of Turn.
On
The reconstruction
as the
Osorkon (pi. xli. n). "We saw before that, according to all probabilities, when Osorkon I. ascended the throne,
the temple was more or less ruined.
on which he considered
He
set to
work rebuilding
it,
most important of his reign, a great which was described at great length on Although one half, or the walls of the hall. even one-third only, of the sculptures have been
festival
struction, which was continued and completed by Osorkon II., who raised in particular the
preserved,
whole.
special
it is
sufficient to give
an idea of the
speak of
The
festival will
;
be the object of a
volume
at present
we
shall
it
hall, or, as
he called
it,
the
Festival TTnll.
temple;
Its
It was not a new addition to the had existed long before Osorkon. date goes back to the Old Empire there
it
;
wo found
may be
the
"Year
" which " litter
;
22, on
the
first
Amon
statues,
well
made
it
for
him
as those he usurped.
me
the I
to
think that
was
Rameses
pulled
III.
that
for
down,
cannot
believe
that
Osorkon
the
II. intentionally
" the beginning of the consecrating of " the two lands by the king, of the consecrat- " " ing of the harem of Amon, and of the conse- " " crating of all the women who are in his city," " and who act as priestesses since the days " " of the fathers."
by the manner
have been
which
If he
These
on the
lines are
how-
his hall
built.
wished to supersede Rameses, it was quite sufficient to usurp his name, as he had done in
many
cases.
Amon.
The word
to apipear, or to
come
of the
large statues, the plain surfaces of which, such as the base under the feet, were employed for
engraving the sculptures of his festival ? Can we imagine that, in order to procure more easily
round
translated
literally
tlie
words
:
Iionour of
Amon, although
i^ ^=^
^^_
sometimes
receive, or
to ^S^_
to hegin.
^ ^% may
literally
taken as equivalent
to the goddess.
She
mean to sanctify,
is
or
in
to
It
obvious that
divided,
thus translating
each word
by
she
is
Besides,
itself,
we
of the
expression, which
l^ ^^
of which
whose
temple
at
Thebes there
was
it
we do not
clearly understand,
is
or
if
heads exactly
is
itself, it
something connected
It
is
similar to
those of Bast.
Nevertheless,
tlie
with
it,
such as an offering.
the same
to the
two lands,
h^
Avhich
is
applied
^-7 /A
^=
.^,-2_^
-^yjti^
i^^ig
qualifications
harem
of
Amon, and
to the
women who
are
who
is
Gods
of tJic fatJiers.
According
dignified
to
this
inscription,
the
most most
functions in
the
festival
devolved
was
on women.
important
The
jDart in
lines of
is
" the
The
us
Osorkon II. Thebes more and more relinquished, and that Bubastis assumed the rank which had been held before by the city of the Amenophis and The political influence of the the Ramessides. city had been thrown into the background by its religious importance. Thebes was the residence of the high priests of Amon, who
It is possible that under
reminds
Bubastis,^
the
famous
by'
assembly
at
described
Herodotus,
which
Delta.
Asiatics.
is
Osorkon had
possible
that both
coincided
there
and Lower
Jus feet.
must have been a special solemnity. Perhaps Osorkon II. wished to imitate Eameses II. and Rameses III., who had both of them celebrated
during their reign a memorable
scription of
festival,
Beteiinv,
thrown under
Without giving too much importance to those we may infer from the official formulas,
special
the de-
that he
mention of the Reteunu, the Syrians, made a campaign against Syria and
this
some
astro-
Palestine;
of
would confirm
the
II.
opinion
Osorkon
was the
Zape,*
AVhatever
king
by Scripture Zerah,
^^],
Osorkon followed an old tradition, which went back to the time "of the fathers." A circumstance which indicates
see fi'om the last line that
we
against
far
that
Osorkon intended
is
to
should
not
understand,
called
instance,
why
custom,
celebrated in
Osorkon would be
Zerah
the Ethiopian.
2 Cliron. xiv. 8.
H 2
Osorkon
II.
has
left
monuments
in
other
worship of
Amon,
in
which the
life
of
Thebes
twenty-
Apart from usurpations of statues and pylons at Tanis, he built at Pithom," where I found cornices with his name painted in red, indicating that the construction had
not been completed, and also the statue of one
of his chief officers, fhe controller, AnJihrenpnefer,
under
the
government of Thebes. That does not mean that at Thebes they did not belong to the
hierarchy of the priests, for Bubastis was far
distant
which
capital
is
now
in the British
Museum.
But
his
was Bubastis.
divinity
of
Amon, and
its
chief
they
In the very
reconstruction of
the
if
the same
man
structed, one of
them adding
treasury,
the small
cele-
temple with
its
Amon.
as the inscriptions
we
found some information concerning the family His queen was called Karoama. of the king.
