HD in Civil Engineering Subject (CSE352)

Soil and Rock Engineering

Jian-Hua YIN
Office: TU731, Tel: 2766-6065 Email: cejhyin@polyu.edu.hk

Outline of Lectures by JH YIN:

Lecture 1: Subsoil Exploration (Chapter 2-Das) Lecture 2: Shallow Foundations (Chapter 3-Das) Lecture 3: Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls (Chapter 5-Das) Lecture 4: Pile Foundations (Chapter 8-Das) Lecture 5: Stability of Slopes (Chapter 9-Craig) Lecture 6: Basic Rock Engineering (Chapters in Goodman 1989) Lecture 7: Soil Improvement and Ground Modification (Chapter 8-Das plus others)
Essential References: (1) Das, Braja M. (2007). Principles of Foundation Engineering (6th edition), Thomson, United States (ISBN 0-534-40752-8) (2) Craig, R.F. (2004). Soil Mechanics, 7th edition (6thor 5th edition), Spon Press, London and New York (ISBN 04-415-32702-2) (3) Goodman, R.E. (1989). Introduction to Rock Mechanics, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons

Lecture 2: Shallow Foundations (Chapter 3-Das)

3.1 Introduction Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation 3.2 General Concept 3.3 Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory 3.4 Factor of Safety 3.5 Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table 3.6 The General Bearing Capacity Equation 3.7 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations (one way only)

Lecture 2: Shallow Foundations (Chapter 3-Das)

Settlement of Shallow Foundation 3.9 Types of Foundation Settlement 3.10 Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 3.11 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay 3.13 Range of Material Parameters for Computing Elastic Settlement

Lecture 2: Shallow Foundations (Chapter 3-Das)

Primary Consolidation Settlement and Creep Settlement 3.14 Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships 3.15 Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement 3.16 Vertical Stress Increase in a Soil Mass Caused by Foundation Load (for Consolidation Settlement Calculation) 3.17 Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on Settlement Consideration 3.18 Field Load Test 3.19 Presumptive Bearing Capacity 3.20 Tolerable Settlement of Buildings

3.1 Introduction A foundation (a) shall be safe against overall shear failure and (b) cannot undergo excessive displacement (or settlement) Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation 3.2 General Concept Ultimate bearing capacity qu? Three failure modes?

2 BL B = B+L
*

(3.1)

B = width of the foundation L = length of foundation

A foundation has more settlement for punching shear failure than general shear failure

3.3 Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

An equation for ultimate bearing capacity qu is derived considering force equilibrium Ultimate bearing capacity qu at this level !!!

Terzaghi (1883-1963):

For continuous foundation/strip footing: (considering one unit width, say 1 meter)

1 qu = c N c + qN q + BN 2
'

(3.3)

c = cohesion of soil = unit weight of soil q = v=Df (equivalent surcharge) (no water) ! Nc, Nq, N= bearing capacity factors that are non-dimensional and are only functions of the soil friction angle, Keep parameters (effective/total stress) consistent ! ( )

 2 (3 4 ' / 2 ) tan ' ' e N c = cot 1 = cot ' (N q 1) ' 2 2 cos + 4 2

(3.4)

Nq =

2 ( 3 4 ' / 2 ) tan ' '

2 cos + 4 2
2

(3.5)

1 K p 1 tan ' N = 2 cos 2 '

(3.6)

Kp is the passive earth pressure coefficient

q u = 1.3cN c + qN q + 0.4BN

(square foundation) (3.7) (circular foundation) (3.8)

q u = 1.3cN c + qN q + 0.3BN

For local shear failure - Use reduced (2/3) friction angle: 2 ' 1 ' (strip foundation) (3.9) q u = cN c + qN q + BN ' 3 2
' qu = 0.867cN c' + qN q + 0.4BN '

(square foundation)

(3.10)

' qu = 0.867cN c' + qN q + 0.3BN '

(circular foundation)

(3.11)

' N c' , N q , N ' are calculated using ' = tan 1 ( 2 ' ) or Table 3.2. 3

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory Limitations:

No corrections on depth, load inclination, general foundation shape N is over-estimated.

