II.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. HISTORY OF FACEBOOK Facebook went from an idea in Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg's mind in 2004 into a full-fledged international phenomenon in a short couple of years. (Hewitt, 2008) At first, Facebook was open only to Harvard students. But because of the popularity of the site, that allows you to post a profile and connect to friends, it was soon opened to the national audience. By the end of the year, it was opened to anyone with a .edu email address. By 2005, it was opened to High School students, and in the following year to anyone with a valid email address over the age of 13. (Hewitt, 2008) When it began, Facebook only had some very basic features - you could post photos, include profile details and contact information. In the college social environment in which it gestated, Facebook created many connections between users very rapidly. (Hewitt, 2008) As the application has developed and spread among people outside the university environment, it has become more of an important tool for professional networking. As more of the people who went through college using it have entered the workplace, it has become an informal way for co-workers to connect with each other and for people looking for work to remain connected with other professionals in the same field. (Hewitt, 2008) B. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FACEBOOK ADDICTION Facebook has been criticized for many things, but mostly for being a source of destruction that can turn Facebook users into real social networking addicts. Stalking people, hacking into accounts, getting too much involved with unknown people and being deprived from real life are some of the broadly recognized negative effects of Facebook (Pomoni, 2009). Psychologist Dr. Michael Fenichel, who has published numerous writings on FAD online, describes it as a situation in which Facebook usage overtakes daily activities like waking up, getting dressed, using the telephone, or checking e-mail.

According to Joanna Lipari, a clinical psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles who was interviewed for a CNN report, here are some signs that you are addicted to Facebook: 1. You lose sleep over Facebook. When using Facebook becomes a compulsion and you spend entire nights logged on to the site, causing you to become tired the next day. 2. You spend more than an hour a day on Facebook. Lipari said it is difficult to define how much is too much when it comes to Facebook usage, but that an average person need only spend half an hour on the site. 3. You become obsessed with old loves or exes you reconnect with on Facebook. 4. You ignore work in favor of Facebook. This means you do not do your job in order to sneak time on Facebook. 5. The thought of getting off Facebook leaves you in cold sweat. If you try going a day without Facebook and it causes you stress and anxiety, this means you need help. According to the same report by Elizabeth Cohen, Senior CNN Medical Correspondent, Facebook addiction is not yet an actual medical diagnosis. C. THE EFFECTS OF FACEBOOK ADDICTION IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS According to Dr. Jeffrey S. McQuillen, assistant professor of speech communication at Texas A&M University, influence of Facebook can be a hindrance to interpersonal relationships. To McQuillen, the advent of the Facebook has made the world smaller in terms of global interaction, but wider in terms of one-on-one relationships. He believes the more children are left to themselves and the Internet, the less likely we are to see familial interdependence. Many parents have noticed their children becoming more separated from their family, and much more attached to their computer. In addition, there are times when the one-on-one communication between the families falls through the cracks and technology can take control. You should know that you and your children have a problem when it affects how much

you see each other, or speak. You don't want to lose relationships with your child just because of Facebook (Money, 2011). According to a recent Nielsen poll, in the month of August, internet users spent 17% of their surfing time on social networking and blogging sites. That number is almost triple what it was at the same time last year. The Pew Internet Project reported that 93% of American children between the ages of 12-17 use the internet. Of those users, 55% have social networking profiles on various social and blogging sites. With so much emphasis being placed on social networking and with so much time being spent using these sites, how is the interaction of the American family being affected? According to experts like Dr. Laura Schlessinger, social networking and cyber technology are having a negative effect on the family structure. Dr. Laura believes that social networking has replaced the intimate interactions which use to occur within most American families. She believes that our young teens are most affected by the growing trend. Dr. Laura believes that while social networking is not bad in itself, allowing the cyber relationships to replace true family interaction is dangerous. Other experts believe that cyber technology is hindering the ability of our children to develop social skills, and nurture interpersonal relationships. Family conversations have been replaced by texting sessions. Family activity time has given way to countless hours of intenet surfing, and as a result families do not enjoy the special bond that comes from intimate interaction with those who are closest to us. (Moore, 2009) In a 2003 research review titled, The Internet and Social Life, (Bargh, John & McKenna, Katelyn, 2003), Bargh and McKenna note that some scholars feel the internet provides a positive venue for social interaction that allows individuals and groups to connect in ways they would not otherwise. Others however, feel the internet creates a sterile and negative form of social exchange and communication which in turn could lead to the crumbling of community and society. Early research by Kraut (1998) and Nie & Ebring (2000, Nie 2001) found that internet usage leads to an increase in depression, loneliness, and neglect of existing close relationships.

