Chapter 4 : Organization of Life

A. CELL Cell is the smallest living unit of structure and function in living organism. Cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke (1665). Living organism which is formed by a cell is called unicellular organism. For instance Amoeba, Paramecium. The living organisms which form many cells is called multicellular organism. The study of cells is called cytology. Parts of cell 1. Plasma membrane / cell membrane It is part of the cell which controls what substances come into and out of a cell. In plant cell, it is protected by cell wall. Cell wall is a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the plant cell. Mostly cell wall is of a material called cellulose. Cell wall is to protect and support the cell. 2. Protoplasm Liquid in organelle cells. Contains water, protein, carbohydrate, fat, mineral, salt, and vitamin. Protoplasm is differentiated into nucleoplasm ( liquid inside the nucleus) and cytoplasm ( liquid outside the nucleus). 3. Nucleus It is part of the cell that controls all the cells activities. Parts of the nucleus: Nucleolus : Core of the nucleus Nucleoplasm : Liquid inside the nucleus Nucleus membrane : Outer layer that protects the nucleus Chromatin fibres: Contains genetic material DNA ( Deoxy Ribo Nucleic Acid), Made mostly of amino acid Organelle cells No. Organelle Cells 1 Mitochondria 2 Ribosome

Function Cell respiration Site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

Channel connected

Note Produce energy They could be attached to the ER or float in the cytoplasm There are rough ER and smooth

Chloroplast

between nucleolus and cytoplasm Carry on photosynthesis

ER

Vacuole

Centriole

Golgi body

Lysosome

Contain chlorophyll, found in plant cell Storage area for Most plants have food and waste a big vacuole products which contain liquid called cell sap Role in cell Found in the division animal cell, in the centrosome Role in processes, Sometimes called packages and golgi apparatus secretes modified cell products Contain chemicals Found in animal including enzymes cells that break down certain materials

animal cell No. Component 1 Shape 2 Cell wall 3 Chloroplast 4 Vacuole 5 Centriole 6 Mitochondria

Differences between plant and Plant cell Regular Present Present Bigger Absent Less Animal Cell Irregular Absent Absent Smaller Present Many

Cell Membrane The cell membrane is not one solid piece. Everything in life is made of smaller pieces and a membrane is no different. Compounds called proteins and phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane. The phospholipids make the basic bag. The proteins are found around the holes and help move molecules in and out of the cell. Scientists describe the organization of the phospholipids and proteins with the fluid mosaic model. That model shows that

the phospholipids are in a shape like a head and a tail. The heads like water (hydrophilic) and the tails do not like water (hydrophobic). The tails bump up against each other and the heads are out facing the watery area surrounding the cell. The two layers of cells are called the bilayer. What about the membrane proteins? Scientists have shown that the proteins float in that bilayer. Some of them are found on the inside of the cell and some on the outside. Other proteins cross the bilayer with one end outside of the cell and one end inside. Those proteins that cross the layer are very important in the active transport of ions and small molecules. As you learn more about the organelles inside of the cell, you will find that most have a membrane. They do not have the same chemical makeup as the cell membrane. Each membrane is unique to the organelle. The membrane that surrounds a lysosome is different from the membrane around the endoplasmic reticulum. They are both different from the cell membrane. Some organelles have two membranes. A mitochondrion has an outer and inner membrane. The outer membrane contains the mitochondrion parts. The inner molecule holds digestive enzymes that break down food. While we talk about membranes all the time, you should remember they all use a basic phospholipid bilayer, but have many other different parts. There are two types of proteins in the cell membrane -- peripheral proteins and integral proteins. As you can guess from the name, integral membrane proteins are permanently connected to the cell membrane. They have large sections embedded in the hydrophobic (middle) layer of the membrane. Peripheral proteins are not bonded as strongly to the membrane. They may just sit on the surface of the membrane, anchored with a few hydrogen (H) bonds. Integral proteins are the hard workers of the cell membrane. Some integral proteins cross the membrane and act as pathways for ions and molecules. Some of the ion movement may not require work (passive transport), but other processes require a lot of energy and pumping action (active transport). When you look at the whole membrane, there are very few integral proteins when compared to the number of peripheral ones. Cell Walls

