Geography CHIJTP Natural Vegetation 1ai) From Fig.

1a, the distribution of the tropical monsoon forest is located at 10 to 25 North to South along the equator and the distribution of the tropical rainforest is located at 10 North to South along the equator. It also shows that the area of the tropical rainforest is denser than the tropical monsoon forest as the area of the tropical rainforest is larger than the monsoon forest. Since both of them are located near the equator, thus both forests experienced high rainfall and temperature. 1aii) In tropical forest, the trees have buttress roots as they are able to obtain nutrients easily from the top of the soil such as humus and water as they do experienced high rainfall and temperature throughout the year. However, in the tropical monsoon forest, they have deep taps roots as they do not experienced high rainfall and temperature throughout the years thus the trees will need to take in the water from the underground. The leaves in tropical rainforest are evergreen in which they remain green throughout the year and they do not shed their leaves at any one time of the year. However, in tropical monsoon forest the leaves are deciduous. They does not remains green throughout the year and they do shed their leaves usually would be during the middle of the year where they are lack of water and sunlight. The trunks of the trees in tropical rainforest are thin and slim as they do not need protection against any hot or cold climate. However, the barks in tropical monsoon forest require thick and coarse barks to protect them against the distinct wet and dry climate.

1b) Due to deforestation, there will be a soil and land erosion as the trees roots will be able to bind the soil around the trees. Deforestation made these soils loose and thus affects the water quality. When it rains, the water will infiltrate through the soil but the impurities will not be trapped and thus even after the water is being infiltrated, the water will still be filthy. This water will then flow to the nearby rivers and cause water pollution. Furthermore, the soil will have a surface runoff and deposits in the river. This will made the river to have a shallow seabed and the river will not be able to hold up a large volume of water as it was being occupied by the soil. Forests are home to many flora and fauna. Without these forests, the flora and fauna have no home to stay and die. This will cause a loss in biodiversity especially in tropical rainforest, it is highly dense with a large species of plants. Example of fauna will be monkey. In addition, there are still some medicinal valuable plants that are not yet discovered. The scientist will have to do more research of these plants. This also affects people who earn money by logging or others valuable resources that will be able to be found in the forest to support their family. Due to deforestation, these people might not be able to have an income to support their money. Especially these people are usually not highly educated and this might be the only skill they have to earn an income. Trees are renewable resources. These resources are valuable to make furniture and many others. Example like teak, it is able to produce hard wood to make our furniture. Without these resources, the economic development will decrease as companies will not be able to produce the same quantity due to lack of material. However, due to population growth and more people from the rural area moving to the urban area as there is a higher employment rate and a higher pay, people will clear the forest to build more settlement for people to live in.

1c) Reforestation and afforestation is one of the measures taken to reduce the rate of deforestation. Afforestation refers to planting of trees at places that was originally not covered by the forest. Reforestation is refers to the replanting of plants at places at that people have cleared the forests. This helps to maintain the density of the forest. However, it has its own limitation. As usually only teak plant was being plants because it is commercially valuable and it only requires a shorter period of time of 5 years to be fully mature as compared to other species of trees which may require about 20 years. Therefore, the diversity of the plant in the forest will definitely drop. Furthermore, there is a lack of manpower. As by reforesting and afforesting the forest, the pay given was low. People are not keen and motivated to do such a high labour work job with such a low pay. In which, this policy is not that effective as the efficiency level is not high too. Next measures would be controlled logging. Controlled logging is to limit the people to only cut down trees at certain areas of the forest. This is to prevent the whole forest being cut down and there will be a period of time for people to plant back the trees. However, this is also not very effective as trees may be bind up with Lianas. Thus, when a tree is being cut down, all the other neighbouring trees will be affected as well. In result, this policy does not bring much help in reducing the rate of deforestation. It only bring helps to a very small extend. Lastly, we will have the next policy which is Conservation. This policy is to protect the forest through the government by making it into a nature reserve. Some example would be the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in Singapore and the Betung Kerihun Nature Reserve in Kalimantan. Any activity that will bring harms to the trees such as logging is not allowed in a nature reserve. That includes littering as well. This policy also helps to educate people the importance of a forest especially towards the younger generation. This is so as they will be able to come up with better ideas or invent to protect these forests. Nature Reserve will be also a tourist attraction that brings in

