SOCIAL SCIENCE 3

1) Italy -its people -geography -history -contribution to mankind 2) Rome -government -plebians & patricians -contribution to mankind 3) Hittites, Chaldeans 4) Greece -empire with government -contribution to mankind 5) Crusades (in sequence) 6) Feudalism -its hierarchy

ITALY PEOPLE OF ITALY The Italian people (Italian: italiani) are an ethnic group that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula. The introduction of Indo-European languages (Latin, Osco-Umbrian, Venetic, and Messapian) into what is now "Italy" dates back to the late Neolithic age. The great cultural units of historical ItalyEtruscan, Latin, Sabellian, and Iapygian in Apulia; Venetic in Venetiawere formed in the 9th and 8th centuries BC. During the 7th century BC, the non-Indo-European ETRUSCANS became the dominant people of central Italy today known as Tuscany. In a simultaneous development, Greeks began settling around Italy's South Western shorelines and on Sicily. The Greeks made their mark as savvy traders especially with their export of metals. The adoption of writing, an increasing trend of improved social structures and the urbanization became the foundation of a rapidly developing social and economic transformation in southern and coastal Etruria. Etruscan power, though never unified, was extended through migration, colonization, and conquest. Etruscans founded cities in the Po Valley and in Campania and subjugated various Latin communities, Rome among them. The Etruscan cities were loosely united in a religious league of 12 but were politically independent with independent artistic traditions. The economy was based on agriculture, maritime trade and piracy. Etruscan dominance ended in the 5th century with their expulsion from Latium and the loss of the sea to Greeks, of Campania to the Sabelli, and of the Po Valley to the Gauls. From the 4th through the 1st centuries, Roman conquest, colonization, and co-optation caused Etruscan civilization to decline and finally end. The Etruscans influenced Roman institutions in various ways, and in spite of the fact that many of their gods were different from those of Rome, they had a reputation at Rome for religious expertise. They were also renowned for luxury, because women were relatively free by the standards of classical Greece. The LATINS lived on the western (Tyrrhenian) coastal plainLatiumthat stretches from the Tiber in the north to Monte Circeo 65 miles to the south. Northern Latium is enclosed on the east by the foothills of the Apennines; further south, the Lepini Mountains mark the eastern boundary. Traditionally there were 50 small Latin communities which were united by common Latin cults and by the common Latin rights of intermarriage, contractual dealing, and intermigration. By the 7th century, contacts with Etruscans and Greeks had influenced the Latins to organize themselves into about a dozen communities resembling Greek poleis. Although still tied to each other by intercommunal rights and common cults, these Latin city-states became increasingly independent and competitive. By the late 6th century several of them had formed a political league centered around Aricia, at the time when Etruscan Rome was pursuing an aggressive policy. Roman preeminence in Latium ended abruptly with the expulsion of Etruscan kings in the late 6th century. Soon after this the Latin League was formed, and a military alliance was made with Rome to defend the homeland against invading Aequi and Volsci. A century of war left Latium free of invaders, but Rome was again poised to dominate the other Latins. This was achieved by a Roman victory in the Latin War, 337334 (343338). In the historical period the Apennines were inhabited by Sabellian peoples who spoke a variety of Osco-Umbrian languages and who periodically raided and sometimes conquered the fertile plains around them. In historical times the Sabines had moved into Latium where they are said to have exerted a formative influence on early Rome. The territories of the Umbrians extended from the highlands east of the Arno and Tiber to the Adriatic coast between Rimini and Ancona. Another Osco-Umbrian-speaking people from the central Apennines were the Aequi, who invaded Latium c. 500 BC. The central Apennines were also home to the Umbrian-speaking Marsi. Further east, Oscan speakersthe Paeligni, Vestini, and Marruciniheld sway; to the southeast, along the Adriatic coast, the Oscan-speaking Frentani dominated. Inhabiting the south-central Apennines were the SAMNITES, who spoke an Oscan language and by the 4th century were united in a loose but formidable confederation. During the late 5th and early 4th centuries, Oscan-speaking peoples moved into Campania, Lucania, and Bruttium, where they came to be known as Campani, Lucani, and Bruttii, respectively. GREEK COLONIZATION had a major influence on all the peoples of Italy and Sicily. The first Greek colony was established at Cumae in 750, and Greeks continued founding colonies in Campania, Apulia, and eastern Sicily later known as the Magna Graecia for the following two centuries. GEOGRAPHY Italy is located in southern Europe and comprises the long, boot-shaped Italian Peninsula, the land between the peninsula and the Alps, and a number of islands including Sicily and Sardinia (Corsica, although belonging to the Italian geographical region, has been a part of France since 1769). Its total area is 301,230 square kilometres (116,310 sq mi), of which 294,020 km2 (113,520 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km2 is water (2,784 sq mi). It lies between latitudes 35 and 48 N, and longitudes 6 and 19 E. Italy borders with Switzerland (740 km/460 mi), France (488 km/303 mi), Austria (430 km/270 mi) and Slovenia (232 km/144 mi). San Marino (39 km/24 mi) and Vatican city (0.44 km/0.27 mi) are both entirely surrounded by Italy. Including islands, Italy has a coastline of 7,600 kilometres (4,700 mi) on the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian and Ligurian Sea.

