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Typical results using the equipment below. Return to Lab Experiments page
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NOMENCLATURE

Units Length of Test Pipe m

Nom. Type L Given

Description Length of pipe test section. The test pipe length is measured in mm. Convert to metres for the calculation. Diameter of pipe test . The test pipe diameter is measured in mm. Convert to metres for the calculation. Volume of water collected in a known time. The volume is measured in ml. Convert to cubic metres for the calculation. (divide reading by 1,000,000) Time taken to collect the known volume of water, V. The temperature of the water collected.

Diameter of Test Pipe

Given

Volume Collected

m3

Measured

Time to Collect Temp of

Measured

Measured

Water Kinematic Viscosity Manometer m h1 Measured Head at inlet to test section of the pipe. The head is measured in mm. Convert to metres for the calculation. Head at outlet to test section of the pipe. The head is measured in mm. Convert to metres for the calculation. Head loss over the test section of the pipe. Volume Collected Time to Collect Velocity mls v Calculated Fluid velocity through the pipe m2/s Measured See Table

Manometer

h2

Measured

Head Loss

h1 -h2

Calculated

Flow Rate

m3/s

Qt

Calculated

Friction Factor

Reynolds Number

Re

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Objective To investigate the head loss due to friction in the flow of water through a pipe and to determine the associated friction factor. Both variables are to be determined over a range of flow rates and their characteristics identified for both laminar and turbulent flows. Method By measurement of the pressure difference between two fixed points in a long (length = many diameters) straight tube of circular cross-section for steady flows. The range of flow rates will cover both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Equipment In order to complete the demonstration we need a number of pieces of equipment. The F1-1O Hydraulics Bench which allows you to measure flow by timed volume collection. The F1-18 Pipe Friction Apparatus. A stopwatch to allow you to determine the flow rate of water. A thermometer. A spirit level for setting up the equipment. A measuring cylinder for measuring very low flow rates. Technical Data The following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculations. If required these values may be checked as part of the experimental procedure and replaced with your own measurements. Length of test pipe Diameter of test pipe Theory A basic momentum analysis of fully developed flow in a straight tube of unifom cross section shows that the pressure difference (Pl - P2) between two points in the tube is due to the effects of viscosity (fluid friction). The head-loss h is directly proportional to the pressure difference (loss) and is given by L = 0.500 d = 0.003 m m

h = (Pl -P2) g and the friction factor, f, is related to the head-loss by the equation h = 4fLv2 2gd where d is the pipe diameter and, in this experiment, h is measured directly by a manometer which connects to two pressure tappings a distance L apart; v is the mean velocity given in terms of the volume flow rate Qt by v = 4Qt d2 The theoretical result for laminar flow is f = 16 Re where Re = Reynolds number and is given by Re = vd and is the kinematic viscosity. Procedure - Equipment Set Up Mount the test rig on the hydraulic bench and, with a spirit level, adjust the feet to ensure that the base plate is horizontal and, hence, the manometers are vertical. Check with your tutor that the mercury (Hg) manometer is correctly filled;

this should not be attempted by students because Hg is a hazardous substance. Attach a Hoffman clamp to each of the two manometer connecting tubes and close them off.

Setting-up for high flow rates The test rig outlet tube must be held by a clamp to ensure that the outflow point is firmly fixed. This should be above the bench collection tank and should allow enough space for insertion of the measuring cylinder.

Hoffman Clamp (white)

Measuring Cylinder next to outlet pipe

Join the test rig inlet pipe to the hydraulic bench flow connector with the pump turned off. Close the bench gate-valve, open the test rig flow control valve fully and start the pump.

Flow control valve (blue top) Now open the gate valve, on the work bench, progressively and run the system until all air is purged. Open the Hoffman clamps and purge any air from the two bleed points at the top of the Hg manometer. Setting up for low flow rates (using the header tank) Attach a Hoffman clamp to each of the two manometer connecting tubes and close them off. With the system fully purged of air, close the bench valve, stop the pump, close the outflow valve and remove Hoffman clamps from the water manometer connections.

Water manometer Disconnect test section supply tube and hold high to keep it filled with liquid. Connect the bench supply tube to the header tank inflow, run the pump and open the bench valve to allow flow. When outflow occurs from the header tank snap connector, attach the test section supply tube to it, ensuring no air is entrapped. When outflow occurs from header tank overflow, fully open the outflow control valve. Slowly open air vents at top of water manometer and allow air to enter until manometer levels reach a convenient height, then close the air vent. If required, further control of levels can be achieved by use of the hand-pump to raise the manometer air pressure. Procedure - Taking a Set of Results Running high flow rate tests Apply a Hoffman clamp to each of the water manometer connection tubes (essential to prevent a flow path parallel to the test section). Close the test rig flow control valve and take a zero flow reading from the Hg manometer. With the flow control valve fully open, measure the head loss h Hg shown by the manometer. Determine the flow rate by timed collection and measure the temperature of the collected fluid. The Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure can then be determined from the table provided further on this page. Repeat this procedure to give at least nine flow rates; the lowest to give h Hg =

30mm Hg, approximately. Running low flow rate tests Repeat procedure given above but using water manometer throughout. With the flow control valve fully open, measure the head loss h shown by the manometer. Determine the flow rate by timed collection and measure the temperature of the collected fluid. The Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure can then be determined from the table provided. Obtain data for at least eight flow rates, the lowest to give h = 30mm, approximately.

Plot graphs for log f against log Re and compare with the Moody diagram. and Plot log i against log v to determine the relationship between head loss and velocity This is what your results should look like

Kinematic Viscosity of Water at Atmospheric Pressure Temperature Kinematic Viscosity (x10-6 m2/s) 1.793 1.732 1.674 1.619 1.568 1.520 1.474 1.429 1.386 1.346 1.307 1.270 1.235 1.201 1.169 1.138 1.108 1.080 1.053 1.027 1.002 0.978 Temperature Kinematic Viscosity (x10-6 m2/s) 0.893 0.873 0.854 0.836 0.818 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.753 0.738 0.724 0.711 0.697 0.684 0.671 0.658 0.602 0.554 0.511 0.476 0.443 0.413

(degrees C) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

(degrees C) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

22 23 24

0.955 0.933 0.911

75 80 85

0.386 0.363 0.342

Eg. At 20C the kinematic viscosity of water is 1.002 x 10-6m2/s.

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