She was
his
legitimate
wife,
and
she
is
totally deficient
ceremonies
of the
festival.
:
Her cartouche
may be may be the indication of a religious office, or it may be a regular coronation name, there may be two
of
Amon may
be stated in
;
full,
or they
The
US
of
the
names
of
two other
II.,
king-priests
wives of Osoi'kon
one of
Karoama
an exaggerated importance to
to them.
is
all
that
whom was
priest of
Amon.
^P
"'^
""
'
Thebes,
the
Egyptian
who
sug-
political history.
block, which
was part
of the inscriptions
or several
Theban wives,
life,
names
of
who
are
whom
seen
marching
in
procession
behind
their
authority over
Thebes,
and
whose
in-
mother
The
eldest
was
;
called the
male
lieirs
the second
;
vested
with
high priests.""
was named
like
as for the
at the
third, it is possible
is lost
reads
now Armer.
those of
At Bubastis she is merely Her daughters have nothing connecting them with tlio Theban
one.
royal
THi:
wife.
CEMETERY OF CATS.
The Store City of Pithoni, 3nl cd. Maspero, Momies de Deir el Bidiai
p. 15.
i,
Bast,
p. 751.
goddess.
THE CEMETERY OF
reign,
if
CATS.
not
tlie
red or blackened
fire,
at least the
which
the
is
mounds
and looking
we had
in finding unl)roken
thoroughly.
the place
is
pits
by which
of
cats
the feet
are
generally
;
broken
off.
the
mines
which
fill
the
Some
of the pits
we emptied
at their disposal.
There they
the
one containing over 720 cubic feet of bones. This gives an idea of
necessary for
filling
it.
At Professor Virchow's request we gathered which could stand the transport, and we sent them to the illustrious naturalist in Berlin.
skulls
Although
as
tions
in
the
cemetery
was
considered
at excava-
We
the
at first sight
by the
fact
;
exhausted, I
made an attempt
to
in
order
and to
Arab diggers
skulls
called
ascertain the
buried.
manner
We
chow these
belonged to ichneumons,
The work was superintended chiefly by Dr. Goddard, who took part in the excavations during the winter of 1889. The fellaheen, when
they
which Avere buried with the cats because they also were sacred animals. As for the cats themselves, the intei'esting discussions which
have taken place at the Anthropological Society
of Berlin
dug
pits
for
;
the
upper
we had
we reached
domestic
cat,
inundation reaches
had
not.
The majority of
bones
of
preservation.
We
a good
discovered
according
stock
to
of
Dr.
a few of them
sitting
is
inner
Hartmann,
domestic
the
is
the
original
our
part of which
empty
specimen
cat,
Upper
Nile.
woman
hands
much
It
in
is
up in large subterraneous pits, the walls and bottom of which are made of bricks or hardened clay. Near each
are heaped
The bones
taming the
or
for hunting
but
seems well
and
site
is
ap-
2>eased as Bast.
wbo
in the tomb of Seti I., Hathor takes the form of Sekhet when she slaughters the men and tramples on their blood.
Sekhet
is
we
Bast at
the
which were
in a fair state of
queen of
the
gods,
the
eye,
or perhaps,
may
and
also,
as
we saw
of
fire.
I think
priestess
herscshta
Turn,
an obscure
title
The name of
and the contents of a pit, where the bones are mixed up with ashes and charcoal, is a decisive argument in favour of the cremation Besides, there are no traces of the bodies. whatever of embalming once only we found little bits of gold paper which may have been
;
Bast, as is pointed out by Brugsch, is derived from the root J P A which means imimlse, motion, and which according to the cases may be to intro-
duce or
of
to
bring out.
motion
action of heat,
Brugsch connects the idea and fertilizing which would be Bast, while on
as
is
mummy,
or on the
which covered the body of an animal, which for some reason or other did not If there has share the same fate as the others. been a mummification of cats at Bubastis, it was
of very rare occurrence, while
it is
and an
fertility
evil, it
would be Sekhet.
Brugsch conEgyptian
often
attributed in the
the rule in
mythology.
is
the
The name of Bast is a feminine form of Bes, god of the East, a warlike divinity, whose chief sanctuary was also very near Bubastis, in the neighbouring nome of Arabia, the capital of which was Phacusa.^ There be was called Sojit, and he took several forms and different names one of them is Sopt Shu, a god who is armed like Bes. Comparing the inscriptions of the great
the
shi'ine of
goddess as an offering.
the
also
same with
which are
Bast
is
hippopotamus
designated
of
and the
pig,
by one
word.
we find that the divinity accompanying Bast most frequently, and considered
of Bubastis,
form
of
as her son,
is
called IlorhiJcen, a
god with a
;
Eathor, the
She
hawk's head,
flower, out of
like all
forms of Borus
or Nefera lotus
and also of
Selcliet,
when
a destructive power.