Highest peak in Italy is Mont Blanc, at 4,810 metres (15,780 ft) above sea level. In Italy there is EUs highest mountain Mont-Blanc and highest volcano Etna. Mountains Italy is a mountainous country, with the Alps as the northern boundary and the Apennine Mountains forming the backbone of the peninsula, but in between the two lies a large plain in the valley of the Po, the largest river in Italy, which flows 652 km (405 mi) eastward from the Cottian Alps to the Adriatic. Worldwide-known mountains in Italy are Matterhorn (Cervino), Monte Rosa, Gran Paradiso in the West Alps, and Bernina, Stelvio and Dolomites along the eastern side of the Alps. Rivers and Seas Most of Italy's rivers drain either into the Adriatic Sea (like Po, Piave, Adige, Reno) or into the Thyrrenian (like Arno, Tiber and Volturno), though the waters from some border municipalities (Livigno in Lombardy, Innichen and Sexten in Trentino-Alto Adige/Sdtirol) drain into the Black Sea through the basin of the Drava, a tributary of the Danube, and the waters from the Lago di Lei in Lombardy drain into the North Sea through the basin of the Rhine. Lakes In the north of the country are a number of subalpine lakes, the largest of which is Garda (370 km2/143 sq mi). Other well known of these subalpine lakes are Lake Maggiore (212.5 km2/82 sq mi), whose most northerly section is part of Switzerland, and Lake Como (146 km2/56 sq mi). Islands Several islands form part of Italy. The largest are Sicily 25,708 km2 (9,926 sq mi) and Sardinia 24,090 km2 (9,301 sq mi). The third island is Elba, the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago (224 km2/86 sq mi). Volcanoes There are also a few active volcanoes in Italy: Etna, the largest active volcano in Europe; Vulcano; Stromboli; and Vesuvius, the only active volcano on the mainland of Europe. HISTORY Attempting to put together a brief history of Italy is a challenge, because, due to its location at the center of the Mediterranean trading routes, Italy has had a lengthy and tumultuous history. Italy and the Mediterranean Both the Mediterranean and overland trade routes were also used as military and expansionist conduits over the centuries, as well as channels for the dissemination of culture and knowledge. As a result, Italy was subject to the most brutal of invasions, as well as serving as a focal point for creativity and learning. For the sake of simplicity we can divide our brief history of Italy into seven distinct eras: Pre-History Evidence of civilization has been found on the Italian peninsula dating far into pre-history. Thousands of rock drawings discovered in the Alpine regions of Lombardy date from around 8,000 BC. There were sizable settlements throughout the Copper Age (37th to 15th century BC), the Bronze Age (15th to 8th century BC) and the Iron Age (8th to 5th century BC). In the north of Italy, the Etruscan culture took hold around 800BC, while Greeks settled in southern Italy from 700 to 600BC, namely in Apulia, Calabria and Sicily (then known as Magna Graecia). The Roman Empire (5th Century BC to 5th Century AD) According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus in the heart of Etruscan Italy in 735BC. Over the next several centuries, Rome expanded its territories into what became known as the Roman Empire. The Romans named the Italian peninsular Italia. The Italian states north of Emilia-Romagna were considered part of the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul. Italia flourished under the Roman Empire, which ended in 476AD with the death of the emperor Augustus. The Italian peninsular was later divided into separate kingdoms, with reunification only achieved in 1861. The Middle Ages (6th to 14th Century) A brief history of Italy in the Middle Ages begins with a series of invasions. In 493, the Ostrogoths, an eastern Germanic tribe, conquered the Italian peninsula. The resulting Gothic War led to the Lombards, another Germanic tribe, establishing a kingdom in northern Italy and three regions in the South in 568. Subsequently, the popes began building an independent state. In 756, when the Franks (French) defeated the Lombards, they granted the popes authority over central Italy, and the Papal States were created. The northern states of Lombardy, Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany were ruled by the Germanic Holy Roman Empire from 962. By the end of the 11th century, the worst of the invasions was over and trade began to flourish once again. Four Italian cities Genoa, Pisa, Amalfi and Venice became major commercial and political powers. In the twelfth century the Italian cities ruled by Holy Roman Empire campaigned for autonomy. The result was that northern Italy became a group of independent kingdoms, republics and city-states. The Renaissance (14th to 16th Century) At this point in our brief history of Italy, the disparity among the regions was extreme. In contrast to the prosperous northern states, central and southern Italy were economically depressed. The Papacy temporarily relocated to Avignon in France, returning to Rome in 1478. Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia were controlled by foreign powers. The Italian Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Tuscany in the 14th century, spreading from Florence to Siena. A number of factors contributed to its emergence, including the influx of Greek scholars following the second invasion of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The patronage of the arts afforded by the Medici family was another contributing factor. The era gave rise to a number of artistic giants Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarotti, Sandro Botticelli, Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarch, to name a few. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1440s also contributed to a freer flow of information.

