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GRAMMAR
OF THE
BENGALI LANGUAGE
BEA MES
HENRY FROWDE
AMEN CORNER,
E.G.
GRAMMAR
OF THE
BENGALI LANGUAGE
and
JOHN BEAMES
BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE, FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA AUTHOR OF ' A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN
il
ARYAN LANGUAGES OF
INDIA,' ETC.
fycforb
PREFACE
THE
many
print,
excellent
grammar
of the
years ago by
being
now out
of I
and a
practical
to be required,
of Cal-
who
has,
all
my
request,
consulted
several
I
eminent
Pandits on
have especially
spoken
language of Bengal.
The
existing
grammars
is
often
unin-
with whom,
his business
It
is
style.
JOHN BEAMES.
October, 1891.
Ml 21382
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER
i.
I.
THE ALPHABET
1 1
The Character
Pronunciation: A. Vowels
2.
B. Consonants
......
.
5
7
APPENDIX:
i.
Sandhi
or
10
12
2.
Samasa
or Composition
CHAPTER
3.
II.
THE NOUN
.
15
15
4.
5.
25
:
A. Cardinals
B. Ordinals
26
28
31
CHAPTER
6. 7.
III.
THE PRONOUN
Personal Pronouns
31
34
Other Pronouns
CHAPTER IV.
8.
THE VERB
in General
.
38
Conjugation
38
47
.
9.
$ 10.
ii.
Compound Verbs
........
.
52
55
59
59
CHAPTER V.
12.
THE PARTICLES
Adverbs
. .
62 65 65
INDEX
.67
CHAPTER
I.
THE ALPHABET.
1.
THE CHARACTER.
is
THE
Bengali language
modern vernaculars
are written.
The Bengali
directly from the older character known as Kutila, which is found in inscriptions as late as the eleventh century of our era, and which
in its turn
is
a development of the
still
older
Gupta
character,
which
The gradual modifications by which the Kutila alphabet has been changed into the modern Bengali can be traced with considerable clearness in inscriptions later
of Asoka in the third century B.C.
many
parts
same
Vowels.
^T
3.
a
i
^n n
t?
a
i
^le^ai
%
^
&
u
ri
Iri
%ii
ri
Irl
^o^au
ang
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
Consonants.
?F
ka
THE CHARACTER.
as in
^sva, IF
kla, ?T
mna
phala)
n with
"
tha
makes
,,
ntha.
n,,'ttga
n
^ nga.
,,
dha
W ndha.
F
,
cha
33 ncha.
n
2.
^5
da
nda.
m m
,,
^ pa
ma
^T s
with
,,
^t tha
T?
makes
stha.
shta.
^
3
3.
sh
sh
:
ta
,,
1 no
^ shna.
Miscellaneous
w
t
with v ta
^5 ta
^j
tJict,
makes
^5
tta.
^
Jf
1?
*M"
tta.
i~tli9,
\K /
rf
,,
*C
rfAa
,,
ddha.
kta.
^5 ta
,,
"G^j
<&na
T
^ W jna (pronounced
R
gya).
^g
~3 b
dha
,,
gdha.
5f o'Aa
T
^
"3^
bdha.
hna.
^ ^ ^
The The
form
',
h
A
/c
,,
no
,,
f ma ^ sha
1f hma.
letter *T
/, as
<T
form J or
W or ^/ kya.
letter
as ^<i?
4
When
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
joined to a preceding consonant
are peculiar
:
it is
written^, as ^T
sra.
kra, 3f tra,
ndra,
ISf stra.
^ u and ^
ii
dru,
Hn
W stu.
When
As
is
vowel ^T when
follows a consonant
its
absence
is
specially indicated
for instance, 3?
is
ka, not
Jc.
used
thus,
^3
fc,
as
shown
is
in the
of
sonants.
tlbot,
with hasanta
<?-
^T^^Tt? chomotkar.
sign
*,
The
called chandrabindu
is
(i.e.
moon and
drop), indicates
which
it
stands,
&
to be distinguished
is
deity),
and
is
name
he
is
dead, as
& <l|^t><23
Ramachandra
deceased.'
The
i^vD8fc^ iVJ
<
<
12
The leading
divided into
345
by
is
adapted thereto.
The rupee
4X 4=16
ana or
-fV ^
5 anas 6 anas
7
9 anas
"\V
13 anas
2 anas
3 anas 4 anas or
-5-
d &
1
V
1^
loanas
IV
11^
tt
14 anas 15 anas
anas
nanas
12 anas or 4-
^ ^
8 anas or
? YP
PRONUNCIATION.
When
is
word
is
it
customary to write
it
to
it is
Thus
&
^, for <Jt^
|
<5(^i
is
written
'
<^
^, for ^1
^1
is
written ^1
0.
The word
as
' meaning prosperity is prefixed to names of persons a mark of respect, and has in modern times come to be used with-
Thus a man whose name Rama Chandra signs himself Sri Rama Chandra. In other cases it repeated as much as five times, written <1| &, before names of
and
spiritual preceptors.
deities, kings,
2.
PRONUNCIATION.
A.
Vowels.
in nearly all the
is
modern Indian
In Bengali, however,
it
Thus ^<si
and longer
is
softer
<<
bon the o
is
The
very
learn,
not
may
be generally adopted.
rule the
As a general
poetry.
^T
is
silent at the
be indicated by using hasanta, but this mark is never used except in a few Sanskrit words, or in marking some unusual pronunciation. Thus GH is jon, not jono;
Strictly speaking this should
so also
at the
It
^tl
is also silent
end of a
is
*llJ<H ghatkl.
in
compound consonants,
6
also in
BENGALI GEAMMAK.
words where anuswara
bongsho, "^o^ duhkho.
\
or visarga
precede a consonant,
as
in
Such words are pure Sanskrit, and them the vowel partakes more of the short a sound than the o. It is pronounced in adjectives, as ^>TT bhalo, C^W chhoto, T\5
'?'\'*f
boro.
The
final
is all
that
is left
of the Prakrit
termination in long
So
also in
;
cholo
(here also
some parts of the verb; as in the imperative ^F<T koro, it represents an earlier long 6) the preterite
;
<?l<^ korito,
^5
krito,
and as a general
a in 'father.'
When
&\ e in
followed by
^ it
is
in
mon words
softened to
ordinary colloquial
<ft^5
'pete.'
'to eat,'
In
less
*ft^T3 'to find,' are heard C*HT5 'khete,' common words this contraction does not take
'to sing' one could not say (tf&5.
thus for
$tt^3
The words
in
which
be learnt by practice.
^
"5(
in 'pin.'
in 'machine.'
u in 'put.'
^
<
is
u in 'brute,'
'rule.'
in
way
in
"$,
*>>,
^1 is
'
In a few words of very frequent occurrence it has a short they.' harsh sound like the a in English 'back,' thus <$*$, Clf*t sound somein
when
it
means
he went,' but
pronunciation
like 'gay-lo'
is
when
it
means
to swallow.'
This harsh
be learnt by practice. In the great majority of words the long open sound of 'lane,' 'mate' is heard.
PRONUNCIATION.
7
little fuller
^ ^
is
and deeper.
is
is
Thus '^N?
is
oikyo.
^
^Ts
ow
in 'how.'
It is
its
sound
always
much
it is
\
sutrang.
^8
It is
is
vowel preceding
effort.
It
must be heard
to be understood.
B.
Consonants.
Only a few of the consonants require notice. The rest are pronounced precisely as in the other Indian languages, and are sufficiently
explained by the English characters given against each.
$, the nasal of the guttural class,
is in
anuswara.
"5,
It
to the
same
date, as ^S.
s,
thus
6^*i
'six'
sounds
like
soy,'
*(l8>
this pronunciation in
which should be
spelt with a
nunciation, however,
is
Many of these
Italian,
sounds might be better explained by reference to French, and German words, but it has been thought advisable to confine
8
^5 at the
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
beginning of a word
is
d,
a sound
Native writers
written O^^JtW.
.as is
use
it
'
deputy
is
The English
also represented
by the cerebral w,
shown
in
In Bengali words it is d at the beginning of It has this sound also when compounded with
name
it
of a low caste.
When
^5
in
is
When
is
placed be-
neath the
letter.
is
When
first
element
a compound
written (as
pronounced as r
skrit
T>
and has a dot under it, thus side by side with the Sanform ^^T^T there is also the form l>j^il, pronounced chanral.
is like "*&
it
word or
in a
com-
WlTU dardhyo.
it.
