INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS Department of Chemical Engineering CHEM ENG 3O04 Course Notes

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

Fluid Mechanics
Where Used?
Oil Recovery/Refining/Pipelines Gas wells/Transportation Materials Processing (Metal Casting, Plastics Extrusion, Injection Molding) Biomedical Engineering (Blood Flow, Artificial Hearts, Kidney Dialysis) Environmental Engineering (Water and Air Pollution, Particulate Dispersion)

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

Fluid Mechanics (cont)

Meteorology (Weather Forecasting, Tornadoes, Hurricanes) Aerodynamics of Aircraft, Cars, Trucks etc (Airfoil Design, Lift and Drag, Fuel Economy) Power Generation (Nuclear, Conventional) And many many more applications
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

Fluid: a substance that alters its shape in response to any force.

Molecular diameters are very small, typically less than 10-8 cm In other words, even in very small volumes there are very large numbers of molecules Define some measures of material per volume:
mass Density = = volume
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

weight Specific Weight = = volume

Specific Gravity = density = S .G. density of water

Continuum Hypothesis:
A fluid is considered as an infinitely divisible substance (no molecules or voids) so that the density has a definite value at each point in the fluid. On the diagram, at low volumes individual molecules and spaces can be seen, but above a certain critical volume the density becomes constant (a continuum).

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

Types of Forces
Normal Forces Fn Tangential (shear) Forces Fs Area A Area A

Forces exerted on incompressible solids and fluids a) Normal Forces Fn b) Tangential (shear forces) Fs

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

Force Normal Stress = = Area

The NO SLIP Hypothesis:

Force Shear Stress = = Area

The top plate drags the fluid along. A fluid in contact with a surface sticks to it and does not slip. The top plate drags the fluid along.

Gap, h

Fig. 1.3 A fluid subjected to shearing between two parallel plates.

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

 The two parallel plates are placed a distance apart and the space between them is filled with a fluid. When a shear force, F is applied the top plate drags with the fluid while bottom one remains fixed.

AU F h
where, F is force U is velocity A is area in contact with the fluid h is the gap between the two plates

Shear Stress = =

F U A h
9

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

The proportionality constant, the resistant to flow, is called the viscosity,

. Newtons Law of Viscosity

du = dy

The top plate drags the fluid along.

Gap, h

Fig. 1.3 A fluid subjected to shearing between two parallel plates.

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

10

Fig. 1.4 Concentric cylinder viscometer. Torque and revolutions per min (rpm) are directly measured.

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

11

Viscosity (absolute, kinematic)

Absolute Viscosity in SI Units:

Pa s is Pascal second is the Greek symbol mu. Kinematic Viscosity:

N / m2 N = 2 s[=]Pa s = m/s m m
viscosity = density

is the Greek symbol nu. SI units:

m2 = s
12

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

Pressure effect on viscosity. For gases, which are compressible, the viscosity increases with pressure For liquids, which are incompressible, the viscosity is ~independent of pressure. Temperature has a strong effect on viscosity. For gases, viscosity increases with increase in temperature because of the increase in frequency of intermolecular collisions. For liquids, viscosity decreases with increase in temperature because of decreased intermolecular interactions with increased molecular vibrations. Some typical values of viscosity for common substances: water = 10-3 Pa s lubricants = 10-1 - 1 Pa s skin oil = 5 Pas molten plastics = 103 104 Pa s

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

13

Some basic notation:

Surface Tension at the fluid interfaces (). No-slip condition at a solid surface (wall)

fluid = wall
Vapor Pressure of liquids is due to molecules escaping and reentering a liquid surface (Pr). Compressibility is the sensitivity of density to changes in pressure. Note: Even gases can be treated as incompressible fluids when velocities are less than 100 m/s

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

14

Non-Newtonian Fluids
Fluids that do not obey the linear relationship between stress () and shear rate (du/dy) are called non-Newtonian fluids.

Typical examples are molten plastics, human blood, pastes, suspensions etc.

Some common types are:

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

15

Ideal Bingham plastic

du = 0 + 0 if > o dy
du = 0 if o dy

du = m dy here m, n are constants If: n<1 this model describes a pseudoplastic (shear thinning) fluid n = 1 this model describes a Newtonian fluid and n > 1 this model describes a dilatant (shear thickening) fluid.
Power law model See the following Figures:
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

16

Fig. 1.5 Some typical shear stress versus shear rate results for a Newtonian fluid.
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

17

Fig. 1.6 Shear stress () versus shear rate (du/dy) for various fluids

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

18

Fig. 1.7 Apparent viscosity (a) versus shear rate (du/dy).

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

19

Fig. 1.8 Entangled polymer molecules subjected to shearing between two parallel plates.

Reynolds Number

Vavg D Re = = (dimensionless)

where is the density of the fluid, Vavg is the average flow velocity, D is the diameter, and is the viscosity.
Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

20

When

Fig. 1.11 Schematic diagram of Osborne Reynolds Experiment.

When Re 2300 , the flow becomes turbulent.

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

21

Fig. 1.10 Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in the smoke from a burning cigarette.

Lecture Slides ChE 3O04 2011

22