Reaching southwards to Rome, the Renaissance inspired the Italian popes to rebuild their city and Rome flourished once again. The movement also spread to Milan, Venice, and further north into Europe, influencing art, literature, philosophy, politics, science, religion and other intellectual arenas. Within Italy, the dominance of Tuscan culture led to the Tuscan dialect later becoming the official Italian language. Foreign Rule (1559 to 1814) Once again in this brief history of Italy, a 'golden' era is followed by a dark one. In 1494, France invaded northern Italy and many of the citystates collapsed. In 1527 Spain and Germany attacked Rome. By the end of the Italian Wars in 1559, three Italian republics regained their independence Piedmont Savoy, Corsica-Genoa and Venice. Both Savoy and Corsica were later sold to France Corsica in 1764 and Savoy in 1860. By 1559 Spain controlled Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia and southern Tuscany, and dominated the rulers of Tuscany, Genoa, and other smaller states in northern Italy. Spanish control of Italy lasted until 1713. During the era of domination by Habsburg Spain (1559 to 1713) and Habsburg Austria (1713 to 1796), Italians enjoyed a long period of relative peace. During the Napoleonic era (1796 to 1814), Italy was briefly united by Napoleon as the Italian Republic and later the Kingdom of Italy, becoming a client state of the French Republic. After the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1814, the Congress of Vienna divided Italy into eight parts, most under foreign rule: Parma, Modena and Tuscany were ruled by the Hapsburgs; Lombardy and Venetia were ruled by Austria; Piedmont-Sardinia-Genoa and the Papal States were independent; and Naples and Sicily were ruled by France. This abysmal condition was the impetus behind the Italian unification movement. Unification (1814 to 1861) Our brief history of Italy culminates in unification. The Risorgimento was a complex process that eventually unified the different states of the Italian peninsula into the modern nation of Italy. The movement began in 1815 with a growing resentment towards the peninsula's domination by Austria. Two prominent figures in the unification movement were Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. A native of Genoa, Mazzini was imprisoned in 1830 for his role in the Carbonari secret society. From his exile in France and later England, he mounted a series of unsuccessful uprisings in Italy, but eventually worked with Garibaldi to achieve their dream of unification. His funeral in 1872 attracted 100,000 people. Giuseppe Garibaldi was born in Nice (Nizza), and, like Mazzini, was a member of the Carbonari secret society. He fled Italy in 1834 after a failed insurrection, but returned in 1854 to continue his campaign. Italy was officially unified in 1861, with Rome and Latium annexed in 1870 and the Trieste region after World War 1. Present Day Italy Since unification, Italy has experienced a tumultuous period that saw a mass exodus of her people and the disastrous consequences of two World Wars. Yet over the past 60 years the country has reclaimed its position as a major social and cultural player in world affairs. Italian goods and services have excellent international reputations, and Italy remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe. Italy was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community, and despite the turbulent nature of Italian politics, enjoys positive economic growth and a high standard of living. The richness of its past and the 'live-life-to-the-fullest' attitude of its present combine to make Italy a must-see travel destination. ITALYS CONTRIBUTIONS TO MANKIND - Glasses - Viol (viola de gambal) and cello - Mechanical clock

