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ACS/KEE/UPM/2008
ACS/KEE/UPM/2008
Twentieth-Century Developments
Year
300 B.C 300 B.C 1681 Automatic Control Feedback Control Automatic streering of ships Analysis of feedback amplifiers
Application
Water clock Oil Lamp Safety valve in regulation of steam pressure Mechanical temperature control system for hatching eggs Windmill Flyball speed governer to control the speed of steam engines
Researcher
Ktesibios Philon of Byzantium Denis Papin
Application
Steering System
Researcher
Sperry Gyroscope Company Nicholas Minorsky H.W.Bode H.Nyquist
Year
1922
Temperature Controls
Cornelis Drebbel
70 Century
1745 80 Century
ACS/KEE/UPM/2008
ACS/KEE/UPM/2008
Contemporary Applications
a. Early elevators were controlled by hand ropes or an elevator operator. Here, a rope is cut to demonstrate the safety brake, an innovation in early elevators; b. Modern Duo-lift elevators make their way up the Grande Arche in Paris, driven by one motor, with each car counterbalancing the other. Today, elevators are fully automatic, using control systems to regulate position and velocity.
Example 1:Elevators
-control of missiles and spacecraft -process control industry -digital computer : industrial robots, spacecraft , process control industry (modern control) -space shuttle -vehicles function -home heating system - Home entertainment system: video disc or compact disc machine
ACS/KEE/UPM/2008
Basic concepts
ACS/KEE/UPM/2008
System Configurations
Open-loop Systems
Characteristic: sensitivity to disturbances and inability to correct for these disturbances.
Figure 4 Block diagrams of control systems: a. open-loop system; b. closed-loop system (feedback control)
Example 1 : Toaster The device is designed with the assumption that the toast will be darker the longer it is subjected to heat. The controlled variable (output): the color of the toast. The toaster does not measure the color of the toast # It does not correct for the fact that the toast is rye, white or sourdough, nor does it correct for the fact that toast comes in different thicknesses.
Definitions (1) Feedback path the return path from the output to the input summing junction. (2) Actuating signal the output signal subtracted from the input signal. (3)Error - the both input and output transducers have unity gain. The actuating signals value is equal to the actual difference between the input and the output
Example 1: Antenna azimuth position control system: The system compensates for disturbances by measuring the output response, feeding that measurement back through a feedback path and comparing that response to the input at the summing junction. (i) If there is any difference between the two responses, the system drives the plant, via the actuating signal, to make correction. (ii) If there is no difference, the system does not drive the plant, since the plants response is already the desired response. The systems are less sensitive to noise, disturbances and changes in environment. The systems are more complex and more expensive than openloop system.
#A position control system converts a position input command to a position output response. # Example applications: antennas, robot arms, computer disk drive
Actual
Driver
Steering mechanism
Automobile
Course of travel
Figure .The control system design process Step1: Transform requirements into a physical systems Step2: Draw a Functional block diagram Step3 Create a Schematic Step4: Develop Mathematical Model; KVL,KCL, Newtons Laws Step5: Reduce the block diagram Step6: Analyze and design