income for a country. In conclusion, conservation will be the best measures taken to reduce the rate of deforestation even though the effect will require a longer period of time but this measure will be a much more longer term and effective. Geography Of Food 4ai) From Fig. 4a, the data shows that both country, 1 and 3, have an increase in the Human Development Index (HDI). From 1975, Country 1 have the HDI of 0.8 whereas for Country 3 has the HDI of 0.2. However both countries have an increase in the number throughout the 30 years. For Country 3, it has a constant and a higher increase in HDI as compared to Country 1. Each 10 years, Country 3 has an increase of 0.1 but for Country 1, it has only an increase of about 0.03. Throughout the 30 years, Country 1 has an increase of 0.1 however Country 3 has an increase in 0.3. However, even though Country 3 has an higher increase, Country 1 has a higher of 0.4 than Country 3 after 30 years at 2005. 4aii) This HDI system is much more reliable in the developed countries (DCs) but might not be that reliable in the less developed countries (LDCs). This is because in DCs, technology are more advanced, thus it will be easier to collect all the data as everything would be recorded. However, in LDCs, things were not recorded and there would be informal trading. It will be much more difficult to collect an accurate data thus they were only able to estimate the value to the data which made the HDI value to be an estimated one thus unreliable.

1bi) In Fig. 4b, India and Australia have the growth of cotton but in Australia, the DCs, only have an area of 0.1 million hectare but in India, the LDCs, have an area of 6.2 million hectare of GM crops. Also, in Brazil and Mexico, both have the growth of cotton and soya beans but in Mexico, the growth of GM crops is only 0.1 million hectares yet in Brazil, it would be 15 million hectare. In South Africa and Argentina, both countries have the growth of soya beans, maize and cotton but the growth of GM crops in South Africa is only 1.8 million hectare yet in Argentina is 19.1 million hectare. 1bii) Despite having the potential threats of GM food, people still want to grow GM crops. As GM crops are pest resistance, farmers would be able to save the sum of money for the use of chemicals of pesticides. GM crops also help to increase in output. One example would be the Super Rice. Super Rice is a GM crops which is able to produce the rice two times more than what a normal crops is able to produce. This is help to increase in the productivity of food which is able to help to decrease the number of people starving. It can also allow the farmer to sell more food and increase their income. GM crops also help to increase in the nutritional values of the food. One example would be the Golden Rice. Beta carotene is being inserted into the crops and thus it helps to increase in the Vitamin A, which many people in the less developed countries (LDCs) are suffering from night blindness and other illness due to the lack of Vitamin A. With all these benefit, it helps to reduce the number of people suffering under malnutrition and starvation throughout the world. This is mainly because the increase in population, and in order to have enough food to feed everyone and most importantly for our next generation too.

1c) Green revolution is a method that makes use of technology to intensify food production. In Green Revolution, we have modern irrigation, High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs) and use of chemicals. Modern irrigation is a method that farmers could easily water the plants from the nearby reservoirs or rivers. Farmers are able to control the amount of water supplied to the crops. One example would be Egypt where they experienced low rainfall and crops are unable to survive. With this method, they are able to grow crops thus intensify the food production. Low rainfall will no longer be a problem to the farmers as they are able to take up this method to grow their crops. HYVs is a method by cross-breeding with different types of plants. Depending on the farmers need, they are able to make the crops to be pest resistance or having a shorter period of time for the crops to be fully grown. One of the examples would be the IR58, it only requires 100 days instead of 130 days to be fully grown. This can allow the farmers to harvest more crops in a year which will increase their output. Therefore it helps with intensifying the food productivity. Usage of chemicals is a method by using fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides to help the crops to grow better. Fertilisers are to provide nutrients to the plant. Fertilisers is used to fertile to soil so as the farmers is able to cultivate crops faster. Pesticides are to prevent pests from destroying the crops and decrease in the output of the farmers. Herbicides are used to kill weeds. As weeds will take in sunlight and water as well, thus crops will have lesser sunlight and water which may cause some of the crops to wither. Therefore, this method helps to intensify the food production by protecting the crops to grow in a better environment. In conclusion, Green Revolution is important factor which helped to intensify our food production which allows us to have more than enough food for everyone despite the rapid growth in population.