1st Law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
TRD2B21
Energy Equation for a
control mass & volume
Brognakke, et. al. Chapter 5 & 6
Study Unit 5
N Janse van Rensburg
August 2011
TRD 2B First Law of Thermodynamics CH5 & 6 2
Chapter Goals
An introduction to the first law of
thermodynamics by:
Expressing the conservation of energy for a
cycle
Calculating the change in total energy of a
control mass and volume and relating it to
work and heat transfer
Introducing internal energy, enthalpy and
specific heat
The first law in a cycle
During any cycle that a system undergoes,
the cyclic integral of heat is proportional to
the cyclic integral of work
} }
= W Q o o
Change in state of a C.M.
Change in state of a CM
} }
= W Q o o
} } } }
+ = +
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
B A B A
W W Q Q o o o o
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
C B C B
Q Q W W o o o o + = +
} } } }
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
A C
Q W Q W o o o o =
} }
Since A and C represent arbitrary processes
between 1 and 2
is the same for all processes & a point
function
Q W o o
dE Q W o o =
Energy in out A = +
2 1 1 2 1 2
E E Q W =
Energy
There exists for every system a property
called energy
E = U + KE + PE + CE
Internal energy U random or disorganized
motion of molecules in the system
Molecular motion function of temperature
U thermal energy
Energy
Heat
transfer
Internal Energy U
Function of the state of the system
U = f(P,T) U = f(P,v) U = f(v,T)
For pure substances the entire state of the
system is specified if any two properties are
specified
Internal Energy U
liq vap
U U U = +
liq f vap g
mu m u m u = +
f fg
u u xu = +
Energy
Change in E
The change in energy of a system is equal
to the difference between the heat added to
the system and the work done by the
system
E = Q W
E = U
thermal
+ E
kinetic
+ E
potential
+
E = U
1
st
Law of Thermodynamics
1
st
Note that Q and Ware not functions of state,
but of U molecular motion
U depends only on the state of the system
U does not depend on how the system got
to that state
U is independent of path even though Q &
Ware not
dU Q W o o =
1
st
Heat transfer TO a system Q > 0
Energy added to the system
Work done BY a system W > 0
Energy leaves system
On your own
Work through 5.4 Problem analysis and
solution technique
Example 5.5
1
st
Work done in any adiabatic process (Q=0)
is a function of state
For a cyclic process heat
and work transfers are
numerically equal
0
U Q W
=
A =
0
final initial
U U
U
Q W
=
A =
=
Enthalpy
1 2 2 1 1 2
( ) Q U U W = +
Quasi-equilibrium constant pressure process
1 2 1 2
U Q W A =
Enthalpy
2
1 2
1
2
1 2 2 1
1
( )
W PdV
W P dV P V V
=
= =
}
}
1 2 2 1 1 2
( ) Q U U W = +
Quasi-equilibrium constant pressure process
Work done
Therefore
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
( )
( ) ( )
Q U U PV PV
Q U PV U PV
= +
= + +
Constant pressure process
Quasi-static process of constant pressure
2 2 1 1
( ) ( ) Q U PV U PV = + +
2 1
( ) Q U U W = +
2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) Q U U P V V = +
2 1
Q H H =
Enthalpy
Heat transfer during the process is given in
terms of the change in the quantity U+PV
H U PV = +
P
h u Pv u
= + = +
Enthalpy
dU Q W o o =
dU Q PdV o =
H U PV = +
dH dU PdV VdP = + +
dH Q W PdV VdP o o = + +
True for any process
True for any QE-process
By definition:
True for any
process
Specific heat
The amount of heat required per unit of
mass to raise temperature by one degree
Q=CT [kJ/kg K]
How much does a given amount of heat
transfer change the temperature of a
substance
Consider a simple compressible substance
and quasi-equilibrium process
Specific heat
Constant volume process PdV = 0
Q dU W dU PdV o o = + = +
Constant pressure process Q=H
1 1
v
v v v
Q U u
C
m T m T T
o o o
o o o
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
1 1
p
p p p
Q H h
C
m T m T T
o o o
o o o
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
For ideal gas
Equation of state for a system
u = f(P,T) u = f(P,v) u = f(v,T)
Equation of state for an ideal gas
Pv = RT and u = f(T)
Internal energy of superheated v
Table 5.1
Ideal gas
0
0
2 1 0 2 1
2 1 0 2 1
0 0
( )
( )
c
p
v
p
p v
du c dT
dh c dT
u u c T T
h h c T T
c c R
=
=
=
=
=
31
Control volume
TRD 2B First Law of Thermodynamics CH5 & 6
Continuity equation
Flow across CV surface
Conservation of mass
Cannot create or destroy mass
Rate of change = + in - out
1
/
CV
i e
CV A B C
local
avg
dm
m m
dt
m dV dV m m m
v
V V
m V dA VA v
v v
=
= = = + +
= = = =

} }
}
First law for a CV
If the mass inside the control volume
changes with time it is because some
mass is added or some is taken out.
In the special case of a steady flow
/ 0
i e
d dt
m m m
=
= =
A control volume used to track
mass flow
Class assessment
Air is flowing in a 0.25 m diameter pipe at a
uniform velocity of 0.15m/s The temperature
is 30C and the pressure is 150 kPa.
Determine the mass flow rate.
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K
First law of thermodynamics
The first law of
thermodynamics
can be written as a
rate equation
2 2 1 2 1 2
CV
E E Q W
dE
Q W
dt
=
=
Terms in the energy equation
Flow work on unit mass
Flow work on unit mass
Terms in the energy equation
First Law for Open Systems
2 2
1 1
2 2
CV
CV CV i i i i e e e e
dE
Q W m h V gZ m h V gZ
dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