We
read in a text of
who
'
Plenneh
is
rejDresented as a lion
know
of
The Mound
of the
Sec
"
Goshen,
p.
10.
human
touches of the king Uahahra, Apries, Hophra, under whose reign the man lived. He was undoubtedly a high dignitary, for his titles are
:
As
of
we know
was an emblem
Tum,^ there
jnihor,
and
his
surname Ncferabraanlch,
Psammetik
Menhor,
Saitic, is
II., under whose reign he was born. His father Avas a prophet, and was called
the
image of Ilorus.
style
of
which
is
of
much obliterated group, in limestone, a priest and priestess, now in the British
The
inscription engraved
Museum.
on the back
It is divided
and the
the priest, whose name has disThere was also some text inscribed on the edge of the monument (pi. xliii. a, a'.)
left to
appeared.
We
^^
it
herscshta
\7asi
Egypt had
to
to
special to
Bubastis
we
sav>r
given to the
goddess herself,
sou of Rameses
we saw also
II.,
whom
re-
Saitic priest,
who is
^vT
of
Ojj]]
the
usual
name
of
the
territory
political life,
the twenty-
Bubastis.
seem
to
we
find the
in Bubastis, but to
have concentrated
works
name
of
the
goddess written
\M
MJl'^Pri
be"
on other
Sel-hctnuter,
which
consider
to
the
the Greek
However, two
bearing
of
fine
its
small
monuments
;
one of them
the forepart
and which
is
v^
the
Bast sculptured
in
inscription
on each side
are
marsh of Ilorus, as we saw before that there was one of Bast. It must have been a locality in the neighbourhood of the
temple, or at least in the territory of the city, for
the
d).
On
the
arms
the
car-
'
Goslien, pi.
iii.
3, \i. 6, vii. 5.
ii.
See Goshen,
pi.
G,
the three
members of the
imJer their various forms standing before Sopt, ^ Goshen, pi. vi. G.
The Moimd of
Ilorus.
The name
of the priestess,
is
which alone
1^^^^^
granite
;
llontfuul.
epoch a fragment
part of
the
of the
statue in black
and
back has
been
left.
been preserved.
to Bast of
made
of
of red limestone
more than
the
lateral
;
are
not destitute of
interest
they speak of
pleasant face,
(pi. xliii. c).
who
is
in
the
garden of Bast
was
finished
sculptures,
I
saw
also in the
same
The
deceased, as
a part of which only has been Nekhthorheb frequently employed in his structure materials taken from the older Thanks to his unscrupulousness, we have halls. preserved the block of Amenemha I., and that of Amenophis II., which was used as a door lintel,
executed.
Agreat
many
we come
and it is impossible to assign a date to them. Nekhthorheb followed the traditions of the
Bubastites
;
of
It
is
which only has been preserved (pi. xliii. rs). a dedication of the king Hakoris, of the
It
is
the
first
time that a
monument
The
and even, in order to show better how devoted he was to the goddess, he changed his cartouche, and instead of calling himself the son of Isis, as
he does elsewhere, he styles himself the
Bast.
so7i
of
fragment
is
now
in the British
Museum.
When
;
of Bubastis, he of
Hell
name
of
of that city
work the considerable which have been raised in the Delta by the thirtieth dynasty, and especially by the first king, Nekhthorheb. Bubastis is one of the localities where he disfor he added to played the greatest activity
number
of constructions
temple
as
of
Isis.
He
is
called
there
(pi. xliii. k)
Nelchthorneh, or Ilornehnehht,
^\
K:::^
on the
large
cartouches of Sama-
nood.'^
\^;
satisfied
it
with building
a shrine of polished
so perfect that
on the west,
the
workmanship is
on the top, ran a cornice adorned with large a fragment of it was visible at projecting asps the end of last century, and has been repro;
must rank among the finest remains of Egyptian art. The sculptures are not very deep, but engraved with the most minute details (pi. xlvii. and xlviii.). Most of the frag"
Gosliei), p. 3.
See Tlie
Mound
of the
Jew,
pi. vi. 2, p.
25.
"HK THIRTIETH
DYNAHTY.
it seems that the text was intended be a catalogue of temples, for the text always
:
ments have been carried away and sent to the museum of Ghizeh or to the British Museum.
