Summary

Chemical changes involve rearrangements of the atoms or groups within substances. Chemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic. In endothermic reactions heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings.The enthalpy change for endothermic reactions is positive. In exothermic reactions heat is released to the surroundings.The enthalpy change for exothermic reactions is negative. Energy is stored in chemical bonds. Energy must be supplied to break bonds. Energy is released when bonds are made. Energy profile diagrams show how the energy of substances changes during the course of a reaction. The activation energy is the minimum energy which reactant molecules must possess for a reaction to take place. Energy can be converted from one form to another. Chemical energy can be converted to heat, light, electricity and mechanical energy.

End-of-chapter questions
1 3.25 g of zinc were added to 50 cm3 of 4.0 mol dm"3 hydrochloric acid. When the reaction was complete, the temperature had risen by 28 C. a All the zinc dissolved in this reaction. How many moles of zinc reacted? b How many moles of acid are there in 50 cm3 of 4.0 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid? c Write a balanced equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. d Which of zinc or hydrochloric acid is used in excess? Explain your answer, e Is the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid endothermic or exothermic? f Calculate the heat change when 3.25 g of zinc reacts with 50 cm3 of 4.0 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid. g Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. State all the assumptions you have made in your calculations. h Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction. 2 The heat given out when 1 mol (12 g) of carbon burns completely in oxygen is 386 kj. The heat evolved when 1 mol (60 g) of propanol is completely burnt is -2020 kj. a Which of carbon or propanol has the higher energy value per gram? b Which of charcoal (carbon) and propanol (a liquid) is easier to store? Explain. c Assuming no heat losses, calculate the maximum temperature change when the heat released from burning 1 g of charcoal is used to heat 0.25 kg of water. 3 When 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 nitric acid were added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 sodium hydroxide in a well-lagged cup, the temperature rose from 27 C to 33.9 C. a How many moles of sodium hydroxide are there in 100 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm -3 solution? b How many moles of nitric acid are there in 100 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm -3 solution? c How many moles of sodium nitrate were produced in the above reaction?

d Calculate the heat given out in this reaction.

e What is the heat produced when 1 mol of nitric acid reacts with 1 mol of sodium hydroxide? (1 cm3 of a dilute solution has a mass of 1 g. Take the specific heat capacity of this solution to be 4.0kJkg- 1K- 1 .) 4 The heat of combustion of methanol is given as 640kjmol - 1 . a Determine the heat released when 8 g of methanol are completely burnt in oxygen. (CH3OH = 32.0) b If the heat released in part (a) is used to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water, how much would the temperature of the water rise? (The specific heat capacity of water can be taken as 4.0 kj kg-1 K -1.) 5 10.1 g of potassium nitrate were dissolved in 50 cm3 of water. The temperature fell by 16 C. Calculate:

a the number of moles of KNO 3 dissolved in 50 cm3 of water; b the concentration of the resulting solution; c the heat change that would be produced if 1 mol of KNO3 dissolves completely in 1 dm3 of water. (Take the specific heat capacity of the solution as 4.0 kj kg-1 K -1 and heat change = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature rise.) 6 Draw suitable energy level diagrams to illustrate the changes taking place in the following reactions. a 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm -3 NaOH mixed with 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm -3 HCl gave a temperature rise of 13.6 C. b Dissolving 20 g of ammonium nitrate in 250 cm3 of water leads to a drop in temperature of 5.0 C. (4.2 kj of energy is required to heat 1 kg of a dilute solution through 1 C.)