Rate of change
of energy
inside the CV
Nett rate of
heat transfer
Nett rate of
work
The sum of energy fluxes due to
mass flow in and out
2 2
1 1
2 2
CV
dE
dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

2
1
2
tot
h h V gZ = + +
, ,
CV
CV CV i tot i e tot e
dE
Q W mh m h
dt
= +

Steady-state process
2 2
1 1
2 2
CV
dE
dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

i e
m m m = =

Continuity eq
First law
2 2
2 2
i e
i i e e
V V
q h gZ h gZ w + + + = + + +
Heat exchanger
Simple fluid flow through a pipe or systems
of pipes where heat transfer to or from the
fluid
Fluid may be heated or cooled
May or may not boil (Lv), condense (vL)
P = Constant
W=0 Q=H
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger
Nozzle
Steady state device to create high-velocity
flow at the expense of pressure
Contoured to expand flowing fluid smoothly
to a lower pressure increase velocity
Create KE
W=0
Q=0
Nozzle
Nozzles on an F-14
Diffuser
Diffuser
Throttle
Fluid flowing in a line encounters a restriction in
the flow of passage
Valves, flow metering orifices and flow regulators
Results in pressure drop, significant increase in
velocity
W=0 Q=0 h
i
=h
e
Pressure drop at constant enthalpy
Phase change
Throttle
Turbine
Rotary steady-state machine to produce shaft
work at the expense of the pressure of the working
fluid convert incoming enthalpy and kinetic
energy of a fluid into shaft work
Create shaft work from high P flow
Steam or gas
Q = 0 if not specified
W
out
Turbines
Turbine
Turbine
Diffuser
Diffuser
Compressor & pump
Compressors are work input devices used to
increase the pressure and enthalpy of gases
and vapors
Steady-state steady-flow (SSSF)
Adiabatic Q = 0
Kinetic and potential energies are negligible
relative to other energy terms
W
in
= m(h
out
h
in
)
Compressor & pump
Compressor & pump
Pumps, Fans and Blowers
Use mechanical work input to increase the
pressure and/or velocity of a fluid
Create shaft work from high P flow
Steam or gas
Q = 0 if not specified
W
i
= m(h
e
-h
i
)
Power plant
Transient process
The CV remains constant relative to the
coordinate frame
The state of the mass within the CV may
change with time at any instant of time
the state is uniform
The state of the mass crossing is constant
with time although mass flow rates may vary
Transient process
Transient process
Transient process
Transient process
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
( (
2 2
i e
CV i i i e e e
CV
CV
V V
Q m h gZ m h gZ
V V
m u gZ m u gZ W
+ + + = + + +
(
| | | |
+ + + + +
( | |
\ . \ .

Transient process
A tank filling
Consider a supply line containing a pure
substance at some temperature and
pressure connected to a tank by a valve.
When the valve is opened, the tank is filled
to some pressure and the valve is closed
A tank filling
Assume conditions inside the supply line
remain constant as the filling process
proceeds. System boundary around tank
cuts the supply line T and P in the supply
line are also the temperature and pressure
of the inlet state
T
IN
= T
SUPPLY LINE
= constant
P
IN
= P
SUPPLY LINE
= constant
A tank filling
The tank initially has some mass m
1
and is filled
to mass m
2.
The mass balance for this problem
is then
A tank filling
Rapid process Q to the surroundings neglected.
Tank is rigid volume remain constant
No boundary work
No electrical/shaft work
Neglecting kinetic and potential energy terms, the
energy balance is then
Summary
Having completed study unit 5 you should
have acquired the abilities to allow you to:
Recognise the components of total energy
stored in a control mass
Write the energy equation for a single
uniform control mass
Find u and h for a given state
Locate a state in the tables with (P,h)
Summary
Find changes in u and h for liquid or solid
states A.3 & A.4
Find changes in u and h for ideal-gas states
A.5, A.7 & A.8
Recognise that the forms for C
p
(A.6) is
approximations to A.7 & A.8
Summary
Formulate the conservation of m and U for a
control mass that goes through a process
involving W& Q and different states
Formulate the conservation of m and U for a
complex control mass where there are
different masses with different states
Summary
Use the energy equation in a rate form
Know the difference between the continuity
equation, conservation of energy and the
laws that describes a device behaviour or
process
Summary
Understand the meaning of the conservation
equation
Understand the concept of mass flow rate
and volume flow rate
Recognise flow and non-flow terms in the
energy equation
Summary
Know how the most typical devices work
and if they have Q & W transfers
Have a sense about devices where KE &
PE are important
Analyse SSSF devices
Extend the application to multiple-flow
devices
Summary
Apply the conservation equation to complete
systems as a whole or to individual devices
and recognise their connections &
interactions
Recognise and use the proper form of the
equations for transient problems
Summary
Be able to assume a proper average value
for any flow term in a transient
Recognise the difference between storage
of energy and flow
Key concepts
Key concepts
Key concepts
Key concepts
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2
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1st Law of Thermodynamics

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