While cell membranes might be around every cell, cell walls made of cellulose are only found around plant cells. Cell walls are made of specialized sugars called cellulose. Cellulose provides a protected framework for a plant cell to survive. It's like taking a water balloon and putting it in a cardboard box. The balloon is protected from the outside world. Cellulose is called a structural carbohydrate (complex sugar) because it is used in protection and support. Cell walls also help a plant keep its shape. While they do protect the cells, cell walls and cellulose also allow plants to grow to great heights. While you have a skeleton to hold you up, a 100-foot tall redwood tree does not. It uses the strong cell walls to maintain its shape. For smaller plants, cell walls are slightly elastic. Wind can push them over and then they bounce back. Big redwoods need strength in high winds and sway very little (except at the top). A cell wall is not a fortress around the delicate plant cell. There are small holes in the wall that let nutrients, waste, and ions pass through. Those holes are called plasmodesmata. These holes have a problem: water can also be lost. But even when the plant cell loses water, the basic shape is maintained by the cell walls. So if a plant is drooping because it needs water, it can recover when water is added. It will look just the same as when it started. You may hear about cell walls in other areas of biology. Bacteria also have a structure called a cell wall. Fungi and some protozoa also have cell walls. They are not the same. Only plant cell walls are made out of cellulose. The other walls might be made from proteins or a substance called chitin. They all serve the same purpose of protecting and maintaining structure, but they are very different molecules. Cytoplasm - Filling Fluid Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell. Scientists used to call the fluid protoplasm. Early on, they didn't know about the many different types of fluids in the cell. There is special fluid in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. The only two 'plasms' left are

cytoplasm (the fluid in the cell also called cytosol) and nucleoplasm (the fluid in the nucleus). Each of those fluids has a very different composition. The cell organelles are suspended in the cytosol. You will learn that the microfilaments and microtubules set up a "skeleton" of the cell and the cytosol fills the spaces. The cytoplasm has many different molecules dissolved in solution. You'll find enzymes, fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids that are used to keep the cell working. Waste products are also dissolved before they are taken in by vacuoles or sent out of the cell. Nucleoplasm has a little different composition. Nucleoplasm can only be found inside of the nucleus. It doesn't have big organelles in suspension. The nucleoplasm is the suspension fluid that holds the cell's chromatin and nucleolus. It is not always present in the nucleus. When the cell divides, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the nucleoplasm is released. After the cell nucleus has reformed, the nucleoplasm fills the space again. The cytosol in a cell does more than just suspend the organelles. It uses its dissolved enzymes to break down all of those larger molecules. The products can then be used by the organelles of the cell. Glucose may exist in the cytosol but the mitochondria can't use it for fuel. The cytosol has enzymes that break glucose down into pyruvate molecules that are then sent to the mitochondria. Nucleus The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell. It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction. If it happens in a cell, chances are the nucleus knows about it. The nucleus is not always in the center of the cell. It will be a big dark spot somewhere in the middle of all of the cytoplasm (cytosol). You probably won't find it near the edge of a cell because that might be a dangerous place for the nucleus to be. If you don't remember, the cytoplasm is the fluid that fills cells. Not all cells have a nucleus. Biology breaks cell types into eukaryotic (those with a defined nucleus) and prokaryotic (those with no defined nucleus). You may have heard of chromatin and DNA. You don't need a nucleus to have DNA. If you don't have a defined nucleus, your DNA is probably floating around the cell in a region called the nucleoid. A defined nucleus that holds the genetic code is an advanced feature in a cell.