^Ye cannot make even an approximate reconstruction of the
represented,
to
monument
Tt
is
too
many fragments
^ ""^
:
have disappeared.
not impossible
we have, R]
^J^J
Ra, of
[o|l|^--]'^^
Barneses,
in
the
which are regularly repeated, and which are the ornament of the cornice, Nekhthorheb is always styled fJie aon of Basf, the goddess with a lion's
head being substituted for
Isis,
district
valcr of
Bu
ar:iii(MiE]?:^fls
holy uliode of
J'hfJt'ih
>'
who is generally
It is
The kind of property over the gods which Rameses had assumed, and which probably entitled him to a special protection,
bank of the
rirer.
As
the
mother, Bast
left (pi. xliv.
may
be the
city
called
The
peculiar character of
work of Nekhthorheb or
most of
called
Nekhthorheb erected the tablet now from the name of its owner the " Metterunder Nectanebo's
el
obliterated
some
of the
most
in-
^ "^ J^^^r^ |
fZ^
city,
the sacred
abode
;
Saft
Henneh was
of which
enis
n
the
\\
Upper Egypt
the divine
abode of
Amon
of
graved,
the
partial
destruction
_
Northern
much
to
be regretted, and
which
has
of
the
monuments
it
Nekhthe
thorheb,
At
that time
seems that
sovereigns wished to
;
give their
monuments a
more religious stamp the texts which accompany the figures are no mere commonplace they are much more developed sentences as for the divinities, they are more numerous, and are seen under the most various appearThe god to whom a monument is ances. dedicated appears followed by a train of divinities, who are nearly the whole Egyptian
;
Very
of
little
one
them contained a
in
we read
Is
it
pantheon.
From
preserved,
the repi'esentatious
solemnity?
had done before, on the occasion of a great We can express only conjectures.
;
were divided into successive panels, between which stood a huge serpent (pi. xlvi. n, e). In each panel appear several divinities, the names of which are given ; but though the god alone is
at
if
in
p 928.
uot of
Amon,
as under Osorkon.
Among
we we
tbc
find
the half
month.
].
5,
when
the
tte ichneumon
before, being an
(pi.
xlv.
v),
which, as
said
style of the
work we must
Nekhthorheb
In the
among
monuments
(pi.
of
At
was a shrine
of red
beautiful
workmanship
fJie
xliii.
o).
The
the goddess,
were
divided
in
horizontal
registers,
and which
is
supported by
men
The name
identifies
of Mehent, the
goddess of the
Henneh, and
wor-
North,
A text
el
of the
two
had great
Meht
lion.
'
the determinative
contains the
predicate
name
by
the
]!n.
^^3:7-f-2?
lirivr/
lord,
in
liJrr
To
l)y
all
Name and
way
as to
such a
size,
age of which
the style,
is
pointed to either by a
name
or
we must add
The name
;
of the
which
both
fully
uncertain.
Two
large
of
fragments of red
the
first
all
the signs
hall,
bearing
engraved.
;
very
inscriptions
care-
Bad
is
One
On
somewhat
Bast
is
seen
(pi. xlix. o)
it
sitting,
before
ilic
her
making
the
offerings.
It
who
offerings.
the
called
may be Bast
is
The
other
daughter of Horns,
the well-known
(xlvii. g).
residivg
hohj
vertical,
and reads,
another
by the art of
(pi. xlix.
field,
name
Shet
^^,
name
of
Bast
d).
Bubastis
To
A fragment
of a pillar in
statue, so
much
Romans
in
probably
On
the
side.*
words
is
tJte
temjile of the
mighty goddess
There
and an inscription
date
of
re-
the
which was
The
the
given
(PI. xliii, F
p'
I'''')
.
.
The
pillar
may be
for
1.
of
Ptolemaic,
Brugsch, Myth.
Tlie
p.
in
tlie
first
'
Mound
of the .low,
vi.
'HE I'TOLKMIES
we purchased from the sebakh His titles and name were (pi. xlix.
wliich
dii^-o'ers.
to
him by
Ptoletiiv,
one of the
StaSo\'ot, the
n),
t]ie
j
l'Jt'-(jiuirds,
the successors of
calls
hersesJita
of Bast,
t/ic
ladtj uf
the
Macedonian
He
himself the
as they
brother, dSeX^d?, of
Apollonios,
but
had not the same father, since Ptolemy was the i^ou of another Apollonios, and Apollonios the
son of Theon, the word dSeX<^os must either first cousin or uterine brother. In the second inscription son of Theon,
it is
mean
blocks
statues,
of
Apollonios, the
inscriptions, with-
who
out
above.
the
following.
Heseemsto
One
of
to the
museum
only half
have erected two statues, since he mentions first the king and afterwards his brother Ptolemy.
