v State of matter Solid Liquid Gas Particle arrangement pack closely together orderly manner packed closely but

not in orderly manner very far apart from each other Particles movement vibrate and rotate (fixed positions) rotate , vibrate and move (throughout the liquid) Particles can move freely Attractive forces Very strong moderate weak Kinetic energy of particles Low energy Moderate energy high energy Diffusion of particles in solid Diffusion in liquid Diffusion in gas - Potassium manganate(VII) crystal is placed in top agar - The purple colour of KMnO4 move slowly in a agar from bottom until whole agar turns purple - Small pieces of copper(II) sulphate crystal are placed in water. - The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate diffuse slowly in water until water turns blue -A drop of liquid bromine are dropped in gas jar. - The brown liquid of bromine vaporizes slowly and fill the whole gas jar. Anything that occupies space and has a mass TYPES OF PARTICLES Atom Smallest neutral particle of an element that can participate in chemical reaction Example: Iron (Fe) Molecule Group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together Example: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Ion Positively or negatively-charged particles. Example: Copper( II) sulphate (CuSO4) sublimation condensation freezing melting

boiling - consists of tiny particles - always collide among each other. Evidences: Melting and freezing points of naphthalene Diffusion (CuSO4 in water) Brownian Movement Pollen grain Water molecule Movement of pollen Jelly Potassium manganate(VII) Copper (II) sulphate crystal Water Gas jar cover Gas jar Liquid bromine Proton Number : number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Number of protons = number of electrons in a neutral atom Nucleon Number : total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Symbol of element A X Z X- Symbol of element A- Nucleon number of atom X Z- Proton number of atom X SUBATOMIC PARTICLES elements with the same number of protons but difference in nucleon numbers or difference in the number of neutrons. Isotopes have the same chemical properties but different physical properties because they have the same electron arrangements. AREA USES medical Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cell industrial Sodium-24 used to detect leakage of pipes underground agriculture Carbon-14 is used to study passage carbon in photosynthesis archeology Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts ISOTOPES Inter-changes state of Matter Kinetic Theory Of Matter Matter sublimation

Important: Water bath is used to heat up ensure a uniform temperature can be achieved Temperature Boiling Points Melting point Liquid - gas Solid-liquid Heat provided is absorbed to overcome the forces of attraction between particles liquid solid liquid liquid solid MELTING POINT The temperature when substance change from solid to liquid BOILING POINT The temperature when sub stances change from Retort stand Beaker Thermometer Boiling tube Water Bunsen burner Tripod stand Naphthalene thermometer Naphthalene FREEZING POINT The temperature when substance change from liquid to solid Important: Boiling tube is placed in the conical flask and stir continuously to avoid super cooling To determine the boiling point of Naphthalene To determine the freezing point of Naphthalene Temperature Freezing point solid solid liquid liquid liquid Heat loss to surrounding = The heat released during formation of force of attraction between molecules Liquid-solid Liquid-Gas Time/ min Time/ min