BY STUDENT OF CLASS 10TH A

PAWAN SHARMA** SIMRANJEET** ASHOK KUMAR**

GOVT. SEC. SCHOOL VERKA (B) AMRITSAR

 INTRODUCTION

• OCC URR EN CE

Being highly reactive, it is rarely found in native state. In the combined state, it is the
second most abundant in the earth’s crust. Important are:

• Hematite (Fe2O3) or red oxide of iron

• Spathic iron ore or siderite(FeCO3)

• Limonite (2Fe3.3H O)or hydrate oxide of iron.

• Magnetite(Fe3O4)or magnetic oxide of iron

• Iron pyrites (FeS2)

• Iron is also present in blood of animals and green Colouring matter of

Plants .

• Occurrence in India. It is found in Orissa ,Bihar , Madhya Pradesh ,Goa and

Mysore.

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 Extraction of metals from
ores

The process of extraction of metals from their ores ore called metallurgy. The ores
are generally associated with non metallic impurities of earthy and rocky material .
Such materials are called gangue or matrix .The process of extraction depends upon
the nature of impurities present in the ore . Common steps involved for extraction of
metals are as follows:-

 Crushing and grinding of ore

 Concentration of ore

 Extraction of metal from ore

 Purification of metal

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 Extraction of iron

• The iron ore is mostly found in the mines of Bihar .

• Bihar is the leading producer of iron in India and India is the leading producer in
world

• The iron of India is world class iron .

• The ore of iron is carried from mines to factories from where the iron ore is
separated by putting it in blast furnace.

• The lime and coke is added with the ore to separate the impurities from the ore.

• The iron ore is heated in the blast furnace at very high temperature.

• The ore is turned to molten form. From where the slag or impurities are throw out
from different exits made in blast furnace.

• The iron which is in molten form comes out from this process is 98% to 99%
pure.

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 IRON

• It is about 21% of total metal of earth’s crust and 6.2% of total

elements.

• It belongs to transition group of the periodic table.

• Its electronic configuration is 2,8,14,2.

1) Important ores of Iron (Fe)

1) Haemetite Fe2O3

2) Magnetite Fe3O4

3) Limonite Fe2O3, 3H2O

4) Iron pyrites FeS2

5) Siderite FeCO3

(2) Extraction Of iron :- Cast iron is extracted from Haemetite .

It involves following steps :

(1) Concentration of ore:- First of all, ore is crushed into minute particles and
the crushed or is concentrated by gravity separation
method..

(2) Calcination :- Concentrated ore is cachinnated in a furnace.

Impurities like sulphur changes into sulphur dioxide and arsenic into arsenic
oxide (As2O3) , phosphorous to phosphorous oxide (P4O10), all escape out in
the form of gases ,

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  Fe2O3.3H2O > Fe2O3 + 3H2O

 2FeCO3 > 2FeO + 2CO2

 4Fe +3O2 > Fe2O3

• It is due to the presence of some ferrous carbonate that iron

changes into iron oxide.

• Ferrous carbonate which is present in some quantity in hematite not

only oxidizes all other impurities into its oxides but also oxidized
itself into oxide .

(1) Smelting : Iron oxide is reduced with carbon .

• Process of smelting isdone in blast furnance

• Calcinated Iron oxide is added in blast furnace along with coke.

• Coke serves as fuel as well as reducing agent .

• Lime is also added in the blast furnace which serves as flux .

• The following reactions take place in the furnace.

(a) At the base of the furnace Coke reacts with oxygen to produce Carbon
dioxide which moves up and lot of heat is produced .

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  C + O2 > CO2
Coke Oxygen Carbon Oxide

• As the carbon dioxide moves upward it is brought in contact with coke

and get converted into carbon monoxide.

 CO2 + C > 2CO

Carbon dioxide coke carbon mono - oxide

 At this zone temperature is 1475-1575K

(b) In the middle of the furnace temperature is 1075 to 1275 K.

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 • In this region calcium carbonate decomposes to produce calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide.

• Calcium oxide so produced combines with silica impurity to form slag.

 CaCO3 > CaO + CO2

Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Carbon dioxide

 CaOS + SiO2 > CaSIO3

Calcium oxide silica Silica Calcium
silicate(Slag)

(C) At the top portion of the furnace.

• In the top portion of furnace the iron (111)oxide react with carbon
monoxide to give liquid iron which moves towards the bottom of furnace
and settled there This iron is called cast iron.

 Fe2O3 + 3CO > Fe + CO2

Ferric oxide Carbon monoxide iron carbon

Dioxide

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 SPECIAL THANKS TO :
COMPUTER DEPARTMENT
GOVT. SEC. SCHOOL VERKA (B)
AMRITSAR

GOVT. SEC. SCHOOL VERKA (B) AMRITSAR