It is natural that the
preserved
should
AtoWwviov
TOV
Toi'
ecui'os tuiv
</)u\.(u)I')
y3aO-l\c(l)S
Kal SLOLKIJTrJU
speak
first
monument
the king
to each other,
AttoWwvlov
twoias (veKCf
KXeoTrdTpaif
di jSacnkia
Kal
and queen."
It
present intended to court the good-will of tlu^ sovereign, but if they had some favour to ask for, it is strange that they both should have
BaffiAea llroAf/xaroi' 6
Kal iv^apidTov Kal to
.
done
it
monuments
TU TiK
...
!
Although they
that the
no inscriptions,
it is
clear
Romans did not abandon the temple of Bubastis. At the entrance of the hypostyle
the place where the Greek inscriptions were discovered, was the pedestal of a statue (pi. vi.), part of which we may have found, for
hall,
it is
accusative
alone
in
honorary
inscriptions.official
of the
wearing a
According to M. Lumbroso
six of those officials,
"
we knew already
the
Roman
statue in the
museum
of Ghizeh.
and
is
trator.
As Tlepolemos was
in office in
the
part of a fine torso in white stone, used as a bridge over a ditch, and which we purchased from a fellah, is also Roman work.
I think that the
Romans used
the
seem
have made
strong doors,
A statue
erected
built of
there
still
huge stones. On the west side, where was an entrance, was found a large block,
Nekhthorheb
'
Ecnn.
pol. p.
339.
BUB AST! S.
turned upside down, showing that
it
had been
scattered.
I obtained
difficult negotiations,
On
the
a
not carry
cover.
might
dis-
and
xxii.
r,).
It is
cube
of
It
brought to
and
fastened
On the
top
is
the stone
itself,
which
Temple of Bast. was an architrave, bearing Except this one, all the name of Rameses II. the others had the name of Osorkon I., who had
of a building smaller than the
The
largest fragment
the door
xxii. b).
in
being opened
and
closed
(pi.
if
he did
lii.
not raise
buried
their
it
completely.
all
On
plates
1.
to
has
As
dead
been reproduced
scriptions,
is
made
some excavations
which
further,
but the
ill-will
of
the
it.
me from
found
seen
offered
for
made
of
raw
may be
on plate
xxviii.
more extensive excavations. In Egypt we must always reckon with the innate feeling, of
w^hich
free,
sider
them
treasures.
Roman
period.
Herodotus seems
to
when be
crated
was dedi-
cated to Hermes.
same divinities as the great few and badly preserved remains of the representations which adorned its wall (pi. I.), we find the king making offerto
the
temple.
In
the
lined
by
trees
of
Hermes.
The
direction
of
the road
is
is
still
an
the
Bast
is
At
the king.
we reach
first,
when
went there
which have been destroyed, and where the Greek traveller, who
the sculptures
when he
and he multiplied
precious stones.
and
The king
directions
ill, his form of the god of Ilesert (Thoth), meaning as being Thoth himself. We are struck here,
treasury.
of the edifice, which I believe to have been a Thoth was the " lord of truth" from
as
of the
whom Avisdom
proceed.
treasures of
tection, just
to
following
We
find, for
instance, the
'
3, gold,
5010 uten
lazuli,
silver,
It is natural that
30,720
nien.;
;
genuine lapis
ICOO; black
like
copper, oOOO
as in other
temples
we
see
him
a shrine or a vase,
uteiK'
of 100,000
Notwithstanding
the
ai'chitrave
with
name
Rameses II.. it is obvious from the great number of cartouches of Osorkon I. disof
it
is this
mate value of
tlie
in
gold and
If
monument of
towards the
and of
his munificence
gods.
was so, Ave can understand that the last line, where some of these gifts seem to have been
accounts of gold,
and
stones,
summed
ntcii.,
sum
of 494,300
It is
much
to
higher.
On
sums
other
of this
sides of a pillar.
several, the
we
find
The
dates, of
amount
elsewhere
millions
considering
that
of
of uten of silver.
We
nearly unknown.
that there
is
There
it
is
considering that
cations, but
units.
It gives
sums given
inscription which
of the
is
The fragment
us a very high
the
broken
in two.
made paper
to let
riches
scription,
sell
me
take
it
to the
it
and the prosperity of the kingdom must have been under Osorkon I. In this case, as with the thirtieth dynasty, we have to reverse
Since
my
departure,
Brugsdi assigns
diilers
to the
fre-
whieh
p.
only slightly from the 1450 grains assigned to the uten by iMr. Pctrie, vid. Brugsch, Zeitschr. vol. xxvii.
make
85
*
&
as
if.
I'rof.
temples.