Yet, nearly all subsequent research, including a follow-up by Kraut (2002), led to opposite conclusions. In his later research, Kraut found that study participants who used the internet were more likely to have an increase in:

The size of their local and distant social circles Their face-to-face interaction with friends and family Community activity involvement Trust in people Many national studies found that internet users were not less likely to visit or call friends

and that they actually have larger social networks (DiMaggio et. al. 2001). Howard, et al (2001) concluded from their large random-sample study, "The internet allows people to stay in touch with family and friends, and, in many cases, extend their social networks. These survey results suggest that on-line tools are more likely to extend social contact than detract from it." While Nie suggested in 2001 that people who spend more than the average of 10 hours a week on the internet would socialize substantially less with family, friends and neighbors, in Nie and Ebring's (2000) study the results showed that heavy internet users were actually watching less television and reading newspapers, not socializing less often. In his article on Internet@suite101, May 2009, Facebook : Good or Bad for Communication, Guy Lecky-Thompson Facebook was created to have a positive impact in person to person communication, studies show that it could have a detrimental effect. Facebook started out as a way for likeminded students to share their life experiences and stay in touch. But are social networking sites enabling interaction or reducing it to a escapist experience, displacing real interaction in favour of an alternative reality? (Thompson, 2009) Thompson (2009) also stated that Social networking can enrich social lives for those separated from family and friends by long distances, bringing them together despite the physical separation. It also provides those isolated by disability or environment with a rich and fulfilling

social life. For anyone who is unable to leave their own house, social networking has provided a great way to get in touch with people who have similar issues, as well as allowing them to stay in touch with existing networks of friends. Electronic interaction displaces the social interaction, keeping people apart it is so convenient that people lack the drive to actually interact face to face. Mass electronic communication may lead to a lower quality of social interaction due to the sheer number of participants. (Thompson, 2009) A. FACEBOOK ADDICTION TEST The Facebook Addiction Test (FAT) is the first validated and reliable measure of addictive use of the Facebook. FAT is a 20-item questionnaire that measures mild, moderate, and severe levels of Facebook Addiction.

To assess your level of addiction, answer the following questions using this scale: 1 = Rarely. 2 = Occasionally. 3 = Frequently. 4 = Often. 5 = Always. 0 = Does Not Apply 1. How often do you find that you stay on Facebook longer than you intended? 2. How often do you neglect household chores to spend more time on Facebook? 3. How often do you prefer the excitement of the Facebook to intimacy with your partner? 4. How often do you form new relationships with fellow Facebook users? 5. How often do others in your life complain to you about the amount of time you spend Facebook? 6. How often do your grades or school works suffer because of the amount of time you spend on Facebook? 7. How often do you check your e-mail before something else that you need to do? 8. How often does your job performance or productivity suffer because of Facebook?

9. How often do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks you what you do on Facebook? 10. How often do you block out disturbing thoughts about your life with soothing thoughts of the Facebook? 11. How often do you find yourself anticipating when you will go on Facebook again? 12. How often do you fear that life without Facebook would be boring, empty, and joyless? 13. How often do you snap, yell, or act annoyed if someone bothers you while you are Facebook? 14. How often do you lose sleep due to late-night log-ins? 15. How often do you feel preoccupied with the Facebook when off-line, or fantasize about being on Facebook? 16. How often do you find yourself saying "just a few more minutes" when on Facebook? 17. How often do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend Facebook and fail? 18. How often do you try to hide how long you've been on Facebook? 19. How often do you choose to spend more time Facebook over going out with others? 20. How often do you feel depressed, moody or nervous when you are off-line, which goes away once you are back on Facebook?

Your Score: Results: After you've answered all the questions, add the numbers you selected for each response to obtain a final score. The higher your score, the greater your level of addiction and the problems your Facebook usage causes. Here's a general scale to help measure your score:

20 - 49 points: You are an average Facebook user. You may surf Facebook a bit too long at times, but you have control over your usage. 50 -79 points: You are experiencing occasional or frequent problems because of Facebook. You should consider their full impact on your life. 80 - 100 points: Your Facebook usage is causing significant problems in your life. You should evaluate the impact of Facebook on your life and address the problems directly caused by your Facebook usage.

B. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Facebook Addiction Disorder as a situation in which Facebook usage overtakes daily activities like waking up, getting dressed, using the telephone, or checking e-mail. 2. Facebook Addiction Test The first validated and reliable measure of addictive use of the Facebook. It is a 20-item questionnaire that measures mild, moderate, and severe levels of Facebook Addiction. 3. Immediate Family - A person's smallest family unit, consisting of the closest relatives, such as parents, siblings and children. 4. Profile Use to describe the respondents by determining his name, age, gender, year level, place of residence.