- Violin - Thermometer - Barometer

- Piano - Telephone

ITALIAN-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS Throughout U.S. history, Italian Americans have made significant contributions as the fact sheets listed below reveal. A Demographic Overview of Italian Americans Football Sports The American Revolution Government and Public Service Italian American influences in Washington, The Arts Innovators D.C. Baseball Law Enforcement Women Trail Blazers Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs Little-Known Facts from Italian American World War II and Civil Rights Education History U.S. Tributes to Christopher Columbus Entertainment Military History Suggested Bibliography Explorers Popular Music ROME GOVERNMENT The Roman government (in its entire history from founding to fall) was a strange mix of a democracy and a republic. An interesting fact ist that the people of Rome took many of their ideas of government from the Ancient Greeks. The Roman state was described as the republic (respublica) and its consuls, or chief magistrates, continued to be appointed even after the establishment of one-man rule under the empire, but in its pure form it lasted only until the beginning of the first century B.C. At the creation of the republic, supreme power probably resided with a popular assembly, but early on the Senate became very influential, and the traditional formula, which survived for centuries, was S.P.Q.R. - Senatus Populusque Romanus - the Roman Senate and People acting together.

Since the Ancient Romans did not want one man to make all of the laws, they decided to balance the power of the government between three branches, there was first the executive branch, then the legislative branch, and finally the judicial branch. PLEBIANS & PATRICIANS Patricians: The patricians were the upper class, the nobility and wealthy land owners. Plebeians: The plebeians were the lower class. Nicknamed "plebs", the plebeians included everyone in ancient Rome (except for the nobility, the patricians) from well-to-do tradesmen all the way down to the very poor. Things that were the same in both classes Pater Familias: The family was structured in the same way in both classes. The head of the family was the oldest male. That could be the father, the grandfather, or perhaps even an uncle. Everybody in one family lived under one roof. Women had no authority except in the home. Old age was honored. Atrium: Life in the home of wealthy tradesmen and patricians centered around the atrium, the central courtyard. Slaves: If they could afford it, both classes had slaves to do the work. Citizenship: The citizens of Rome were adult freemen from both classes - plebs and patricians. Women, children, and slaves were not citizens. People from all classes considered themselves Romans. Religion: Both classes worshiped the same gods and attended religious festivals. Language: Both classes spoke the same language, Latin. Forum: Both classes enjoyed the activities in the Forum, including the many free activities such as jugglers. Things that were different Social Life: A wealthy plebeian family and a wealthy patrician family did not meet socially. Under the kings, it was illegal for a pleb and a patrician to marry. In 445 BCE, about 60 years after the Roman Republic was formed, a new law was written that said it was no longer illegal for plebs and patricians to marry. Apartment Houses: Many plebeians lived in apartment houses called flats. Some the apartments were above or behind their shops. Even fairly well to do tradesmen might chose to live in an apartment-building compound over their store, with perhaps renters on the upper stories. Their own apartments might be quite roomy, sanitary and pleasant, occasionally with running water. But others were not that nice. The Poor, Unsanitary Living Conditions: In the poorer apartment houses, an entire plebeian family (grandparents, parents, children) might all be crowded into one room, without running water. They had to haul their water in from public facilities. Fire was a very real threat because people were cooking meals in crowded quarters, and many of the flats were made of wood. They did not have toilets. They had to use public latrines (toilets). The lower class Romans (plebeians) might have a breakfast of bread, dry or dipped in wine, and water. Sometimes olives, cheese, or raisins were sprinkled on the bread. Rich and Poor Life Style: The rich had beautiful