URBAN DYNAMICS

Suburbanisation:
Movement of people/employment/facilities away from the inner city towards outer urban areas. Development of rail networks and trucking allowed for the growth of suburbs. Mass car ownership in the mid-20th lead to the greater expansion of suburbs. High birth rates and immigration = greater demand for housing 60s-70s cities economy was restructured, led by retailing such as the development of large regional shopping centres, example, Bankstown Square, Roselands. Job growth occurred in the suburbs, e.g. manufacturing, and retail, office-based. Mini-cities or edge cities are part of the urban landscape, e.g. Chatswood.

Exurbanisation:
People move from the city to rural areas, whilst keeping up an urban way of life either through long distance commuting or technology Provides semi-rural or very low density housing. Form of counter urbanisation (people of the city but not in it). Exurban areas around North West Sydney include Dural, Galston, Windsor and Richmond. To the south east, such areas include Picton and Camden. The exurban population is mainly younger (25 34 years) couples in managerial or professional jobs. Middle income rather than higher. Usually over one hour travel time to work (many now work at home). Reasons for moving to exurbia include: Higher-quality larger homes, and the rural lifestyle.

Counter Urbanisation/Decentralisation
Relocation of people/employment from large urban centres to smaller urban centres/rural areas. Replaced the dominant force of urbanisation In Australia in the 70s it was part of government policy to encourage the growth of regional centres, e.g. tax concessions, low interest loans and cheap land in such places as Albury / Wodonga. Since the 70s, rate of counter urbanisation has and in many countries the process has reversed. 9899 Sydneys population grew by 1.5% (60,000), while NSW grew at 12%.

Urban Consolidation
Policy designed to increase population densities and make use of existing infrastructure, by implementing medium-high density housing in already built up areas in suburban centres. Only 8% of Australians use public transport, in Europe its 25% Pros for urban consolidation o Slow the rate of urban sprawl o More efficient use of urban infrastructure (water, pub transport, fewer cars) Most noticeable around the cities suburbs, railway stations. Process involves demolition of a row of 3 or 4 detached homes, replaced by townhouses, duplexes and villas.

Inner city locations, old industry sites and land with old port facilities are being redeveloped into high density residential and commercial areas, e.g. Ultimo power station in Pyrmont, Alexandria / Zetland area. Urban consolidation in Sydney is due to the immigration program, not just local demand. Sydney local residents oppose many urban consolidation projects. Because of the effect on character, amenity, ^ traffic, and loss of privacy.

Urban decay and renewal

Urban Decay: deterioration of urban environment, poor condition of urban infrastructure/buildings left empty for a long period of time. Urban Renewal: redevelopment of urban area. Until the mid 60s, inner Sydney was the focus of urban decay. This involved: o deterioration of residential areas, especially those dominated by 19 th century working-class housing o in the inner city investment associated with the suburbanisation of manufacturing, warehousing, retail and office-based activities. Since then, residential deterioration has been reversed by a process called gentrification (renovation by younger high-income earners) eg Surry Hills, Marrickville Global economic restructuring in 90s promoted reinvestment in the inner city. Sydneys Darling Harbour Pyrmont Ultimo area, whole suburban precinct has been subject to one of the worlds largest urban-renewal projects. Some of these projects include: o Affordable Housing Program 365 units of accommodation, housing about 800 people in the peninsula o Green spaces added in the last 10 years include Pyrmont Point Park, Giba Park, Fig Lane Park, Mary Anne Park and many more. o New tech. replaced old. Telecommunications and entertainment companies that have moved into the precinct are channel Ten, ABC, Foxtel, Star City Casino, radio stations Nova 2SM and 2GB. o Population ^ 12,708 after this project was completed.

Urban Villages
Distinctive residential area, whose function and character are influenced by a particular community. A community-as-place is based on shared space, the other community-as-society is based on shared social organization and interest. Some examples of Sydneys urban villages include: o Darlinghurst Sydneys gay and lesbian community o Brighton-le-sands - Greek community focus o Leichhardt local caf society with a strong Italian presence. Leichhardt, known as Little Italy is located eastern suburbs of Sydney. Italian immigrants reshaped the character of Leichhardt after the Second World War in 1945 when they migrated to Australia for a promising future.

Spatial Exclusion
Limit spatial access and freedom of movement of urban dwellers from particular spaces. Achieved by exclusionary zoning. Not usually a feature of urban society outside the USA.

In Australia in recent years some enclosed housing estates have developed, e.g. elite residential suburbs. Example of spatial exclusion occurs in Sydneys Birchgrove, an upmarket harbour-side in north Balmain. A kind of moral panic arising from an increase of house burglaries and car thefts led to the local community seeking to block off the street, which was a no exit street leading down to the harbour. When this was disapproved of, security guards were hired to patrol the street at night. As yet, however, this process is not widespread in Australian cities.