3.4 Factor of Safety

Factor of Safety (FS) is defined in two ways: (a) Using gross ultimate bearing capacity qu:

qu qall = FS qu FS = qdesign

(3.12a ) or (3.12b)

qdesign qall

The qall is gross allowable bearing capacity and qdesign is the design or current pressure on the foundation. (3.12a) is for qall. (3.12b) is for assessment of the safety of the foundation! FS is in the range 3 ~ 6

Factor of Safety (FS) is defined in two ways: (b) Using net () ultimate bearing capacity qnet(u):

qnet ( u ) = qu q qnet (u )

(3.14) qdesign ( net ) qall ( net )

qu q qall ( net ) = = (3.15a ) or FS FS qu q FS = (3.15b) qdesign ( net ) qdesign ( net ) = qdesign q; q = v = D f

The qall(net) is net allowable bearing capacity and qdesign(net) is the net design or net current pressure/stress on the foundation. (3.15a) is for qall(net). (3.15b) is for assessment of the safety of the foundation! Keep net consistent ! ( )

Solution: From (3.7): q u = 1.3cN c + qN q + 0.4BN From Table 3.1 for =20o: N c = 17.69, N q = 7.44, N = 3.64 qu = 1.3 15.2 17.69 + (1 17.8) 7.44 + 0.4 17.8 1.5 3.64
= 349.55 + 132.43 + 38.87 = 520.85 kN / m 2 Thus : q u 520.85 qall = = = 130.25 kN / m 2 130 kN / m 2 FS 4 The total allowable gross load : Q all = qall A( area ) = 130 ( B B ) = 130 (1.5 1.5) = 292.5 kN

Example 3.2 Repeat Example 3.1, assuming that local shear failure occurs in the soil supporting the foundations. Solution: ' qu = 0.867cN c' + qN q + 0.4BN ' From (3.10): ' From Table 3.2 for =20o: N c' = 11.85, N q = 3.88, N ' = 1.12
qu = 0.867 15.2 11.85 + (1 17.8) 3.88 + 0.4 17.8 1.5 1.12 = 156.2 + 69.1 + 12.0 = 237.3 kN / m 2 Thus : q u 237.3 qall = = = 59.3 kN / m 2 FS 4 The total allowable gross load : Qall = qall A( area ) = 59.3 ( B B ) = 59.3 (1.5 1.5) = 133.4 kN

3.5 Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table

Keep effective parameters consistent ! () Case 1: 0 D1 D f
q = v' = D1 + D2 ( sat w ) = D1 + D2 '
'

D1

(3.16)

1 ' qu = c N c + qN q + BN 2
sat = saturated unit
weight of soil w = unit weight of water;
=' +
d ( ' ) B

Case 2:

0d B
(3.17 )

q = v' = D f

d = + ( ' ) B
'

(3.18)

1 qu = c N c + qN q + BN 2
'

Case 3:

d>B

No change

1 qu = c N c + qN q + BN 2
'

3.6 The General Bearing Capacity Equation ()

Keep effective/total parameters consistent ! ()

qu = cN c Fcs Fcd Fci + qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi + 1 BN Fs Fd Fi 2

(3.19)

c= c (effective) or c (total) cohesion = (effective), (average) or total unit weight of the soil B =width of foundation (=diameter of a circular foundation);

Fcs , Fqs , F s= shape factors Fcd , Fqd , F d = depth factors Fci , Fqi , F i= load inclinatio n factors

The three bearing capacity factors are calculated using the following 3 equations or Table 3.4:

N q = tan (45 + )e tan 2 N c = ( N q 1) cot

2

(3.20) (3.21) (3.22)

N = 2( N q + 1) tan

(3.23) by Prandt; (1921), (3.22) by Reissner (1924), (3.24) by Caquot and Kerisel (1953), Vesis (1973). More equations for N. For effective stress parameters using and c; Total stress parameters using and c. Keep consistent !

Shape Factors: (by De Beer 1970)

B Nq Fcs = 1 + L Nc Fqs = 1 + (3.23)

B tan (3.24) L B (3.25) Fs = 1 0.4 L L = foundation length > B = width

Depth Factors: (by Hansen 1970)

For D f / B 1 Fcd = 1 + 0.4 Df B (3.26)
2

Fqd = 1 + 2 tan (1 sin ) Fd = 1

Df

B (3.28)

(3.27)

For D f / B > 1 Df Fcd = 1 + 0.4 tan 1 B

2

(3.29)
1

Df Fqd = 1 + 2 tan (1 sin ) tan B Fd = 1 (3.31) Df Noting tan B

1

(3.30)

is in radians (not degree !)