mosaics on the floors of their home. They wore lots of jewelry made of gold and gemstones. They had beautiful clothing. They enjoyed a great deal of leisure time. The poor wore shabby clothing. Their jewelry was made of painted clay. They worked all the time. CONTRIBUTIONS TO MANKIND Architecture The Romans made many architectural contributions to future generations. They include arches, vaults, columns, and concrete. Columns, however were not pioneered by the Romans. It was actually a Greek development. The Romans simply took it and used it profusely. However, they did not just steal the idea of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns, they also contributed two types of their own. Also, at this website, one can view prime examples of the Romans prophetic use use of these structures. Arches are also profusely used and incorporated into the structures which can be viewed at the above mentioned website. There are also diagrams with very useful information about columns, arches, and vaults(many arches put together in succession). Concrete is also another invention that had been previously invented that the Romans borrowed and used quite a bit. They not only borrowed it how it was, they improved upon it, by creating a concrete that could set underwater. Concrete was such a versatile building material that the Romans incorporated it into almost all their buildings, they even constructed the dome of the Pantheon from bricks made of concrete!2 Language The Romans contributed greatly in the field of language. It is from them that we get Latin, a written language that is not spoken very often anymore. Many of the words in our present day dictionary were derived from latin roots which have the same meaning as their present day counterparts. There were many great literary figures of the ancient Roman era. Math It is from the Romans that we have the Roman Numeral system. This system is almost extinct, but remains in use in the motion picture industry as the copyright dates of all the films to date. Also from the Romans, we get the symbols X, +, -, and /. These are the symbols still in use in our school systems as the standardized system of mathematical functions.4 The Sword The process of forging a sturdy sword was also perfected by the Romans. The entire process and story of it is rather long and involved TERMS 1. Abraham: Founder of the Hebrew people. 2. Assyrians: The 1st civilization to use cavalry. They used terror to control their enemies, and looted/destroyed Babylon in 700 BC. They had a library, which held the Epic of Gilgamesh. 3. Carthage: Phoenician city in North Africa which eventually rose to greatness. 4. Commodities: Goods that hold value.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Cyrus: Known as Cyrus the Great, he captured Babylon and ruled a huge empire. David: 2nd king of Israel Exodus: The escape of the Hebrews from Egypt. Greeks: These guys conquered the Persians in 331 BC. Hanging Gardens: One of the 7 wonders of the world. This was built in Babylon. Hebrews: A group founded by Abraham. Their religion was based on ethical monotheism. Hittites: A warlike people; the 1st to smelt iron. Reserved the death penalty for major crimes. Lumber: One of the important resources the Phoenicians had at their disposal, found in the Lebanon Mountains Lydians: The 1st civilization to use coined money. They also invented the money economy system, replacing the barter system. Moses: The man who led the Exodus, and recieved the 10 commandments from Yahweh. Nebuchadnezzar: The greatest Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon. Nineveh: Capital of the Assyian empire. Persians: Massive empire from India to Egypt. Persians believed in justice, and treated conquered peoples more fairly than previous empires. The Persians were also the 1st civilizations to have secret undercover agents, known as "The King's Eyes and Ears". Phoenicians: Known as the greatest traders of the ancient world, their purple cloth was prized by royals. Royal Road: Stretched for about 1200 miles, from Sardis to Susa. Sacrifice: What the Phoenicians did to please an angered god. Saul: 1st king of Israel Sidon: A center for the glassblowing industry. Solomon: 3rd king of Israel Yahweh: Hebrew god Zoroaster: He taught the people on Earth were receiving training for a future life. His beliefs are called Zoroastrism, and are based on the idea of the struggle between good and evil, and a final judgement.

