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Week 2 assignment: 12. Explain and give an example for each of the following types of variables: (a) equalinterval, (b) rank-order, (c) nominal, (d) ratio scale (e) continuous. (a) equal-interval: This scale has equal interval hence we can perform differences but does not have an absolute zero so we cannot perform division on these variables. These satisfaction levels of visitors (on Likert scale) on a scale of 1 to 5 this scale lies between rank order and ratio scale. (b) rank-order: These variables are in the next stage from the nominal. We can arrange them in rank order but cannot do any other statistical operation such as difference, multiplication or division. The education level: elementary school, high school, some college, and college graduate. (c) Nominal: We cannot perform any static operations on these variables. Gender: Male & Female (d) ratio scale: This scale has an absolute zero and we can perform all possible statistical operations on these variables. Like addition, difference, multiplication and division. Example: Temperature in Kelvin or age (e) continuous: These variables have all possible values within the given range. For example weight or age. We can measure age on all possible points on the number line say between 0 to 100 years. 15. Following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar on a particular road in a 35-mph zone on a particular afternoon: 30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37, 34, 36, 31, 35, 20, 24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34, 38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27, 36, 40 Make (a) a frequency table and (b) a histogram, then (c) describe the general shape of the distribution.

The lowest value is 15 and highest value is 52, thus we make 7 classes with CI of 6 Frequency Table CI 12-17 18-23 24-29 30-35 36-41 42-47 48-53 Total Frequency 1 2 3 16 11 3 2 38

Histogram Speed of Cars

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 12-17 18-23 24-29 30-35 Class Interval 36-41 42-47 48-53

Frequency

19 Give an example of something having these distribution shapes: (a) bimodal, (b) approximately rectangular, and (c) positively skewed. Do not use an example given in this book or in class. (a) Bimodal: Distribution of height of people in a company (with both males and females - males and females will have one mode each creating bi-modal distribution). (b) Approximately rectangular: In this each value the variable can take has an equal probability. Distribution of heads and tails in a large numbers of coin tosses, or distribution of outcome of a dice throw. (c) Positively skewed: Marks obtained in a very tough stats exams. A large number of students will have low scores with few exceptional students scoring high or even 100%. 20. Find an example in a newspaper or magazine of a graph that misleads by failing to use equal interval sizes or by exaggerating proportion. The graph is misleading as Y axis is chosen to overemphasis the differences, while the actual differences are not that much. (Please see the Excel graph in the second attachment for more details). P.S: Scroll down for the newspaper.