Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 7

Continental J.

Veterinary Sciences 5 (1): 11 - 17, 2011 Wilolud Journals, 2011 ` Printed in Nigeria

ISSN: 2141 4041 http://www.wiloludjournal.com

PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE PARASITES IN INTENSIVELY MANAGED PIGS OF DIFFERENT AGES AND SEXES IN UMUAHIA CITY OF ABIA STATE
1

Nwoha R.I.O and 2Daniel, G. Department of Veterinary Medicine and 2Department of Pathology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike ABSTRACT The prevalence of intestinal parasites was investigated in intensive Pig farms in Umuahia city of Abia State. The survey lasted for 4 months from September 2010 to December 2010.Faecal samples from 15 intensive pig farms were randomly collected from a total of 300 pigs, both sex of different age brackets (Piglets 80, Winners 50, Dam 50, Sow 70 and Boar 50) and examined for the presence of helminths eggs using floatation technique. Out of the 300 pigs examined, 290 pigs were apparently healthy while 10 were sick. Fifty out of 300 pigs examined were dewormed while 250 had no history of deworming. The samples were of mixed infections comprised of Ascaris suum150 (50%); Physocephalus sexalatus (33%), Paragonimus westermanii 100(33%) and Bracchylaemus suis 100(33%); Hyostrongylus rubidus100 (17%) and Bourgelatia diducta 50(17%).These infected pigs were mainly from farms without a strategic anti-parasitic treatment regime. Piglets and winners had high prevalence of Paragonimus westermanii (88, 66) % resp. Piglets, Winners and Dams had zero prevalence of Physocephalus sexalatus; Hyostrongylus rubidus; Bracchylaemus suis and Bourgelatia diducta. Sows and Boars had most of the parasites except for Paragonimus westermanii which was not found. However, the prevalence of the parasites were higher in the Sow (60%) compared to Boars (70%). Generally, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites were higher in the undewormed (36%) than in the dewormed (10%). The absence of some of the parasites in the faeces of some pigs of different age bracket could be due to the small number of samples collected. Nevertheless, the result of this study has provided a base-line data for assessing the effectiveness of control strategies against intestinal parasitism in intensively raised pigs in Umuahia, Abia state and further work should be done in this area with larger sample size to ascertain the accuracy of zero prevalence in some of the parasite. KEYWORDS: Ascaris suum; Hyostrongylus rubidus; Physocephalus sexalatus; westermanii; Bourgelatia diducta.; Pig; Bracchylaemus suis; Umuahia Paragonimus

INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal parasites are one of the major constraints to efficient swine production of all ages (Intervet, 2011). Swines raised in intensive operations are less prone to gastrointestinal infection however; the large round worms (Ascaris spps), whipworms (Trichuris spps) and the nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp) are often found in such operation (Sangeeta, et al., 2002; Weng, et al., 2004; Eijck and Borgsteede, 2005). The large round worms remains the most prevalent while parasite such as kidney worms, lungworms, red worms and thread worms are only found in pigs raised on free range (Slifu, et al., 1990; Tamboura, et al., 2006 and Intervet, 2011). Gastrointestinal parasitism in swine affects swines performance in terms of efficient feed conversion, growth rate and general health status (Hale and Stewart, 1987). Theyve also been associated with depressed immunity in infected animals leading to decreased ability to fight off infection thereby predisposing them to concurrent infections with disease pathogens (Intervet, 2011). The disease is also associated with a lot of economic losses compounded by the fact that once roundworm infection establishes in a conventional farm, its always very difficult to eliminate (Intervet, 2011). Therefore, the importance of this work is to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs of different age bracket raise in confinement which will determine the adoption of improved manage mental strategies in the farm in-order to reduce losses.

11

Nwoha R.I.O and Daniel, G: Continental J. Veterinary Sciences 5 (1): 11 - 17, 2011