GREECE GEOGRAPHY Located in southern Europe, Greece forms an irregular-shaped peninsula in the Mediterranean with two additional large peninsulas projecting from it: the Chalcidice and the Peloponnese. The Greek islands are generally subdivided into two groups, according to location: the Ionian islands (including Corfu, Cephalonia, and Leucas) west of the mainland and the Aegean islands (including Euboea, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, and Crete) to the east and south. North-central Greece, Epirus, and western Macedonia are all mountainous. The main chain of the Pindus Mountains extends from northwest Greece to the Peloponnese. Mount Olympus, rising to 9,570 ft (2,909 m), is the highest point in the country. GOVERNMENT Parliamentary republic. The Greek world empire was created in 336 B.C. by Alexander the Great. He succeeded in just 13 years to subjugate the entire earlier kingdom of the Medes and Persians, along with further territory. His empire consequently reached from India in the east to Egypt and Greece in the west. After he suddenly died in 323 B.C., his kingdom was divided between his four generals in Egypt, Syria, the present-day Turkish part of Asia Minor and Greece/Macedonia. The Greek empire's culture and language continued, however, to dominate the world in a tangible way for about the next 300 years. In the Bible, the Greek world empire is symbolized by a leopard with four heads and four wings. (Illustration 7.5) The wings symbolize the rapidity of his conquering, and the number four symbolizes that the leopard took over power and a cultural heritage from the four previous world empires. The leopard's four heads symbolize the four divided kingdoms which his generals ruled over after Alexander's death. The heads also symbolize that the kingdoms are governed with royal power. In the sub-kingdom Syria, a very wicked ruler arose in time, named Antiochus Epiphanes. By his act of desecrating the temple in Jerusalem (during the years 175-165 B.C.) he became a significant forerunner to the coming Antichrist. Jesus himself made reference to this historical event when he spoke of the persecution of Christians and Jews in the end times. HISTORY Indo-European peoples, including the Mycenaeans, began entering Greece about 2000 B.C. and set up sophisticated civilizations. About 1200 B.C. , the Dorians, another Indo-European people, invaded Greece, and a dark age followed, known mostly through the Homeric epics. At the end of this time, classical Greece began to emerge (c. 750 B.C. ) as a loose composite of city-states with a heavy involvement in maritime trade and a devotion to art, literature, politics, and philosophy. Greece reached the peak of its glory in the 5th century B.C. , but the Peloponnesian War (431404 B.C. ) weakened the nation, and it was conquered by Philip II and his son Alexander the Great of Macedonia, who considered themselves Greek. By the middle of the 2nd century B.C. , Greece had declined to the status of a Roman province. It remained within the eastern Roman Empire until Constantinople fell to the Crusaders in 1204. In 1453, the Turks took Constantinople and by 1460, Greece was a province in the Ottoman Empire. The Greek war of independence began in 1821, and by 1827 Greece won independence with sovereignty guaranteed by Britain, France, and Russia. The protecting powers chose Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of modern Greece in 1832 to reign over an area only slightly larger than the Peloponnese peninsula. Chiefly under the next king, George I, chosen by the protecting powers in 1863, Greece acquired much of its present territory. During his 57-year reign, a period in which he encouraged parliamentary democracy, Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia, Crete, and most of the Aegean islands were added from the disintegrating Turkish empire. Unfavorable economic conditions forced about one-sixth of the entire Greek population to emigrate (mostly to the U.S.) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. An unsuccessful war against Turkey after World War I brought down the monarchy, which was replaced by a republic in 1923.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO MANKIND 1) Trial by Jury 2) Democracy 3) Philosophy THE CRUSADES TIMELINE Crusade First Crusade

4) Tragedy and Comedy 5) History 6) The Classical Tradition

7) Art 8) Architecture

Dates of Crusade 1096 - 1099

Second Crusade

1144 -1155

Third Crusade

1187 -1192

Fourth Crusade The Children's Crusade Fifth Crusade Sixth Crusade Seventh Crusade Eighth Crusade Ninth Crusade