The things that make a eukaryotic cell are a defined nucleus and other organelles. The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and all of its contents. The nuclear envelope is a membrane similar to the cell membrane around the whole cell. There are pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to pass through while the nuclear envelope keeps all of the chromatin and nucleolus inside. When the cell is in a resting state there is something called chromatin in the nucleus. Chromatin is made of DNA, RNA, and nuclear proteins. DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids inside of the cell. When the cell is going to divide, the chromatin becomes very compact. It condenses. When the chromatin comes together, you can see the chromosomes. You will also find the nucleolus inside of the nucleus. When you look through a microscope, it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. It is made of RNA and protein. It does not have much DNA at all. Centriole

Every animal-like cell has two small organelles called centrioles. They are there to help the cell when it comes time to divide. They are put to work in both the process of mitosis and the process of meiosis. You will usually find them near the nucleus but they cannot be seen when the cell is not dividing. And what are centrioles made of? Microtubules. A centriole is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. There are nine groups of microtubules. When two centrioles are found next to each other, they are usually at right angles. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. During division, you may also see groups of threads attached to the centrioles. Those threads are called the mitotic spindle. We already mentioned that you would find centrioles near the nucleus. You will not see well-defined centrioles when the cell is not dividing. You will see a condensed and darker area of the cytoplasm called the centrosome. When

the time comes for cell division, the centrioles will appear and move to opposite ends of the nucleus. During division you will see four centrioles. One pair moves in each direction. Interphase is the time when the cell is at rest. When it comes time for a cell to divide, the centrioles duplicate. During prophase, the centrioles move to opposite ends of the nucleus and a mitotic spindle of threads begins to appear. Those threads then connect to the now apparent chromosomes. During anaphase, the chromosomes are split and pulled towards each centriole. Once the entire cell begins to split in telophase, the chromosomes begin to unravel and new nuclear envelopes begin to appear. The centrioles have done their job. Ribosomes Cells need to make proteins. Those proteins might be used as enzymes or as support for other cell functions. When you need to make proteins, you look for ribosomes. Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains. Ribosomes are found in many places around the cell. You might find them floating in the cytoplasm (cytosol). Those floating ribosomes make proteins that will be used inside of the cell. Other ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes is called rough. It looks bumpy under a microscope. Those attached ribosomes make proteins that will be used inside the cell and proteins made for export out of the cell.

A ribosome is not just one piece. There are two pieces or subunits. Scientists named them 60S (large) and 40-S (small). When the cell needs to make protein, mRNA is created in the nucleus. The mRNA is then sent into the cell and the ribosomes. When it is time to make the protein, the two subunits come together and combine with the mRNA. The subunits lock onto the mRNA and start the protein synthesis. The 60-S/ 40-S model works fine for eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes made of 50-S and 30-S subunits. It's a small difference, but one of many you will find in the two different types of cells. Scientists have used this difference in ribosome size to develop drugs that can kill prokaryotic microorganisms that cause disease.

The process of making proteins is quite simple. We just explained that mRNA is made in the nucleus and sent into the cell. The mRNA then combines with the ribosome subunits. Another nucleic acid lives in the cell tRNA, which stands for transfer RNA. tRNA is bonded to the amino acids floating around the cell. With the mRNA offering instructions, the ribosome connects to a tRNA and pulls off one amino acid. Slowly the ribosome makes a long amino acid chain that will be part of a larger protein. Mitochondria Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. The process of creating cell energy is known as cellular respiration. Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. A mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to maximize its efforts.

Mitochondria are very small organelles. You might find cells with several thousand mitochondria. The number depends on what the cell needs to do. If the purpose of the cell is to transmit nerve impulses, there will be fewer mitochondria than in a muscle cell that needs loads of energy. If the cell feels it is not getting enough energy to survive, more mitochondria can be created. Sometimes they can even grow, move, and combine with other mitochondria, depending on the cell's needs. Mitochondria have two membranes (not one as in other organelles). The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it. The inner membrane folds over many times (cristae). That folding increases the surface area inside the organelle. Many of the chemical reactions happen on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The increased surface area allows the small organelle to do as much work as possible. If you have more room to work, you can get more work done. Similar surface area strategies are used by microvilli in your intestinal cells. The fluid inside of the mitochondria is called the matrix. How are mitochondria used in cellular respiration? The matrix is filled with water (H2O) and proteins (enzymes). Those proteins take food molecules and combine them with oxygen (O2). The mitochondria are the only place in the cell where oxygen can be combined with the food molecules. After the oxygen is added, the material can be digested. They are working organelles that keep the cell full of energy. A mitochondrion may also be involved in controlling the concentration of calcium (Ca) within the cell. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. They are only found in plant cells and some protists. Animal cells do not have