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Map of Umuahia North LGA of Abia state. Study area Umuahia is the city of Abia state. The town is made up of two L.G.A, Umuahia north and Umuahia south. Umuahia north is comprised of about 35 communities bordered at the northwest by a river. It is located at long. 5o 35N and Lat. 7o 25E. The main city of Umuahia is located within Umuahia north L.G.A where the study was conducted. The standard of living is not particularly low however there are few Veterinary clinic establishments in the city and a substantial proportion of inhabitants managing pig farms have no access to Veterinary services. Therefore, most intensive pig farms have never had any form of antihelminthic treatment prior to the work. Faecal sample collection Three hundred faecal samples of pigs of different age bracket (Piglets 80, Dams 50, Winners 50, Sows 70 and Boars 50) were randomly collected from both the healthy and unhealthy fifteen intensively managed pig farms located within Umuahia city of Abia state. The work lasted for about four months from September to December 2010. Sampling procedure and data collection In conducting this study, a cross sectional design in which data was collected at a single point and time was used (Thrusfeild, 2005). Data was collected from pig farmers or the farm attendants as the case may be on the pig demographic characteristics (Age, gender, unhealthy, healthy, history of deworming). The Pigs are characterised into piglets (those still suckling their mother); Dam (those still nursing their litters); Winners (those between 3-8 months of age that have stopped nursing and are feeding on their own); Sows (matured female pigs) and Boars (matured male pigs). The study was conducted during the months of September to December, 2010. Sampling and parasitological technique Three grams of faecal samples were collected from 300 pigs per rectum into a labelled container of merthiolate iodine formalin (MIF) solution as fixative (Pessa and Martins, 1982) and kept cool before transportation to the Department of Veterinary Medicine laboratory for immediate analysis or stored in the refrigerator at 4 oC for a day before analysis. The faecal samples were analyzed using the simple saturated salt floatation technique (Urquhart, et al., 1987) and with the method gastrointestinal parasites of pigs of different age brackets were detected and recorded.

12

Nwoha R.I.O and Daniel, G: Continental J. Veterinary Sciences 5 (1): 11 - 17, 2011

Statistical analysis Collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics (Swai, et al., 2010) and presented as tables. The prevalence (P) of various types of gastrointestinal parasites in different sex ,health status and age of pigs were calculated using the formula P=d/n. where d is the number of positive samples analyzed at that point in time and n= total number of pigs sample analysed at that material point in time (Thrusfeild, 2005). The prevalence was calculated in percentage. RESULTS Table 1. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal parasites eggs in intensively managed pigs in Umuahia city of Abia state in percent (%) from September to December, 2011. PARASITE SPP Ascaris suum Hyostrongylus rubidus Physocephalus sexalatus Paragonimus westermanii Bracchylaemus suis Bourgelatia diducta NUMBER EXAMINED 300 300 300 300 300 300 NUMBER POSITIVE 150 50 100 100 100 50 PREVALENCE (%) 50 17 33 33 33 17

From Table 1: Out of a total of 300 faecal samples analysed, 150 samples were positive for Ascaris suum with a prevalence rate of (50%), being the highest of all the six listed gastrointestinal parasites isolated, 100 were positive for Physocephalus sexalatus, Paragonimus westermanii and Bracchylaemus suis with prevalence of (33%); Hyostrongylus rubidus and Bourgelatia diducta were of low prevalence (17%) isolated from only 50 samples. Table 2. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal parasites eggs in intensively managed pigs in Umuahia city of Abia state in percent (%) from September to December, 2011. Variable Age category Piglets Winners Dam Sow Boar Health status Health Unhealthy History of Deworming Yes No Ascaris suum No examined Positive cases Prevalence %

80 50 50 70 50

15 20 15 65 35

19 40 30 93 70

290 10

150 0

52 0

50 250

20 130

40 52

From Table 2: Sows (93%) had the highest prevalence of Ascaris suum, followed by the Boar (70%) and Winners (40%). The prevalence in the Piglets (19%) and Dam (30%) were relatively low. The parasite was isolated only from the healthy pigs samples. The prevalence in the undewormed (52%) was higher than in the dewormed (40%).

13

Nwoha R.I.O and Daniel, G: Continental J. Veterinary Sciences 5 (1): 11 - 17, 2011

Table 3. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal parasites eggs in intensively managed pigs in Umuahia city of Abia state in percent (%) from September to December, 2011. Variable Age category Piglets Winners Dam Sow Boar Healthy status Healthy Unhealthy Dewormed Yes No Hyostrongylus rubidus No examined Positive Cases 0 0 0 20 30 40 10 5 45 Prevalence%

80 50 50 70 50 290 10 50 250

0 0 0 29 60 14 100 10 18

From Table 3: the prevalence of Hyostrongylus rubidus was high in the Boar (60%) and Sow (29%) and zero in the Winners, Piglets and Dams. Most of the isolated parasites were from the unhealthy (100%) than the healthy (14%). The prevalence was higher in the undewormed (18%) than in the dewormed (10%). Table 4. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal parasites eggs in intensively managed pigs in Umuahia city of Abia state in percent (%) from September to December, 2011. Variable Age category Piglets Winners Dam Sow Boar Healthy status Healthy Unhealthy Dewormed Yes No Physocephalus sexalatus No examined Positive Cases 0 0 0 65 35 100 0 10 90 Prevalence%

80 50 50 70 50 290 10 50 250

0 0 0 93 70 34 0 20 36

From Table 4: Physocephalus sexalatus eggs were not detected from the Piglets, Winners and Dams however; the prevalence was high in the Sow (93%) and Boars (70%). The parasite was isolated only in the healthy (334%) and prevalence higher in the undewormed (36%) than the dewormed (20%).