Inclination Factors: (by Meyerhof 1963)

o Fci = Fqi = 1 o 90
2

(3.32)

(3.33) Fi = 1 = load inclination angle from vertical

Solution:
No mention of water table > no water Q c ' = 0, from (3.21) : qu = qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi + 1 BN Fs Fd Fi 2 From Table 3.4 for ' = 30o > N q = 18.4, N = 22.4
Fqs = 1 + B B B tan = 1 + tan 30 = 1 + 0.577 = 1.577; Fs = 1 0.4 = 0.6 L B L Assume D f / B 1 : Df B
2

q = v= 0.7 18 = 12.6 kN / m 2

Fqd = 1 + 2 tan (1 sin ) 2

2

= 1 + 2 tan 30(1 sin 30) 2

2

0.7 0.202 = 1+ ; Fd = 1 B B
2

20 o 20o Fqi = 1 o = 1 o = 0.605; Fi = 1 = 1 = 0.11 90 90 30

0.202 qu = 12.6 18.4 1.577(1 + ) 0.605 + 1 18 B 22.4 0.6 1 0.11 2 B 44.68 = 221.2 + + 13.3B B Thus q 44.68 14.89 qall = u = (221.2 + + 13.3B) / 3 = 73.73 + + 4.43B FS B B Qall 150 qall = = 2 > Area B 150 14.89 = 73.73 + + 4.43B 2 B B By trial & error, find B = 1.3m Check D f / B = 0.7 / 1.3 < 1.0

3.7 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations (one way only)

M (eccentricity ) e= Q For e B / 6 : 6e Q 6M Q (1 + ) q max = + 2 = BL B L BL B q min = 6e Q 6M Q (1 ) 2 = BL B L BL B
M e= Q

For e B / 6 : q max = q min 4Q 3 L ( B 2e ) =0

Calculation of foundation base pressure for e<=B/6:

e= M Q

(i )
Q

(ii )

Q Q

=
H

M
+

H
p(i )

H
p(ii )
p( i ) = Q BL

p(ii )

BL 2 B 1 6M p(ii ) 2 = M ; p(ii ) = 2 B L 2 2 3 2

6M 6e Q 6M Q Q 2 = (1 )= (1 ) p = p(i ) p(ii) = BL B L BL BQ BL B 6e B Q (1 ) = 0; e = pmin = Valid for e<=B/6 only 6 BL B

Calculation of foundation base pressure for e>B/6:

Q

e=

The total area of the pressure is vertical force Fv 1 Fv = B" Lqmax = Q 2 (the same location & mag as Q) 3 B 1 Q e = B" , B" = B 3e 2 3 2 2Q 2Q 4Q qmax = " = = 3 B L ( B 3e) L 3L( B 2e) 2

B 1 " B 2 3 1 " B 3

Fv

B"

qu' = cN c Fcs Fcd Fci + qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi + 1 B ' N Fs Fd Fi 2

For one-way eccentricity

(3.43)

1. Calculate effective width B=B-2e, and effective length L=L Smaller of B and L is the effective width 2. Use (3.43) to calculate qu. when calculate Fcs, Fqs and Fs, use B and L, but, Fcd, Fqd and Fd, still use B and L (on safer side!). ' ' (3.49) 3. The total ultimate load is: Qult = qu A' = qu ( B ' L' )

Qult 4. The Factor of Safety (FS) is FS = Qdesign

(3.50)

5. The Factor of Safety (FS) may also be calculated using ' qu FS = qmax

qu' = cN c Fcs Fcd Fci + qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi + 1 B ' N Fs Fd Fi 2

For one-way eccentricity
Why B=B-2e?
B e 2

(3.43)

Q
e
B e 2

B 2e

Lecture 2: Shallow Foundations (Chapter 3-Das)

Settlement of Shallow Foundation 3.9 Types of Foundation Settlement 3.10 Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity 3.11 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay 3.13 Range of Material Parameters for Computing Elastic Settlement