chloroplasts. Every green plant you see is working to convert the energy of the sun into sugars. Plants are the basis of all life on Earth. They create sugars, and the byproduct of that process is the oxygen that we breathe. That process happens in the chloroplast. Mitochondria work in the opposite direction and break down the sugars and nutrients that the cell receives. We'll hit the high points for the structure of a chloroplast. Two membranes contain and protect the inner parts of the chloroplast. The stroma is an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created. One thylakoid stack is called a granum. The thylakoids have chlorophyll molecules on their surface. That chlorophyll uses sunlight to create sugars. The stacks of sacs are connected by stromal lamellae. The lamellae act like the skeleton of the chloroplast, keeping all of the sacs a safe distance from each other and maximizing the efficiency of the organelle. The purpose of the chloroplast is to make sugars and starches. They use a process called photosynthesis to get the job done. Photosynthesis is the process of a plant taking energy from the Sun and creating sugars. When the energy from the Sun hits a chloroplast, chlorophyll uses that energy to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The molecular reactions create sugar and oxygen (O2). Plants and animals then use the sugars (glucose) for food and energy. Animals also use the oxygen to breathe. We said that chlorophyll molecules sit on the outside of the thylakoid sacs. Not all chlorophyll is the same. Three types of chlorophyll can complete photosynthesis. There are even molecules other than chlorophyll that are photosynthetic. One day you might hear about carotenoids, phycocyanin (bacteria), phycoerythrin (algae), and fucoxanthin (brown algae). While those compounds might complete photosynthesis, they are not all green or the same structure as chlorophyll. Endo Plasmic Reticulum

Another organelle in the cell is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). While the function of the nucleus is to act as the cell brain, the ER functions as a packaging system. It does not work alone. The ER works closely with the Golgi apparatus, ribososmes, RNA, mRNA, and tRNA. It creates a network of membranes found through the whole cell. The ER may also look different from cell to cell, depending on the cell's function. As you learn more about cells you will discover two types of ER. There are rough ER and smooth ER. They both have the same types of membranes but they have different shapes and rough ER has ribosomes attached. Rough ER looks like sheets of bumpy membranes while smooth ER looks more like tubes. Sometimes the ER looks like a flat balloon. Sacs of the ER called cisternae store the complex molecules. Smooth ER has its purpose in the cell. It acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of steroids. It also stores ions in solution that the cell may need at a later time. Steroids are a type of ringed organic molecule used for many purposes in an organism. They are not always about building muscle mass like a weight lifter. The ion storage is important because sometimes a cell needs ions fast. It might not want to search the environment for ions, so it is easier to have them stored in a pack for easy use. Rough ER was mentioned in the section on ribosomes. They are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi Body / Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Complex

The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex is found in most cells. It is another packaging organelle like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It was named after Camillo Golgi, an Italian biologist. It is pronounced GOL-JI in the same way you would say squee-gie, as soft a "G" sound. While layers of membranes may look like the rough ER, they have a very different function. The Golgi complex gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines). Golgi complexes in the plant may also create complex sugars and send them off in secretory vesicles. The vesicles are created in the same way the ER does it. The vesicles are pinched off the membranes and float through the cell. The Golgi complex is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes. The single membrane is similar to the cell membrane in that it has two layers. The membrane surrounds an area of fluid where the complex molecules (proteins, sugars, enzymes) are stored and changed. Because the Golgi complex absorbs vesicles from the rough ER, you will also find ribosomes in those pancake stacks.