14

Nwoha R.I.O and Daniel, G: Continental J. Veterinary Sciences 5 (1): 11 - 17, 2011

Table 5. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal parasites eggs in intensively managed pigs in Umuahia city of Abia state in percent (%) from September to December, 2011. Variable Age category Piglets Winners Dam Sow Boar Healthy status Healthy Unhealthy Dewormed Yes No Paragonimus westermanii No examined Positive Cases 70 30 0 0 0 92 8 20 180 Prevalence%

80 50 50 70 50 290 10 50 250

88 60 0 0 0 32 80 60 72

From Table 5: Paragonimus westermanii was found in the Piglets and the Winners only at a very high infection rate of (88%) and (60%) resp. The parasites was isolated more from the unhealthy (80%) than the healthy (32%) and the prevalence in the undewormed (60%) was higher than the dewormed(70%). Table 6. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal parasites eggs in intensively managed pigs in Umuahia city of Abia state in percent (%) from September to December, 2011. Variable Age category Piglets Winners Dam Sow Boar Healthy status Healthy Unhealthy Dewormed Yes No Bracchylaemus suis No examined Positive Cases 0 0 0 65 35 100 0 10 90 Prevalence%

80 50 50 70 50 290 10 50 250

0 0 0 93 70 34 0 20 36

From Table 6: Bracchylaemus suis was isolated only from the Sow (93%) and Boar (70%) at high prevalence. It was found only in the healthy (34%) and prevalence was higher in the undewormed (36%) than the dewormed (20%).

15

Nwoha R.I.O and Daniel, G: Continental J. Veterinary Sciences 5 (1): 11 - 17, 2011

Table 7. Prevalence of different gastrointestinal parasites eggs in intensively managed pigs in Umuahia city of Abia state in percent (%) from September to December, 2011. Variable Age category Piglets Winners Dam Sow Boar Healthy status Healthy Unhealthy Dewormed Yes No Bourgelatia diducta No examined Positive Cases 0 0 0 10 40 2 8 5 95 Prevalence%

80 50 50 70 50 290 10 50 250

0 0 0 14 80 1 80 10 38

From Table 7: There was zero prevalence of Bourgelatia diducta in most of the age groups except for Sow (14%) and very high in Boar (80%). The prevalence was higher in unhealthy (80%) and undewormed (38%) than the healthy (1%) and dewormed (10%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION From the results of this study there was presence of gastrointestinal parasites in the conventional Pig farms in Umuahia city of Abia state. However, the prevalence of the extra 6 isolated parasites was not high and they include Ascaris suum; Hyostrongylus rubidus; Physocephalus sexalatus; Paragonimus westermanii; Bracchylaemus suis and Bourgelatia diducta. Out of these parasites Ascaris suum (50%) had the highest prevalence, Physocephalus sexalatus (33%); Paragonimus westermanii (33%) and Bracchylaemus suis (33%) where of same prevalence while Hyostrongylus rubidus(17%) and Bourgelatia diducta (17%) where of least prevalence. This finding was in line with those of previous workers in gastrointestinal parasite (Polley and Mostert, 1980; Tchoumboue, et al., 2000; Sangeeta, et al., 2002). Salifu, et al., (1990) in their work in Jos and Portharcourt also recorded high prevalence of Ascaris suum (53.1%). Ascaris suum is presently the most common intestinal parasite found in US swine operations and is very important because every of its developmental stages cause damage in the animal (Intervet, 2011). The prevalence was higher in the Boar (93%) and Sow (71%) than in the Piglet (19%); Winners (40%) and Dam (30%). However, Martin, et al., (1974) recorded higher prevalence in younger animals than in adult. Ascaris suum is one of the cause of milk spot hepatic lesions in growing pigs from larval migrans in in-house pigs, weight gain is depressed up to (40%) and feed conversion efficiencies by up to 25% (Polley and Mostert, 1980). The high prevalence in the healthy than in the unhealthy seen in Ascaris suum; Physocephalus sexalatus and Bracchylaemus suis could be because most of these unhealthy are very young pigs and in this study the prevalence of these parasites were relatively low in the young. The reason probably is because a sick animals immune system already has an existing task to eliminate the offending pathogen and further assault to the system by the presence of the gastrointestinal parasites may over burden the immune system which will cause a reduction in the innate ability of the animal to respond fully in checkmating the gastrointestinal parasite as in the healthy. Hyostrongylus rubidus; Bourgelatia diducta; Bracchylaemus suis and Physocephalus sexalatus were not found in the Piglets, Dams and Winners except in the Sow and Boar. The prevalence of these parasites were higher in the Sow (93%) than Boar (70%) however the prevalence of Bourgelatia diducta and Hyostrongylus rubidus were higher in the Boar (80%; 60%), than Sow (14%; 29%) respectively. The low prevalence of most of the parasites especially Hyostrongylus rubidus (0%)was in line with the study of Salifu, et al., (1990) in Jos and PH in Nigeria as they recorded low prevalence (13.1%) in Jos and (2%)in PH. The seeming higher prevalence of most of the parasites in the Sow agrees with (Tchoumboue, et al., 2000 and Sangeeta, et al., 2002) that female pigs harbour more parasites than males. The reason for the high prevalence in the adult pigs and their absence in the young pigs and Dam is dependent on the manage mental practise whereby most of the farms closely observe sanitary practices in the pens that house young animals and their Dams because the idea that they are the group at high risk of infection while the pens of the adults were treated with negligence because it was believed they already have established some immunity against parasites.