In the middle of
rh, as
sounds as a harsh
*Tfib strhe.
under
jan
as l^K^S* ni-jukto,
y, as <?I<l^l1 koriya,
^C^l^T
a-jogyo.
it is
sounds as
latter
j,
the
second as y, thus
the
*T is
r.
In the
example
by
it.
"?T
in the
same word by
^Tl, a
is
inserted,
which though not pronounced has the sound nearly the same as the English w.
wa, ^?TT| ho-wa.
effect of giving to
the o a
Thus
<Tt 3'3l
^^
is
express the j
; '
(v,
and the
'
in English words, as
ward,' ^1*1
difficulty in
it
'will,'
CH^I^^T
railway.'
Many
pronouncing
at all.
PRONUNCIATION.
9
(Sanskrit ^)
^ representing
are not
6 (Sanskrit ^"),
and
^ representing v
distinguished in Bengali.
It
many
and many
in Bengali
never attain to
always
b,
it.
Both as
fl!|
initial
is
and medial
is
thus Sanskrit
is
<<*!
varna
^^T
bala
bol.
Some Bengali
'
^ bh, thus
is
T^l
sobha,
absurd.
above).
The
same takes place with the Arabic letters an office is pronounced not Sarrishta, as
'
and
it
^jo,
thus
_x-i^I,
'
ista,
So
gentleman/
is
Shaheb.
It is also necessary to notice
some
peculiarities in the
pronun-
ciation of
compound consonants.
^,
i.e.
^ + *T,
is
it
should be (except by
in Sanskrit words),
'"Pl^S
not kshati, but khyati (or rather khgti, as to which see below under *0. When not initial, and when compounded with another con-
sonant
it
*T*Ft pokkhi,
'Sa, i. e.
t^ W+
chokkhu.
<33, is
or,
with a
1 when the
last
member
T?,
compound
compound
is
the
first
l<.te Bishtu.
not pronounced, but the first member is pronounced with emphasis as though doubled and with a slight nasal twang thus '^T? <1 not smoron, but shsh oron (the little m above the line is meant to mark the
the last
when
member
of a
is
o.
heard to be understood.
^T
when
the last
member
compound
is
pronounced very
10
-
BENGALI GRAMMAK.
as y,
faintly
first
and
in
some
cases
has the
effect of
doubling the
member, thus
C^rf^TxSl
sounds
bak-
kya.
When
^T is
compounded with
"^ in
sounds in ordinary conversation like bS or bT with a very short obscure e or i sound, thus <^1<1 F bikti, "3T^5 bftit. sounds beb'har,
~3J, it
^[
when
the last
member
as
of a
compound
is
silent,
but doubles
This does
the preceding
member;
<aT<Ti
been completely naturalized. The same may be said of T and ^T, which in purely Sanskrit words would be pronounced in the Sanskrit
manner.
Thus
is
*ftT,
when
it
of the Ganges,
pronounced poddo with a slightly nasal tone but when it means 'a lotus' it would be pro-
and T,
;
as in
is
heard
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER
i.
I.
Letters.
The euphonic changes known as Sandhi or junction belong strictly to Sanskrit grammar, and are not in any way observed in Bengali or in any other modern Indian language. In recent times, however, the scanty
peasant dialect of Bengal has been elevated to the rank of a literary language by the resuscitation on a very extensive scale of Sanskrit words, and,
among the words thus imported into the language there are many compound words in the formation of which the rules of Sandhi have been followed, some knowledge of these rules is almost indispensable to a proper
as
comprehension of Bengali works. Inasmuch, however, as Sandhi is only of use to a student of Bengali in so far as it affects the structure of com-
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER
I.
11
pound words, the following slight sketch will be confined to that branch of the subject.
I. THE SANDHI OP VOWELS. When a word ending in a vowel is followed by a word beginning with a vowel and the two words are compounded into one, the two vowels which thus come into contact are blended into one
according to the following system. Vowels are divided into simple, Guna, and Vriddhi. The simple vowels are short a, i, u.
consisting of
raising
and u
this is called
a + I = e;
a+u
o.
;
are
thus
made by a+a+i =
this is the
u=
itself has no first raising, as a + a would be only a, but a considered by grammarians as the second raising of a. When two simple vowels meet, they blend into their corresponding long
The vowel a
as as
a+a
=a a+a = a a+a = a
i
mura ari = murari, a name of Krishna. kshudha artta = kshudhartta, suffering from hunger. as rama agamana = rainagainana, the coming of Rama.
as vartta avagata = varttavagata, informed of the matter. and u, of each of which only two examples need be given,
So also with
= giri8"a, mountain lord. mahi isa = mahi^a, lord of the earth. u + u = u; as bhanu udaya = bhanudaya, sunrise. u + u = u as bhu uttama = bhuttama, the best land. When a or a are followed by any other simple vowel, they blend
+1
as gin Ida
1+1 =
1;
as
into
the corresponding
Guna
vowel, thus
a+
a+u
=e =o
as
parama isvara
as
rope-
belly,'
from a legend).
If followed by a
Guna
it
into the
corresponding Vriddhi vowel, thus a + e = ai ; as brahma eka = brahmaika, the sole .Brahm.
a+o
= au
as krishna ojas
followed
by a
dissimilar vowel
v,
it is
hardened into
i
its
;
+ a = ya u + a = va
thus
badhu anana
badhvanana, womin-faced.
12
Lastly,
if e
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
and
o are followed
to
ay
and av
e
respectively, thus
;
sambho uttama = sambhavuttama, O Sambhu, Similarly ai and au are changed to ay and av respectively.
o
;
+ i = ayi + u = avu
as sakhe iha
as
best !
II.
(i) accord-
ing to the organs of speech by which they are uttered, as gutturals, palatals, etc. (2) according to their quality, as surds, sonants, etc. In the alphabet given on page 2, the first two columns of consonants are surds, unaspirated
;
and The
aspirated
the next two columns are sonants, unaspirated and aspirated. and h are sonants. In the
(i)
change of organ
change of quality.
Change of organ takes place only in the case of dentals at the end of a word followed by a word beginning with a palatal or cerebral. The dentals
are assimilated to the following palatal or cerebral, thus
t
+ ch = chch + j = jj = tt t + 1
; ;
tat
cha
= =
tachcha,
and
that.
tat jayate tajjayate, that is born. tat tika tattika, a commentary on that.
is
Change of quality affects all consonants. When a word ending in a surd followed by a word beginning with a sonant, the surd is assimilated to
k + g = gg
k+1 p+d t + v
dik gaja
= diggaja, an elephant
= = =
of the earth. vak Isvara = vagWvara, lord of speech. gi bd; ap da = abda, a cloud (water-giver). dv tat vishaya = tadvishaya, that affair.
; ;
the second word begins with a nasal, the final surd the nasal of its own organ, thus
When
is
changed into
lord of the world. There are many other changes of consonants under the operation of euphonic laws in Sanskrit, but the above are the only ones that have any
;
k+m t +n
= ngm = nn
vak maya
vangmaya, wordy.
jagat natha
= jagannatha,
2.
Samasa
or Composition.
The practice of compounding words is extremely common in Sanskrit, and as large quantities of such compound words have been introduced into Bengali, it is necessary to give a slight sketch of the general rules of com-
APPENDIX TO CHAPTEE
position.
I.
13
its
The form of the compound word is determined by Sandhi, meaning and the order of its constituent elements by Samasa. Native grammarians distinguish the following six kinds of compounds
1.
DVANDVA.
Nominative
Genitive:
Two
:
Accusative
kutumbo.
When
word
is
one of the elements of the compound is omitted or understood, the considered a dvandva, as in Durjodhanera, the Durjodhans, i.e.
his followers.
Durjodhan and
2.
KAKMADHARAYA.
nila
sat
An adjective
a blue
+ utpala
nilotpala,
lotus.
+ chit + ananda
jy)-
sachchidananda,
Brahma
(existence, thought,
and
3.
DVIGU.
The
principle of the dvigu compound has been extended to pure Sanskrit, such as Persian and modern Bengali, thus chari
tri
+ rasta + m6h5na
chaurasta, a place where four roads meet. 2 temohona, a place where three rivers meet
and
keif).
substantives are combined together, the former being governed by the latter. This is the commonest form of compound, and is very frequent in other Aryan languages. The former element of
TATPURUSHA.