The Golgi complex works closely with the rough ER. When a protein is made in the ER, something called a transition vesicle is made. This vesicle or sac floats through the cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus and is absorbed. After the Golgi does its work on the molecules inside the sac, a secretory vesicle is created and released into the cytoplasm. From there, the vesicle moves to the cell membrane and the molecules are released out of the cell. Vacuole

Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. Eventually, those waste products would be sent out of the cell. The structure of vacuoles is fairly simple. There is a membrane that surrounds a mass of fluid. In that fluid are nutrients or waste products. Plants may also use vacuoles to store water. Those tiny water bags help to support the plant. They are closely related to objects called vesicles that are found throughout the cell. In plant cells, the vacuoles are much larger than in animal cells. When a plant cell has stopped growing, there is usually one very large vacuole. Sometimes that vacuole can take up more than half of the cell's volume. The vacuole holds large amounts of water or food. Don't forge that vacuoles can also hold the plant waste products. Those waste products are slowly broken into small pieces that cannot hurt the cell. Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need, just like a backpack. Vacuoles also play an important role in plant structure. Plants use cell walls to provide support and surround cells. The size of that cell may still increase or decrease depending on how much water is present. Plant cells do not shrink because of changes in the amount of cytoplasm. Most of a plant cell's volume depends on the material in vacuoles. Those vacuoles gain and lose water depending on how much water is available to the plant. A drooping plant has lost much of its water and the vacuoles are shrinking. It still maintains its basic structure because of the cell walls.

When the plant finds a new source of water, the vacuoles are refilled and the plant regains its structure. Lysosomes You will find organelles called lysosomes in nearly every animal-like eukaryotic cell. Lysosomes hold enzymes that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies. What creates a lysosome? You'll have to visit the Golgi complex for that answer. A lysosome is basically a specialized vesicle that holds a variety of enzymes. The enzyme proteins are first created in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi then does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a small, very specific vesicle. That vesicle is a lysosome. From there the lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed. Lysosomes are single-membrane organelles. Since lysosomes are little digestion machines, they go to work when the cell absorbs or eats some food. Once the material is inside the cell, the lysosomes attach and release their enzymes. The enzymes break down complex molecules that can include complex sugars and proteins. But what if food is scarce and the cell is starving? The lysosomes go to work even if there is no food for the cell. When the signal is sent out, lysosomes will actually digest the cell organelles for nutrients. Here's something scientists are still trying to figure out. If the lysosome holds many types of enzymes, how can the lysosome survive? Lysosomes are designed to break down complex molecules and pieces of the cell. Why don't the enzymes break down the membrane that surrounds the lysosome? B. TISSUE

1. Animal tissue

Animal Tissue

Epithelial Muscle Connective

Nervous

Loose Fibrous Blood tissue

Dense Fibrous

Adipose Tissue

a. Epithelial tissue A type of tissue that covers a body structure or which line has a cavity. Epithelial tissues protect the tissue underneath, also as gland, absorb and receive stimulation come from the outside body. b. Muscle tissue This tissue is a collection of muscle cells which by their contraction and relaxation bring about movement in our body. Component Illustration Number and Nucleus location Shape Location How they work Smooth muscle One, in the middle Long and tapered At internal organs Involuntary Skeletal muscle Many, at the edge Striated Attached to the bones Voluntary Cardiac muscle More than one in the middle Striated and branched Heart Involuntary

Each muscle fiber is packed by many myofibrils. For example, the smooth muscles in the stomach wall produce peristaltic action. Thus, muscles tissues are called active locomotion tool. c. Loose and dense connective tissue Connective tissue bind one tissue with another to strengthen and protect weaker parts of the body. Dense connective tissue functions to supports of the body, for example : Tendons attach muscles with the bone Ligaments attach one bone to another bone Loose connective tissue functions to bind and support organs, for example: Elastic fiber Collagen fiber d. Blood tissue

Blood tissue

Blood plasma

Blood cell

Distribute nutrition Red blood cell White blood cell Platelets and hormones; (erythrocyte) (leukocyte) (thrombocyte) glucose protein vitamin Distribute oxygen immune sys. Blood clotting mineral water no nucleus biconcave nucleus present irregular shape fat and oil

Placenta ( ari-ari ) hormones,vitamin Breast feeding colostrum first breast milk Stem cell( parent cell ) placenta Hemofilia disorder Hemoglobin part of erythrocyte that brings O2, CO2 , and CO Female 12-14 Male 14-16 e. Bone tissue

Bone tissue

chondrocyte Material Cartilage Compact/ true

Shape Pipe/ long Short Lamellar Femur carpal Humerus tarsal osteocyte sternum scapula

many collagen

Hyaline

elastic

fibrous

-Near ribcage -Between the ribs And sternum

ears and nose

between vertebrae columns

f. Adipose tissue Adipose tissues are composed of cells that contain fat, which are used as reserve energy source. These are located under the skin and under the eye ball. g. Nervous tissue Nervous sys.