16

Nwoha R.I.O and Daniel, G: Continental J. Veterinary Sciences 5 (1): 11 - 17, 2011

Paragonimus westermanii was isolated from piglets and winners only in this study. Most other works in this area rarely isolate this parasite and its rather unusual presence in the young pigs could be attributed to their otherwise juvenile immune system which ordinary would have inhibited the establishment and passage of the worms eggs in the faeces. Generally, the prevalence of the parasites was higher in the undewormed than the dewormed. This agrees with Martin, et al., (1974) that the control and elimination of gastrointestinal parasites requires an empirical approach to treatment. REFERENCE Eijck, I. A.J.M and Borgsteede, F. H.M. (2005). A survey of gastrointestinal pig parasites on free-range, organic and conventional pig farms in the Netherland. Vet. Res. Com, 407-414, vol 29 No 5. Hale, O.M. and Stewart, T. B. (1987). Average feed and maintenance cost due to worm damage. Cost per pig: feed maintenance. Agripractice. Intervet. (2011). www, intervetusa.com. Martin, L. J.; Gibbs, H. C. and Pullin, J. W. (1974). Gastrointestinal parasites of Swine in Quebec. 1. An incidence survey. Can. Vet. J, 15(3): 72-76. Pessa, SB and Martins, AV., (1982). Parasitologia Mdica, 11th Edition. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, 872. Polley, L.R. and Mosert, P.E. (1980). Ascaris suum in Saskatchman pigs: An abattoir survey of prevalence and intensity of infection. Can. Vet. J. 21(11) 307-309. Salifu, D. A.; Manga, T. B. and Onyali, I. O. (1990). A survey of gastrointestinal parasites in pigs of the Plateau and Rivers state, Nigeria. Rev, Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop, 43(2): 193-196. Sangeeta, K.; Prasad, K. D and Singh, S. (2002). Study on some factors influencing the incidence of GIT parasitism in pigs. Ind.J.Ani. Hlth, 44: 77-80. Swai, E.S; Kaanya, E.J; Mshanga, D.A and Mbise, E.N. (2010). Asurvey ongastrointestinal Parasites of nondescript dogs in and around Arusha Municipality, Tanzania. Int.J.Ani Vet Advan, 3(2): 63-67. Tamboura, H.H; Banga-mboko, H.; Maes, O.; Youssao, I.; Traore, A.; Bayala, B. and Dembele, M. A. (2006). Prevalence of common gastrointestinal nematode parasites in scavenging pigs of different age and sexes in Eastern centre province, Burkina Faso, Open access, Vol. 73 No 1. Thrusfeild, M.V. (2005). Veterinary Epidermiology. 3rd edition. Blackwell Science Oxford, London, 234-238. Urquhart, G. M. J.; Armar, J. L.; Duncan, J. M.; Dunn and Jennings, J. W. (1987). Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd Edn, Longman scientist and Technical, Brunt mill, Harlow, UL, 238. Weng, Y. B., Hu, V. J., Li, Y., Li, B. S. Lin, R. Q., Xie, D. I. X., Gasser, R.B and Zhu, X. Q. (2005). Survey of intestinal parasites in pigs from intensive farms in Guangdong province, Peoples Republic of China. Vet. Parasitol, Vol. 127, issue 3-4, 333-336. Received for Publication: 21/04 /2011 Accepted for Publication: 19/06 /2011 Corresponding author Nwoha R.I.O Department of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike E-.Mail: rosemarynwoha@yahoo.com

17

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi