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DTMF signaling is used Ior telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines. The term is used Irequently to control oI model vehicles Irom a hand-held radio transmitter. Radio control is the use oI radio signals to remotely control a device.
DTMF signaling is used Ior telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines. The term is used Irequently to control oI model vehicles Irom a hand-held radio transmitter. Radio control is the use oI radio signals to remotely control a device.
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DTMF signaling is used Ior telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines. The term is used Irequently to control oI model vehicles Irom a hand-held radio transmitter. Radio control is the use oI radio signals to remotely control a device.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme DOC, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
CONTENTS: 1. HISTORY...................1 2. PRESENT SCENARIO ............2 3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS ............3 3.1 DTMF TECHNOLOGY ............4 4. DTMF REMOTE CONTROL ROBOT .......7 4.4. COMPONENTS LIST ............14 4.5. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION ...........16 4.5.1. POWER SUPPLY SECTION.........16 4.5.2. TONE DECODER SECTION........19 4.5.3. CONTROL SECTION...........31 4.5.4 MOTOR DRIVER SECTION.........40 4.6 SYSTEM DESIGN...............43 4.7 WORKING................45 4.8 IMPLEMENTATION............46 4.8.1 HARDWARE.................46 4.8.1.1 ROBOT CONSTRUCTION.......46 4.8.1.2 EAR PHONE CONNECTION......48 4.8.2 SOFTWARE..............49
5. ADVANTAGES & DIS-ADVANTAGES .....63
6. APPLICATIONS ...............64
7. FUTURE SCOPE...............66
8. REFERENCES...................68
2 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT
3 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT
4 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT HISTORY: - Dual-tone multi-Irequency (DTMF) signaling is used Ior telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-Irequency band between telephone handset sand other communications devices and the switching center. The version oI DTMF used Ior telephone tone dialing is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone (canceled March 13, 1984), and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4. Other multi-Irequency systems are used Ior signaling internal to the telephone network. Radio control (oIten abbreviated to R/C or simply RC) is the use oI radio signals to remotely control a device. The term is used Irequently to reIer to the control oI model vehicles Irom a hand-held radio transmitter. Industrial, military, and scientiIic research organizations make |traIIic| use oI radio-controlled vehicles as well. A remote control vehicle is deIined as any mobile device that is controlled by a means that does not restrict its motion with an origin external to the device. This is oIten a radio control device, cable between control and vehicle, or an inIrared controller. A remote control vehicle (Also called as RCV) diIIers Irom a robot in that the RCV is always controlled by a human and takes no positive action autonomously.
5 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT 2. PRESENT SCENARIO: - $imilar projects have been made by several people, but most oI the times a land line phone is being used to control various Home Appliances. II a land line phone is used than a separate ring detector circuit is required Ior detecting the number oI rings and then picking up the phone. It uses an extra relay and we have to enter inside the mechanism oI phone. n our project we have used the auto answer Iacility which is present in many oI the cell phones today, so we escaped Irom designing the ring detector circuit. e have used this concept to control a mobile robotic car.
6 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT 3. TYPE'S OF COMMUNICATION: Due the modular nature oI this system, in the Iuture I could swap out the cordless phone Ior a newer one, or a pair oI FRS radios, or some other transmitter/receiver pair. It doesn't really matter. We used DTMF technology oI cell phone because oI its range is very large (only limited by cell network)
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3.1. DTMF TECHNOLOGY (DuaI Tone MuIti Frequency):- For signaling we used dual-tone multi-Irequency (DTMF) tones. These are the tones that you hear when you press keys on a telephone keypad. The reason Ior using this standard is that you can buy a single, very accurate IC (usually used in automatic answering machines and the like, Ex: - when using the e-recharge Iacility in our cell phone) that takes care oI all the Iiltering, ampliIying and interpreting necessary to determine which key was pressed. And because it's just an analog audio signal that is being exchanged, I can use a number oI ordinary, low-cost transmitter/receiver pairs Ior sending that audio signal. e will send the DTMF tones over an old 900MHz cell phone, So then based on which key is pressed, the robot will be able to interpret the tone and activate relays and such to turn on motors and move about. The Irequencies Ior the DTMF tones oI the corresponding keys on the keypad are as shown below: -
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D1MI kcypad rcqucncics (wiih sound clips) ::o Hz :o Hz :+ Hz :o Hz o Hz : : A o Hz + : o B s:: Hz s C +: Hz o 4 D
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TRODUCTO
10 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT 4. DTMF REMOTE COTROL ROBOT: - 4.1. TRODUCTO: - The objective oI this project is to develop a device that allows Ior a user to remotely control a robotic car using a cellular phone. This system will be a powerIul and Ilexible tool that will oIIer this service at any time, and Irom anywhere with the constraints oI the technologies being applied. Possible targets include (but are not limited to) industrial robots, security and spy robots, and robotic arms; anything with an electrical interIace. The proposed approach Ior designing this system is to implement a microcontroller-based control module that receives its instructions and commands Irom a cellular phone over the GSM network. The microcontroller then will carry out the issued commands. For security purposes, a means oI identiIication and user authentication will be implemented.
The whole system will include two separate cellular phones; one placed on the robot and other will be with the user. There will thereIore be two operating environments. The cellular phone and the robot will operate indoors as well as outdoors.
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The Iollowing is a list oI assumptions Ior the project: - 1. The user and control unit will establish communication via G$M. 2. All service charges from service provider apply. 3. The controlled robot will have to have an electrical interface in order to be controlled by microcontroller.
12 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT 4.2. BLOCK DAGRAM: -
Block Diagram Description: -
Phone on the transmitting side: The person who wants to switch on/oII any device kept at the controller side calls Irom a phone and, once the call gets picked up, enters the password and tones Ior a corresponding device. Every key has to be pressed Ior a minimum amount oI time to get it latched at the decoder IC.
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Mobile phone on the receiving side: The mobile phone on the receiver side picks up the phone automatically aIter 5seconds, and then makes the tones available to the DTMF tone decoder IC through the headphone jack oI the phone. %MF %one ecoder IC: The DTMF tone decoder IC converts the received tones to their respective binary values and then gives them as an input to the micro-controller. The DTMF tone decoder IC`s internal architecture consists oI a band split Iilter section which separates the low and the high tone oI the received tone pair, Iollowed by a digital decode (counting) section which veriIies both the Irequency and duration oI the received tones beIore passing resultant 4-bit code to the output bus. These 4-bits along with a bit, which validates a received tone is given as an input to the port1 oI microcontroller. %he Microcontroller: The Iive output bits oI the decoder IC serve as an input to port1 oI the microcontroller. Then each tone is veriIied by the programmed microcontroller and once a correct sequence oI code is received, output corresponding to the tones sent by the user is made available at the port0, which is connected to motor through a motor driver.
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Motor Circuitry: The output Irom the port0 oI the microcontroller is given to the motor driver IC which drives the corresponding motor, so as to move the robot appropriately. Motor: Each oI the geared motor (12V, 200RPM) is connected to motor driver. As soon as the motors are driven by the microcontroller the robot moves accordingly.
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4.4 COMPOET$ L$T: - To build and access this project the requisites are: O A voltage regulator IC (7805) O 4 diodes (1N4007) O 1 electrolytic capacitors oI 470uI. O 4 ceramic capacitors, 2 oI 33pI 2 oI 0.1uI. O 4 Resistances: 100Kohms (2 q) 300Kohms (1q) 10Kohms (1q)
O 2 crystals: 3.58MHz 12MHz
O 3 two pin connectors (male and Iemale).
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O Two phones - We need one cell phone with auto answer Iacility on the receiver side and one phone (which can either be a cell phone or land line) with the remote user.
O A Chord with a male connector-We need a chord with a male connector connected on one side and one end leIt open. The dimensions oI the connector should be same as the dimensions oI the jack present in the phone with the control unit. (In our case we used a 3.5mm jack)
O . DTMF tone decoding IC-IC Ior converting DTMF Tones to their respective binary values. We used CM8870.
O Microcontroller-AT89c51. O Motor driver IC- L293D O .Two motors oI 12V driving voltage and 200 RPM each .
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4.5. CRCUT DE$CRPTO: -
POWER SUPPLY SEC%IOA: -
Power supply section consists oI Voltage Regulator L7805C, two capacitors C 1 and C o oI 0.33uF and 0.1uF respectively. This section is not included in the above diagram. It provides the constant 5V V cc voltage required Ior the operation oI microcontroller and other components. COMPOAEA% ESCRIP%IOA: - L78C: - The L78xx series oI three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several Iixed output voltages, making it useIul in a wide range oI applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut- down and saIe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. II adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as Iixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
20 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT Features: - Output current to 1.5 A Output voltages of 5; 6; 8; 8.5; 9; 12; 15; 18; 24 V Thermal overload protection $hort circuit protection Output transition $OA protection
Circuit Diagram
The capacitors Ci and Co act as Decoupling capacitors to remove ripple in the input.
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Different packages available: -
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%OAE ECOER SEC%IOA: - This section consists DTMF Decoder IC CM8870, a Iew resistors, a capacitor and a Crystal. This section is responsible Ior decoding oI the DTMF tones and giving out the corresponding binary out to the microcontroller. COMPOAEA% ESCRIP%IOA: -
The CAMD CM8870/70C provides Iull DTMF receiver
capability by integrating both he band-split Iilter and digital decoder Iunctions into a single 18-pin DIP, SOIC, or 20-pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manuIactured using state-oI-the-art CMOS process technology Ior low power consumption (35mW, max.) and precise data handling. The Iilter section uses a switched capacitor technique Ior both high and low group Iilters and dial tone rejection. The CM8870/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques Ior the detection and decoding oI all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. This DTMF receiver minimizes external component count by providing an on-chip diIIerential input ampliIier, clock generator, and a latched three-state interIace bus. The on-chip clock generator requires
23 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT only a low cost TV crystal or ceramic resonator as an external component.
Features: - W Full DTMF receiver W Less than 35m power consumption W ndustrial temperature range W Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators W Adjustable acquisition and release times W 18-pin DP, 18-pin DP EA1, 18-pin $OC, 20-pin PLCC W CM8870C - Power down mode - inhibit mode - Buffered O$C3 output (PLCC package only)
CM8870C is Iully compatible with CM8870 Ior 18-pin devices by grounding pins 5 and 6
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TERAL BLOCK DAGRAM: -
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Functional Description: - Filter Section: - $eparation oI the low-group and high-group tones is achieved by applying the dual tone signal to the inputs oI two 9th-order switched capacitor band-pass Iilters. The bandwidths oI these Iilters correspond to the bands enclosing the low-group and high group tones (See Figure3). The Iilter section also incorporates notches at 350Hz and 440Hz, which provides excellent dial tone rejection. Each Iilter output is Iollowed by a single order switched capacitor section, which smoothens the signals prior to limiting. Signal limiting is perIormed by high-gain comparators. These comparators are provided with a hysteresis to prevent detection oI unwanted low-level signals and noise. The outputs oI the comparators provide Iull-rail logic swings at the Irequencies oI the incoming tones. ecoder Section: - The CM8870/70C decoder uses a digital counting technique to determine the Irequencies oI the limited tones and to veriIy that these tones correspond to standard DTMF Irequencies. A complex averaging algorithm is used to protect against tone simulation by extraneous signals (such as voice) while providing tolerance to small Irequency variations.
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The averaging algorithm has been developed to ensure an optimum combination oI immunity to 'talk-oII and tolerance to the presence oI interIering signals (third tones) and noise. When the detector recognizes the simultaneous presence oI two valid tones (known as 'signal condition), it raises the 'Early Steering Ilag (ESt). Any subsequent loss oI signal condition will cause EST to Iall. Steering Circuit: - BeIore the registration oI a decoded tone pair, the receiver checks Ior a valid signal duration (reIerred to as 'character- recognition-condition). This check is perIormed by an external RC time constant driven by Est. Logic high on Est. causes VC (See Figure 4) to rise as the capacitor discharges. Providing signal condition is maintained (Est. remains high) Ior the validation period (tGTP), VC reaches the threshold (VTSt) oI the steering logic to register the tone pair, thus latching its corresponding 4-bit code (See Figure 2) into the output latch. At this point, the GT output is activated and drives VC to VDD. GT continues to drive high as long as ESt remains high, signaling that a received tone pair has been registered. The contents oI the output latch are made available on the 4-bit output bus by raising the three-state control input (TOE) to logic high.
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The steering circuit works in reverse to validate the inter-digit pause between signals. Thus, as well as rejecting signals too short to be considered valid, the receiver will tolerate signal interruptions (drop outs) too short to be considered a valid pause. This capability together with the capability oI selecting the steering time constants externally, allows the designer to tailor perIormance to meet a wide variety oI system requirements.
uard %ime Adjustment: - n situations, which do not require independent selection oI receive and pause, the simple steering circuit oI Figure 4 is applicable. Component values are chosen according to the Iollowing Iormula: t REC t DP + t GTP
t GTP 0.67 RC The value oI t DP is a parameter oI the device and t REC is the minimum signal duration to be recognized by the receiver. A value Ior C oI 0.1 uF is recommended Ior most applications, leaving R to be selected by the designer.
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For example, a suitable value oI R Ior a t REC oI 40 milliseconds would be 300K. A typical circuit using this steering conIiguration is shown in Figure 1. The timing requirements Ior most telecommunication applications are satisIied with this circuit. DiIIerent steering arrangements may be used to select independently the guard times Ior tone-present (t GTP ) and tone absent (t GTA ). This may be necessary to meet system speciIications, which place both accept and reject limits on both tone duration and inter-digit pause. Guard time adjustment also allows the designer to tailor system parameters such as talk-oII and noise immunity. Increasing t REC improves talk-oII perIormance, since it reduces the probability that tones simulated by speech will maintain signal condition Ior long enough to be registered. On the other hand, a relatively short t REC with a long t DO would be appropriate Ior extremely noisy environments where Iast acquisition time and immunity to dropouts would be requirements. Design inIormation Ior guard time adjustment is shown in Figure 5.
Input Configuration: - The input arrangement oI the CM8870/70C provides a diIIerential input operational ampliIier as well as a bias source (VREF) which is used to bias the inputs at mid-rail.
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Provision is made Ior connection oI a Ieedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) Ior adjustment oI gain. In a single-ended conIiguration, the input pins are connected as shown in Figure 1, with the op-amp connected Ior unity gain and VREF biasing the input at . VDD. Figure 6 shows the diIIerential conIiguration, which permits the adjustment oI gain with the Ieedback resistor R5.
Clock Circuit: - The internal clock circuit is completed with the addition oI a standard television color burst crystal or ceramic resonator having a resonant Irequency oI 3.579545 MHz. The CM8870C in a PLCC package has a buIIered oscillator output (OSC3) that can be used to drive clock inputs oI other devices such as a microprocessor or other CM887X`s as shown in Figure 7. Multiple CM8870/70Cs can be connected as shown in Iigure 8 such that only one crystal or resonator is required.
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SingIe Ended Input Configuration: -
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P DAGRAM: -
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COA%ROL SEC%IOA: - t consists oI the microcontroller, a reset circuitry and a crystal oscillator. The carries out the task or Iunction assigned to that particular number according to the code written in the microcontroller. COMPOET DE$CRPTO: - A%89C: - The AT89C51 provides the Iollowing standard Ieatures: 4K bytes oI Flash 128 bytes oI RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counter, Iive vector two-level interrupt architecture, a Iull duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic Ior operation down to zero Irequency and supports two soItware selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, Serial port and interrupt system to continue Iunctioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but Ireezes the oscillator disabling all other chip Iunctions until the next hardware reset.
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Pin Description: - 'CC: - $upply voltage 5V regulated power supply Ior the proper working oI the IC. A: - ReIerence Ground potential. Port : - Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be conIigured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program veriIication. External pull-ups are required during program veriIication. Port : - Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buIIers can sink/source Iour TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because oI the internal
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pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and veriIication. Port : - Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buIIers can sink/source Iour TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because oI the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during Ietches Irom external program memory and during accesses to external data memories that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the contents oI the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and veriIication.
Port : - Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buIIers can sink/source Iour TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups
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and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because oI the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the Iunctions oI various special Ieatures oI the AT89C51 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control signals Ior Flash programming and veriIication. Port Pin Alternate Functions
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RS%: - Reset input. A high on this pin Ior two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.
ALE/PRO: - Address Latch Enable output pulse Ior latching the low byte oI the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate oI 1/6 the oscillator Irequency, and may be used Ior external timing or clocking purposes.
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Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. II desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 oI SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no eIIect iI the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEA: - Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing code Irom external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/'PP (External Access Enable): - EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to Ietch code Irom external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that iI lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC Ior internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, Ior parts that require 12-volt VPP.
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X%AL: - nput to the inverting oscillator ampliIier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
X%AL: - t is the output Irom the inverting oscillator ampliIier. Oscillator Characteristics: - XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, oI an inverting ampliIier, which can be conIigured Ior use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device Irom an external clock source, XTAL2 should be leIt unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle oI the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two Ilip-Ilop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time speciIications must be observed.
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Pin Diagram of AT89C51: -
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4.5.4 MOTOR DRVER $ECTO: - This consists oI dual H-bridge motor driver IC L293D. As microcontroller pin output power is very low and is not suIIicient Ior driving the motors. It is responsible Ior providing enough power to the motors to be able to run .The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current Iour channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simpliIy use as two bridges each pair oI channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided Ior the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suited Ior use in switching applications at Irequencies up to5kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package, which has 4 center pins connected together and used Ior heat sinking
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The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surIace mount, which has 8 center pins connected together and used Ior heat sinking
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4.6 $$TEM DE$G: - esign values for CM887: - 1. The DTMF tones Irom the mobile phone on the receiver side are given to a diIIerential ampliIier whose gain can be varied by connecting a Ieedback resistor Irom pin no. 3(which is the output oI op-amp) oI CM8870. In our application the required gain is unity so we select, R1100Kohms R2100Kohms >GainR2/R11. 2. The internal clock circuit oI CM8870 is completed with addition oI a ceramic resonator having resonant Irequency oI 3.58MHz. 3. BeIore the registration oI a decoded tone pair, the receiver (CM8870) checks Ior a valid signal duration (duration Ior which a key is pressed by the remote user).This check is perIormed by an external RC time constant driven by Est. The minimum time duration Ior which a key should be pressed to validate itselI is decided by R3 & C3.There values are decided by the Iormula: t rec t dp tgtp Where,
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tgtp0.67*R3*C3 t dp is the time to detect the presence oI a valid signal. So it is a parameter oI the device. trec is the minimum time duration Ior which a key must be pressed by the remote user Ior validation. For t rec 40ms R3300Kohms C30.1uI 4. TOE (pin no. 10 oI CM8870): - This is the Tone Output Enable. A low level shiIts Q1-Q4 to its high impedance state. A high level makes the binary output available on the output pins (Q1-Q4). Design values for Microcontroller (AT89C51): - 1. Port 1 oI the microcontroller is made an input port by writing all one`s to it, and port 0 is the output port which is connected to the relay driver IC (U3). 2. The reset pin oI U2 (pin no. 9) is connected to the reset circuit i.e. R410Kohms. C510uI
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4.7 ORKG: - hen the power supply is switched ON, Iirst we have to call to the receiver cell phone mounted on the robot Irom the cell phone present at the user (transmitter).AIter about Iive rings the receiver cell phone, which is set in the automatic answer mode liIts the call. Now the user will have to press the keys on the cell keypad to move the robot accordingly. At the receiver side the cell phone audio out (ear phones) is connected to the DTMF decoder IC CM8870 which decodes the audio beep tone generated by the DTMF Irequencies and gives the corresponding binary outputs oI the number pressed as shown in the table above. The microcontroller now carries out the Iunction assigned to that particular number as written in the code oI microcontroller.
n our case the microcontroller gives signals to motor driver IC to rotate the motors as long as the particular key is pressed. The motor driver takes the input Irom the microcontroller in which direction the motors are to be rotated and with what speed the motors are to be rotated. The speed oI rotation oI motors can be determined by the duty cycle oI the PWM signal Ied by the microcontroller. Hence by pressing the appropriate keys oI the cell phone the user can control the movement oI the robot. AIter the robot has been moved to the required location, the user ends the call.
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4.8 MPLEMETATO: - 8 HARWARE: - 8 ROBO% COAS%RUC%IOA: - The robot itselI will basically be a box (made oI either wood or sheet metal, depending on how tough the design should be) it should measure roughly 1 Ioot by 0.5Ieet. At the center oI mass will sit a 12- volt SLA (sealed lead acid) battery (the kind used in uninterruptable power sources and electric wheelchairs). Two 12-volt drill motors will be connected with bicycle chains and sprockets to Iour wheels, providing 4WD mobility Ior the robot. Power Ior the robot will all come Irom the 12-volt SLA battery. One regulated DC-to-DC converter will provide 9-volt power to the telephone receiver and to the wireless camera. Another regulated DC-to-DC converter will provide 6-volt power to the logic circuits. This power will then go through anL78M05CV 5-volt regulator to get the proper voltage to the sensitive ICs.
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As mentioned earlier, atop the robot will be mounted a wireless camera that will be rotatable leIt-to-right with the use oI a motor. This will provide a remote view oI the robot's surroundings, and should transmit a good 100-200 Ieet. And I may add a bank oI IR LED`s to give it some night-vision (these Ieatures are optional).
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8 EAR PHOAE COAAEC%IOA: -
e need a chord with a male connector connected on one side and one end leIt open or else we can use the ear phone wire by cutting it at one end. The dimensions oI the connector should be same as the dimensions oI the jack present in the phone with the control unit. (In our case we used a 2.5mm jack)
The internal connection of the earphone
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e can cut the speaker wires and Ieed it to the DTMF decoder IC CM8870. Now the cell phone won`t recognize it as earphone. So we have to add a 33-ohm resistor in parallel so that cell phone see`s it as 30-ohm speaker. 8 SOF%WARE: - Algorithm: System Algorithm: 1. Person who wants to switch on/oII a device calls on the phone at the receiver side. 2. The call gets answered automatically iI it is not picked up manually till 5seconds. 3. Once the call gets answered we have to enter a password Ior authentication (in our case it is 1 2). 4. Then aIter entering the password we have to make a choice Ior selecting the speed (Press *` Ior increasing speed and #` Ior decreasing speed).
53 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT 5. Then we have to enter the corresponding number Ior the robot to move in a particular direction (2` Ior Iorward, 4` Ior leIt, 6` Ior right & 8` Ior reverse directions). Aote: On the transmitter side the user controlling the appliance`s has to press each digit Ior a minimum duration oI time, which is 40ms. Program algorithm: 1. On start oI the system all the values are at their deIault state. 2. I a key press is detected, program goes to 3, else it stays here. 3. I the pressed key is 1 then program goes to 4, else it goes to 4. I 2 is pressed (correct password) program goes to 5,else it goes to 2. 5. ow the microcontroller checks whether you want to increase/decrease the speed (*` Ior increasing and #` Ior decreasing speed)
54 DTMF OPERATED ROBOT i). I any other key except '*' or '#' is pressed, program goes to step 2. ii). I * is pressed than it goes to (iii), iI # then it goes to (v) iii). ow the microcontroller decrements the timer count i.e. increase speed. iv). I 2 or 4 or 6 or 8 are pressed it switches on momentarily motor number 1 or 2 or both respectively, and goes to 2, else it goes to 2 without switching on any motor. v). Now the microcontroller increments the timer count i.e. decrease speed.
5. ADVANTAGES: - 1. e can control the robot Irom any where in the world. 2. The circuit is not eIIected by any noise or other voice signals. 3. e can use it to control other electrical equipments. DISADVANTAGES: - 1. Always cell phone network must be available to be able to operate. 2. Cell phone battery must charged.
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6. APPLICATIONS:- 1. Scientific: - Remote control vehicles have various scientiIic uses including hazardous environments, working in the deep ocean , and space exploration. The majority oI the probes to the other planets in our solar system have been remote control vehicles, although some oI the more recent ones were partially autonomous. The sophistication oI these devices has Iueled greater debate on the need Ior manned spaceIlight and exploration. 2. Military and Law Enforcement: - Military usage oI remotely controlled military vehicles dates back to the Iirst halI oI 20th century. Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled Tele tanks during 1930s in the Winter War and early stage oI World War II. 3. Search and Rescue: - UAV`s will likely play an increased role in search and rescue in the United States. This was demonstrated by the successIul use oI UAVs during the 2008 hurricanes that struck Louisiana and Texas.
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4. Recreation and Hobby: - $ee Radio-controlled model. Small scale remote control vehicles have long been popular among hobbyists. These remote controlled vehicles span a wide range in terms oI price and sophistication. There are many types oI radio controlled vehicles. These include on-road cars, oII-road trucks, boats, airplanes, and even helicopters. The "robots" now popular in television shows such as Robot Wars, are a recent extension oI this hobby (these vehicles do not meet the classical deIinition oI a robot; they are remotely controlled by a human).
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7. FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS: - 1. IR Sensors: R sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles iI the robot goes beyond line oI sight. This avoids damage to the vehicle iI we are maneuvering it Irom a distant place. 2. Password Protection: Project can be modiIied in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated only iI correct password is entered. Either cell phone should be password protected or necessary modiIication should be made in the assembly language code. This introduces conditioned access & increases security to a great extent. 3. Alarm Phone Dialer: By replacing DTMF Decoder IC CM8870 by a 'DTMF Transceiver IC`CM8880, DTMF tones can be generated Irom the robot. So, a project called 'Alarm Phone Dialer' can be built which will generate necessary alarms Ior something that is desired to be monitored (usually by triggering a relay). For example, a high water alarm, low temperature alarm, opening oI back window, garage door, etc. When the system is activated it will call a number oI programmed numbers to let the user know the alarm has been activated. This would be great to get alerts oIalarm conditions Irom home when user is at work.
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4. Adding a Camera: I the current project is interIaced with a camera (e.g. a Webcam) robot can be driven beyond line-oI-sight & range becomes practically unlimited as GSM networks have a very large range.
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8. REFERENCES: - ikipedia - The free encyclopedia http://www.8051projects.info/ 0http://www.instructables.com/ 0$chenker, L (1960), "Pushbutton Calling with a Two- Group Voice-Frequency Code", The Bell system technical journal 39 (1): 235-255, $$ 0005-8580 DTMF Tester , Electronics For ou` Magazine Edition (1une 2003) http://www.alldatasheet.com/ http://www.datasheet4u.com/ http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/