A case study of the results of the urban dynamics in Sydney

Sydney is a secondary world city that has growing national and regional articulation Latitude: 3352 South - Longitude: 15110 East Population: > 4 million Area: 12 000km squared

Social structure and spatial patterns of advantage and disadvantage, wealth and poverty, ethnicity
Social structure:
Influenced by ethnicity, income & poverty, edn, and govt; Results in patterns of advantage and disadvantage; o At the end of the 1990s 1% of Aust. Pop. Had 25% of wealth. Social divisions in Sydney o North east have most of wealth, edn, lowest u/e o South west has poorest, least edn, highest u/e.

Spatial patterns of adv. and disadv.

Relationship b/w religion, ethnicity, and wealth: o E.g. Lebanese, Muslims, low wealth, high u/e Inequalities caused by access to housing, edn, jobs, health care Reasons for such spatial patterns: Suburbanisation o High income & wealthy households mainly choose to live in the suburbs near natural waterways & higher altitudes (Sydneys Northern Suburbs) o Low income households are often one parent families & people aged over 60yrs; They live in flatter & less attractive areas in the west & south west of the city Urban decay o Urban dynamic that resulted in less attractive areas to live in; These areas in the inner city provide more affordable housing for low income households

Urban Renewal o Urban renewal in suburbs with good access to the CBD or near waterways has brought high income households into these areas.

Changing economic character, nature and location of residential land, commercial and industrial development
Urban morphology: The study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. It seeks to understand the spatial structures and character of urban areas. Burgess concentric model: CBD core of admin, financial The most basic city structure model Sydney has a line through it (the ocean) which makes different

Inner mixed zone light manuf + poorer residential.

Medium class established zone better residences, some idustry Peripheral growth. New workers, high class commuters, new industry. Rural urban fringe.

Changing economic character

Sydneys urban landscape is changing in response to new financial, technological and social forces, but with economic power as the fundamental, underlying influence Australias financial capital Regional corporate base for TNCs investing in Asia Holds 2/3 of the Asiapacific head offices The processes shaping the morphology of manufacturing: o Suburbanisation of manufacturing o Growing international competition, deregulation and tariff reduction o Growing information technology and office sector Economic restructuring of Sydney The major long term shifts in the productive base of an economy due to associated changes in employment patterns 1960s = Job loss in manufacturing/ production sector and suburbanisation of industry = transformed Sydneys industrial landscape. CIA moved from inner city/ south Sydney (Redfern, Surry Hills) to Western Sydney (Silverwater) due to the inner cities: o Ageing infrastructure, traffic congestion, limited scope for expansion, high cost of land Shift from old to new economy

o As manufacturing costs increased firms moved overseas for cheaper labour which lead to; job gains in the service and quaternary (biz and info services) sectors (AKA -new economy) and the CIA moved to Ryde, Chatswood o Key features of this transformation: Progressive decline of CIA Increased manufacturing costs Sydney Harbours decline as a working port Development of new biz parks housing the new economy businesses o Effects of economic restructuring on urban economies: Internationalization of finance capital Selective re-industrialisation Macquarie park Decreased importance of manufacturing employment Increase in service and info sectors Increased labour segmentation, polarization b/w high skilled, high paid workers, and low skilled, low paid workers Suburbs become specialized in activities (CBD-finance, banking, Nth Ryde internet, tech, etc.)

Nature and location of residential land

Determined by the operation of the residential housing market Three main factors that contribute to any decision on where to live in Sydney: o The pattern of land values = determines the purchase/ rental price of dwelling o The local residential market = Neighbourhood character and location relative to places of work and other facilities o Type of housing stock available in an area = homes close to CBD are redeveloped and renovated medium to high densities usually (consolidation, gentrification) and usually expensive, whereas homes in suburbia are cheaper, low density and owner occupied housing Factors contributing to land values o Location in relation to centres of employment and entertainment/ recreation, accessibility and environmental amenity o Land values highest = close to CBD, leafy areas to north and south, harbour side and beaches o Land values lowest = West, southwest Within these broad zones there are property submarkets = agglomerations of ethnic and social groups e.g. gay community = Newtown, Glebe Construction of M2 highway has meant the growth of residential development in northwest M5 motorway contributed to residential development of Liverpool, Campbelltown area which was once bushland and agriculture. The abandonment of central industrial area has allowed for land to be used for residents close to the city centre e.g. Jacksons Landing at Pyrmont. Building conversions trend in inner city gentrification keeps heritage and landscapes. Processes influencing the housing market

Economic processes o Where people live ultimately depends on their ability to buy/ rent in particular areas o The greater the wealth the greater peoples choice o Lower wealth people are locked out of some expensive areas resulting in limited choice, so concentrate in cheaper areas o This results in spatial inequality Social processes o Lifestyle factors and family composition also determine the housing submarket that people access o Singles, couples and older couples = medium high density housing o Families = low density semi-detached/ detached houses with gardens and more space

Culture of place as expressed in the architecture, streetscape, heritage architecture, noise, colour, street life, energy, vitality and lifestyles
Architecture
Well know landmarks including the Opera House and the Harbour Bridge. Heritage buildings of the colonial past including St James Church, The Queen Victoria Building, Royal Arcade and St Marys Cathedral. Distinctive new buildings around the Darling Harbour area including exhibition centres and the new developments at Pyrmont. Small cove settlement no plans for wide roads and thoroughfares. Some footpaths were widened in 1998 to make pathways friendlier for pedestrians. But many inner city suburbs including Redfern still share this problem. TNCs and TNBs have constructed large and prestigious buildings signalling a competitive capitalist streetscape of business. New streetscapes have emerged in Pitt Street as their malls herald in a new era of retail. Distinct streetscapes emerged in inner city suburbs including Newton, Pyrmont and Paddington where there is a strong influence of the cafe culture. Noisy traffic o King Street, George Street and heavy traffic presence. Ever present braking, honking and acceleration. Quiet buzz around restaurants. Colour o Great variety of colour showing the contrast of the harbour, parklands, residential and commercial estates. Bluish white concrete and aluminium to sandstone yellow of the past colonial period. Street Life o Lively - No distinct streets of New York or Paris. People come to the city for work not to live. Cafes may be alive with people during lunch

Streetscape

Noise, colour, street life and vitality

breaks. Pitt Street mall busy with tourists. Oxford Street immersed in the cafe culture. Vitality o Good nightlife as council is encouraging the city to be more friendly 24 hours a day. E.g. screenings of the World Cup and Olympic matches at Darling Harbour and Circular Quay.

Growth, development, future trends and ecological sustainability

Growth
Metropolitan Strategy (2005) predicts an extra 1.1 million people by 2031 Growth due to a modest increase in birth rates, people living longer, o.s. migration Expansion limited geographically; o Water problem = need for salinity plant, other dams, etc. Fastest growing regions: o Southwest 15.7% o Northwest 9.1% 100 new residents every day; 40 new homes built everyday By 2012 there will be more people over 65 (baby boomers) than under 15 = huge stress on housing market, and services (healthcare, transport); Suburbanisation/ urban sprawl o Resulted in single houses, low density, low rise no connection to city o Now these isolated suburbs are being connected by the NW and SW corridors Urban decay of inner city suburbs o E.g. Redfern, Pyrmont, Surry Hills Exurbanisation to peri-metropolitan regions o Central cost, Blue mountains, Southern highlands Urban consolidation o Particularly around transport nodes o E.g. Chatswood, Hornsby (variety of transport lines meet) Continued suburbanisation to Greenfields areas on the fringe o Including industrial, commercial and residential o Problem = leapfrog development o Growth is slow due to insufficient infrastructure in these outer areas meaning low density development Continued Exurbanisation to the peri metropolitan region o Particularly the southern highlands corridor Increased urban renewal of inner metropolitan suburbs experiencing pockets of urban decay o Medium density, townhouses, semis, villas (Pyrmont) Urban consolidation infilling of areas between rail and freeway corridors o E.g. South west sector suburbs were facilitated by the opening of the M7 o Emphasis on curbing urban sprawl

Dynamics involved in growth and development

Dynamics involved in future trends

Ecological sustainability:

Energy & water consumption Syd pop has doubled since 1950 but consumption has tripled Syd residents consume over 400L per person per day and produce over 27 tonnes of greenhouse gasses per capita per year Syds envt footprint takes up 49% of NSW Poor housing design has made buildings hotter in summer & colder in winter leading to sky high sales of air conditioners causing growth in demand energy Modes of transport On average a resident will make 3.78 trips by car per day 2004 govt scrapped its gas fuelled bus program; 50 yrs. ago half of all journeys to work were by train, now fewer than 10% Commuters in Sydneys newest suburbs drive to work lack of public transport; 91% of all residents in Baulkham hills travel to work by car; 69.9% of trips were made by car on weekdays in 2001; By 2001 more then 150 000 homes in Sydney had 3 or more cars 1/3rd population live in transport disadvantaged areas Other Syd treats 2.3% of sewerage effluent Adelaide treats 11.2%; The govt has stopped monitoring air toxins & stations capable of reading air standards have been cut by a because of budget restrictions; Conclusion A reorganisation of Sydneys infrastructure is crucial if the city is to survive as a liveable city; Independent auditing body needs to track progress of Metropolitan Sydney Strategy to help improve public confidence in system, and efficiency