Osorkon
even
Thoth himself
word
Brugsch in a private letter says lie considers meaning a very high sum of money.
tire
ditiou of the
is
It
fellaheen
There are
col-
clear that
was only
in a time of
peace
liberalities
made
to the temples,
it
In
is
my
remarkable through
several
museum
of Ghizeh,
some unknown
regretted.
signs,
one
side
the greatest part of the text the more to be L. 5 mentions the tributes of two good god,
of the oases, El
Khargeh and
Dakhel.''
This
L. 3
Mahes, the
verii
lord
III.,
of {Bast).
Large scarabs of
there
is
Amenophis
even
fortunately
wc have lost an important datum, the name of the month /rom the first year, the
:
They come
7th of
lohich
.,
to the
makes
it
years, 3 months,
and 16 days
taken to
fill
The discovery
I very soon
of
these
tombs was
originally
Whatever name
the gap,
of the
month
is
up
me to Bubastis,
but
number
of
We
my
opinion any
entirely
is
and of the texts discovered at Bubastis, As we have shown, they extend from the fourth
dynasty to the Romans. Twenty-five kings arc mentioned, from Cheops to Ptolemy Epiphanes,
excavation
I
there
would be
devoid of result.
any
more work
places of
to be
one of
compared
before. It
names may
with Tanis.
example of the
lie
archgeological treasures
which
buried in the
pii^k
Delta,
and
1, p.
79.
spade of the
LIST OF KINGS
Whose Names
locro
Found
Cheops
CONTENTS OF PLATES,
itii
I.
tlie
en-
Lotus -bud
capitals.
columns
of
and
Hathor
British
.
tlie east,
now
.
Ph. Rev.
W. MacGregor 1013
Cheops,
Museum/
see
pi. x.
26
VIII. Standard
II.
Roman
Gregor
brick
constructions,
remains
Museum.
3
Ph. Rev.
W. MacGregor
......
of
Ph.
Bragsch-Bey.
file,
III.
General
view
excavations,
in
pi. xxiii. A
.11
.
taken
1887.
from the
February,
X. Great Hyksos head, the same as pi. i. XL Great Hyksos head, first discovered.
2G
Ph.
.
Museum
3,
of
Gliizeh.
Ph.
Brugsch2G
Brugsch-Bey
Bey
XII. Base of a statue of lan-Ra.
XIII.
later.
In
Ghizeh
23
Hyksos
2, 3,
Two
now
in
the
British
.
Museum.
.
phis.
Ph. Rev.
W. MacGregor
2G
The left one in the Ghizeh Museum, the right one in the British Museum. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor.
See
in
pi.
On the
Gregor
now
.
in
XXV.
b,
Boston Museum.
(pi. liii.)
Ph. Rev.
.
.
W. Mac1013
On
frag(p.
Ghizeh
of
31
VI. Hypostyle
linll
Rameses
IG, 37
of Geneva.
. .
In the middle,
the
I'ight,
Roman
On
pedestal.
XV. Head
name
of
thorheb
(p.
the
left,
ing the
of
mentofa
45),
statue of
Rameses VI.
Rameses
Ghizeh.
Ph.
Brugsch-Bey
38
Ph. Rev.
W. MacGregor
10
13
.46
40
mentioned, the pliototypes liave teen made from photographs which I took myself.
'
AVhcrcvei- no
name
is
list
of conquered
Ph. Rev.
W. MacGregor.
CONTENTS OP TLATES.
making an offering to W. MacGregor 47 XIX. Group of Plitliah and Rameses II. In front block from the inscriptions Ph. of the festival of Osorkon TI. Rev. W. MacGregor .42 XX. Block bearing the name of Set of
XVIII. Osorkon
Bast.
.
I.
of
is
Rameses
in
II.,
the head
of
which
.
Ph. Rev.
Sydney,
of the
left
on the spot
9, 14,
87
D.
Base
British
covered
XXVI.
A.
Upper
of
a door.
The
Barneses.
overseers).
Two
.
of our reises
(Arab
Amcnophis
II. (pi.
.
xxxv.
. .
u).
British
.
Ph. Rev.
.
W. MacGregor.
. .
Museum
B.
.30
.
York Museum
.42
pi.
Fragments
statues,
of
the
two
Hyksos
20
II.,
XXI.
A.
Architectural
head
of
Rameses
c.
when
still
first
discovered
II.
See also
. .
xxiv.
T; c.
British
Museum
.38
34
D.
showing
of Uscrtesen III.
Museum
9,
30
XXII.
B.
Inscription
.
of
.
Apcpi.
.
British
.
the
words
the
chiefs of
the
Museum
xxvii.)
c.
.22
(pi.
Betennu.
name
the
of
See
pi. v.,
on
30
was inserted
.CO
.42
7
left
Ph.
Rev.
D.
False
British
door of
the
Museum
. .
....
Old
. .
Empire.
See
pi. xxii. B,
XXIII. A. Profile of the Hathor capital in Boston .11 B. Hathor capital of the smaller type.
.
CO
of late
Roman
.
.
time,
Ph.
W. MacGregor
.00
Pli.
Sydney
c.
12
of
XXIX.
Shoulder
colossal
II.
.
statue
.
....
Rev.
usurped by Osorkon
D.
14, 35
XXX.
the
Ph.
W. Mac4
Rev,
3G
36
Gregor
XXIV.
B.
c.
XXXI. Gang
of labourers.
Pli.
W.
MacGregor.
Hathor
capital.
Louvre
.11
38
INSCRIPTIONS.
XXXIT.
B.
A.
Standard of Cheops.
See
pi.
D.
statue.
9, 26,
viii
48
XXV.
B.
left
Museum
and
. .
....
of Chefren.
of
.
(!,
D.
Titles
name
.
Pepi
.
I.
Back
Base
of the statue of
Amcnophis
. .
Ghizeh
.6
I.
.
(pi. xiii.)
c.
Ghizeh
.32
name
XXXIII.
B
A.
Inscription of
Amenemha
of a statue
bearins: the
F.
Usertesen III.
...
K
8 9
GG
CONTENTS OF PLATES.
I.
Cartouclies of Sebekliotcp
A.
T.
K.
XXXIV.
B. c.
Historical inscrii^tion
Ghizeh
I.
45
Fragment
XXXIX.
and
XL.
to
Osorkon
making
various
47, 48
List of nomes.
]i.
Usertesen III.
Usertesen
T.
.
offerings
divinities
Bast
and
to
D,
Xile gods.
XXXV.
B.
c.
A.
King lan-Ra
(pi. xii.)
XLI.
0.
Standard of Apepi
Inscription of Apepi
D.
capitals
47, 48
D.
Stone of Amenopliis
a).
.....
priestess
.....
....
II.
II.
Osorkon
Inscriptions
of
E.
the gateway
.
49, 50
r, f".
XLTI.
A.
Osorkon
II.
and
his
queen,
. .
G.
H.
I.
Karoama.
B.
British
Museum
52 50 52
Date of the
Set and
festival of
Amon
II.
.
c.
Daughters of Osorkon
0.
Mahes
and
.
.49
D.
Lists of captives
n.
Fragment
A.
of an usurped statue
priest
priestess.
.
E.
!',
XLIII.
B.
0.
Saito
Plithah of Barneses
British
Museum
official
.55
56
55
n.
I.
....
Montreal.
.
Museum
.
.
Unknown
.56
56
58
K, L, 0.
Merenphtliah as prince
D.
E.
Statuette of Nespahor.
Ghizeh
M.
Boston N. A royal son of Kush. XXXVII. List of nomes. Rameses II. XXXVIII. A. Nile gods. Rameses II.
B.
F. f'".
G.
9,
Statue of Bast
.58
.
Ghizeh
0, o".
Menthuhershepshef.
XLIV.VI. Hall of Nekhthorheb XLVII., VIII. Shrine of Nekhthorheb XLIX. A. White limestone. Ptolemaic or
. .
57
58 58
Boston
D.
E.
F.
Roman
B.
c, D.
......
. .
.
Canopic vase
.59
.
Red
limestone,
unknown epoch
Ghizeh
the
of
58 59
42^
E, f.
Greek inscriptions.
Inscriptions
G.
King
Rameses
III.
L.
LII.
small
Ghizeh
H, h". Statue of
temple
GO 02
in
.
red limestone.
1, I.'
column now
VI.,
Boston, made by M.
. .
.
Statue of
King Rameses
left
E. Cramer
.11
.
black granite,
on the spot.
13
INDEX.
Aamu
Aha,
priest
Aboo Simbel
Abydos
Accad
Africamis
Ahmes, general
Ahmes
Amasis
I.,
King
Amen,
see
Anion.
I.
... ...
...
Amenemlia
...
n
Ill
Amenopliis,
ofiicial
ir
III
13,
29-
U,
IC, 20,
IV
Amon, god
15, 30, ai, 35, 37,
4214,
1648,
of Rameses
Ammihershepslief
Amu
Amyitaeos
An, King
Ankhrenpnefcr,
oilicial
...
Apcpi
...
...
21-
Apbroditopolis
Apollonios
son of Theon
ApophU,
Apries
gee
k^Q\n
Arab, conquest
Arabia, nonic of
...
...
Arabs
...
...
Architraves, usurped
Archies
Argo, island
ArUu, Syrian
Armer, princess
... ... ...