3.9 Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity

Figure 3.14 Elastic settlement of flexible and rigid foundation

If foundation is perfectly flexible, the settlement is calculated as follows (from Bowles 1987):
1 s2 S e = qo (B ' ) IsI f Es qo = net applied pressure

s = Poisson' s ratio of soil

Es = Average Young ' s modulus of soil : 0 < z < 4 B (5 B ?) B ' = B / 2 for settlement at " center" of foundation B ' = B for settlement at " corner"

Use Tables 3.4 and 3.5 to find Is and If

S e ( rigid ) = 0.93S e ( flexible ,center )

Es

z z = H or 5 B ( whichever smaller )

E =

s (i )

(average)

= a factor depending on location of foundation for settlement :

At " center": L H ' = 4, m = , n = B ( B / 2) At " corner": L H ' ' = 1, m = , n = B B
'

I s = shape factor ( Steinbrenner , 1934) 1 2 s F2 = F1 + 1 s F1 = 1

( Ao + A1 ) (in radian)

n' F2 = tan 1 ( A2 ) 2 Ao = m ' ln A1 = ln A2 =

(1 + m ' 2 + 1) m ' 2 + n ' 2 m ' (1 + m ' 2 + n ' 2 + 1)

(m ' + m ' 2 + 1) 1 + n ' 2 m ' + m '2 + n '2 + 1 m'

n ' m '2 + n '2 + 1

I f = depth factor ( Fox, 1948) L = f( , s , ) B B Noting if D f = 0, I f = 1 in all cases Find I f from figure or table Df

Example 3.6
Figure 3.16

use average Es

Figure 3.16

Table 3.4

Eq. (3.69)

1 2 s I s = F1 + F2 1 s 1 2 0. 3 = 0.641 + 0.031 = 0.659 1 03

Figure 3.15

0.659

0.0122 m = 12.2 mm

12.2 mm = 11.39 mm

3.11 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay

3.13 Range of Material Parameters for Computing Elastic Settlement

Hong Kong : E s = 1N

(in MPa)

E s = 0. 8 N

(in MPa )

Lecture 2: Shallow Foundations (Chapter 3-Das)

Primary Consolidation Settlement and Creep Settlement 3.14 Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships 3.15 Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement 3.16 Vertical Stress Increase in a Soil Mass Caused by Foundation Load (for Consolidation Settlement Calculation) 3.17 Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on Settlement Consideration 3.18 Field Load Test 3.19 Presumptive Bearing Capacity 3.20 Tolerable Settlement of Buildings

314 Primary Consolidation Settlement Relationships

(One-Dimensional Straining Vertical Compression Only)
S coed settlement in oedometer condition
S c ( p ) = z dz
0 Hc

if z =constant

zH c
e 1 + eo
t'
Clay layer
Hc
' m

z = vertical strain =

e = void ratio; eo = initial e (a)

z = mv z'
(b)

z = f ( z' , c' , o' , Cc , C s )

' av

1 ' = ( t' + 4 m + b' ) 6

b'

1 ' ( t' + b' ) m 2

For normally consolidated clay Area (ii ) with +

' 0 ' av

:
' c

' o

z'

c'
(ii )

z'

Sc( p )

' ' Cc 0 + av = z Hc = Hc log ' 0 1 + e0

(i )

For over consolidated clay Area (i )

' ' with 0 + av < c' : ' ' Cs 0 + av = Hc log ' 0 1 + e0

Cs or Ce Cc

Sc( p )

For over consolidated clay Areas (i ) + (ii )

' ' ' with o < c' < 0 + av : ' ' Cc Cs c' 0 + av = Hc log ' H c + log ' 0 c 1 + e0 1 + e0

Sc( p )

where C c = compression index Cs = Ce = swelling / elastic index

' z' = o + z'

c' = preconsolidation pressure

' o = initial verticial effective stress

S coed settlement in oedometer condition

3.15 Three-Dimensional Effect on Primary Consolidation Settlement

S c = KS coed S coed settlement in oedometer condition K = settlement ratio from Figure 3.22

S c = KS coed S coed settlement in oedometer condition K = settlement ratio from Figure 3.22

3.16 Vertical Stress Increase in a Soil Mass Caused by Foundation Load (for Consolidation Settlement Calculation) Stress due to a Concentrated Load Boussinesg (1885) equation is
Vertical stress increase : 3P = 5/ 2 2 r 2 2z 1 + z where r = x 2 + y 2

Stress due to a Circularly Loaded Area

Vertical stress increase below centre : 1 = q0 1 3/ 2 2 B 1 + 2 z

Stress below a Rectangular Area

The vertical stress increase below the corner : 3q0 (dxdy) z 3 = = q0 I y =0 x =0 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2 I = influence factor = f(m, n)
L B

B L m= ,n= z z Use Table 3.8

Table 3.8 Variation of Influence Value I

Table 3.8 Variation of Influence Value I

Below any point say O

Figure 3.27

Calculate stress increase below the centre of a rectangular area

=I qo = Iq o I from Fig .3.28

eo Cc

For each layer Hj, if mv and are constant with depth z, then:
S cj = v H j = mv ' H j

In case of normally consolidated clay, using Cc: Cc 1' S cj = v H j = log ' H j 0 1 + e0 For multi-layer Hj (j=1,2,3, n), summation of settlements in all layers : called

sc =

s
j =1

j =n

cj

St = U v Sc
Uv

U v = average degree of consolidation

Settlement due to Secondary (Creep) Consolidation

e e = C = Ce = log t 2 log t1 log(t 2 / t1 )

Ce = C 1 + e0

Sc( s )

Ce t + to = z Hc = log Hc 1 + e0 2to (by Yin)

t + to = C log H c ; to = 1 day 2to

For Hong Kong Marine Clays: Ce=0.3% to 1%

Why a clayey soil creeps?

Creep is due to viscous adsorbed water (double layers) on clay particles viscous re-arrangement/sliding/deformation of clay particles/plates viscous deformation of clay plates Adsorbed water is NOT free water which is free to flow under gravity.

Creep movement !

Under effective stress

 Creep always exists under the action of effective stresses (loading), independent of the excess pore water (or pore pressure). Therefore, creep has nothing to do with theprimaryconsolidation. And creep exists during and after primary consolidation. Creep rate depends on stress/strain state: Creep rate is large in a normally consolidated state. Creep rate is small in a over-consolidated state.

Bjerrums time line model, apparent pre-consolidation pressure, ageing and delayed compression (Bjerrum 1967)

3.17 Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on Settlement Consideration

Meyerhof (1956) proposed a correlation for the net allowable bearing pressure for foundation with SPT (N1)60 allowable settlement 25mm:

qnet ( all ) = qall D f qnet ( all ) (kN / m 2 ) = 11.98 N 60

2

( for B (in meter ) 1.22m)

2

3.28 B + 1 qnet ( all ) (kN / m ) = 7.99 N 60 3.28 B

( for B(m) > 1.22m)

Meyerhof and his wife in Newfoundland 1993

Photo was taken by JH Yin 1993 at an offshore platform construction site

3.17 Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand Based on Settlement Consideration

For allowable settlement > 25mm (by Bowles 1977):
Se qnet ( all ) (kN / m ) = 19.16 N 60 Fd ( ) 25
2

( for B (in m) 1.22m)

2

S 3.28 B + 1 qnet ( all ) (kN / m 2 ) = 11.98 N 60 Fd ( e ) 25 3.28 B Fd = depth factor = 1 + 0.33( D f / B) 1.33 S e= tolerable settlement in mm

( for B > 1.22m)

3.18 Field Load Test

For tests in clay : qu ( F ) = qu ( P ) where qu ( F ) = ultimate bearing capacity of proposed fundation qu ( P ) = ultimate bearing capacity of test plate

For tests in sandy soils : qu ( F ) = qu ( P ) where BF = width of proposed fundation BP = width of test plate BF BP

3.20 Tolerable Settlement of Buildings

= gradient between
two succesibe points

= angular distortion =

ST(ij) lij

(lij is distance between points i and j) = relative deflection from reference line ( A' E ' ) = deflection ratio L

In Hong Kong: (a)25mm for important structures; (b) 50mm less important (c) 100 mm for walk road, and (d) 200mm for gardens etc.

Professor A.W. Skempton was a well-respected and accomplished professor at Imperial College in the University of London

Problems:

For Figure 3.14, go to see Section 3.9 Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity For Figure 3.27, go Section 3.16: Stress below a Rectangular Area