1202 -1204 1212 1217 - 1221 1228 - 1229 1248 - 1254 1270 1271 - 1272

Crusades Timeline of Events The People's Crusade - Freeing the Holy Lands. 1st Crusade led by Count Raymond IV of Toulouse and proclaimed by many wandering preachers, notably Peter the Hermit Crusaders prepared to attack Damascus. 2nd crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III and by King Louis VII of France 3rd Crusade led by Richard the Lionheart of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. Richard I made a truce with Saladin 4th Crusade led by Fulk of Neuil French/Flemish advanced on Constantinople The Children's Crusade led by a French peasant boy, Stephen of Cloyes The 5th Crusade led by King Andrew II of Hungary, Duke Leopold VI of Austria, John of Brienne The 6th Crusade led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II The 7th Crusade led by Louis IX of France The 8th Crusade led by Louis IX The 9th Crusade led by Prince Edward (later Edward I of England)

The Crusades - What were the Crusades? The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens. The term 'Saracen' was the word used to describe a Moslem during the time of the Crusades. The Crusades started in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont. The Pope's preaching led to thousands immediately affixing the cross to their garments - the name Crusade given to the Holy Wars came from old French word 'crois' meaning 'cross'. The Crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans. They were eight in number, the first four being sometimes called the Principal Crusades, and the remaining four the Minor Crusades. In addition there was a Children's Crusade. There were several other expeditions which were insignificant in numbers or results. For full details, facts and information about the crusades click one of the following links: What was the Cause for the Crusades? The reason for the crusades was a war between Christians and Moslems which centered around the city of Jerusalem. The City of Jerusalem held a Holy significance to the Christian religion. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem commemorated the hill of crucifixion and the tomb of Christ's burial and was visited by Pilgrims. In 1065 Jerusalem was taken by the Turks and 3000 Christians were massacred starting a chain of events which contributed to the cause of the crusades. What were the Objectives of the Crusades? The Objectives of the crusades was at first to release the Holy Land, in particular Jerusalem, from the Saracens, but in time was extended to seizing Spain from the Moors, the Slavs and Pagans from eastern Europe, and the islands of the Mediterranean. How many Crusades were there? There were a total of nine crusades! The first four crusades were seen as the most import and scant reference is made to the other crusades with the exception of the Children's crusade which effectively led to the decline of the crusades. For a period of two hundred years Europe and Asia were engaged in almost constant warfare. Throughout this period there was a continuous movement of crusaders to and from the Moslem possessions in Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt. The First Crusade The first crusade, which lasted from 1095-1099, established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, providing more lands for the crusading knights, who often travelled across Europe to try their fortunes and to visit the Holy Sepulchre. The Fall of Jerusalem and Acre - the Last Crusades The kingdom of Jerusalem was gradually lost until the last Christian city, Acre, fell in 1291. The dream of returning to the Holy Land nonetheless proved popular; the Kings of France and England frequently made such plans, though in nearly every case the crusades were redirected or derailed by regional tensions.

The Crusades and the Orders of Religious Knights The crusades also gave rise to the important knightly orders, the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights and the Hospitallers. These were orders of religious knights, working from monastic rule to defend the holy land and pilgrims en route to Jerusalem. The Effects of the Crusades e The effects of the Crusades on Europe of the Middle Ages were an important factor in the history of the progress of civilization. The effects of the Crusades influenced the wealth and power of the Catholic Church, Political matters, commerce, feudalism, intellectual development, social dev effects, material effects and the effects of the crusades also prompted the famous Voyages of discovery. The Crusades - The Kingdom of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was ruled by European Kings and Queens between 1099 and 1291. This section details the founding o the Kingdom section of of Jerusalem by Godfrey of Bouillon, the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and its fall into the hands of Saladin. The names of all the Kings and Queens of the Kingdom of Jerusalem are also listed on this section. se The Crusaders The crusaders came from both the Upper and Lower classes. What prompted tens of thousands of people to travel 1000 miles to g on the go First Crusade? What privileges were granted to crusaders? The Crusades Timeline Interesting Facts and information about Crusades Timeline in the Middle Ages. People and events in the Middle Ages via the Cr Crusades Timeline. The Crusades Timeline details the key dates and leaders of all the crusades. Holy Land Pilgrimage The Holy Land Pilgrimages sprang from the pilgrimages which Christians had long been accustomed to make to the scenes of Christ's life on earth.