INDEX.
Chabas
....
KhanMci,
KIiael, laud
...
Khataanah
Kherfu,
official
Kheta
Kliiaii
Klmdur
iS'akhuiita
Khuenaicn
Kosseaiis...
Krall, Prof
Kummeh
Kusli, royal son of
Kushilc's...
Lcnormaiit
Lcpsins
...
Libya
nomo
Libyan
...
of
Lotus-bud columns
Lumbroso, G.
...
Luxor
Ma, goddess
JLicrisy
...
Maflmt, region of
Mahes
Malus, traveller
...
Manetho
...
Mariette...
Marsli of Bubastis
of
Horus
...
Maspero, Prof.
3Ieht,
...
Mehent
ilemphis...
Mcnhor, priest
Menlilieperra
...
Mentha
MenthuJiershe^fshrf, prince
Mentor
Mcrenphthah
!Mermashu, King
]\resopotamia
Mcsori, montli
...
Metternich tablet
Mispliragmutlwsis
Mitrahenny
Mongoloid type
INDEX.
Pi-Besoth
statues usurped
LONDON
On.TiF.HT
ST.
JOHN
IIOUKI!,
E.C.
PL.
P!,.
Ill
PL. IV
i-L V
PL. Vi
FL, VII
PL. VIII
PL
IX
.r
PL.
PL.
XI
PL. XII
,'
.^
^;^
PL. XIII
PL.
XIV
PL.
XV
PL.
XVI
PL. XVII
PL. XV]
PL.
XIX
PL.
XK
PL.
XXI
PL. XXII
PL. XXIll
'^^
.<*.--v^r-
J'-- *!,;}
PL.
XXIV
PL.
XXV
PL.
XXVI
tis?^
PL.
XXVI
PL.
XXV]
PL.
XXIX
PL XXX
PL.
XXXI
i
^
JJ
.S^.
i
Uul
A
SL--
WKmo
Uo^uJ
u
!
u u
CZZZ
1
i3ifii)%5t^giiBE^(ililw
h:
\>L.
XLV
iC3&
fe
<r:rT^
^d^^&il^
ci^
y:^
^^
^T
c^ ,a
G\ ex
G-^ CI
C C
'v''
H^CJ^^^S^^
PL. LIV
the
of
of
the
Route of the Exodus. Two Maps, and a New Pithom. Third lulili.i.
2S,f.
II.
Tanis.
Part
I.
By W. M. Flixders Retkik.
Second Edition.
i88S.
255.
I.
With
Naiikredis.
Part
By W. M. Flinders Petrie.
With Chapters by Cecil yMiTH, Ernest A. Gardner, and B.-^rcl.w V. He.\d. With Fony-si.x Plates and Plans. Second Edition. 18SS.
IV.
A.
Tanis.
S.
{Tn/i/'ivilies).
Nebesheh [Am) II,, Part By W. M. Flinders Petrie. Murray and F. I.l. Griffith. With
1
and
'With
Dcfcnneh
Chapters
Plates
by
Fifty-one
and
Plans.
888.
25^.
By Edouard
1S88.
25.?.
Plarts.;
Second Edition.
VI. Naukratis.
1889.
2sy.
Part
II.
By Erne.st A. GARnxER.
With Twenty four Plates and
With
I'lans.
VII. The City of Onias, the Antiquities of Teli el Yahudiyeh, and tJ:e M'oimd of t/ie fr.v. By Edouard Naville and F. Lu Griffith.
Widi Twenty-six Plates and Plans.
1890.
-z^s.
VI
II.
Bubastis.
By Edouard
Navii.le,
With
fifty-four
Plates
and Plans.
EXTRA MEMOIR.
Ttvo Hieroglyphic Papyrifroin Tanis.
Translated by F. Ll.
With Remarks by Professor Griffith and W.M. Flinders Petrie. FIeinrich Brug'sch. With fifteen Plates. 1889, 55.
'fJif^tUcnt.
Sir
JOHN FOWLER,
!!Ftrt33vftBciit
K.C.M.G.
?t?on.
for America.
Hon.
J.
RUSSELL LOWELL,
aiiD
Sjoit.
D.C.L., LL.D.
Fuc^JprtgiUrnt
Rev. AV. C.
WINSLOW,
COPYRIGHT LAW OCKER & TRAPP INC. AND NYU- INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS PRODUCED THIS REPLACEMENT VOLUME ON WEYERHAEUSER COUGAR OPAQUE NATURAL PAPER, THAT MEETS ANSI/NISO STANDARDS Z39. 48-1997 TO REPLACE THE IRREPARABLY DETERIORATED ORIGINAL. 2002
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