Brain Spinal cord Brain (central nervous sys.) Spinal cord ( vertebrae columns) Peripheral ( nerve cell that connects to the organ senses) Nerve cell= Neuron 1. Dendrit 2. Axon 3. Body cell 2. Plant tissue

peripheral

Plant tissue Permanent

Meristematic Always divide Themselves General: -root Tip -stem tip Dicotyl and cambium: -cotyledon -cambium Cambium Supportive Vascular Parenchyma

Epidermal

Dicotyl & Non-dicotyl Gymnospermae non-gymnospermae Sclerenchyme collenchyme xylem phloem spongy palisade

Dead cells

in moncotyl

Plant Kingdom

Kingdom Plantae

Non-vascular ( thallophyta )

Vascular (tracheophyta)

Bryophyta (Moss)

Algae (ganggang)

Pterydophyta (Fern) Vegetative

Spermatophyta (seed) Flower

Hepaticae

Chrysophyta (gold)

Antophyta

Musci

Phaeophyta (brown)

Gymnospermae (open seed plant)

Rhodophyta (red)

Angiospermae ( close seed plant )

Chlorophyta (green)

Monocotyl (one cotyledonae)

Dicotyl (two cotyledonaes)

Cross section of a leaf Upper epidermis

Palisade ( chlorophyll) Vascular tissue

Spongy

Organ
Organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a function. specific

Organs

External
Organs in human 1. Heart: pumps blood to all parts of the body 2. Lungs: play a role in the breathing process 3. Stomach: plays a role in food digestion

Internal

4. Liver: repairs red blood cells 5. Kidney: filter blood Organs in plants 1. Roots 1. Epidermal tissue 2. Cortex tissue 3. Endodermis tissue 4. Xylem 5. Phloem Functions: Absorb water Support the tree to enable to stand Store reserve food Respiratory organ in some plants 2. Stem 1. Epidermal tissue 2. Endodermis tissue 3. Supportive tissue 4. Pith Functions: Enable the plant to stand Deliver water, minerals and photosynthetic products Store reserve food 3. Leaves 1. Epidermal tissue 2. Palisade 3. Spongy 4. Transport tissue Functions: Location of photosynthesis Location of evaporation and respiration Vegetative propagation 4. Flower 5. Fruit

Organ System

Organ system is organs that work together to perform a certain function. 1. Respiratory System

Respiratory System

Nasal cavity (nose)

2. Digestive System

Trachea

Lungs (Alveolus)

Digestive System

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large intestine

Rectum (Bladder)

Anus

Tongue

Teeth

3. Blood Circulatory System 4. Nervous System

Nervous System

Brain

Spinal Cord

Peripheral

5. Senses System

Senses System

Eye

Ear

Nose

Tongue

Skin

6. Excretory System
Excretory System

Kidney

Skin

Liver

Lungs

Urine

Sweat

Bile

CO2

7. Reproduction System
Reproduction System

Female

Male

Ovarium

Uterus

Vagina

Testis

Penis

8. Lymphatic System ( hormone )

Lymphatic System

Pituitary

Thyroid Esophagu s LH ADH

Parathyro id Esophagu s

Thymes Chest

Pancreati c Pancreas

Adrenal Anak ginjal

Gonad Sex glands Male

Brain

Thyroxin

Parathyro xin

Growth Hormone

Insulin Glucagon

Adrenali ne

Testosterone

Female

Progesteron

Estrogen

5. Organism organ systems that are connected and work together to form Organism is one entity.