Two
the compound may stand for any case of the noun ; thus in English landlord is lord of land, steam engine is engine worked by steam, and so on ; thus
Genitive:
Instrumental
Dative
brahmana-datavya
pada-chyuta
Ablative:
,,
Locative
= an offering to Brahmans. = fallen from rank. sagarotthita = raised from the sea. grama-sthita = situated in a village.
daily
made
Pronounced gyati. These two words and several others of the same kind are probably borrowed from Hindustani.
a
14
BENGALI GEAMMAR.
from modern and even from foreign words. The Bengali language allows itself, in this respect, as much freedom as English. Examples are kamardokan, a 'blacksmith' s shop ; musalman-pSra, a hamlet inhabited by Musul1
mans;
quarter.
5.
biya-pagala,
mad upon
marriage;
faringhi-tola,
the
European
AVYAYIBHAVA.
An
indeclinable particle
is
thus prati-din, daily ; yatha-sakti, according to (ones) power. not much used in Bengali.
tive,
6.
BAHUVRIHI.
Two
or
last
member
' taking an adjectival or participial sense, such as in English broad-bosomed,' ' deep-bowered.' Compounds of this class are formed both from Sanskrit
CHAPTER
THE NOUN.
3.
II.
THE SUBSTANTIVE.
;
THE
but,
much
laxity in
the use of the two numbers, the forms of the singular, especially
in the nominative
case,
The grammarians,
established
following the
example of Sanskrit,
have
eight
cases,
distinguished
relics
by
different
terminations.
Of
these,
some
are
worn-down
endings of Prakrit, while others are what in European languages would be called prepositions. As, however, in the Indian languages
they are placed
after,
may be
these
The number of
of words which
may
being very large, the number of cases might be indefinitely multiplied by considering each postposition as forming a separate case.
it
will
be better to adhere to
force
number
of eight cases,
and application of the various postpositions separately. There is only one declension, the same terminations being used for all nouns. The slight modifications which occur in some cases
of nouns ending in a vowel 1 are merely matters of euphony,
1
and
Nouns ending
in short
is
(5)
not pronounced.
16
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
The
terminations, which,
same
for both
Plural.
<4<T|,
Nominative
Accusative
?1
C^
C^, C?
Dative
Instrumental
Ablative
Genitive
Locative
Vocative
initial
of the termina-
and
thus
'
guru,
stii,
woman,' gen.
stri-ra.
So
also the
nom.
Some,
in fact,
all,
The question
is
Two
considerations
in
mind:
First;
Human
beings (vyakti-vachak).
2. 3.
human (anyapram-vachak).
Second
that
are appropriate to
THE SUBSTANTIVE.
style.
17
which can only be learnt by practice. Some terminations are very high flown, and only used by the most Sanskritizing class of writers others, though used in ordinary literature, are held to be
;
society
among educated persons a third not used in writing, may be employed in polite though while a fourth class (comprising generally the older and
;
is
now
For convenience of
classification these
High, Literary,
Colloquial,
and
Vulgar respectively.
i.
is
used
always for
human
beings,
it
is
is
*t~35Hc<?;
of
is
^4
ii.
'a dog'
it is
always $t1^.
In the dative ($
is
With
in-
and <3T5 of
is
literary
and somewhat
;
archaic.-'
as
Cut
it
with a knife.
Ti
^TT ^*f^t? 3?
(literally,
by means
not).
fofr Wffsire ^t5 <J?ifc*il (<pfq<l|Ge>< He cut with (i.e. by means of) an axe.
off
the hand
But
far
in literature
the instrumental
indicative of
<
and
(a)
Wt?f1
is
18
colloquial,
BENGALI GKAMMAE.
and may be used both with animate and inanimate
objects
as
<i?r<lC\DGe?
He works
walks with
He
<?fsf
?<l1
done by the
pupils.
(b) PF*T| (participle of
is
is
colloquial,
and
as
3FtF <J?sUo<
people
(i.e.
He
labourers etc.)
<Hfcc"<4<:SH
'
He
cuts the
pen with a
knife.
(from Sansk. e|pr| a doer,' with affix ^}), high and used with human beings and after learned words in literary only as ST^SJ ^ *t$ frf^S ^T The house is their Sanskrit form
^53?
^f
constructed by man.
(d)
affix ej),
high and
TT^
large tree
is
(usually) cut
last
down with an
is
Col-
loquially,
more
commonly employed.
v.
The
locative in
<^5
is
high and
literary,
honorific
or respectful appellations.
The
colloquial
Such
This sentence contains the vulgar or colloquial form of the present tense. colloquial forms will be used in the examples given in this book to accustom the student to what he will hear constantly. The correct form in
1
this case
would be k&rditechken.
THE SUBSTANTIVE.
which
19
f5
is
The form after words ending in a is written "*T, as *tet*(. used after words ending in other vowels, as VSW&5.
The
vocative
is
vi.
it is
and
in fact
It
is
identical in
distinguished by
certain prefixes.
When
more correctly regarded as interjections, and will be treated of under that head. But there are some which can only be used
with a noun, and these
the vocative case.
may
in their usage
:
which
it is
They
are as follows
(a)
applied to
!
men
only
as
01
?1"SFT STTC^StStT^
^? O
^,
king, arise
(literally,
make a
raising
of (thy) limbs.)
C1 f1
plural nouns
or
C1
high, literary,
and
poetical,
used with
as
and inanimate
!
objects
Ho Brahmans Ho ye trees
!
(6)
CR (Sansk.), both
lady, hear the tale
!
literary
and
colloquial;
as
CR **fr
^
Ho,
and somewhat vulgar; as C^I^U*! *lfo C^ where are you going? eh! Here (^ may be supposed to have a noun understood after
it,
as in C^ fTf5^ a contemptuous
'
!
'
way
you fellow
(e)
^t%
;
It is used in
good
col-
loquial style
C5tW\A
"2]*<
f%
"5
^f|
Ho
you
!
what
is
your name
<^ ^6
Oh you you
as
(d)
^ is
colloquial
never
C*JC*l ItfsT
f%
?<IF
Ho woman!
Ho
C 3
20
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
(e) ^E$f| is a very colloqiiial and familiar expression, mostly with a note of kindliness or affection. It is the common expres-
and wives.
5f| is
When used
in
;
questioning,
"ffsT
Hulloh you
who
are you ?
(/)
loquially.
^C^
(Sansk.), literary
and
poetical, not
is
much used
as ?1
col-
common,
indicating surprise
;
^TcRl
field?
(3
5Tft
is
*TT*T
*^
(This
very vulgar
(9} C*fl
and
(cT|
^r|
What
women;
as
?
you going
to do,
my
good woman
t^dlT *rt*T
vii.
Ho woman,
<3<T|
The nominative
plural forms
and
<fl
honorific terms;
and
human
beings.
plur. is expressed
by the singular,
is indicated by the addition of certain words denoting number, mass, quantity, and the like. The most
(from Sansk. f^^'a quarter of the compass, region, but in Bengali strangely 'a mass, quantity'), colloquial, and used in light literature, with living beings only. Even in
direction,'
<$<T|
or
<T|
the oblique
by
fTf*f,
thus '<ltft3l
kings,' gen.
?lifirG*f?.
full
form
fa*f
(b)
*!<?! (Sansk.
colloquial
and
literary,
but not
Applied to both animate and inanimate Care must be taken to distuir objects, and in very common use.
u<ed by the best writers.
THE SUBSTANTIVE.
guish between
its
21
which case
it
employment
as
an
'all
adjective, in
when
*t*l
it
(e)
colloquial,
human
beings
as v^Tfffl^tl
Brahmans,' ^Jei^^tt
'class,
human
beings
as
^"f3R*f
scholars,'
^T^^
'
families,'
TCTSRSf
'reverend men.'
(e)
l^*f$ (Sansk.
*t^R
as 3? "1*12^ people,' Ofl^*t^^ 'things.' and the others which are pure Sanskrit
;
thus
blacksmiths
'
is
should be used.
(<7)
colloquial,
(probably Sansk. 3jfa<*| 'a ball'), both animate and inanimate things, and being
is only used with ordinary Bengali nouns, and such Sanskrit words as have become popular, not with high-flown
a popular word
women-
3F^<P$cf
'dogs.'
'fishes.'
lands,'
Ttl^^T
is
Vulgar are such phrases as STfd^cT 'fields, ^KT is rather more polite than ^T, and
'
tSl'sH
familiar
and
affectionate
as
C&Gei^fa^
nice
little
boys.'
(A) (probably from Sansk. *Jlf 'all,' through Hindi ^R), with animals and inanimate things; as ^flf*l*K 'birds,' colloquial,
l?f<i?1*t< 'rupees.'
^R
In the words C^ltc^ 'people,' ^G^G^ 'some people,' *1<i?G<tf 'all, everybody,' we have probably a survival of the old Magadhi Prakrit
nominative in
e.
To complete
nouns,
it
is
syllables
22
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
after nouns,
meaning.
Though almost
add so much
and
flexibility
of the language
as to deserve particular
mention
()
ness
;
T?1,
dislike, worthless-
as
(or
PSHU'SI
cffttf
That
I
stuff is not
is
nice to eat.
(_>
?<(*
Arabic
'-*,
and C^tT
^
the mud.
(6)
~%Z That
a good-for-nothing brat.
fallen in
*fc5
*tfWl
f*i*i|G5>.
is
niceness; as
.*K<1
The
child
is
very pretty.
f*f*f
*t
(c)
f^F How
The woman
to see.
'some, a
little,'
objects only; as
He
he ate a
C*fi75
^1 ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^
;;5
i.
e.
just a
mouthful or two.
I don't care to eat,
but you
(d)
may
give
me
a morsel or two.
for
<$$
W C^^T
OS.
human
Tl
beings
as
L
<4<[
^<ll<l
has, eh
C5W Oft
?
Look
what phick he
(<!<[
contracted from
;
^tn.)
But approvingly
as
T^ 4^?
weather
if
^?F "??^
ON. ON,
C*ft=T
^t^1
of ice
you
eat a nice
lump
you
THE SUBSTANTIVE.
Very well > tnen
I g ive
23
me
a bit that
may
eat
it.
<*)??
C*ft=T ?T
^Tl ^T?
(e)
(Sansk.
^Jtjf 'a
moment
lateable in English; as
<[$
<TfT
^T*T5 Ift^
^ ^tR
Give
me
piece
of cloth,
brother.
^R <Tf^
been
([$
${T*f
vessels have
left
vessel).
(/) <tlM<?
when used
7RIT C^=T
Off?
<?<IC>
time I can do
it.
?ir^
it
You must
wait a
little.
When
w|
is
added,
applies both to
objects generally; as
*TffrWl
a
^rfTTStl ^rfsT
little bit
of land.
fifS
If
you give
me
little
^
$
^W
bundle of vegetables.
^W f%ftfb
^T? 'about
four.'
The
24
(a)
BENGALI GEAMMAR.
Human
beings (vyakti-vachak).
Plural.
Singular.
Ace. Dat.
Instr.
?T$TT <$W$
or
TlTl or
etc.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
*i-^R)<l
*1^H
^t? or Cf?
(6)
Nom.
Ace. Dat.
Instr.
<K
*-*
or
C^, or as nom.
O-x
(K
etc.
etc.
etc.
(c)
Nom.
Ace. Dat.
Instr.
'tree'
9tT^
^FT,
id.
etc.
^ft^
*f|Z^
^It
1
^T^" ^l^Cd or
etc.
^ fWl
tt ^ y^sT
1
frf?1 etc.
Abl.
*tt^ ^^G^ or
Gen.
Loc.
THE ADJECTIVE.
25
4.
THE ADJECTIVE.
no separate forms
for the
The
genders.
There
is,
in fact, absolutely
^K<u ^T
literature
'a
even
i
The
adjective, moreover,
is
when
is
it
is
used substantively.
The comparative
lable
^,
This form
is
occasionally
^R^JT
the genitive.
or oratory; as
This
is literary,
and used
in polished conversation
^5 ^T=T
It will be better
done by
as
is
^*f^>1
^STfST
fr53 Shyam
wiser than
Ram.
(b) (t?G*(
^Tf5Tf<l CFT*T
T
ciH
He
is
stronger than
is
I.
bamboo
are
(a proverb, meaning 'the dependants of a great man more oppressive than the great man himself).
and
is
colloquial; as <$3.
Of
the better.
Of
26
(d)
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
3JF5 (shortened form of
^S^FfiT 15
J^T3
quial;
as tl^T<r 3.G^
fT3t^5
is
harder to write
than
e.
The
'all
'
superlative
a word meaning
(lit.
to
as 3TTfG"*f^r
'
(lit.),
*1?cifG"^t^1
and
coll.),
(coll.), >t<J?Gn<l
Q&S
(coll.),
*1G3GC>G*l (vulgar).
5.
THE NUMERALS.
A.
Cardinals.
Indo-Aryan languages, change from Sanskrit through Prakrit. From eleven to ninety-nine they exhibit the compound form of
little
The
cardinal
numbers
in this, as in all
to
be learnt indi-
numbers are
indeclinable.
The forms
are as follows
Hindi,
^
f^*T
*1]^
12
<1<1
17
8 ^li* 9
'H
13 14
C$$
C&l'K
18 19
10 W*f
15 ^IZT?
is
20
^T^
27
m
\
<K
*11^1^1
33 **
23
(\s^*f
29 ^*M ^i^r
.30
r3P*t
35
24
^I 3*f
36
26
THE NUMERALS.
27
Sixty
is
sometimes wiitten
is
so
also
seventy-six
written
81
^^f
<i*
88
82 83 4
90
91
92 86 (6?yf*?t
87 ?TF5t*ft
93 94
is
For eighty-eight the semi- Sanskrit form and for ioo, while the Sanskrit '"TS is in c~
often heard;
nmon
use, C*t1
and '"Hi
are also used, the latter especially after the first ten numerals, as
<&
etc.
it
is
not
28
uncommon
to find
BENGALI GKAMMAB.
the numerals used in their original Sanskrit
is
grammar.
is
literary style
.hjj,
the
Sanskrit
*1^1
used, but
with the
first
more common.
Of
and
(<?ify literary
or
10,000,000 are in
common
use.
The
fractional
numbers are
^(.$4?
C^fHTl,
C^W, and "li<? 'a quarter;' 'half;' f^T C*fHTl 'three quarters;'
I
quarter
v
ter'), as
?T S'?n
more ' (from Sansk. ^f 'with and ^tf^^J 'a quarf^T three and a quarter ;' (JpS 'one and a half (from
' '
Sansk. gplf, literally 'half from two'); C^f|^ 'a quarter less' (from Sansk. tTRT 'a quarter' and
less
x3Fff 'less'),
as
(*1|^
than
five,'
be more correctly written *ltci, from Sansk. 'with and ^STIf 'a half more,' as ^Ic^ Ff? 'four and a half.' For 'two and 'half')
a half the word
'
^1^1^
(more correctly
^1^1^
from Sansk. ^T
'
'half and
^|
HC^
^ Ff^l Of ^
give each of
men
'
a rupee,' or
men
to
a rupee apiece.'
be in the singular, as
houses.'
When
the noun
is
TF5
men.'
B.
Ordinals.
special forms for ordinals.
In
They
conversation by educated persons, and under the influence of the schoolmaster are finding their way into the speech of the
They would hardly yet, however, be understood by the The first ten are as cultivating and artizan classes generally.
masses.
follows
:
THE NUMEKALS.
First
29
<TO
f^tt?
^st?T
Sixth
Second
Third Fourth
Fifth
Seventh
Eighth
F^f
*f3?*r
Ninth
Tenth
From eleventh
same
^55T
as the cardinals.
are formed
by adding
to the cardinal,
fas""^
'twenty,'
fa^tfs^T
or
by adding the
suffix
'first,' *,(.<l<l
and so
on
This form
The Hindustani
third
'
Bengali
They
are as follows:
as
pice
C^T^I, like
v\,
nr?T|
fe5 *rt?[
it is
or so
implying that
sum.
some
With
^5
'how many,'
t?1
it
implies an indefinite
number;
as C^TT^I
^5
^ C^T
When
the
^^1
mischievous boys.
noun
is
omitted,
it is
more
indefinite
still
as
C^tWl
^5
^Gci^
(b)
^C< A
small
number
few
will suffice.
W, like W, indicates
Some
five
approbation
as
^fe
^K&
30
With 3F3
it
BENGALI GEAMMAR.
is
indefinite
is
as
just a few pice.
The beggar
(c) ^rr*T
happy with
and
^lt I
same way
as with the
noun,
as
^fa Off^Tfr
articles; as
means
'a piece,'
and
is
used in enumerating
.
^
(e)
$^
STf*T (*(i^<i
Two
(pieces)
mohars
TTr
^T*F5 Two
pieces of cloth.
5
is
things
The
Three
It will
is
is
sticks.
added
'
to
be observed, in some of the above examples, that <3^F numerals. This is always the case when uncertainty
implied.
TC*1<?
about
Vagueness
numbers
R~*f
t>l 51
"t,
literally 'twenty-forty,'
little
e.
to forty, or a
more
or less.
is
!
W*t ^TE>T*f
ten-fifty,'
meaning that he
is
So
also,
cffa?
Tf^
My
income
is
not two-five
lakhs,
e.
am
^t^T? l<"f
lakhs,
i.
He
more
is
is
twenty-fifty
The mohar,
or
CHAPTER
III.
THE PKONOUN.
6.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
:
THE
First Person.
Singular.
Plural.
Norn.
^tfa
'I'
Dat.
Instr.
etc.
etc.
etc.
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
In the
instr. sing,
l*T<ll
are
affixed to the
In
all
form ^TfTl, while "CtHl requires the fomi ^l^tfl. the cases of the plural the postpositions may be affixed
thus one
is
to ^i*^i or ^Tt^Tf^;
may
say
^i^llifGM?
in
first
or ^t^lfl-
more common
pronoun of the
Western Bengal.
person
is
of the
that used
and
colloquially
ever,
by
by all correct speakers. Ami is, howand has by long use been so identified
32
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
new
plural, amara, has
been created
for
more
still in use, though it is now considered heard among the lower orders, or in very familiar only It too has had conversation, in addressing servants and inferiors.
The
old nominative is
is
vulgar, and
new plural invented for it, so completely has all perception of ami being the real phn-al of mui died out. It runs thus
:
Singular.
Plural.
Norn.
"S^t 'I'
Dat.
Gen.
No
it
will
and
dat. also.
and
dat.
Second Person.
Plural.
C5t*T?1 'ye'
etc.
Here,
now esteemed
vulgar, with
thus
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Singular.
33
Plural.
Nom.
Ace.
'thou'
Dat.
Gen.
f5f?
regarding the
first
The remarks
person
also.
In addressing superiors or equals in rank, and generally in the all classes, neither ^[fa nor
are used.
In their place
literally
is
W3I1,
dp.
'self'),
meaning
'self,'
but used
also
to
mean 'your
Hindi
self,'
and such
like, just as in
careful
humble
people,
is
When
apani
is
used to mean
:
'self,'
i.e.
thus declined
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Dat.
etc.
etc.
But when implying 'your honour' it may take in nom. plur. the form ^Tf*H<?1n1, gen. sing. ^Tt*H^t<l, and so in the other cases.
^Tf^ffa,
when used
son
as ^rf*u*f
it is
^<r
will give
an answer.
When
<4
wished to express
Sir,' is
*(^1
f$l
'gentleman,
as
?
person plural;
*^H<1
m^Tft'T
li^G4) f%
*fl
Will you go
34
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
Third Person.
Singular,
Plural.
Nom.
c<
;'
fsfr
'he,' 'she'
^t^t?"! 'they'
Uflt.
(
Instr.
<
'
T^T? TT?1
etc. etc.
Abl.
Gen.
Loo.
The
old singular,
now considered
vulgar,
is
Nom.
Gen.
(T
'he,' 'she'
^5t^T?1 'they'
LOC.
It will
only from
nasal sign.
'it' is
chandrabindu, or
generally con-
tracted to ^1.
In
There
is
nouns
is
used, as
no possessive pronoun, the genitive of the personal pro^t^in 5T? my house,' C^ST^H Tfsf thy name.'
'
7.
OTHER PRONOUNS.
are strictly analogous in form
and declenas
thus
Near demonstrative:
^fa
^^1
vulgar
<fl,
inflect.
^1.
OTHER PRONOUNS.
2.
35
^^1
;
Remote demonstrative:
W^l.
'that,' inflect.
vulgar
^8,
inflect.
3.
Relative:
I*lH 'whoever,'
inflect. ^Tf^l;
vulgar
(*T,
inflect.
4. Correlative:
5.
(given above).
(a)
Interrogative:
(^ 'who?'
inflect,
flect. *T3TI.
(&) f^F
'what?'
inflect.
^T^l.
T3F
as Ace.,
C*T3? or
f%
^75.
*ll^(.^e>
:
There
as
is also
C^f* ^tt"*
6. Indefinite
an interrogative form C^H used only with nouns To what place are you going ?
C^
etc.
'any one,'
inflect.
;
^T^l; to which
is
added
the vowel
^ very lightly
sHU'S or ^1^1c<l1,
indeed,
it
It is
and
plural,
if,
'anything.'
any,' is
The pronouns
<*)$,
fl,
^,
added
to them,
as
or ^?,
^5,
one,' etc.
These pronouns
nouns.
tions, as
TT|,
W,
like
The
There are also many compound pronouns which must be learnt from practice, such as C*T 'whosoever,' C*T C^TR id., C^T 1<T-^
C^
'all
who,' etc.
it
The
adjective
in
follows
that
whenever any one of the above pronouns is used as an adjective, it becomes indeclinable. When used adjectivally the forms <fl, C^f,
f^;
as
D 2
36
BENGALI GBAMMAB.
C^Ttj STft^T Where does
Call that boy.
this
Pandit live?
(^Tfl
flowers
C*T
?
<tlwtf^cT Where
^fac^
*fff? T|
(3 f% Crfa be I cannot
vSt^l ^rrfjf
What
caste
he may
say.
More
as
4, As
^, etc.
possessive,
meaning '(my,
^f^ffa
^l^Hlf,
TT*R
?T<r ^Tf^ Go to your own house. In the sense of 'own' is also used f^TST, as
^i^ln
facf<l
?T<r 'this is
as a substantive,
mean-
frc,
as fr^St
^T
<?MH51
In this sense
it is
declined like
:>.
'self,'
written
C*T|Tf, is
also frequently
It is considered as respectful,
l>i<P<l
and
may
<U<?G<1<1
^^TUT fa
flT C<HTf
f%
CH
What
added
to the
to
which they
refer,
and are
as ^T^Tjl
Tf*RT?
(or fadfc<0
own
is laid
on
own.'
^^<? and the Arabic ^iU, corrupted to <Pl"i1, answer to English 'so and so,' and are used where the name of the person
or place referred to
is
omitted
as ^flTT
5T<f
^^^
and
so.
Name,
so
and so;
caste,
In the
literary style,
and
skrit personal
OTHER PRONOUNS.
the bases of the pronouns of the
of the cases.
skrit
first
37
The
full
grammar, but the most generally used forms are here given
Base
^ ^
for
or
^^If
'l' or 'we'
or "STSHf 'thou'or'ye'
STfa 'me'
(3
'to
me.'
^T'thee' C5
(
'tothee.'
The forms
son,'
house.'
The pronoun
used
rH
'
^^ is v5^ifH
also
'be-
Other words so
used are
"^T
self,'
s
and
N3A 'your
honour.'
From
tives
;
ST
^,
CKJif,
and the
others, are
thus
'mine'
'ours'
^^tlT
'thine'
"STSrftlT 'yours'
^ft?
'otie'sown.'
^l^"*
is
(f*rf'0
is
even declined
as Ace.
^l^lc^,
use,
Gen.
^l^fn;
shortened form
^1^
is
rare.
^l^^jl
'suicide.'
^*1\ (pronounced shoyong) self,' though a pure Sanskrit word, is often used both in literature and in the higher conversational
style.
It is
all
persons,
and in
all caees,
and
is
indeclinable;
He came
They
They
will
here himself.
go there themselves.
to
will
have
go in person.
CHAPTER
THE VERB.
8;
IV.
CONJUGATION.
There
is
THE
gation,
verb
is
and there
in the
much
con-
On
examination, however,
regular.
will
The grammarians
verbs.
and
intransitive
same
in both cases.
and
in each tense
two
plural, in each
number
three persons.
As
pronouns, the old singular of the verb has also been rejected, and
like the old singular of the
frequently heard
among
is
The
third
verbal
noun
in n
).
and^H;
thus
1 In adopting this course, I rely on the authority of Sarkar, as well as on the morphological facts of the case.
CONJUGATION.
ist
39
to do.
to go.
^TeR
to speak.
to be.
3F?*1
2nd
3rd
S^
St^TR
Stf^
*Tf^R
to
make.
to cook.
The
form comprises active verbs formed from intransitives, and causal verbs. The active verb formed from an intransitive is,
third
it will
be observed,
'to be
itself
a kind of causal.
means
*U?H
i.e.
'
to ripen,
'to cook.'
to cook,'
means
is,
There
no
difference in the
but the
two instances
to peculiarities of spelling,
which
will
be
The long
'Sfl
is
place
by adding
the characteristic ^Tl to the root, but by change of the root vowel.
becomes
<*),
and
^
;
becomes
as
fell, lay.
two
added
^TFS'T
-S}|n<
throw down,
burn, blaze.
stir,
kindle, enflame.
move.
l1^
(sf^tR
shake, remove.
write.
cause to write.
to burst
(tr.).
to burst (intr.).
(W^
'
In the
literary
^W
'
and higher styles numerous verbs are formed by 'to do to a Sanskrit noun as ^1* ^F?W to
'
*tf<rf*r 3><[i
to
a b our>
'
unchanged throughout
all
Auxiliaries.
Bengali, being analytical in type,
auxiliary verbs in its conjugation.
of
Some of these
40
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
The ordinary
v
^K^
'
'is,'
^6T
They
*Tj'
'to go,'
^?1
'to do,'
srp*f
to remain.'
^ke*
is
defective,
:
having only a
PRESENT.
Singular.
Plural.
I am.
^1J41 ^|
C5t*r<rl ''STf^
we
are.
.
thou
art.
ye are
he
is.
are.
IMPERFECT.
Singular.
I was
3[,
Plural.
cTO.
^l^l
Cal^fl
cTfa
we were.
ye were.
thou wast.
fs?T
he was.
^t^T?1
shortened from
The imperfect
lt(
is
last century,
The method
plural,
and which
The other
lar verb,
which here
follows.
Regular Verb.
BOOT
I.
Singular.
I.
Plural.
2.
3.
1
See
p. 47,
9,
ii.
CONJUGATION.
2.
41
DEFINITE PRESENT.
I am doing.
Singular.
Plural.
3.
IMPERFECT.
I was doing.
4.
INDEFINITE PERFECT.
I
did.
I.
2.
5.
DEFINITE PERFECT.
J have done.
6.
PLUPERFECT.
I had done.
See p. 47,
9,
ii.
42
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
7.
FUTURE.
shall do.
I
Singular.
Plural*
2.
3.
8.
IMPERATIVE.
.Do
Mow.
I.
2.
3.
9.
CONDITIONAL
(If)
(also
HABITUAL).
do, also
Mserf to do.
2.
3.
These are the ordinary tenses of the simple regular verb. The following additional tenses may be formed by employing the auxiliary verb *Tfa 'to remain,'
verb
1.
2.
3. 4.
<?f<l*l1 Stlf<?<
^fatll
?f<l<l|
Tf^
Go on
doing.
5.
some
much
used
Thus
for <PI<IC^C^
is
^HC *
1
kor'chche,
korechhe,
CONJUGATION.
and so with the other
'
43
these words in full
tenses.
To pronounce
as
kSritechhe
'
or
ridiculous.
language.
Thus
dekh'chche, not dekhitechhe,
jachche, not jaitechhe, 'he
is
he
is
seeing;'
going,' etc.
is
The language
is
much
use
made
:
They
are as follows
Present Participle
Past Participle
Conjunctive Past Part.
^fWl
<PI<lCfi1
'done.'
'having done.'
Verbal
,,
Noun
<?f<Kl 'doing.'
Illustrations of the
way
9.
in
will
be
The
go' to
passive
is
*fl
'to
:
Thus
is
given)
Indefinite Present
2.
Definite Present
^
^<
3.
Imperfect
4. Indefinite Perfect
5. Definite Perfect 6.
7.
^ ^ ^
<?
Pluperfect
Future
Imperative
8.
9. Conditional
^
*T|,
given in tenses
and
6, are different
from the
rest.
This
is,
44
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
The
past participle of
*T|,
is f*f*fl
instead of STf^Tl
and the
indefinite perfect
is
C*tcTf*f
instead of *Tf^tt*J.
all
the
modern languages
*nft
or *F*lt.]
passive,
which
is
much
used in
to the
of the verb
^"ST
The
participles,
For
Root.
CONJUGATION.
wander.
^9*T
45
^TH?
^3^
confused, mistaken.
pure.
be pure.
They
*T5 3^R
I
s 'to
am
seized.
*^ 3A
I was seized.
Definite Perfect
The
participle remaining
is
unchanged throughout.
There
with a preposition used in this way. Indeed, it is only by the almost unrestricted employment of such words that an originally
is
ideas. The same process has taken own language, where Latin participles are largely used
more complex
to form verbs.
give a
list
they will be
The causal is formed by adding o to the root, thus from <P4 do/ causal ^<lj. Verbs which end in a in the active, take another o, which is separated from the a of the root by the peculiar
Bengali combination
causal *Tf STfl.
tenses
; N
(see
2.
B. page
8),
thus
*fl
'go,'
thus
1.
Indefinite Present
2.
Definite Present
4. Indefinite Perfect
etc.
and occasionally
it
may
verbs which undergo so much vowel change, in the mouth of be well to give some of the tenses as a
much used
also
46
^^^f
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
'to be
'
1.
Indefinite Present
i.
s3.
^3,
2.
32.
Definite Present
Indefinite Perfect
3. 7.
Future
pronounced 3,C&
hochche.
hoyechhe.
holS.
hobe.
much
contracted, as follows
Plural.
Singular.
i.
Indefinite Present
i.
Oft
or fa
Oft
or
fa
3
2.
[itC^I^ (pronounced
3.
4. Indefinite
7.
Perfect
Future
Infinitive
Past Participle
Conjunctive Past Part.
Imperative
i.
Oft
Of
or
fa
i.
Oft
or
2.
?. ^
2.
Of*? or
Of^^
or
R^<?
?. ^ Of%*T or
47
In the impera-
and (Jf^f
and
thus
Indefinite Present
Singular.
i.
Plural.
2.
Indefinite Perfect
^i*tdt*(
or
or
^ll^
^l^cci
pronounced
pronounced
^U*!
are used.
9.
i.
tenses is vulgar,
Nor
it is
is
the first
much used by
first
tell
from
its
person plural,
meant.
ii.
In the
rfST
first
is
3, 4,
and
6,
the ter-
mination
old termination
most parts of Bengal. The pronounced is now archaic and poetical, and is not heard
in conversation, except
iii.
among
and
The
the
terminations
(!*
C^
<Pi<lG< <?.
may perhaps be
iv.
implied,
that
is
but at
is
told to
is
48
as 2 pers. pi.
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
^n^.
This form
is
is
also used
when a
certain
amount
of deference or politeness
Politeness
is
also indicated
by using the future tense; thus 4?<JH an absolute command, 'let them do it,' <Pi<lG<^ 'will they (please)
it.'
do
v.
The
custom
as
ft?r
^F| ^f?
I generally
sits
do
this.
<f1ZT
Cl* He
1
there
(i.e.
that
is
<2Tf?
*1?U1 ^T*f
morning
.
?*&
*TR He
early in the
vi.
The
formed
at the
time of speaking
as
am
seeing
(i.e.
may
go.
*ti(.et?<
is
eating,
you
sit
here
(and wait).
vii.
The
imperfect
is
as
(ff^ffEffTST Os,
(i.e.
f%H
(7T
T&\
viii.
The
moment
of action
C^tcf
as
ft (*Tpr
^5T(<[
f*T ^7cT
I went
and
ate,
and he
went away.
Ffal
facn f%^
<rf^flf fir
Clt
T|
He
C^T5
fif^V
He
seized
it,
and
I let
it
go.
In many of these examples the colloquial forms of verbs etc^ are given to familiarize the student with their use.
49
^rfftr *telt^
away.
ix.
The
Tf^ffr
*f5t
have written
it.
it (i.e.
The
pluperfect
is
often used
as
in
the indefinite
actions; as
perfect,
expressing the
of several past
(lit.
lb^l Slfcr^cj*! f%U *fsTTWl C*tT I caught the fish had caught), but it escaped. If in this sentence, in-
stead of C$teT,
we
write p1*lllSei,
it
thing else happened after that, as that he caught the fish again.
(lit.
had
fallen asleep), I
fell
asleep
C*T STlTf?
*T? ^rffsr ^<i|r^nl*< After he went away (i.e. went to sleep (lit. I had gone to sleep),
The
The
future
is
used as in English.
conditional requires
it,
*UK
'if,'
^T^fa 'when,' or
^5"
some
similar
word before
some
similar word;
'
as
T^fa
*tfif
f^TS-T T|
(lit.
f(,\
^STtfsT SltirsT^'
If he
had given
it.'
me
and
ta'le.
is
pronounced so rapidly as to
sound
Without
rfpfsn^-T
*ilif
^(fa <fllT^
^[ci^f*
it
He
up.
The
and
definite perfects,
it
and
very
of the
pluperfect,
very
difficult
to
acquire, as
differs
much from
of
Whenever an
action
is
some
sort, in contrast to
50
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
Thus
'I
would be 'STf^ffr
*Tt^1
flGei<
^1 ^ifa
is
under-
The
past tense
it
when
it is
so near that
may
I
am
by
off
(lit.
I have gone.)
No
On
make
free use
is
by
This
is,
mannerism peculiar
and
to cer-
The
infinitive is
by
retains
that sense in
some
is
where continuance or
progressive action
implied; as
came
(lit.
while
(lit.
But
far
more usual
is
5J| <J?f<lG^
as
srf^ The
fear to
murder him.
^rflf
(lit.
'
work
-while
it
is
day,'
do),
but
this
usage
xv.
The
past participle in
^Tl and
^Cd
The
difference
is
between them
is,
that
when
the
same
thus
used,
when
different
51
go.'
Here
(tffeftcT <3TtsrT<[
*TCT
is
^? ^*
Earn, in
stood,
is
my
mind there
'
great distress.
Here
'l,'
under'
the subject of
'
distress
is
though,' 'although
as
*U^G<n
^
is
f%fr
<Tt"^t
'
Even though he
has eaten, he
'
is
not content.'
The phrase
idiomatic, and hardly translatable.
stuff
means that
article or that
(lit.
kind of
is
may be found
in Calcutta
by searching'
that the
'having seen
rare,
article
is
but
it.
may
So
also
(*ttfF=T
(*tTfeF3 *flf?
The
<n<l3l,
and
^?1
is
indifferently.
To
employed thus
a great sin.
this
<?<d
murder
Wl ^fi>3 ^?
(lit.
way
is
not proper
(<n|c<?<l
of religious
actions
is
is
position
tC^
noun
as
T|
At the time of
mind.
was not in
is
T5
<i?r<l<l<l
%^Ta^
f*T^T<[
W& ^dr^\y\in
^ He
his right
came
of seeing).
? *ftj
his food.
CTf<rt<[ 'Sraf
C*T5 %tt
must go
52
<?<l*t is
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
a high Sanskrit word, and
'
l
is
^{TlT^
is
sake of doing.'
?G^f, instead of
it
In the higher
?I<1<1<1
such a phra.se as
<IC1<[
'for
met
with, but
guage, and
is
the learned.
Even
in literature
;
it
is
as
10.
i.
auxiliary.
When
used singly,
means
and some-
The
following sentences,
:
some
of
Singly:
<i|rfCT *ffa
3FT*T
You
stop here.
is
rr^ There
for
I do stay
there
it is
from Arabic
'news, information').
rrC-f
lit.
C*t^
By my head
I pray
*eat
my
women
in urgent supplication
<fsi*J
'
What
is it
and then?
(lit.
stopping stopping,'
^| While
I will not
do this.
nf^
day, but I won't stop to-morrow.
r|
as
impossible for
me
to
go away.
ST|
Oifal3r <K
(F^)
(S.
Whatever
befalls I
am
going (lit. 'whatever remains on my forehead,' from the idea of a man's destiny being written on his forehead).
ii.
As an
auxiliary:
fa*!*}
<3F|
(lrU*t<l
^TcT
^
it
^|f*<
( <?G<1
WC?
StTfo Although
it
is
for <PI<l^1).
I believe
^T5
^STUT
^7? (T^^4
I used to do
it
almost always.
I slept all
answer to
doing
last
The
bility,
not habit; as
3?f?r?n
(i.
e.
I daresay
I did).
?
If I
(If
*M
I used
it
now.
Go on
It
may be
illustrations
2.
much used
in Hindustani, is not
much employed
by STf^. such as
It is
having been almost entirely superseded used in poetry, and colloquially in a few phrases,
in Bengali,
<ff^T3
Ff^
54
fa
<U^G>>S |Vf<
3.
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
You can
T|
stop.
you stop
is
(lit.
The
'it
}Ttn
becomes'),
is
It is regularly
Plural.
2.
3.
TP TuN
~$&>
"W
^b
<Cb<
It is generally
added
Thus
^
but I derive no benefit (from doing
it).
T|
I do
it
indeed,
that
will
come
of
it.
him
(lit.
did
not see with him, or there was not a seeing with him). Tftr
C^t*rr?T (*tT
<rld^
f% TRT5
^ftf?
Yes
he
was here
^
wish
it,
C^TT ^"fa
if
^T
I can go if
it.
you
but I doubt
*rflf
^\fa
I
would assuredly
have happened
It
is
if
had done
assertion
as
?
f%
^T What
are
is
What!
COMPOUND VERBS.
?ZT>
55
Oh
yes
he
is there.
^sl^ln
is
^T s f
nf ^1
Oh
it
indeed! what
is
is
your name?
(this
almost untranslatable,
inferiors,
and implies a
certain
amount of doubt
or hesitation
in asking.)
as *T|"^G"\5
it
^T
is
'
must
;
go.'
When
the pronoun
is
expressed
'
put in the dative case as ''srfsrtt^r *ff^3f5T ~^J5 ^T I must work hard' (lit. to me labour to do there is '). It is used throughout
all
more
thus ^ifilC^
was obliged to come;' C^t^ic<P ^f^RTS ^G< 'you must sit (and wait).' It is used always with the infinitive of the leading verb, as will be seen from the above examples.
^5T
'(I)
5.
^Ic^, on the
contrary,
infinitive of another
verb, implies the power to do, or the option of doing, generally with
it will
be better to do
it if
it.
Thus
'you had better do;'
'
you
like,'
<2ft1f
fjfStG"^
fr*m f<!^
<?r<lG^
It
is
an action was to
be done, had to be done, or was necessary for the completion of some affair. <?I<IG^ l^l (to be distinguished from ^I^G^l^si, the
'
it
remained to be done,'
it
had
to
be done.'
This
is also
11.
COMPOUND VERBS.
Some verbs, of very frequent use, are added to all other verbs in the language to modify their meaning slightly, thus forming what are called frequentatives, permissives, and so forth. In this case
only the latter of the two verbs
is
56
BENGALI GEAMMAR.
The
following are
*ft?*l.
Is
'
infinitive to indicate
being
^F3
*Tft<r
T|
'he cannot
get
up
;'
lifsr
literally
fa *TT^3 ^ff^C?' 'will you be able to go ?' or less The future of this verb is often used where
in English stance,
and as
^ifa f%|[t
ftfC^
Tf^
is
anything.'
ii.
C**41*!**.
completely,
or finishing
a thing,
much;
as
dinner),
doiiig
finish
am
ITfifT ^T-5
cut his
he has cut
aud thrown
'
it
away
iii.
^0*.
as in
Literally
and
is
up
would be em-
ployed
^srfST 1?1
^
1
<Tfc3? sn:9J^
in one night, as
for *iil<?<l1.)
The mango has ripened C*fiT3F we might say 'ripened up;' ((*!<? colloquial
~^S ^7?T ^fecf The boy has grown up
WT
C?ft^5 ^
(lit.
(TT
very quickly
TM
<f$5
The people
will
*1^"J.
Literally 'to
fall,'
as
5 Come down
(quickly)
COMPOUND VERBS.
57
The
^*rrK ^TC^
v.
Ot^.
;
'To
give,'
mitting
as
T?1
C? C^CcT
C^
C^^Ccf fiF*T
T|
Ho
you! don't
let
the child
fall (said to
C^lG<? *Tf^5
vi. ^Tf^*?.
;
you
to go.
thus fsfr
t>fci*l1
out of sight.
9(T 8r.
v
mean succeeding
It
in doing,
managing
to do a thing
as
Wt?
(lit.
^,^,
WT
*T|
was a
difficult
matter
sight of you
up a
difficulty).
^Tffsr
^?f|Zf Ctftt
WF5
*ft$
(lit.
ceed in earning
viii.
my
living
I shall
not find to
eat).
crf5tf.
do anything; as
i seized
to beat him.
some time
as
cTff^fcTtf
SfF5
T5HT5 cTNcf
^5TT?[
^ifa ^\C^>
My
my
FT^.
is
is
said
to
a contraction of the
jkl*.,
with which
agrees in
58
meaning.
It is
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
used with the
infinitive or verbal
latter.
noun.
The former
Thus
csr)
5fl
stT^Tfl
sj^
^1
YOU
ought
to bring
to eat.
^tft
corne to
^rfTTt
to
my
house.
CHAPTER
V.
THE PARTICLES.
12.
ADVERBS.
The
derived from the five pronominal types, and expressing time, place,
and manner.
each type:
The
Class.
60
either
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
compounds
of the pronominal type with a noun in the locative forms brought into use in modern times. Thus
case, or Sanskrit
i.
Here,
^\(.,
^"^TcT
(lit.
in this
place)
in this way,
ii.
When,
where,
(^dc1,*Tlt^tH
as,
iii.
Then,
W<d1,
^RT^
C^Tfa
there,
thus, v5T|.
iv.
^HT;
wftere?
v.
vi.
Why?
An ^
is
is
expressed by
C<?*<
or HF.
and an
to <i)<R
vii.
The series
is
expressed by adding
e;
the sign of the ablative to the series of place, omitting the final
C^H^
or
^9G^;
CH^;
The
by the
')
;
series of place, or
by adding the
word iKC^t
(lit.
in direction
C^fffCtf
nomina-
whither ?
'
Nominal adverbs
verbially.
Their number
:
is infinite.
Time.
daily.
suddenly.
at last.
STfa^ so long
^ST?"^ so long.
as.
Sansk.
Beng.
fifW by day.
ADVERBS.
daily.
61
again,
at night.
yesterday, to-morrow,
at
*1<?tGef in the
/
morning.
constantly,
afterwards,
suddenly.
Place.
within (inside).
without (outside).
below.
i-
down, below.
far.
near,
^ in front of(pM
in presence of.
here.
elsewhere,
iii.
above.
Manner.
very. very.
excessively,
n van.
almost.
accidentally.
little,
^ separately.
mutually.
quickly.
(lit.
much.
*.
by degrees.
Many
as
^G^
(lit.
'according to'),
C^H^G^
'in
anv way.'
i/
t/
Once one
is
62
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
Three times three are nine.
<l
(*TtT
sixteen.
^TlF^f
are eighty-one.
"1^1 ""T5
Beyond
this the
'
numeral adverb
as <3*tt<l 5f
13.
PREPOSITIONS.
is,
another word, are inseparable. There are no prepositions of this kind in modern Bengali, but the Sanskrit words which have been
so freely introduced
into
number
Although
language, yet as words containing them are of very frequent occurrence, even in ordinary colloquial Bengali,
it
will
among them.
sub, super, dis,
They correspond
and the
in
meaning and the method of their cum (con, co-), pre, pro,
separately.
^fa
^T$;
over, as in
^fa^ln
governor,'
^^^9^5
'acquired, attained.'
after, as
^T5T^j
'imitation'
(lit.
'making
after'),
^t^t><l
'a follower,'
^S^hS
'permission,'
^5^*1^1^
'searching after.'
^^
ff,
< I *T
accusa-
tion, libel,'
^*Wt
!;
'disgrace,'
5r <!>r<fT< 'crime.'
PREPOSITIONS.
'
63
'
'
towards, as
^[^^TiTT
design, object
(lit.
advancing to-
wards'),
^U^^ff
'pride, conceit,'
^I^G^l^
N
'application.'
'deteriorated, spoilt,'
down').
In ^A^sjfl 'incarliterally
nation
there
is
means
'passing downwards.'
f
up
(in
composition
^^
and
'industry, effort,'
'arising from, production.'
^3f3
'promotion, elevation,'
*f near,
as
next
to,
^"Wfs
'a
paramour'
(i.e. 'a
sub-sea'),
^*tTl 'comparison.'
forms
fc^l,
*.*[} '%**), as
'%'5i5J 'intolerable,'
^<1<^I
'distress,'
'famine,'
"5^?
'difficult.'
TT downwards, has
'falling, death,'
also the
(
idea of completeness, as
M<l<l c
tion,'
com-
position also
'free
'free
from
back, as
9f<Tt'^r
'resistance, strength,'
x
^0t*<*f 'advice,
caution'
(lit.
"f
'returning.'
(lit.
'turning
(as it
were 'surroundings'),
'measure/
>r
'
'
bowing, saluta-
tion'
(lit.
64
BENGALI GRAMMAR.
back, towards, as <2fF5W| 'promise, declaration/
Tflft
fa
l<^t(
'sale, barter,'
fa^Dt^
'cele-
l>rated,'
judgment,'
f93l*R
'proclamation,' frto,'
fa^Rffa 'opposed
rt*f
^rattf
'union,'
>iHF^
'
tion,' '3T^
'pleased, satisfied,'
"^
well, as
^StJlrS good
reputation,'
"^.<^^
'easily obtainable,'
'good report.'
tions, that
In the modern language prepositions are replaced by postposiis, they are put after the noun, which is in the genitive
case,
to the noun.
The
following are
on account
of.
before.
)
*H^^
to.
instead of.
far as.
according
within.
^^faT^ as
fTg[ behind.
above.
near, beside.
^.
*ff^ towards.
<1i^C<l without, outside
I<*IC*1 respecting.
of.
below, under.
I^^SGH inside
STCU
in the
of.
by means
of.
midst
of,
among.
?KW
with.
below.
near.
ftf^S with.
65
CONJUNCTIONS.
^C<
then, consequently.
yet, nevertheless.
^Ttf*f
also,
>
)
moreover.
also,
moreover.
^5J)^
(*&
therefore.
likewise.
likewise.
if.
^Wfc
that
is
to say, i.e.
if.
although.
if
even then.
so be.
^H
is
and, also.
less frequent
rf^ScT
C^TCer
or
^WT|
or.
otherwise.
or.
^TT
?rf^
.
or.
unless.
if not,
)
otherwise.
except.
r^ besides.
15.
INTERJECTIONS.
given in Chapter II under the vocative.
meanings.
It
would be im-
66
BENGALI GBAMMAB.
and obscure
it
utterances which
in the
mouth
might
most countries)
do duty for
articulate
speech.
^Tl,
!
^,
4
!
also to
Oh and Ah
^T*f<r
approval
;
So
and many
others.
Tf Tfo
or
is
^,
'pain'
(may
1,
^,
^S^).
O
ment, and the
like.
mother!'
(like
Tf*f?),
distress,
amaze-
^ib
' ! '
^Li.
be joyful
'
!
')
or corruptly
*1<1*1 admiration,
or ie^^
^.
well done
Hurrah
'
also encouragement.
'
for
shame
'
!
or ^1
,
*, etc./yes!'
INDEX
Ablative
case,
terminations
of,
Compound Compound
verbs, 55.
of, 16.
40
to nouns, 22.
Added words
to numerals, 30.
of, 25.
Adjectives, comparison
Consonants, pronunciation
of, 7.
Consonants, compound,
tion
3, 4.
Apan, use
Apani, use
of, 33.
of, 33.
of,
16.
Aska-phala,
3.
Avyayibhdva compounds,
BaJiuvrihi compounds, 14.
14.
Deon, conjugated,
compounds,
Fractions, forms
46.
13.
Dvandva compounds,
13.
of, 4.
Chandrabindu,
4.
Comparison of adjectives,
25.
of, 16.
68
ffochhd, after nouns, 23.
INDEX.
Participles, 44.
23.
numerals, 29.
4, 5.
Prepositions, 62.
Hasanta,
H&on, conjugated,
in general, 47.
Interjections, 65.
or composition, 12.
12.
Ishwara,
4.
Karmadhdraya compounds,
khdnik, after nouns, 23.
Tatpurusha compounds,
than, after numerals, 30.
ti,
13.
of,
16.
6.
expressed, 30.
of, 16.
Numerals, forms
initial forms, I.
2.
Vowels, pronunciation
of, 5.
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